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Santanam, Suresh. "A trend study of atmospheric methane : 1965-81 GC and polar icecore measurements /." Full text open access at:, 1985. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,168.
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GARZONIO, ROBERTO. "Modelling the suitability for ice core drilling of mountain glaciers and development of new spectroscopy systems for cold room laboratory and environmental monitoring." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/102667.
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I ghiacciai montani sono importanti fonti di dati paleoclimatici, essenziali allo studio dei cambiamenti climatici e ambientali. L'aumento della fusione dei ghiacciai sta portando alla perdita di preziose informazioni utili a predire l’evoluzione del clima. In questo contesto, è fondamentale definire le linee guida e creare mappe per l’identificazione delle aree idonee ad essere perforate. Nel primo anno di dottorato, ho definito l’idoneità di un ghiacciaio alla perforazione (SICD) come la probabilità di estrarre un campione di ghiaccio che possiede una stratigrafia ben conservata, utile alla ricostruzione del clima del passato. Le varabili ambientali introdotte nel modello, relazionate con la perforabilità, sono state selezionate in accordo alle perforazioni già effettuate, e alla letteratura scientifica, considerando l’opinione degli esperti. Due modelli spaziali sono stati sviluppati: il promo basato sulla conoscenza di esperti, il secondo di tipo probabilistico. Le variabili scelte (pendenza, rilievo locale, temperatura, radiazione solare diretta) sono state così combinate al fine di mappare le aree potenzialmente perforabili presenti nelle Alpi e in Asia. L’accuratezza del modello è stata valutata e sono state indicati i siti più idonei ad essere perforati. La ricerca ha permesso di fornire preziose informazioni utili alla scelta dei prossimi siti di perforazione.
Nel secondo anno di dottorato un Sistema Aeromobile a Pilotaggio Remoto (SAPR) è stato sviluppato per acquisire misure spettrali durante campagne di spettroscopia di campo. Il sistema, nominato HyUAV, è basato su una piattaforma APR equipaggiata con uno spettrometro e una camera RGB. HyUAV è in grado di acquisire simultaneamente dati iperspettrali (350-1000 nm, 1.5 nm di risoluzione spettrale) della radiazione riflessa dalla Terra e immagini RGB. Un’ottica specifica (EOR) è stata sviluppata al fine di ottimizzare il campo di vista dello spettrometro e di misurare il segnale di Durk Current durante il volo. Le performance geometriche, radiometriche e spettrali del sistema sono state caratterizzate attraverso alcuni test di laboratorio ed è stata valutata l’accuratezza e la precisione dei dati iperspettrali raccolti attraverso un test di volo. Due metodi per la stima della riflettanza da UAV sono stati proposti e discussi. I risultati raggiunti mostrano: i) un’ottima stabilità del sistema (in termini geometrici, radiometrici e spettrali); ii) misure spettrali accurate (sia in termini di radianza che di riflettanza); iii) risultati simili tra i due metodi di stima della riflettanza. Lo studio ha dimostrato che il sistema HyUAV può essere considerato affidabile al fine di supportare indagini di spettroscopia di campo e promettente per un'ampia gamma di applicazioni ambientali.
La spettroscopia ad immagine è una tecnica efficace che fornisce importanti informazioni per la caratterizzazione delle proprietà ottica delle superfici a scala spaziale di dettaglio. Applicata all’analisi delle carote di ghiaccio, essa può essere considerata una tecnica innovativa utile a migliorare la conoscenza dei cambiamenti climatici. Durante il terzo anno di dottorato, ho sviluppato un sistema automatico per acquisire immagini iperspettrali (HYCE) in camera fredda. Il sistema è composto da una un motore lineare ad alta precisione spaziale, il quale trasporta uno spettrometro iperspettrale ad immagine (Headwall Photonics VINR, 380-1000 nm, 2-3 nm di risoluzione spettrale, 1004 pixels spaziali) e una lampada alogena dedicata. Test di laboratorio sono stati effettuati al fine di valutare le componenti del sistema. Le prime immagini iperspettrali di una carota di ghiaccio sono state acquisite in camera fredda ed analizzate. In particolare è stato calcolato lo Snow Darkening Index (SDI) ed è stata verificare la sua applicabilità per la stima delle concentrazione di deposizioni atmosferiche minerarie nelle carote di ghiaccio.Mountain glaciers and non-polar ice cores are very detailed sources of paleo-proxy data essential to achieve a complete overview of climate and environmental change. The increase in the glaciers melting leads to a loss of information, affecting the possibility to predict the climate evolution. In this context, is important to define a set of guidelines and create dedicated maps to identify suitable glaciers for ice core drilling. In the first year of the research, the Suitability for Ice Core Drilling (SICD) was defined as the likelihood of drilling a glacier to retrieve an ice core with preserved stratigraphic information that allows the reconstruction of historical climate conditions. Environmental variables related to the SICD were selected on the basis of previously drilled sites, according to available scientific literature and on the base of glaciologists opinions. A quantitative Weight of Evidence method was implemented and key variables (slope, local relief, temperature and direct solar radiation) are combined to map the potential drilling sites in the European Alps and in the Asian High Mountain glaciers. Accuracy is evaluated and first indications of potential drilling sites are reviewed. Results are valuable for future selection of potential drilling sites of mountain glacier. In the second year of the PhD, a light UAV for collecting spectral measurements was developed in support of field spectroscopy surveys. The system, namely HyUAV, is based on a four-rotors platform with hovering capability, equipped with a non-imaging spectrometer and a RGB camera. The HyUAV collects simultaneously hyperspectral data (350-1000 nm, ~1.5 nm spectral resolution) of Earth reflected radiance and RGB images. The Entrance Optics Receptor (EOR) was specifically developed to optimize the spectrometer field of view and to collect in-flight dark current. The geometric, radiometric and spectral performances of the system were characterized through dedicated laboratory tests. Then, the accuracy of the hyperspectral data were evaluated during flight tests, comparing spectral data collected from HyUAV with ground-based measurements. Two methods to estimate surface reflectance from HyUAV were investigated and discussed, with the aim of providing further suggestions for an accurate retrieval of surface reflectance. The results achieved shown: i) good systems stability of the system (in terms of geometric, radiometric and spectral features); ii) accurate spectra measurements (in terms of radiance and reflectance); iii) similar results for the delineated methods to calculate reflectance. The HyUAV demonstrated to be a reliability systems for supporting field spectroscopy surveys and a promising platform for a wide range of environmental applications. Imaging spectroscopy is a powerful technique that provides insights information, with the aim to investigate spectral features, related to surfaces properties and materials composition, at very detailed spatial resolution. Applied to ice cores analysis hyperspectral imaging, it can be considered an innovative technique, that could provide valuable information improving the understanding of climate change. During the third year of PhD, a fully automated Hyperspectral systems for Imaging Ice core (HyIICE) was developed in a cold-room environment. The HyIICE is composed by an high-precision linear stage, which embeds a imaging hyperspectral sensor (Headwall Photonics VINR spectrometer, 380-1000 nm, 2-3 nm spectral resolution, 1004 spatial pixels) and a dedicated stable halogen light source. Several tests were performed on the system to evaluate the components and verify the efficiency in cold environments. First hyperspectral imaging of ice cores were collected in order to inspecting the potential of hyperspectral imaging for the quantitative estimation of parameters related to past atmospheric and climate conditions.
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Silverwood, Hamish George Miles. "Supersymmetric Dark Matter in IceCube." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6927.
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The Minimally Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) provides us with a WIMP dark matter candidate particle, the neutralino. Neutralinos from the dark matter halo can potentially become captured by the sun and concentrated in the core, where they can undergo self-annihilation and so produce a distinct neutrino signal. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has the potential to detect this neutrino signal and thus give indirect evidence of the presence and properties of neutralino dark matter. Although the full, unconstrained MSSM has 105 parameters this can be reduced to 25 parameters by the application of physically motivated assumptions. Scans of this MSSM-25 parameter space are conducted using the DarkSUSY software package and an adaptive scanning technique based on the Monte-Carlo VEGAS algorithm. The IceCube exclusion confidence level is then calculated for a set of points produced by these scans. Results indicate that the detection capability of IceCube exceeds that of current direct detection methods in certain regions of the parameter space. The use of a 25 dimensional parameter space reveals that there are new regions of observables with high exclusion confidence levels compared to earlier simulations performed with a seven dimensional parameter space.
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Stachurska, Juliana. "Astrophysical Tau Neutrinos in IceCube." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21611.
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Das IceCube Neutrino Observatorium am Südpol hat die Existenz eines diffusen astrophysikalischen Neutrinoflusses nachgewiesen. Die Flavor-Zusammensetzung astrophysikalischer Neutrinos trägt Informationen über Orte kosmischer Teilchenbeschleunigung und Auswirkungen potenzieller neuer Physik auf die Neutrinoausbreitung. Zur seiner Bestimmung ist die Beobachtung von Tau-Neutrinos nötig. Ab einer Energie von ~O(100 TeV) kann deren Wechselwirkung über geladene Ströme eine Doppelkaskaden-Topologie ergeben, bei der die zwei Energiedepositionen am Tau-Entstehungs- und Tau-Zerfallsvertex aufgelöst werden können. Diese wird zusammen mit den bereits bekannten Topologien Einzel-Kaskade und Spur zur Messung der Flavor-Zusammensetzung auf der Erde benutzt. In dieser Arbeit werden im Detektorvolumen von IceCube anfangende Ereignisse mit hohen Energien algorithmisch in drei Topologien klassifiziert. Im Datensatz mit einer Lebensdauer von 7.5 Jahren werden zum ersten Mal zwei Doppelkaskaden identifiziert; diese sind Kandidaten für Tau-Neutrinos. Die Eigenschaften der zwei Tau-Neutrino-Kandidaten werden in einer a-posteriori Analyse im Detail studiert. Die statistische Methode wird durch einen Log-Likelihood-Quotienten-Test mit multi-dimensionalen Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichten verbessert. Eine der Doppelkaskaden ist konsistent mit dem Szenario einer misklassifizierten Einzelkaskade, während für die zweite Doppelkaskade die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines nicht-Tau-Neutrino Szenarios auf nur 3% bestimmt wird. Die gemessene Flavor-Zusammensetzung ist konsistent mit der Annahme von astrophysikalischen Neutrinos sowie mit bisher veröffentlichen Resultaten. Die Messung ergibt einen astrophysikalischen Tau-Neutrino Fluss von dPhi / dE=3.0 (-1.8,+2.2) (E / 100TeV)^(-2.87) 10^(-18) GeV^(-1) cm^(-2) s^(-1) sr^(-1), was dem ersten positiven Ergebnis für die Tau-Normalisierung entspricht. Die Nichtexistenz eines astrophysikalischen Tau-Neutrino Flusses wird mit einer Signifikanz von 2.8 sigma abgelehnt.The IceCube neutrino observatory at the South Pole has confirmed the existence of a diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux. The flavor composition of astrophysical neutrinos carries information on the environments at the sites of cosmic particle acceleration as well as potential imprints of new physics acting during neutrino propagation. To measure the flavor composition the observation of the long-elusive tau neutrinos is required. Starting at an energy of ~O(100 TeV) a tau neutrino charged current interaction can produce a double cascade topology, where the two energy depositions from the tau creation and the tau decay vertices are resolvable. This topology together with the well-established track and single cascade topology is used to measure the flavor composition on Earth. In this work, high-energy events starting in IceCube's detector volume are classified algorithmically into the three topologies. In the dataset with a livetime of 7.5 years, two events are classified as double cascades for the first time, yielding multi-TeV tau-neutrino candidates. The properties of the two tau-neutrino candidates are investigated in an a-posteriori analysis. The statistical method is improved by performing a log-likelihood-ratio test using multi-dimensional probability densities. One of the double cascades is consistent with being a misclassified single cascade, while the second double cascade is found to have a misclassification probability of only 3%. The measured flavor composition nu_e:nu_mu:nu_tau = 0.20:0.39:0.42 is consistent with astrophysical neutrinos and with previously published results. The astrophysical tau-neutrino flux is measured to dPhi / dE=3.0 (-1.8,+2.2) (E / 100TeV)^(-2.87) 10^(-18) GeV^(-1) cm^(-2) s^(-1) sr^(-1) with spectral index gamma=2.87 (-0.20,+0.21), yielding the first non-zero results for the tau normalization. The absence of an astrophysical tau-neutrino flux is disfavored at 2.8 sigma.
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Wren, Steven. "Neutrino mass ordering studies with IceCube-DeepCore." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/neutrino-mass-ordering-studies-with-icecubedeepcore(70414fde-3bef-4028-877b-5e1e86b2165d).html.
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The IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole is the world's largest neutrino detector with over 1km^3 of instrumented Antarctic ice. While it has been primarily designed to observe astrophysical neutrinos, this size also allows it to collect vast quantities of atmospheric neutrinos. These high-statistics datasets allow for measurements of the properties of neutrinos, in particular the phenomena of neutrino oscillation. One of the outstanding questions in this field is that of the neutrino mass ordering (NMO). The Precision IceCube Next Generation Upgrade (PINGU) is a proposed low-energy extension to IceCube for which a determination of the NMO is a priority science goal. The current low-energy atmospheric neutrino experiment at the South Pole, DeepCore, has been successfully collecting data since 2011. In this thesis the potential of this existing data to determine the NMO has been explored. While it was not expected to have a large sensitivity, this work has explored a Feldman-Cousins treatment for converting the delta-chi^2 between the two discrete mass ordering hypotheses into the standard Gaussian significance metric. Using 2.7 years of data from the DeepCore detector, the inverted mass ordering was preferred at the level of 0.05sigma. The second aspect of this thesis was to study the impact of the systematic uncertainties on the NMO determination. This particular analysis was actually statistics-limited and so the only impactful systematic uncertainties were the parameters that govern atmospheric neutrino oscillations, theta_23 and Deltam^2_31. Therefore, to improve the NMO results, these parameters were constrained by including the global information on them in the fits, yielding a new NMO sensitivity of 0.29sigma. This new global fit also yields measurements of the oscillation parameters of Deltam^2_32,NO=(2.443+/-0.037)e-3eV^2 and sin^2theta_23,NO=0.442+0.026-0.018 for the hypothesis of the normal mass ordering and Deltam^2_32,IO=(-2.510+/-0.036)e-3eV^2 and sin^2theta_23,IO=0.579+0.019-0.021 for the hypothesis of the inverted mass ordering. In addition to the work on the neutrino mass ordering, this thesis also investigated two issues related to predictions of the flux of atmospheric particles. The first related to the treatment of the predictions of the atmospheric neutrino flux, provided in binned tables. Crucially, these contain values representative of the integral of the flux across that bin and so an integral-preserving interpolation must be used. One such method will be presented along with a discussion of how it performs in the two-dimensional case of the atmospheric neutrino flux. The second issue related to quantifying uncertainties on the background muon distributions observed with the IceCube detector coming from the uncertainties on the initial cosmic ray flux. This involved performing a global fit on the available cosmic ray flux measurements and then propagating these uncertainties in to the muon distributions. To finalise this section, the exact manner in which these uncertainties can be included in the physics analyses of IceCube will be discussed.
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Stachurska, Juliana [Verfasser]. "Astrophysical Tau Neutrinos in IceCube / Juliana Stachurska." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1216876991/34.
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Hickford, Stephanie Virginia. "Simulation of Cascades for the IceCube Neutrino Telescope." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1427.
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Neutrino telescopes open a new observational window on the universe. Neutrino interactions in these detectors can give rise to a combination of electromagnetic cascades, hadronic cascades and long range muons. Cerenkov radiation from these products is detected by the neutrino telescope. In this thesis the observational signatures associated with various neutrino-nucleon interaction products are investigated. Cerenkov radiation is emitted at a distinctive angle, about 40o in ice. The maximum number of optical photons that can be produced per unit charged tracklength is calculated to be 562 photons cm−1. The simulation programs Pythia and GEANT are used to study neutrino interactions using ice as the medium. The production of tau from the tau neutrino interaction is considered and it is found that the Cerenkov angle from tau is not distinctive at low energies, due to its lifetime tau decays before travelling an observable distance. The energy required for a tau neutrino to produce a sharp tau Cerenkov signal is on the order of 1 PeV. In a high energy electron neutrino interaction the resulting hadronic cascade contains high energy pions and kaons. These particles decay, often producing muons that are also high energy and therefore long range. Due to the muons travelling faster than the local speed of light in ice, their signal may be received by the detector earlier than the signal resulting from the event that created the muon. This can complicate the reconstruction of electron neutrino events.
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Hickford, Stephanie Virginia. "A Cascade Analysis for the IceCube Neutrino Telescope." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10014.
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IceCube is the largest operating neutrino observatory. An array of photomultiplier tubes deployed throughout a cubic kilometre of the Antarctic ice at the South Pole detect the Cherenkov radiation from neutrino-nucleon interactions. IceCube is capable of detecting neutrinos over a large energy range. The physics manifesto includes dark
matter searches, cosmic ray observation, all sky point source searches, and particle physics parameter constraints. Astrophysical neutrinos are expected to originate from hadronic interactions in some of the most energetic regions in the Universe. The detection of high energy astrophysical neutrinos will provide direct information about the astrophysical sources that produced them.
This thesis concentrates on the cascade channel for neutrino detection. Two separate studies are performed; a high energy cascade analysis and a parameterisation of the production of muons within hadronic cascades.
The experimental data for the cascade analysis was taken by IceCube from April 2008 to May 2009 when the first 40 IceCube strings were deployed and operational. The analysis was designed to isolate the astrophysical neutrino signal from the atmospheric and muon background. Fourteen cascade-like events were observed, on a background of 2.2 ⁺⁰·⁶ ₋₀·₈
atmospheric neutrino events and 7.7 ± 1.0 atmospheric muon events. This gives a 90% confidence level upper limit of ΦlimE²≤ 7.46 × 10⁻⁸ GeVsr⁻¹s⁻¹cm⁻²
, assuming an E⁻² spectrum and a neutrino flavour ratio of 1 : 1 : 1, for the energy range 25.12 TeV to 5011.87 TeV.
Decay of hadronic particles in cascades produces muons. If the muons are energetic enough they can significantly alter the topology of the cascade and hence the reconstruction of the event in an analysis. The production of high energy muons within hadronic cascades was simulated and parameterised using Pythia and GEANT simulation programs.
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McCartin, Joseph William. "Cascade Reconstruction Analysis with the IceCube Neutrino Detector." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2609.
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A study into the reconstruction of cascade like events in the IceCube neutrino detector was performed by utilizing in-situ flasher devices. Reconstruction analysis was done with two different flasher settings at each optical module on string 63 at varying depths in the ice. Three different reconstruction algorithms were used to estimate the characteristics of these cascade type events. The characteristics included the estimated vertex position, and the number of photons produced by each flasher. The number of photons produced can be related to the energy for the cascade event via the detailed knowledge of the cascade physics. Results from the analysis show the strengths of using the center of gravity type approaches to estimating the vertex positions of very bright events, and the inability to reconstruct to an accurate position in z which can occur when using more complicated vertex algorithms on the same events. Analysis using the energy reconstruction modules demonstrated the strengths of using methods that take into account the ice properties inside the detector.
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Daughhetee, Jacob D. "Search for neutrino transients using IceCube and DeepCore." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53462.
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Observations indicate that there is a correlation between long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and core-collapse supernovae (SNe). The leading model for GRB production assumes that relativistic jets are generated by the core-collapse within the progenitor star. Charged particles undergo Fermi-acceleration within internal shocks of these jets and
subsequently give rise to gamma ray emission once the jets breach the surrounding stellar envelope. Very few SNe result in the occurrence of GRBs, however, it has been suggested that
a significant fraction of core-collapse SNe manage to produce mildly relativistic jets. These jets are insufficiently energetic to break through the envelope and are effectively ’choked’ resulting in a lack of observed gamma ray emission. In both the failed and successful GRB
scenario, neutrino production can occur if protons are accelerated in the internal shocks of these jets. These neutrinos may be detectable by the IceCube neutrino observatory and its
low energy extension DeepCore. This thesis presents the methods and results of a dedicated search for temporal and spatial clustering of neutrino events during the IceCube 2012 data season. Examination of 22,040 neutrino event candidates acquired over a detector livetime
of 330 days revealed no statistically significant transient source of neutrino emission. Limits on the rate of choked GRBs in the nearby universe for possible values of neutrino emission
model parameters are presented.
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Casey, James David. "Search for high energy GRB neutrinos in IceCube." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53839.
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The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has reported the observation of 35 neutrino events above 30 TeV with evidence for an astrophysical neutrino flux using data collected from May 2010 to May 2013. These events provide the first high-energy astrophysical neutrino flux ever observed. The sources of these events are currently unknown. IceCube has looked for correlations between these events and a list of TeV photon sources including a catalog of 36 galactic sources and 42 extragalactic sources, correlations with the galactic plane and center, and spatial and temporal clustering. These searches have shown no significant correlations. The isotropic distribution of the event directions gives indications that the events could be extragalactic in nature and therefore may originate in the same processes that generate ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). The sources of these UHECRs are still unknown; however, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been proposed as one possible source class. By determining the source of these high-energy neutrinos, it may be possible to determine the sources of UHECRs as well. This study is a search for directional and temporal correlation between 856 GRBs and the astrophysical neutrino flux observed by IceCube. Nearly 10,000 expanding time windows centered on the earliest reported time of the burst were examined. The time windows start at ±10 s and extend to ±15 days. We find no evidence of correlations for these time windows and set an upper limit on the fraction of the astrophysical flux that can be attributed to the observed GRBs as a function of the time window. GRBs can contribute at most 12% of the astrophysical neutrino flux if the neutrino-GRB correlation time is less than ≈20 hours, and no more than 38% of the astrophysical neutrino flux can be attributed to the known GRBs at time scales up to 15 days. We conclude that GRBs observable by satellites are not solely responsible for IceCube’s astrophysical neutrino flux, even if very long correlation time scales are assumed.
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Raab, Christoph. "Searches for Neutrino Emission from Blazar Flares with IceCube." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/325215/3/toc.pdf.
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Cosmic rays reach Earth from beyond the Milky Way and with energies up to 10^20 eV.The responsible accelerators have to date not been discovered. However, multi-messenger astronomy can shed light on the question, based on the principle that protons and nuclei accelerated in dense and energetic environments would also produce gamma rays and neutrinos. Such environments may be found in "blazars", which are therefore cosmic ray accelerator candidates. Their gamma-ray emission has been observed to increase, sometimes by orders of magnitude, during "flares" as observed in light curves taken by the Large Angle Telescope on the Fermi satellite. When the latter was launched in 2008, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory had also started taking data, detecting the Cherenkov light from high-energy neutrino interactions in the glacier ice under the geographic South Pole. These two experiments have enabled multi-messenger searches for neutrinos in time correlation with the gamma-ray emission from blazars. This work builds on this principle and extends it by "stacking" the signal from multiple blazar flares. Thus, their individually undetectable neutrino emission could still be discoverable. One first analysis focused on the blazar TXS 0506+056, whose flare in 2017 coincided with arrival of the neutrino IceCube-170922A. Extending into a lower energy range than the alert, the search found no additional excess neutrinos associated with the flare. A second analysis used 179 bright and variable blazars. They were divided in two specific blazar classes and weighted relatively to each other, with two weighting schemes motivated physically using the observed gamma-ray luminosity and a third, generic weighting to cover unconsidered scenarios. No significant neutrino excess was found in the unblinded likelihood fits for any of the source catalogues and weighting schemes. Their combined trial-corrected p-value was p=(79.1 +/- 0.3)%. The limits derived from this analysis are also discussed and its relation with other searches considered. Since that was the first "blazar flare stacking", this work also proposes further improvements to the analysis which will help advance the search for cosmic ray accelerators.Les rayons cosmiques proviennent d'au-delà de la Voie lactée et atteignent la Terre avec des énergies pouvant aller jusqu'à 10^20 eV. Les objets qui accélèrent ces rayons cosmiques n'ont toujours pas été découverts. Toutefois, l'astronomie multimessager peut apporter un élément de réponse à cette question, en supposant que les protons et les noyaux accélérés dans des environnements denses et énergétiques pourraient également produire des rayons gamma et des neutrinos. Les "blazars" sont de possibles candidats pour les accélérateurs de rayons cosmiques. Une augmentation de leurs émissions de rayons gamma, parfois de plusieurs ordres de grandeur, a été observée lors de phénomènes qu'on appelle "éruption", comme le montrent les courbes de lumière prises par le télescope spatial Fermi-LAT. Lorsque ce dernier a été lancé en 2008, l'observatoire de neutrinos IceCube avait également commencé à prendre des données, détectant la lumière Tcherenkov provenant d'interactions de neutrinos à haute énergie dans la glace qui se trouve sous le Pôle Sud géographique. Ces deux expériences ont permis de mener à bien des recherches multi-messagers de neutrinos en corrélation temporelle avec l'émission de rayons gamma des blazars. Ce principe est le point de départ de cette thèse, qui va plus loin en employant la méthode du "stacking", qui consiste à combiner les signaux provenant de plusieurs éruptions de blazars. Ainsi, leurs émissions individuelles de neutrinos, habituellement indétectables, pourraient être découvertes après combinaison. Une première analyse s'est concentrée sur le blazar TXS 0506+056, dont l'éruption en 2017 a coïncidée avec l'arrivée de l'évènement IceCube-170922A. En considérant une gamme d'énergie inférieure à celle de l'alerte 170922-A, pas d’autres neutrino excédentaire n’a été associé à l'éruption. Une deuxième analyse est basée sur 179 blazars lumineux et variables. Ces blazars ont été répartis en deux classes spécifiques, et chacun d'entre eux a reçu un poids relatif. Trois schémas de pondération ont été considérés :les deux premiers étant motivés par des observations, le troisième étant plus générique. Aucun excès significatif de neutrinos n'a été observé après avoir effectué des ajustements par maximum de vraisemblance sur les données non masquées, pour les différents catalogues de sources et schémas de pondération. Leur valeur-p combinée est de p=(79.1 +/- 0.3)%. Les limites dérivées de cette analyse sont discutées ainsi que leur rapport avec les résultats d'autres recherches. Puisqu'il s'agit du premier stacking d'éruptions de blazars, nous suggérons également des améliorations à apporter à l'analyse afin de permettre la poursuivre de la recherche d'accélérateurs de rayons cosmiques.
Kosmische straling afkomstig van buiten de Melkweg bereikt de Aarde met energieën tot wel 10^20 eV. De astrofysische bronnen waarin deze deeltjes worden versneld zijn tot op heden nog niet ontdekt. De multi-boodschapperastronomie kan een nieuw licht werpen op de oorsprong van kosmische straling, aangezien protonen en atoomkernen die worden versneld in een dichte en energetische omgeving ook gammastralen en neutrino’s produceren. „Blazars” zijn mogelijke kandidaat-versnellers. Observaties van blazars, gemaakt met de ruimtetelescoop Fermi-LAT ,tonen aan dat hun gammastraling tijdens zogenaamde „flakkers” toeneemt. Rond de tijd dat deze werd gelanceerd, begon het IceCube Neutrino Observatorium ook gegevens te verzamelen. Deze laatste detecteert hoog-energetische neutrino’s aan de hand van het Cherenkovlicht dat geproduceerd wordt tijdens hun interacties met de ijskap bij de geografische zuidpool. Deze twee experimenten hebben het mogelijk gemaakt om een multibooschapperzoektocht te verrichten naar neutrino’s van blazars die een tijdscorrelatie hebben met diens flakkers van gammastraling. Dit is het uitgangspunt van dit proefschrift, waarbij er ook een zogenaamde „stapelmethode” wordt toegepast. Op deze manier kan de neutrino-emissie van indivuele blazarflakkers, die afzonderlijk te zwak is om te detecteren, gecombineerd worden en mogelijks toch worden ontdekt. Een eerste analyse legt de focus op de blazar TXS 0506+056, waarvan een flakker in 2017 samenviel met de aankomst van het neutrino IceCube 170922-A. In een relatief lager energiebereik wordt er geen surplus aan neutrino’s gevonden gecorreleerd met de flakker. In een tweede analyse maken we gebruik van de stapelmethode om neutrino’s te zoeken afkomstig van 179 heldere en variabale blazars. Deze worden onderverdeeld in twee specifieke klassen en krijgen elks een zeker gewicht in de stapelanalyse. Hiervoor worden twee wegingsschema’s gebruikt die gemotiveerd zijn door de geobserveerde gammastraling, alsook een derde generieke weging. Ook hierwordt er geen significant neutrinosignaal geobserveerd. De gecombineerde p waarde is p=(79.1 +/- 0.3)%. Hieruit worden limieten afgeleid, en worden de verbanden met andere zoekacties besproken. Aangezien dit werk de eerste analyse omvat naar neutrino’s afkomstig van blazarflakkers gebruik makende van een stapelmethode, worden er in dit werk ook verdere verbeteringen van de analyse voorgesteld. Deze zullen als een startpunt dienen voor toekomstige zoektochten naar de nog onbekende bronnen van kosmische straling.
Doctorat en Sciences
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O'Rourke, Brogan Roisín. "AGN Candidates for High Energy Neutrino Emission in IceCube." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Högenergifysik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-409739.
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Since the construction of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory was completed in 2010, many amazing discoveries have been made in the field of neutrino physics. Recently a neutrino event has been linked to an blazar-type active galactic nucleus source, bringing us one step closer to understanding the production of high-energy extragalactic neutrinos and ushering in a new era of multimessenger astronomy. This was found by linking the neutrino event to one of the Fermi Collaboration’s gamma ray sources which had a blazar counterpart. The quest to link other neutrino events to AGN (active galactic nuclei) sources through collaboration with the Fermi Large Area Telescope has turned up some interesting candidates. The fact that some of these potential sources are not blazars is curious and, although unconfirmed as neutrino sources, these objects merit further investigation due to their unusual nature.
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Middell, Eike. "Search for neutrino-induced particle showers with IceCube-40." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17227.
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Das IceCube-Experiment sucht nach astrophysikalischen, hochenergetischen Neutrinos, von deren Entdeckung man sich Antworten auf die seit mehr als 100 Jahren offene Frage nach dem Ursprung der kosmischen Strahlung erhofft. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein kubikkilometergroßes Volumen tief im Antarktischen Eisschild mit optischen Sensoren instrumentiert, um die in Neutrinowechselwirkungen entstandene Cherenkov-Strahlung nachzuweisen.Diese Dissertation beschreibt eine Suche nach neutrinoinduzierten Teilchenschauern in Daten, die von April 2008 bis Mai 2009 während der Konstruktionsphase von IceCube aufgezeichnet wurden. Zu dieser Zeit war etwa die Hälfte der endgültigen Detektoranordnung in Betrieb. Das Ziel der Arbeit war die Entdeckung astrophysikalischer Neutrinos mit der Maßgabe, gleichzeitig eine Sensitivität für Neutrinos terrestrischen Ursprungs aufrecht zu erhalten. Beide Sorten von Neutrinos müssen von einem vielfach größeren Untergrund von atmosphärischen Myonen isoliert werden. Die Suche nach Teilchenschauern im Detektor bietet sich hierfür an, da diese Signatur einer Neutrinowechselwirkung eine gute Energierekonstruktion ermöglicht und sich qualitativ von der Signatur des Myonuntergrunds unterscheidet. Eine robuste Abschätzung des Myonuntergrunds wurde mittels Luftschauersimulationen gewonnen. Methoden wurden entwickelt, um Neutrinos und Myonen voneinander zu unterscheiden. Zwei verschiedene Ereignisselektionen wurden erstellt. Die erste zielt mit einer Energieschwelle von 2 TeV auf die Messung atmosphärischer Neutrinos ab und fand einen geringen Überschuss an Ereignissen der quantitativ gut mit atmosphärischen Neutrinos erklärt werden kann, jedoch nicht signifikant genug ist, um einen rein myonischen Ursprung auszuschließen. Die zweite Selektion war mit einer Energieschwelle von 100 TeV für astrophysikalische Neutrinos optimiert. Der gefundene Überschuss ist kompatibel mit einer stringenteren Flussmessung, die mit dem fertiggestellten IceCube Detektor gelang.The IceCube experiment aims at the detection of an astrophysical high-energy neutrino flux from which answers are expected regarding the long standing question of the origin of cosmic rays. To this end, a cubic-kilometer volume deep in the glacial ice has been instrumented with digital optical sensors in order to record Cherenkov light emitted by charged secondary particles that are generated in neutrino interactions. This dissertation presents a search for neutrino-induced particle showers, also called cascades, in data taken between April 2008 and May 2009 during IceCube’s construction phase, when about 50% of the final configuration was deployed and operational. The goal of this analysis is the detection of the astrophysical diffuse neutrino flux while maintaining sensitivity to neutrinos originating from the Earth’s atmosphere. Both neutrino fluxes must be separated from a much more abundant background of muons created in cosmic-ray-induced air showers. Good energy reconstruction and a signature in the detector that is qualitatively different from the muon background make cascade searches very well-suited for this task. A robust estimate of this background has been obtained from air-shower simulations. Techniques were developed to isolate the neutrino flux from the atmospheric muon background. Two event selections were prepared. Firstly, a low-energy sample with an energy threshold of about 2 TeV aimed at the detection of atmospheric neutrinos. A small excess above atmospheric muons was found that can be explained well by atmospheric neutrinos but is not significant enough to rule out a muon-only hypothesis. Secondly, a high-energy sample with an energy threshold of about 100 TeV targeted astrophysical neutrinos. A 2.7 sigma excess over the expectation from atmospheric muons and neutrinos was found. It is compatible with more stringent flux estimates obtained by measurements with the completed IceCube detector.
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Renschler, Max [Verfasser], and R. [Akademischer Betreuer] Engel. "A Prototype Radio Detector for the IceCube Surface Enhancement = Ein Radio-Detektor Prototyp für die Erweiterung des IceCube Oberflächendetektors / Max Renschler ; Betreuer: R. Engel." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1203211929/34.
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Whitehead, Samuel Robert. "On the Properties of Ice at the IceCube Neutrino Telescope." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1529.
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The IceCube Neutrino Telescope is designed to detect high energy neutrinos with a large array of photomultiplier tubes placed deep within the Antarctic ice. The way that light propagates through the ice needs to be modelled accurately to enable the paths of charged particles to be reconstructed from the distribution of their Cerenkov radiation. Light travelling through even the purest of ice will undergo scattering and absorption processes, however the ice in which IceCube is embedded has optical properties that vary significantly with depth which need to be accurately modelled. Currently, simulation of the muon background using the current ice model is unable to fully replicate experimental data. In this thesis we investigate a potential method of improving on the current generation of ice models. We introduce thin, highly absorbing layers into the current description of the detection medium and investigate the effect on the simulation of muon tracks in IceCube. We find that better agreement between simulation and data can be seen in the occupancy of optical modules, through the introduction of such absorptive layers into the existing ice layers.
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Talbert, Ronald J. "From the LHC to IceCube : a melange of particle phenomenology." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:55a7a99c-1a7d-4e69-829d-22c25a32098e.
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Three topics in particle phenomenology are independently considered: (1) the flux of prompt atmospheric neutrinos at terrestrial observatories, (2) the resummation of dijet event shapes in Soft-Collinear Effective Theory, and (3) aspects of non-abelian discrete symmetries of flavour. The thesis thus decomposes into three chapters addressing each point in a self-contained way, including short introductions and concluding remarks. Regarding (1), we calculate the neutrino flux arising from the decay of charmed mesons produced in cosmic ray collisions in the atmosphere, with the charm cross-section being evaluated using NLO QCD techniques and input into a series of equations describing particle cascades. In (2) we present a NNLL' resummation of e+e- angularities, a class of observables generalizing thrust. This resummation necessarily includes the calculation of two-loop soft anomalous dimensions and matching corrections, which we also detail in generality. Finally, in (3), we develop a novel 'bottom-up' procedure to search for symmetries capable of predicting elements of fermionic mixing matrices and then apply it to both the quark and lepton sectors, finding numerous finite groups of interest.
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Panknin, Sebastian. "Search for neutrino-induced cascade events in the IceCube detector." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16397.
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Diese Arbeit präsentiert Ergebnisse einer Suche nach einem diffusen Fluss hochenergetischer, extraterrestrischer Neutrinos. Solch ein Fluss wird von verschiedenen Modellen zur Entstehung kosmischer Strahlung vorhergesagt. In einem Neutrinodetektor wie IceCube stehen im wesentlichen zwei Signaturen zum Nachweis der Neutrinos zur Verfügung: Das spurartige Lichtsignal eines neutrinoinduzierten Myons und das sphärische Lichtmuster eines neutrinoinduzierten Teilchenschauers, hier Kaskade genannt. Gesucht wurden neutrinoinduzierte Kaskaden mit Hilfe des IceCube-Neutrinodetektors. Die Daten stammen aus der Zeit von 2008 mit 367 Tage Messzeit. In dieser Zeit befand sich der Detektor noch im Aufbau und hatte etwa die Hälfte seiner Größe erreicht. Eine Neutrinoflusssuche mittels Kaskaden ist sensitiv auf alle Neutrinoflavors. Da sich die Kaskaden nur über wenige Meter ausdehnen, ist anders als bei den kilometerlangen Myonspuren, eine gute Energierekonstruktion möglich. Dadurch kann der astrophysikalische Neutrinofluss vom atmosphärischen Neutrinountergrund statistisch unterschieden werden. In der Simulation von neutrinoinduzierten Kaskaden wurde bisher nicht berücksichtigt, dass innerhalb einer hadronischen Kaskade auch Myonen erzeugt werden. Dieses kann die Form der Kaskade dahingehend beeiflussen, dass die sphärische Symmetrie abnimmt. Daher wurde der Effekt in dieser Arbeit parametrisiert und der Simulation hinzugefügt. Weiter wurden Schnitte auf die Ereignistopologie und rekonstruierte Energie entwickelt, welche den Untergrund aus atmosphärischen Myonen und atmosphärischen Neutrinos reduzieren. Vier der gemessenen Ereignisse passieren diese Schnitte. Aufgrund der hohen systematischen Fehler ist dieses Ergebnis mit einer Untergrunderwartung von 0.72+/-0.28+1.54-0.49 Ereignissen verträglich. Unter der Annahme eines Flavorverhältnisses von 1:1:1 bestimmt sich daraus die obere Grenze für den Neutrinofluss zu 9.5*10^-8 E^-2 GeV/s/sr^/cm^2.This thesis presents results of a search for a diffuse flux of high energetic neutrinos from extra-terrestrial origin. Such a flux is predicted by several models of sources of cosmic ray particles. In a neutrino detector, such as IceCube, there are mainly two signatures available for detection of neutrinos: The track-like light signal of a neutrino induced muon and the spherical light pattern of a neutrino induced particle shower, called cascades in this context. The search is based on the measurement of neutrino induced cascades within the IceCube neutrino detector. The data were taken in 2008/2009 with a total uptime of 367 days. At that time the detector was still under construction and had just reached half of its final size. A search for a neutrino flux using cascades is sensitive to all neutrino flavors. A cascade develops within few meters, in contrast to the muon track of several kilometers length. Therefore a good energy reconstruction is possible. With such a reconstruction the astrophysical neutrino flux can be statistically distinguished from the background of atmospheric neutrinos. In the simulation of cascades so far it was not included, that in hadronic cascades muons are produced. This can influence the shape of the cascade, to a less spherical one. Therefore the effect was parameterized in this thesis and included in the simulation. Further cuts on the event topology and reconstructed energy were developed, in order to reduce the background of atmospheric muons and atmospheric neutrinos. Four events from the measured data pass these cuts. Taking the high systematic uncertainties into account, this result is in agreement with the expected background of 0.72+/-0.28+1.54-0.49 events. For an assumed flavor ratio of 1:1:1$ the upper limit for the all flavor neutrino flux is 9.5*10^-8 E^-2 GeV/s/sr/cm2.
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Huber, Thomas [Verfasser], and M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Weber. "IceScint : A Scintillation Detector Array for the IceCube IceTop Enhancement = IceScint: Ein Szintillationsdetektor-Feld für die Oberflächen-Erweiterung von IceCube / Thomas Huber ; Betreuer: M. Weber." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1232324019/34.
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Wernhoff, Carl. "An FPGA implementation of neutrino track detection for the IceCube telescope." Thesis, Linköping University, Computer Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57867.
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The IceCube telescope is built within the ice at the geographical South Pole in the middle of the Antarctica continent. The purpose of the telescope is to detect muon neutrinos, the muon neutrino being an elementary particle with minuscule mass coming from space.
The detector consists of some 5000 DOMs registering photon hits (light). A muon neutrino traveling through the detector might give rise to a track of photons making up a straight line, and by analyzing the hit output of the DOMs, looking for tracks, neutrinos and their direction can be detected.
When processing the output, triggers are used. Triggers are calculation- efficient algorithms used to tell if the hits seem to make up a track - if that is the case, all hits are processed more carefully to find the direction and other properties of the track.
The Track Engine is an additional trigger, specialized to trigger on low- energy events (few track hits), which are particularly difficult to detect. Low-energy events are of special interest in the search for Dark Matter.
An algorithm for triggering on low-energy events has been suggested. Its main idea is to divide time in overlapping time windows, find all possible pairs of hits in each time window, calculate the spherical coordinates θ and ϕ of the position vectors of the hits of the pairs, histogram the angles, and look for peaks in the resulting 2d-histogram. Such peaks would indicate a straight line of hits, and, hence, a track.
It is not believed that a software implementation of the algorithm would be fast enough. The Master's Thesis project has had the aim of developing an FPGA implementation of the algorithm.
Such an FPGA implementation has been developed. Extensive tests on the design has yielded positive results showing that it is fully functional. The design can be synthesized to about 180 MHz, making it possible to handle an incoming hit rate of about 6 MHz, giving a margin of more than twice to the expected average hit rate of 2.6 MHz.
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Wikström, Gustav. "A search for solar dark matter with the IceCube neutrino telescope." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-27352.
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Dark matter particles in the form of supersymmetric Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) could accumulate in the centre of the Sun because of gravitational trapping. Pair-wise annihilations of WIMPs could create standard model particles out of which neutrinos could reach the Earth. Data from the IceCube 22-string neutrino telescope have been searched for signals from dark matter annihilations in the Sun. Highly sophisticated analysis methods have been developed to discern signal neutrinos from the severe background of atmospheric particle showers. No signal has been found in a dataset of 104 days livetime taken in 2007, and an upper limit has been placed on the muon flux in the South Pole ice induced by neutrinos from the Sun, reaching down to 330 km-2y-1. The flux limit has been converted into an upper limit on the neutralino scattering cross-section, which reaches down to 2.8*10-40 cm2 for spin-dependent interactions.Four articles are appended to the thesis:I. G. Wikström for the IceCube collaboration, Proc. of the 30th ICRC,arXiv/0711.0353 [astro-ph] (2007) 135.II. A. Gross, C. Ha, C. Rott, M. Tluczykont, E. Resconi, T. DeYoung and G. Wikström for the IceCube Collaboration, Proc. of the 30th ICRC,arXiv/0711.0353 [astro-ph] (2007) 11.III. G. Wikström and J. Edsjö, JCAP 04 (2009) 009.IV. R. Abbasi et al. (IceCube collaboration), accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Lett., arXiv/0902.2460v3 [astro-ph.CO] (2009).
IceCube
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Heereman, von Zuydtwyck David. "HitSpooling: an improvement for the supernova neutrino detection system in icecube." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209179.
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The IceCube Neutrino Observatory consists of a lattice of 5160 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs)which monitor one cubic kilometer of deep Antarctic ice at the geographic South Pole.
IceCube was primarily designed to detect neutrinos of energies greater than O(100 GeV).
Due to subfreezing ice temperatures, the photomultipliers' dark noise rates are particularly
low which enables IceCube to search for neutrinos from galactic supernovae by detecting
bursts of MeV neutrinos emitted during the core collapse and for several seconds following.
For that purpose, a dedicated online supernova DAQ system records the total number of hits
in the detector, without any further information from the PMTs, and generates supernova
candidate triggers in case of a significant detector rate enhancement. A new feature to the
standard DAQ, called HitSpooling, was implemented in IceCube during this thesis. The
HitSpooling system is implemented in the standard DAQ system and buffers the complete
raw data stream of the photomultipliers for several hours or days. By reading out time periods
of HitSpool data around supernova candidate triggers, generated by the online supernova
DAQ system, we overcome the limitations of the latter and have access to the entire information
of the detector in case of a supernova. Furthermore, HitSpool data is a powerful
source for studying and understanding the noise behavior of the detector as well as background
processes coming from atmospheric muons. The idea of HitSpooling was developed in the
scope of this thesis and is the basis of the work at hand. The developed interface between the
standard DAQ and the supernova DAQ system is presented. The correlated dark noise component
in optical modules of IceCube is quantified for the first time and possible explanations
are discussed. The possibility of identifying triggering and subthreshold atmospheric muons
in HitSpool data and subtracting them from a possible supernova signal is analyzed. Furthermore,
the conversion from HitSpool data to supernova DAQ type data was developed
which allows for a comparison of both data types with respect to lightcurves and significances
of selected supernova candidate triggers.
Doctorat en Sciences
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Pretz, John. "Detection of atmospheric muon neutrinos with the IceCube 9-String Detector." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/4163.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Physics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Eberhardt, Benjamin [Verfasser]. "Supernovae with IceCube: direction and average neutrino energy determination / Benjamin Eberhardt." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1143568192/34.
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Pollmann, Anna Maria [Verfasser]. "Search for mildly relativistic Magnetic Monopoles with IceCube / Anna Maria Pollmann." Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1120337178/34.
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Wolf, Martin. "Indirect Searches for Galactic Dark Matter with IceCube-DeepCore and PINGU." Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-104786.
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The cubic-kilometer sized IceCube neutrino observatory is burieddeep in the glacial ice at the Earth’s South Pole. Its low-energyextension array DeepCore enables physicists to search indirectlyfor light Dark Matter (DM) particles with masses as low as tensof GeV/c2 situated within our home galaxy, the Milky Way. GeVneutrinos could be produced through DM particle annihilations,propagating to the Earth where they could be detected by IceCube. This licentiate thesis presents a search for Weakly Interacting Mas-sive Particles (WIMPs) with masses as low as 30 GeV/c2 in theGalactic center (GC) using the 79-string configuration of the IceCubeneutrino detector. Data from 319.7 live-days have been analyzedusing a cut-and-count analysis approach, and found to be consistentwith the background-only hypothesis with expected backgroundfrom atmospheric muons and neutrinos. Thus, upper limits wereset on the velocity averaged DM annihilation cross-section. The Precision IceCube Next Generation Upgrade (PINGU) as apossible future neutrino detector within DeepCore would reducethe neutrino energy detection threshold to a few GeV. In additionto the data analysis with DeepCore, a sensitivity study has beenconducted to investigate the performance of PINGU for indirectDM searches in the GC and the Sun. In the Sun WIMPs could begravitationally captured through elastic scattering off nucleons. Inthis thesis, we derive PINGU sensitivities for the velocity averagedDM annihilation cross-section of WIMPs in the GC, and for theSpin-Dependent (SD) and Spin-Independent (SI) WIMP-protonscattering cross-sections, under the assumption of thermodynamicequilibrium between the WIMP capturing and annihilation rate inthe Sun.IceCube
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Basto, Gonzalez Victor Saul 1977. "Procura de indícios de neutrinos estéreis nos experimentos IceCube e KATRIN." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/276982.
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Orientador: Orlando Luis Goulart PeresTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: Motivados pelos indícios experimentais da existência de um quarto neutrino, que surge nos dados de oscilações coletados nos experimentos de aparecimento e desaparecimento de neutrinos, e pela possibilidade teórica de explicar a pequena massa dos neutrinos através de dimensões extras grandes, fizemos análises em procura de vestígios destas duas motivações nos experimentos IceCube e KATRIN. A existência deste quarto neutrino implicaria 1) que existem mais neutrinos que os três tipos de neutrinos do Modelo Padrão da física de partículas, 2) que as interações deste novo neutrino não são descritas pelo Modelo Padrão, 3) que os parâmetros da mistura dos três tipos de neutrinos do Modelo Padrão seriam afetados pela mistura com este novo neutrino e 4) que a diferença dos quadrados das massas, ?m^{2}, associada a este neutrino seria grande, ?m^{2} ~1 eV^{2}. Usando os dados de neutrinos atmosféricos de IceCube, podemos indagar pela existência do quarto neutrino, pois para, ?m^{2} ~1 eV^{2} acontece uma conversão de sabor devida ao efeito de matéria sobre o neutrino no intervalo de energias analisado no IceCube. Assim, este efeito de matéria permite-nos pôr limites sobre os parâmetros que governam as oscilações de neutrinos estéreis. O experimento KATRIN procurará medir a massa do neutrino. Esta medida será feita analisando a cinemática dos elétrons emitidos no decaimento beta do Trítio que é uma medida independente do modelo físico, pois está fundamentada na conservação da energia. A presença de estados mais pesados, como os que existem quando neutrinos estéreis estão presentes, nos permitirá vincular estes neutrinos estéreis. Especificamente, analisamos em KATRIN indícios de um e dois neutrinos estéreis e também de dimensões extras grandes
Abstract: Motivated by the experimental evidence of the existence of a fourth neutrino, which arises from the data collected of neutrino oscillations in appearance and disappearance experiments, and by the theoretical possibility to explain the smallness of the mass of the neutrinos through large extra dimensions, we performed analyses in search of seeking indication of these two motivations in the IceCube and KATRIN experiments. The existence of this fourth neutrino would imply 1) that there are more types of neutrinos than the three types of neutrinos present in the Standard Model of particle physics, 2) that this new neutrino interactions are not described by the Standard Model, 3) that the parameters of the three neutrinos mixing would be affected by mixing with this new type of neutrino, and 4) that the squared-mass difference , ?m^{2} associated with this new neutrino would be large, , ?m^{2} ~1 eV^{2}. Using the atmospheric neutrino data from IceCube, we can investigate the existence of the fourth neutrino because a flavor conversion happens in the limit , ?m^{2} ~1 eV^{2} due to the effect of matter on the neutrino in the range of energies analyzed in the IceCube. Thus, this matter effect allows us to constrain the parameters that govern the sterile neutrino oscillations. The KATRIN experiment will seek to measure the neutrino mass. This measure will be performed by analyzing the kinematics of electrons emitted in the tritium beta decay, which is an independent measure of the physical model because it is based on energy conservation. The presence of heavier states such as those that exist when sterile neutrinos are present, will allow us to constrain these sterile neutrinos. Specifically, we analyze in KATRIN evidence of one and two sterile neutrinos and also of large extra dimensions
Doutorado
Física
Doutor em Ciências
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Olivo, Martino. "Neutrino emission from high-energy component gamma-ray bursts." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Högenergifysik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-132961.
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Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are brief and sudden explosions radiating most of their energy in the soft γ-ray band ( 100 keV). In the context of multimessenger astroparticle physics recent observations of GRBs provide an excellent benchmark for testing theoretical models of high energy emission mechanisms. Acceleration of hadrons in the engine is expected to produce high energy neutrinos and gamma-rays simultaneously via π±/π0 decays, thus reinforcing the motivation for coincident searches in km3 neutrino telescopes. The Waxman-Bachall spectra and the corresponding expected neutrino rates in IceCube are derived here for GRB090510 amd GRB090902B recently detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. The implications of the significant detection of deviations from the Band function fit in photon spectra and a model that explains these extra-components in terms of π0-decay photons are presented here and the relevance to neutrino astronomy is shown.
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Kim, Kwang Seong. "Comparison of track reconstruction algorithms for the Moon Shadow Analysis in IceCube." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Högenergifysik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-201530.
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Engdegård, Olle. "A Search for Dark Matter in the Sun with AMANDA and IceCube." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Högenergifysik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160833.
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A search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) annihilating in the Sun was performed with the IceCube and AMANDA neutrino telescopes, using data from 2008 corresponding to 149 days of livetime. Assuming that particles in the dark matter halo scatter and accumulate in the centre of the Sun, Majorana WIMPs may pair-wise annihilate and give rise to a neutrino signal detectable in an experiment at Earth. No excess of muon-neutrinos from the Sun was observed, and limits on the νμ-flux were set for masses between 50 GeV and 5 TeV considering WIMPs annihilating into b‾b and W+W-. Separate limits were also calculated for the case of the lightest Kaluza-Klein particle. The flux limits were converted to limits on the spin-dependent and spin-independent WIMP-proton cross sections, σSD and σSI. The search was combined using a joint likelihood method with AMANDA and IceCube data from 2001-2007, yielding the 90% CL upper limits Φμ < 103 km-2y-1 for a WIMP mass of 1000 GeV and σSD < 1.28×10-4 pb for 250 GeV, both for the W+W- spectrum.IceCube
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Schatto, Kai [Verfasser]. "Stacked searches for high-energy neutrinos from blazars with IceCube / Kai Schatto." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1059431149/34.
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Kopper, Sandro [Verfasser]. "Search for Exotic Double Tracks with the IceCube Neutrino Telescope / Sandro Kopper." Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1135602506/34.
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Wolf, Martin. "Indirect Searches for Dark Matter in the Milky Way with IceCube-DeepCore." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-128785.
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Many astronomical observations, including rotational curve measurements of stars and the analysis of the cosmic microwave background, suggest the existence of an invisible matter density content in the Universe, commonly called Dark Matter (DM). Possibly, DM could be of particle nature, where Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) could be a viable DM candidate. The cubic-kilometer sized IceCube neutrino observatory located at the Earth’s South Pole can search indirectly for the existence of DM by detecting neutrino signals from WIMP self-annihilation in the Galactic center (GC) and the Galactic halo (GH). Two main physics analyses were developed and conducted to search indirectly for WIMP self-annihilation in the Milky Way’s GC and GH. Signal hypotheses for different WIMP annihilation channels, WIMP masses and DM halo profiles were tested. The results of both analyses were compatible with the background-only hypothesis for all tested signal hypotheses. Thus, upper limits at the 90% confidence level (C.L.) on the thermally averaged DM self-annihilation cross-section, <σΑv>, were set. Dedicated atmospheric muon veto techniques have been developed for the GC search making such an IceCube analysis possible for the first time. The GC analysis utilized data from 319.7 days of live-time of the IceCube detector running in its 79-string configuration during 2010 and 2011, whereas the GH analysis utilized pre-existing data samples developed for point-like neutrino sources with a live-time of 1701.9 days between 2008 and 2013. The most stringent upper limits on <σΑv> were obtained for WIMP annihilation directly into a pair of neutrinos assuming a Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) DM halo profile. Conducting the GC and GH analyses for this annihilation channel an upper limit on <σΑv> as low as 4.0 · 10-24 cm3 s-1 and 4.5 · 10-24 cm3 s-1 is set for a 65 GeV and 500 GeV massive WIMP, respectively. These galactic indirect neutrino searches for DM are complementary to the indirect gamma-ray DM searches usually performed on extra-galactic targets like spheroidal dwarf galaxies.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.
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Kintscher, Thomas. "Rapid Response to Extraordinary Events: Transient Neutrino Sources with the IceCube Experiment." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21948.
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Im Jahr 2013 ist es dem IceCube-Experiment gelungen, einen Fluss von Neutrinos extraterrestrischen Ursprungs nachzuweisen, und damit das Neutrino als weiteres kosmisches Botenteilchen zu etablieren. Die Frage nach dem Ursprung der Neutrinos, die einen komplementären Blick auf die Quellen bieten, kann möglicherweise die alte Frage nach dem Ursprung der kosmischen Strahlung lösen.
Zeitunabhängige Suchen nach Neutrinoquellen konnten bisher keine einzelnen Kandidaten isolieren. Zeitlich veränderliche Quellen kommen daher als Ursprung in Betracht. IceCube ermöglicht es, kontinuierlich den gesamten Himmel nach aufflackernden Neutrinoquellen abzusuchen und die astronomische Gemeinschaft schnellstmöglich zu benachrichtigen.
In dieser Arbeit wird die Echtzeitidentifikation und -rekonstruktion von Myonneutrinokandidaten mit IceCube verbessert. Die erreichte Sensitivität ist mit etablierten nicht-Echtzeit Analysen vergleichbar. Kontinuierlich vom Experiment am Südpol übermittelte Informationen werden sofort auf bemerkenswerte Ereignisse hin analysiert. Bekannte astrophysikalische Quellen von Gammastrahlung werden auf Neutrinoemission hin beobachtet. Eine verallgemeinerte Methode erlaubt die Suche nach Signalen überall, unbeeinflusst von vorher bekannten Quellen. Weiterhin werden die hochenergetischsten Neutrinokandidaten, die wahrscheinlich astrophysikalischen Ursprungs sind, sofort identifiziert und global bekannt gemacht.
Abschließend werden die Suchalgorithmen am Beispiel zweier Blazare demonstiert,
1ES 1959+650 und TXS 0506+56. In letzterem Fall wurden erstmals Anzeichen für eine Quelle hochenergetischer, kosmischer Neutrinos gefunden.
Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelte Infrastruktur erlaubt es, die astronomische Gemeinschaft auf signifikante Neutrinoereignisse, oder sich entwickelnde Neutrinocluster
hinzuweisen. Auch die zügige Suche nach Neutrinos in Reaktion auf interessante astrophysikalische Ereignisse, wie z.B. Gravitationswellen, ist möglich.The discovery of an flux of neutrinos of astrophysical origin with the IceCube experiment in 2013 has broadened our understanding of cosmic messengers and opened a new window on the universe. By addressing the newly pertinent question about their sources, neutrinos can provide a complementary view on cosmic accelerators and may help solving the long-standing puzzle of the origin of the cosmic rays. As traditional time-integrated searches for sources of neutrinos have not been able to isolate individual candidates, variable and transient sources shift into focus. IceCube's design allows to continuously search the entire sky for neutrino flares, and alert the community with the lowest possible latency in the case of a detection. This thesis improves the identification and reconstruction of muon neutrino candidates with IceCube in real-time, achieving a sensitivity comparable to dedicated offline analyses. The stream of neutrino candidates is analyzed for interesting events in order to alert partner experiments and inspire follow-up observations. First, known gamma-ray emitters are monitored for time-variable neutrino emission. Second, a generalization of this method monitors the entire sky for neutrino flares, regardless of pre-defined source lists. Third, the most-energetic neutrino candidates with the highest chance to be of astrophysical origin are selected for alerts. Eventually, the search methods are applied to the blazars 1ES 1959+650 and TXS 0506+056. In the latter case, evidence for source of high-energetic, astrophysical neutrinos was found for the first time. The infrastructure built in this work allows to notify the community whenever significant neutrino events are recorded, or significant flares develop on time-scales from days to weeks. It also allows to quickly perform neutrino follow-up searches in response to interesting astrophysical events, such as the observation of gravitational waves.
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Rongen, Martin [Verfasser], Christopher Henrik V. [Akademischer Betreuer] Wiebusch, and Oliver [Akademischer Betreuer] Pooth. "Calibration of the IceCube neutrino observatory / Martin Rongen ; Christopher Wiebusch, Oliver Pooth." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1211963640/34.
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Minarelli, Emma. "Confronto tra la direzione di arrivo dei neutrini di ANTARES e IceCube." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7713/.
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[Abstract]. Questo lavoro è finalizzato al confronto delle rivelazioni di canditati eventi di neutrino cosmico da parte di due esperimenti ANTARES ed ICECUBE. I due apparati, entrambi basati sulla rivelazione di radiazione Cherenkov generata da prodotti di interazione CC dei neutrini, si differenziano per la geometria del detector e per il mezzo in cui viene prodotta la radiazione, e hanno quindi sensibilità e risoluzione diverse. L'analisi dei dati è basata sulla rappresentazione delle direzioni di arrivo degli eventi su mappa celeste nei due sistemi di coordinate galattico ed equatoriale. La sovrapposizione della distribuzioni degli eventi ha permesso di evidenziare le zone di visibilità sulla mappa celeste caratteristiche di ciascun esperimento. Una successiva analisi statistica ha analizzato la frequenza delle occorenze di eventi del dataset di ANTARES in intorni di raggio crescente di eventi di ICECUBE, per valutare eventuali eventi identificabili nei due dataset. Questa analisi ha evidenziato la necessità di una selezione preventiva degli eventi del dataset di ANTARES, in base a criteri non solo topologici, in modo da permettere una eventuale identificazione di eventi coincidenti.
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Rongen, Martin Verfasser], Christopher Henrik V. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Wiebusch, and Oliver [Akademischer Betreuer] Pooth. "Calibration of the IceCube neutrino observatory / Martin Rongen ; Christopher Wiebusch, Oliver Pooth." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1211963640/34.
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Garza, Juan Pablo Yáñez. "Measurement of neutrino oscillations in atmospheric neutrinos with the IceCube DeepCore detector." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17016.
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Neutrinooszillationen sind ein sehr aktives Forschungsfeld. In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben viele Experimente das Phänomen untersucht und sind inzwischen zu Präazisionsmessungen vorangeschritten. Mit seiner Niederenergieerweiterung DeepCore kann das IceCube-Experiment zu diesem Forschungsfeld beitragen. IceCube ist ein 1 km^3 großes Tscherenkow-Neutrino-Teleskop, welches das tiefe, antarktische Eis des Südpols als optisches Medium nutzt. DeepCore ist eine Erweiterung mit dichterer Instrumentierung im unteren Teil des IceCube-Teleskops. Diese dichte Instrumentierung ermöglicht den Nachweis von Neutrinos mit Energien ab einer Energieschwelle von etwa 10 GeV. Jedes Jahr werden Tausende von atmosphärischen Neutrinos oberhalb dieser Schwelle in DeepCore detektiert. Eine Bestimmung der Energie der Neutrinos und des durch sie zurückgelegten Weges durch die Erde ermöglicht die Messung von Neutrinooszillationen. In dieser Arbeit werden zunächst die Möglichkeiten von DeepCore diskutiert, Oszillationen auf unterschiedliche Weise zu messen. Das Verschwinden von Myon-Neutrinos wird als erfolgsversprechender Prozess ausgewählt. Darauf folgt die Beschreibung einer Methode zur Identifizierung von Tscherenkow-Photonen, welche detektiert wurden, bevor sie gestreut wurden -sogenannte- direkte Photonen. Mit Hilfe dieser Photonen kann der Zenitwinkel der Myon-Neutrinos bestimmmt werden. Auch die Energie der Neutrinos wird rekonstruiert. In den Jahren 2011 und 2012 wurden innerhalb von 343 Tagen mit dieser Analyse 1487 Neutrinokandidaten mit Energien zwischen 7 GeV und 100 GeV in DeepCore gefunden. Vergleicht man diese Zahl mit der erwarteten Zahl vom atmosphärischen Neutrinofluss ohne Oszillationen, so ergibt sich ein Defizit von etwa 500 Ereignissen. Die Osziallationsparameter, die die Daten am besten beschreiben, sind im Einklang mit den Parametern, die von anderen Experimenten veröffentlicht wurden.The study of neutrino oscillations is an active field of research. During the last couple of decades many experiments have measured the effects of oscillations, pushing the field from the discovery stage towards an era of precision and deeper understanding of the phenomenon. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, with its low energy subarray, DeepCore, has the possibility of contributing to this field. IceCube is a 1 km^3 ice Cherenkov neutrino telescope buried deep in the Antarctic glacier. DeepCore, a region of denser instrumentation in the lower center of IceCube, permits the detection of neutrinos with energies as low as 10 GeV. Every year, thousands of atmospheric neutrinos around these energies leave a strong signature in DeepCore. Due to their energy and the distance they travel before being detected, these neutrinos can be used to measure the phenomenon of oscillations. This work starts with a study of the potential of IceCube DeepCore to measure neutrino oscillations in different channels, from which the disappearance of muon neutrinos is chosen to move forward. It continues by describing a novel method for identifying Cherenkov photons that traveled without being scattered until detected direct photons. These photons are used to reconstruct the incoming zenith angle of muon neutrinos. The total energy of the interacting neutrino is also estimated. In data taken in 343 days during 2011-2012, 1487 neutrino candidates with an energy between 7 GeV and 100 GeV are found inside the DeepCore volume. Compared to the expectation from the atmospheric neutrino flux without oscillations, this corresponds to a deficit of about 500 muon neutrino events. The oscillation parameters that describe the data best are in agreement with the results reported by other experiments. The method and tools presented allow DeepCore to reach comparable precision with the current best results of on-going experiments once five years of data are collected.
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Voigt, Bernhard. "Sensitivity of the IceCube detector for ultra-high energy electron-neutrino events." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15850.
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Zur Zeit wird das IceCube Neutrino-Teleskop am Südpol im Eis der Antarktis installiert, die Hälfte des Detektors ist bereits im Betrieb. Bei Fertigstellung im Jahr 2011 wird mehr als 1 km^3 Eis mit Photovervielfachern instrumentiert sein. IceCube bietet damit eine einzigartige Möglichkeit, die Quellen der kosmischen Strahlung mit Hilfe hochenergetischer Neutrinos zu finden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Sensitivität des kompletten Icecube Detektors für den Nachweis eines diffusen Flusses von Elektronneutrinos bestimmt. Ziel war es, die Eigenschaften des Detektors für Energien oberhalb von einem PeV zu bestimmen. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde dabei auf die Simulation von elektromagnetischen Kaskaden gelegt, die in Neutrino-Nukleon-Wechselwirkungen auftreten. Da existierende Parametrisierungen die Unterdrückung der Wechselwirkungsquerschnitte durch den LPM-Effekt nicht beinhalten, wurde eine Simulation des Energieverlustes von elektromagnetischen Kaskaden für Energien oberhalb von 1 PeV entwickelt, die entsprechend modifizierte Wirkungsquerschnitte verwendet. Die Analyse, die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt wird, nutzt die komplette Information des durch einen Photovervielfacher aufgezeichneten Ladungsverlaufes aus, die mit der Datennahme des IceCube Detektors zur Verfügung steht. Es werden neue Methoden entwickelt, um zwischen atmosphärischen Myonen-Hintergrund- und Signalereignissen von Kaskaden aus Neutrino-Nukleon-Wechselwirkungen zu unterscheiden. Die erreichbare Sensitivität innerhalb einer Laufzeit von einem Jahr ist 1.5*10^-8 E^-2 GeV/(cm^2 sr s) in einem Energiebereich von 16 TeV bis 13 PeV für den Nachweis von Elektronneutrinos eines diffusen Flusses. Eine Verbesserung von mindestens einer Größenordnung wird erwartet, wenn alle Neutrinofamilien in die Analyse einbezogen werden. Damit sollte eine Sensitivität erreicht werden, die auf dem gleichen Niveau einer diffusen Myonenanalyse liegt.IceCube is a neutrino telescope currently under construction in the glacial ice at South Pole. At the moment half of the detector is installed, when completed it will instrument 1 km^3 of ice providing a unique experimental setup to detect high energy neutrinos from astrophysical sources. In this work the sensitivity of the complete IceCube detector for a diffuse electron-neutrino flux is analyzed, with a focus on energies above 1 PeV. Emphasis is put on the correct simulation of the energy deposit of electromagnetic cascades from charged-current electron-neutrino interactions. Since existing parameterizations lack the description of suppression effects at high energies, a simulation of the energy deposit of electromagnetic cascades with energies above 1 PeV is developed, including cross sections which account for the LPM suppression of bremsstrahlung and pair creation. An attempt is made to reconstruct the direction of these elongated showers. The analysis presented here makes use of the full charge waveform recorded with the data acquisition system of the IceCube detector. It introduces new methods to discriminate efficiently between the background of atmospheric muons, including muon bundles, and cascade signal events from electron-neutrino interactions. Within one year of operation of the complete detector a sensitivity of 1.5*10^-8 E^-2 GeV/(cm^2 sr s) is reached, which is valid for a diffuse electron-neutrino flux in the energy range from 16 TeV to 13 PeV. Including all neutrino flavors in this analysis, an improvement of at least one order of magnitude is expected, reaching the anticipated performance of a diffuse muon analysis.
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Alba, José Luis Bazo. "Search for steady and flaring astrophysical neutrino point sources with the IceCube detector." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16240.
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Für astrophysikalische Quellen, z.B. aktive galaktische Kerne, werden hochenergetische Neutrinoflüsse vorhergesagt. Neutrinos und Gammastrahlen werden in hadronischen Prozessen erzeugt, für die Protonen auf hohe Energien beschleunigt werden müssen. Da Neutrinos nur schwach wechselwirken und nicht von Magnetfeldern abgelenkt werden können, bleiben Flussstärken und ihre Richtung erhalten. IceCube, ein Kubikkilometer-Detektor der sich am Südpol befindet, kann solche Neutrinos nachweisen. In dieser Arbeit wurden Daten zweier Teilkonfigurationen IceCubes (22 und 40 Trossen) ausgewertet. Die Daten, die zwischen 2007 und 2009 gesammelt wurden, bestehen hauptsächlich aus atmosphärischen Myon-Neutrinos, die im Nordhimmel erzeugt wurden und hochenergetischen atmosphärischen Myonen aus dem Südhimmel. Eine zeitunabhängige Analyse, die nach Neutrino-Punktquellen im Nordhimmel sucht, wurde mit einem sensitivitäts-optimierten Datensatz von IceCube-22 durchgeführt. Die ganze Hemisphäre und eine Liste ausgewählter Quellen wurden analysiert, wobei kein Hinweis auf extraterrestrische Neutrino-Signale gefunden wurde. Um das Entdeckungspotenzial für eine variable Quelle zu erhöhen, wurde eine nicht-getriggerte zeitabhängige Analyse entwickelt. Diese Suche ist durch Neutrino-Photon-Korrelationen und Gammastrahlung-Ausbrüche kosmischer Objekte motiviert, jedoch wurden nur Neutrino-Daten verwendet. Ein grosser Bereich möglicher Strahlungsausbruchsdauer wurde abgedeckt. Die gebinnte Methode wurde zu einer ungebinnten Likelihood-Methode erweitert, so dass die Ergebnisse um 5-25% verbessert werden konnten. Auswahlkriterien für eine Liste zeitlich veränderlicher astrophysikalischer Quellen vom ganzen Himmel wurden für IceCube-22 und IceCube-40 entwickelt. Zum ersten Mal wurde eine zeitabhängige Suchmethode im Südhimmel benutzt. Es konnten keine Ereignisüberschüsse über dem Untergrund festgestellt werden. Demzufolge wurden obere Grenzen für Neutrinoflüsse aus diesen Quellen berechnet.High energy neutrino astronomy relies on the predictions of neutrino fluxes coming from astrophysical objects, for example active galactic nuclei. In these models, neutrinos and gamma-rays are produced in hadronic processes, which require the acceleration of protons to very high energies. Since neutrinos hardly interact and travel towards Earth undeflected by magnetic fields, they can point back to their sources. IceCube, located at the South Pole, is a large volumen detector for high energy neutrinos. In this work, data from two partial configurations of IceCube (22 and 40 strings) are analyzed. The data cover 651 days, from 2007 to 2009, and consist mostly of atmospheric muon neutrinos in the Northern sky and high energy atmospheric muons in the Southern sky. A time integrated search for neutrino point sources in the Northern sky was developed and applied to an event sample obtained for the best sensitivity, with IceCube 22-string. The search was performed on pre-selected sources and the whole hemisphere was scanned. No evidence of a neutrino signal was found. In order to enhance the flare detection probability, an untriggered time dependent search that looks for neutrino events clustering in time from specific sources in the entire sky was developed. This search was motivated by neutrino-photon correlations and the observations of flaring objects in gamma-rays, but focuses only on the neutrino data, covering a wide range of possible flare durations. The search method was expanded from a binned approach to a newly developed unbinned likelihood method, improving the results by 5-25%. Moreover, for the first time the Southern sky was analyzed with a time dependent method. A source selection criteria was developed defining two lists of variable astrophysical sources, for IceCube 22 and 40-string. The results were compatible with background fluctuations for all sources tested. Therefore, upper limits on the neutrino fluence from these sources are presented.
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Stößl, Johannes Achim. "A search for particle showers at the edge of IceCube’s instrumented volume." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18124.
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Unter den Methoden zur Suche nach Neutrino Ereignissen in IceCube
versprechen Suchen nach Teilchenschauern, sogenannten Kaskaden eine
gute Energieauflösung und einen verhätlnismässig geringen atmosphärischen Untergrund. Dadurch erreichen solche Suchen eine hohe Sensitivität für einen extraterrestrischen Neutrino Fluss. Bisher beschränkte sich die Suche nach solchen Ereignissen auf solche in einer inneren Region des IceCube Detektors. Das Detektorvolumen am Rand wurde bisher benutzt um den Untergrund von einfallenden atmosphärischen Muonen zu Unterdrücken. Diese Dissertation präsentiert eine Analyse von 2 Jahren IceCube Daten und demonstriert die Möglichkeit, diese Veto Region für die Suche nach kaskadenartigen Ereignissen zu nutzen. Dadurch wird das nutzbare Detektorvolumen um « 80% vergrößert und die Statistik im hochenergetischen Bereich des Neutrino Spektrums durch das Hinzufügen von 18 Neutrino Kandidaten im Energiebereich von 34 - 578 TeV erhöht. Das Ergebnis ist in Übereinstimmung mit dem etablierten Nachweis eines extraterrestrischen Neutrino Flusses, eine reine Untergrund Hypothese kan mit 2.7 sigma verworfen werden und die Daten favorisieren einen extraterrestrischen Neutrino Fluss mit einem ungebrochen Potenzgesetz mit einem Index von γ ^ 2.50+-0.28 in guter Übereinstimmung mit bisherigen Ergebnissen von IceCube.Among the analysis strategies used in IceCube, searches for neutrinoinduced particle showers, so called cascades, provide good energy resolution and a relative low atmospheric background. Therefore, they provide large sensitivity to the extraterrestrial neutrino flux. Previously, these searches have been constrained to neutrino interactions in a center region of the instrumented volume. The volume at the border and surrounding the detector was needed to veto the incident atmospheric muon background. This dissertation presents an analysis of two years of IceCube data and demonstrates the feasibility of using the veto region for cascade searches. This increases the usable detector volume by « 80% and improves the statistic in the high-energy tail of the neutrino spectrum by adding 18 neutrino candidates in the energy range from 34 to 576 TeV. The result is supports the established evidence for the extraterrestrial neutrino flux by rejecting the pure atmospheric background hypothesis at the 2.7 sigma level, the data prefers an extraterrestrial neutrino flux with a featureless power law with an index of γ^2.50+-0.28 well in agreement with previous IceCube results.
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Lauer, Robert Johannes. "Extending the search for cosmic point sources of neutrinos with IceCube beyond PeV energies and above the horizon." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16177.
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Die Suche nach Neutrino-Punktquellen bietet eine Möglichkeit, astrophysikalische Teilchenbeschleuniger als Quellen der Kosmischen Strahlung zu identifizieren. Eine etablierte Methode in der Neutrinoastronomie ist die Messung der Tscherenkow-Strahlung induzierter Myonen in unterirdischen Detektoren. Die hier vorgestellte Analyse basiert auf Daten, die zwischen 2007 und 2008 mit IceCube, dem größten Neutrinoteleskop dieser Art, gesammelt wurden. Bisherige Neutrino-Punktquellensuchen waren auf eine Hemisphäre beschränkt gewesen, da nur aufwärts laufende Ereignisse betrachtet wurden, um den atmosphärischen Myon-Untergrund zu eliminieren. Hier wird gezeigt, dass der Bereich über dem Horizont durch eine energieabhängige Selektion miteinbezogen werden kann. Dies erhöht die Sensitivität für Energien oberhalb einiger PeV, die bisher aufgrund von Neutrinoabsorption unterhalb des Horizonts vollkommen unzugänglich waren. Zum Nachweis richtungsabhängiger Neutrinosignale wurde eine Musterung beider Himmelshälften durchgeführt. Modellvorhersagen für Aktive Galaktische Kerne dienten als Grundlage für separate Tests anhand einer Liste von Quellkandidaten und mittels einer zeitabhängigen Suche nach kurzen Neutrinoemissionen vom Blazar 3C279. Es konnten keine signifikanten Ereignisüberschüsse über dem Untergrund beobachtet werden. Daraus leiten sich die ersten oberen Neutrino-Flussgrenzen für Punktquellen am Südhimmel bei Energien bis in den EeV Bereich ab. Für bestimmte Quellkandidaten sind es die besten Einschränkungen für Neutrinovorhersagen bei PeV Energien. Mit den gleichen Ereignissen wurde eine Suche nach Korrelationen zwischen Neutrinos und den höchstenergetischen geladenen Teilchen der Kosmischen Strahlung durchgeführt. Die Ursprungsrichtungen von Luftschauern, veröffentlicht durch das HiRes Experiment und das Pierre Auger Observatorium, dienten zur Bestimmung solcher Koinzidenzen. Das Ergebnis ist im Einklang mit den Untergrunderwartungen.Searching for point-like neutrino signals provides a chance of identifying astrophysical particle accelerators as sources of cosmic rays. An established approach to realise high energy neutrino astronomy is the observation of Cherenkov radiation from induced muon tracks in subsurface detectors. Presented here is an analysis based on data taken between 2007 and 2008 with IceCube, the largest of these neutrino telescopes. Neutrino point source searches had been so far restricted to one hemisphere, due to the exclusive selection of upward going events as a way of rejecting the atmospheric muon background. This work demonstrates that the region above the horizon can be included by suppressing the background through an energy-sensitive event selection. The approach improves the sensitivity above PeV energies, previously not accessible at all due to absorption of neutrinos from below the horizon. Both celestial hemispheres were scanned to identify neutrino fluxes from individual directions. Based on model predictions for Active Galactic Nuclei, separate tests were performed by compiling a list of specific neutrino source candidates and by searching for short neutrino flares from the blazar 3C279. No significant excesses above the atmospheric background were found. The resulting upper limits on neutrino fluxes are the first that cover point sources in the southern sky up to the EeV energy range. For certain source candidates, these limits provide the best constraints on models predicting neutrinos above PeV energies. Based on the same event sample, a search for correlations between neutrinos and the most energetic charged cosmic rays was performed. The arrival directions of air showers, reported by the HiRes experiment and the Pierre Auger Observatory, were used to determine such coincidences. The result of this study is compatible with the background hypothesis.
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Mohrmann, Lars. "Characterizing cosmic neutrino sources." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17377.
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Das IceCube Neutrino Observatorium ist ein km^3-großes Neutrinoteleskop und befindet sich am geographischen Südpol. Das Ziel des Experiments ist es, kosmische Neutrinos nachzuweisen. Es wird erwartet, dass solche Neutrinos in Wechselwirkungen von hochenergetischer kosmischer Strahlung mit Materie oder Photonen in der Nähe ihrer Beschleunigungsumgebung entstehen. Der erste Nachweis für einen Fluss von kosmischen Neutrinos wurde von der IceCube-Kollaboration erbracht. Der Ursprung des Flusses ist noch nicht bekannt, dennoch können die Eigenschaften der Quellen durch eine Messung des Energiespektrums und der Zusammensetzung aus Elektron-, Muon-, und Tau-Neutrinos des Flusses eingeschränkt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die erste umfassende Analyse von Daten des IceCube-Experiments im Hinblick auf diese Eigenschaften des Flusses dar. Hierfür wurden mehrere Datensätze kombiniert und gemeinsam analysiert. Es wurden experimentell beobachtete Verteilungen von rekonstruierter Energie, Zenithwinkel und Teilchen-Signatur mit Modellverteilungen angepasst. Unter der Annahme, dass der Fluss isotrop ist und zu gleichen Teilen aus allen Neutrino-Flavors besteht, wird das Spektrum durch ein Potenzgesetz mit Normalisierung (6.7_{-1.2}^{+1.1})x10^{-18}GeV^{-1}s^{-1}sr^{-1}cm^{-2} bei 100 TeV und spektralem Index -2.50+-0.09 zwischen Neutrino-Energien von 25 TeV und 2.8 PeV gut beschrieben. Ein spektraler Index von -2 kann mit einer Signifikanz von 3.8 Standardabweichungen ausgeschlossen werden. Die Flavor-Zusammensetzung ist kompatibel mit Erwartungen für Standard-Prozesse der Neutrino-Produktion. Die ausschließliche Produktion von Elektron-Neutrinos kann hingegen mit einer Signifikanz von 3.6 Standardabweichungen ausgeschlossen werden. Unter der Annahme, dass die Neutrino-Flavor während der Propagation von den Quellen zur Erde durch Standard-Neutrino-Oszillationen transformiert werden, beträgt der gemessene Anteil an Elektron-Neutrinos an der Erde (18+-11)%.The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a km^3-sized neutrino telescope located at the geographical South Pole. Its primary purpose is the detection of high-energy cosmic neutrinos. Such neutrinos are expected to be produced in interactions of high-energy cosmic rays with ambient matter or photons close to their acceleration sites. The IceCube Collaboration has reported the first evidence for a flux of high-energy cosmic neutrinos. While the origin of the flux remains unknown so far, the properties of its sources can be constrained by measuring its energy spectrum and its composition of electron, muon, and tau neutrinos. The present work constitutes the first comprehensive analysis of IceCube data with respect to these principal characteristics of the flux. Several data sets were assembled and simultaneously studied in a combined analysis. Experimentally observed distributions of reconstructed energy, zenith angle and particle signature were fitted with model distributions. Assuming the cosmic neutrino flux to be isotropic and to consist of equal flavors at Earth, the all-flavor spectrum is well described by a power law with normalization (6.7_{-1.2}^{+1.1})x10^{-18}GeV^{-1}s^{-1}sr^{-1}cm^{-2} at 100 TeV and spectral index -2.50+-0.09 for neutrino energies between 25 TeV and 2.8 PeV. A spectral index of -2 is disfavored with a significance of 3.8 standard deviations. The flavor composition is compatible with that expected for standard neutrino production processes at the sources. However, a scenario in which only electron neutrinos are produced is disfavored with a significance of 3.6 standard deviations. Assuming that standard neutrino oscillations transform the neutrino flavors during propagation from the sources to the Earth, the measured fraction of electron neutrinos at Earth is (18+-11)%.
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Klepser, Stefan. "Reconstruction of extensive air showers and measurement of the cosmic ray energy spectrum in the range of 1 - 80 PeV at the South Pole." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15790.
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IceTop ist ein Detektorfeld fuer kosmische Strahlung, das momentan am Suedpol errichtet wird. Es ist Teil des IceCube-Observatoriums und wird nach Fertigstellung eine Flaeche von 1km^2 ueberspannen. Es zielt auf den Nachweis von Teilchenkaskaden ab, die von kosmischer Strahlung mit Energien im PeV-Bereich induziert werden. Die Dissertation beinhaltet die erste Analyse hochenergetischer kosmischer Strahlung mit IceTop. Zunaechst wird hierfuer die Lichtausbeute der Detektortanks untersucht. Dies ermoeglicht die Erstellung einer Erwartungswertverteilung der Schauersignale, und eines entsprechenden Likelihood-Rekonstruktionsalgorithmus. Die damit erreichten Aufloesungen werden untersucht und Effizienzen berechnet. Anschliessend wird das Ansprechverhaltenn von IceTop im Bezug auf die Energie genauer evaluiert. Aus den Ergebnissen werden Faltungsmatrizen fuer unterschiedliche Primaerteilchensorten extrahiert. Darauf basierend werden zwei Entfaltungsalgorithmen vorgestellt, und vier Faltungsmatrizen fuer verschiedene Kompositionsannahmen berechnet. Im August 2007 genommene Daten werden in drei Zenithwinkel-Abschnitte eingeteilt und separat mit den Kompositionsmodellen entfaltet. Die resultierenden Spektren decken einen Energiebereich von 1-80PeV ab. Mit der Forderung isotropen Flusses lassen sich Wahrscheinlichkeiten definieren, die sensitiv sind auf die Konsistenz der Kompositionsannahmen. Diese neue Methode ermoeglicht eine Untersuchung der Komposition ohne Zuhilfenahme weiterer Detektorkomponenten. Die Analyse zeigt eine klare Praeferenz der Modelle gemischter Komposition. Schliesslich wird das Spektrum mit der hoechsten relativen Wahrscheinlichkeit untersucht. Die gemessenen Parameter stimmen innerhalb der systematischen Fehler gut mit denen anderer Experimente ueberein. Die ermittelte Position des sogenannten Knies des Spektrums ist 3,1+-0,3(stat.)+-0,3(sys.)PeV, die Exponenten davor und danach sind -2,71+-0,07(stat.) und -3,110+-0,014(stat.)+-0,08(sys.).IceTop is a square-kilometer scale detector array for highly energetic cosmic radiation. It is a part of the IceCube Observatory that is presently being built at the geographic South Pole. It aims for the detection of huge particle cascades induced by PeV cosmic rays in the atmosphere. This thesis presents the first analysis of highly energetic cosmic ray data taken with IceTop. First, the light response of the IceTop tanks is parametrised as a function of energy and particle type. An expectation function for the distribution of shower signals in the detector plane is developed. Based on that, a likelihood reconstruction algorithm is developed and its resolution and performance is studied. The resulting energy response of the array is investigated to set up response matrices for different primary nuclei and inclinations. Two unfolding algorithms are implemented, and response matrices are modeled for four different composition assumptions. With each assumption, energy spectra are unfolded for three different bins in inclination, using a data sample taken in August 2007. The range of the spectrum is 1-80PeV. Finally, a new analysis method is developed that uses the fact that cosmic rays in the PeV range are expected to be isotropic. It is shown that this requirement can be used for a likelihood estimation that is sensitive to composition without using additional information from other detector components. The analysis shows a clear preference of the mixed composition models over pure proton or iron assumption. The spectrum with the highest likelihood shows good agreement with results from other experiments within the systematic uncertainties. The found position of the so-called knee feature is 3.1+-0.3(stat.)+-0.3(sys.)PeV, the power indices before and after that are -2.71+-0.07(stat.) and -3.110+-0.014(stat.)+-0.08 (sys.).
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Johansson, Henrik. "Searching for an Ultra High-Energy Diffuse Flux of Extraterrestrial Neutrinos with IceCube 40." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-57169.
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Neutrino astronomy has the potential to greatly improve our understanding of the high-energy universe. An unresolved, diffuse, flux of neutrinos is sensitive to the properties of the population of cosmic accelerators in the universe. Data from 2008 and 2009 collected with the IceCube in-ice detector in a 40-string configuration were searched for an all-flavor ultra high-energy diffuse flux of astrophysical neutrinos. Data were divided into three streams based on signal and background event topology. Robustness was prioritized and a good agreement between real and simulated background data was observed. The search was optimized to give a high sensitivity to a neutrino flux with energy spectrum E-2 and energy greater than 1 PeV. The data sample used in the search for signal had a live time of 345.7 days and the estimated background was 1.2 ± 0.5 events. Taking systematic and statistical uncertainties into account, the sensitivity ΦS was estimated at E2 ΦS = 1.15 · 10-8 GeV cm-2 s-1 sr-1 assuming a 1:1:1 ratio between neutrino flavors at Earth. The full data sample was unblinded once the analysis procedure was fixed and approved by the IceCube collaboration. Three events survived the final filter level. The surviving events look like reasonable neutrino candidate events. Assuming a background only hypothesis, the probability of seeing three or more events is 10%. The resulting 90% confidence level upper limit ΦUL is the most strict to date with E2 ΦUL = 2.32 · 10-8 GeV cm-2 s-1 sr-1. The central 90% signal energy interval is 282 TeV to 214 PeV, and signal acceptance is distributed as 32% muon neutrinos, 39% electron neutrinos and 29% tau neutrinos. Several models for a diffuse extragalactic neutrino flux were excluded.
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Ström, Rickard. "Exploring the Universe Using Neutrinos : A Search for Point Sources in the Southern Hemisphere Using the IceCube Neutrino Observatory." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Högenergifysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-265522.
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Neutrinos are the ideal cosmic messengers, and can be used to explore the most powerful accelerators in the Universe, in particular the mechanisms for producing and accelerating cosmic rays to incredible energies. By studying clustering of neutrino candidate events in the IceCube detector we can discover sites of hadronic acceleration. We present results on searches for point-like sources of astrophysical neutrinos located in the Southern hemisphere, at energies between 100 GeV and a few TeV. The data were collected during the first year of the completed 86-string detector, corresponding to a detector livetime of 329 days. The event selection focuses on identifying events starting inside the instrumented volume, utilizing several advanced veto techniques, successfully reducing the large background of atmospheric muons. An unbinned maximum likelihood method is used to search for clustering of neutrino-like events. We perform a search in the full Southern hemisphere and a dedicated search using a catalog of 96 pre-defined known gamma-ray emitting sources seen in ground-based telescopes. No evidence of neutrino emission from point-like sources is found. The hottest spot is located at R.A. 305.2° and Dec. -8.5°, with a post-trial p-value of 88.1%. The most significant source in the a priori list is QSO 2022-077 with a post-trial p-value of 14.8%. In the absence of evidence for a signal, we calculate upper limits on the flux of muon-neutrinos for a range of spectra. For an unbroken E-2 neutrino spectrum, the observed limits are between 2.8 and 9.4×10-10 TeV cm-2 s-1, while for an E-2 neutrino spectrum with an exponential cut-off at 10 TeV, the observed limits are between 0.6 and 3.6×10-9 TeV cm-2 s-1.IceCube
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Euler, Sebastian [Verfasser]. "Observation of oscillations of atmospheric neutrinos with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory / Sebastian Euler." Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1058238922/34.
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Bechet, Sabrina. "Recherche d'un flux diffus de neutrinos tauiques d'origine cosmique dans le détecteur IceCube." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209628.
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Le détecteur IceCube est constitué d'un réseau de modules optiques digitaux (DOMs) déployés sur un volume d'1 km³ dans la glace antarctique. Les DOMs enregistrent la lumière Cerenkov émise par les particules secondaires issues des interactions des neutrinos avec la glace. Selon la répartition géographique des signaux lumineux dans la glace, on peut différencier les différentes saveurs de leptons et ainsi identifier la saveur du neutrino primaire. Les modèles astrophysiques prédisent une production dominante de neutrinos électroniques et muoniques au sein d'accélérateurs cosmiques. Cependant, lors de leur propagation dans l'univers, ces neutrinos oscillent et on s'attend à observer sur Terre le même flux des trois saveurs de neutrinos. Comme la production de neutrinos tauiques dans l'atmosphère est négligeable, ce canal est affecté d'un bruit de fond intrinsèque quasi nul.Ce travail porte sur la détection de neutrinos tauiques d'origine cosmique. A haute énergie (E>PeV), le lepton tau, produit par le neutrino tauique, se propage sur une centaine de mètres avant de se désintégrer. Nous optimisons notre recherche pour le canal de désintégration muonique qui, s'il se produit dans le volume de détection, présente une signature unique. En effet, les différences de masse du tau et du muon induisent des différences quant à leur processus de perte d'énergie qui mènent à une différence de luminosité le long des traces du tau et du muon.
Nous avons développé une observable originale reposant sur les charges enregistrées par les différents DOMs pour caractériser la luminosité le long d'une trace afin de différencier les traces de muons de celles de taus se désintégrant en muon .Cependant, au niveau de déclenchement du détecteur, on est confronté à un bruit de fond de muons atmosphèriques un million de fois supérieur au signal. Nous avons donc mis en place une série de coupures afin de réduire ce bruit de fond et ainsi augmenter la pureté de notre échantillon.
Enfin l'application de ces coupures sur un échantillon de données réelles enregistrées durant la saison 2009-2010 et l'absence de signal détecté permettent de poser une limite supérieure sur le flux de neutrinos tauiques. Ceci constitue la première limite expérimentale pour des neutrinos tauiques d'énergies inférieures à 20 PeV.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Kim, Kwang Seong. "Search for neutrino events from the Galactic Center region with the IceCube detector." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-207581.
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Posselt, Jonas [Verfasser]. "Search for Relativistic Magnetic Monopoles with the IceCube 40-String Detector / Jonas Posselt." Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045856290/34.
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