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Journal articles on the topic 'Ice mechanics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Weiss, Jérôme, and Véronique Dansereau. "Linking scales in sea ice mechanics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2086 (February 13, 2017): 20150352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0352.

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Mechanics plays a key role in the evolution of the sea ice cover through its control on drift, on momentum and thermal energy exchanges between the polar oceans and the atmosphere along cracks and faults, and on ice thickness distribution through opening and ridging processes. At the local scale, a significant variability of the mechanical strength is associated with the microstructural heterogeneity of saline ice, however characterized by a small correlation length, below the ice thickness scale. Conversely, the sea ice mechanical fields (velocity, strain and stress) are characterized by long-ranged (more than 1000 km) and long-lasting (approx. few months) correlations. The associated space and time scaling laws are the signature of the brittle character of sea ice mechanics, with deformation resulting from a multi-scale accumulation of episodic fracturing and faulting events. To translate the short-range-correlated disorder on strength into long-range-correlated mechanical fields, several key ingredients are identified: long-ranged elastic interactions, slow driving conditions, a slow viscous-like relaxation of elastic stresses and a restoring/healing mechanism. These ingredients constrained the development of a new continuum mechanics modelling framework for the sea ice cover, called Maxwell–elasto-brittle. Idealized simulations without advection demonstrate that this rheological framework reproduces the main characteristics of sea ice mechanics, including anisotropy, spatial localization and intermittency, as well as the associated scaling laws. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Microdynamics of ice’.

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2

Ma¨a¨tta¨nen, Mauri. "Advance in Ice Mechanics in Finland." Applied Mechanics Reviews 40, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1200–1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3149551.

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In Finland, 110 years of winter navigation has been a natural initiator of ice mechanics research. It has brought with it sea ice monitoring and statistics, ice forecasting, the testing of mechanical properties, ship and icebreaker model testing and full-scale trials, ice resistant aids-to-navigation, and theoretical modelling and numerical simulations. Lately, a lot of ice mechanics research has been devoted to arctic offshore applications. A summary of the major developments is given in this paper.

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3

Jacobsen, Stefan, George W. Scherer, and Erland M. Schulson. "Concrete–ice abrasion mechanics." Cement and Concrete Research 73 (July 2015): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.01.001.

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4

Jordaan, Ian J. "Mechanics of ice–structure interaction." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 68, no. 17-18 (December 2001): 1923–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7944(01)00032-7.

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5

Dempsey, John P. "Research trends in ice mechanics." International Journal of Solids and Structures 37, no. 1-2 (January 2000): 131–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7683(99)00084-0.

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6

Wong, T. T., N. R. Morgenstern, and D. C. Segoz. "Ice rubble attenuation of ice loads on arctic offshore structures." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 28, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 881–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t91-104.

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A state of the art survey of ice rubble mechanics is first presented. This survey covers ice rubble morphology, laboratory testing of ice rubble, the study of the load transmission capability of existing rubble fields, and field measurements in ice rubble surrounding offshore structures. Then, the implementation of a new plasticity model for normally consolidated broken ice into an existing finite element stress analysis code is described. The resulting program is validated using triaxial test data. Using this model, a two-dimensional parametric study on ice force transmission through a grounded ice rubble field is performed. The study shows that, in addition to the mechanical properties of ice rubble, the island or berm geometry may significantly affect the ice load. Key words: constitutive model, finite element analysis, ice load, ice rubble, offshore structure, plasticity.

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7

Chung, Jin S. "Special Issue on Ice Mechanics: Introduction." Applied Mechanics Reviews 40, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3149549.

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8

Pralong, A., K. Hutter, and M. Funk. "Anisotropic damage mechanics for viscoelastic ice." Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics 17, no. 5 (February 2006): 387–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00161-005-0002-5.

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9

Beemer, Darryl L., Wei Wang, and Arun K. Kota. "Durable gels with ultra-low adhesion to ice." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 47 (2016): 18253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta07262c.

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10

Liu, Xiaozhou, Ben Li, Yaodan Zhang, and Chen Zhang. "Comprehensive Fracture Model of Reservoir Ice Layers in the Northeastern Cold Region of China." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 7326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127326.

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Meteorological and hydrological changes have an important influence on the ice formation mechanism and the detailed structure of ice materials in cold reservoirs, and directly determine the mechanical properties of ice materials. Based on long-term meteorological and hydrological monitoring data, and detailed structural evolution analysis of ice materials, combined with fracture mechanics and energy methods, a comprehensive fracture model of ice materials in cold regions is established. At the same time, the fracture mechanics test results and simulation results of ice materials are compared, and the model is finally optimized accurately to provide theoretical support for the study of the mechanical mechanism of ice materials.

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11

Bradley, David. "No ice, ice, baby." Materials Today 36 (June 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2020.04.022.

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12

Schwarz, Joachim. "Advances in Ice Mechanics in West Germany." Applied Mechanics Reviews 40, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3149552.

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Ice research in West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) started after World War II with the first small ice tank built at HSVA in Hamburg in 1958. The discovery of hydrocarbons in the Arctic and the membership in the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research led to the need for model tests and the advancing ice modelling techniques. In 1984 a new, large ice model basin was built at HSVA. Substantial progress has been made in the experimental research of basic ice mechanics and ice forces for the past 20 years. Computational methods and quantum statistical approach have recently been introduced for the study of ice properties. Predicting methods of ice forces with model and full scale experiments have been investigated. This paper highlights West German contributions for the last 20 years.

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13

Sinha, N. K., G. W. Timco, and R. Frederking. "Recent Advances in Ice Mechanics in Canada." Applied Mechanics Reviews 40, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1214–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3149553.

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Work on the mechanics of ice, which has been carried forward on a broad front in Canada, has resulted in a number of significant advances in the last 10 years. The factors influencing the growth of various types of sea ice have been quantified fundamentally and methods for examining the resulting material structure have been developed. Extensive work has been done on strength and deformation characteristics of ice. A significant effort has been the development of analytical expressions to describe the rheological behavior of ice. Elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and creep were also treated. A great deal has been done on measuring the compressive strength of various types of naturally occurring ice and subsequently these data were combined into a suitable description of a failure envelope. Work has also been done on measuring the flexural strength, shear strength, adhesion and fracture toughness. Methods for laboratory testing and in situ measurements of mechanical properties have been developed. The problem of defining ice forces on structures has been the primary motivation for research on ice. Analytical modelling, physical modelling, laboratory studies and very extensive field studies have been used. Work done in this area has included development of methods and their application to actual problems and has benefitted greatly from the integration of all four approaches. Very significant progress has been made. Ice and ice covers have been successfully used to support various offshore activities: drilling off floating ice platforms, stabilizing grounded rubble fields to protect structures and transporting large loads over ice.

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14

Xie, Qiang, Tianhui Hao, Chao Wang, Zhenhang Kang, Zhonghua Shi, and Jifeng Zhang. "The Mechanical Mechanism and Influencing Factors of Ice Adhesion Strength on Ice-Phobic Coating." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030315.

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Ice accretion can cause problems on polar ships, ocean platforms, and in other marine industries. It is important to understand the interface debonding behavior between ice and the surface of equipment. In this work, we created a mechanical model to analyze the interface debonding behavior between a square-based ice cuboid and an elastic coating base, using contact mechanics and fracture mechanics. Three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) simulation was used to simulate the interface debonding for normal and shear separation. A bilinear cohesive zone model (CZM) was used to simulate the interface between the ice cuboid and the elastic coating. We investigated the effect of the elastic modulus E of an elastic film on the critical detachment force Fc for normal and shear separation. The results showed that Fc increases with an increase of the elastic modulus of the elastic film. When E exceeds a certain level, Fc achieves a constant value and then remains stable. Finally, a series of epoxy/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) interpenetrating polymer-network (IPN) gel coatings with different elastic moduli were prepared. The ice tensile and shear adhesion strengths (σice and τice) of the coatings were measured. The results were roughly consistent with the results of the numerical simulation when E < 1 MPa.

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15

Sodhi, Devinder S., and Gordon F. N. Cox. "Advances in Sea Ice Mechanics in the USA." Applied Mechanics Reviews 40, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3149554.

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A brief review of significant advances in the field of sea ice mechanics in the United States is presented in this paper. Emphasis is on ice forces on structures, as the subject relates to development of oil and gas resources in the southern Beaufort Sea. The main topics discussed here are mechanical properties, ice–structure interaction, modeling of sea ice drift, and oil industry research activities. Significant advances in the determination of ice properties are the development of testing procedures to obtain consistent results. Using stiff testing machines, researchers have been able to identify the dependence of tensile and compressive strengths on different parameters, eg, strain rate, temperature, grain size, c-axis orientation, porosity, and state of stress (uniaxial or multiaxial). Now reliable data exist on the tensile and compressive strengths of first-year and multi-year sea ice. Compressive strengths obtained from field testing of large specimens (6 × 3 × 2 m thick) were found to be within 30% of the strengths obtained from small samples tested in laboratory at the same temperature and strain rate as found in the field. Recent advances in the development of constitutive relations and yield criteria have incorporated the concept of damage mechanics to include the effect of microfracturing during the ice failure process. Ice forces generated during an ice–structure interaction are related to ice thickness and properties by conducting analytical or small-scale experimental studies, or both. Field measurements of ice forces have been made to assess the validity of theoretical and small-scale experimental results. There is good agreement between theoretical and small-scale experimental results for ice forces on conical structures. Theoretical elastic buckling loads also agree with the results of small-scale experiments. Though considerable insight has been achieved for ice crushing failure, estimation of ice forces for this mode is based on empirical relations developed from small-scale experiments. A good understanding of the ice failure process has been achieved when ice fails in a single failure mode, but our understanding of multi-modal ice failure still remains poor. Field measurements of effective pressure indicate that it decreases with increasing contact area. Research in fracture mechanics and nonsimultaneous failure is underway to explain this observed trend. Ice ridge formation and pile-up have been modeled, and the forces associated with these processes are estimated to be low. The modeling of sea ice drift has progressed to a point where it is able to determine the extent, thickness distribution, and drift velocity field of sea ice over the entire arctic basin. Components of this model relate to momentum balance, thermodynamic processes, ice thickness distribution, ice strength, and ice rheology.

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16

Bridges, Robert, Kaj Riska, Mark Hopkins, and Ying Wei. "Ice interaction processes during ice encroachment." Marine Structures 67 (September 2019): 102629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2019.05.007.

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17

Maslin, Mark. "Tying celestial mechanics to Earth’s ice ages." Physics Today 73, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.4474.

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18

Zhang, Xi, Yongli Huang, Sanmei Wang, Lei Li, and Chang Q. Sun. "Supersolid Skin Mechanics of Water and Ice." Procedia IUTAM 21 (2017): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.piutam.2017.03.043.

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19

Richter-Menge, Jacqueline A. "US research in ice mechanics: 1987–1990." Cold Regions Science and Technology 20, no. 3 (June 1992): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-232x(92)90031-o.

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20

Wang, Xiao Liang, Guang Fan Li, and Juan Du. "Triaxial Test Study on Marine Sediments Sample with Simulated Combustible Ice." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.376.

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Combustible ice is a kind of efficient and clean energy that has the potential to be exploited in the future, exploiting combustible ice needs to understand its mechanical properties. Combustible ice is another important feature of soil which is different from soil, in order to correctly understand the distinction, this paper using soil mechanics triaxial test method, to study the mechanical properties of combustible ice. Different from previous study, this article put forward the concept of simulated combustible ice, namely through baking powder, sodium chloride, and Marine sedimentary soil to simulate flammable ice, explore a new method for sample preparation to study the mechanical property of combustible ice.

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21

Tulaczyk, Slawek, W. Barclay Kamb, and Hermann F. Engelhardt. "Basal mechanics of Ice Stream B, west Antarctica: 1. Till mechanics." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 105, B1 (January 10, 2000): 463–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900329.

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22

Peltier, W. R., and L. P. Solheim. "Dynamics of the ice-age Earth: Solid mechanics and fluid mechanics." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 12, no. 10 (November 2002): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20020454.

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23

Hibler, W. D., and S. J. Vavrus. "Pre-industrial multiple equilibrium sea-ice flow states due to plastic ice mechanics." Cold Regions Science and Technology 76-77 (June 2012): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.01.008.

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24

Ladanyi, Branko. "Creep of frozen slopes and ice-filled rock joints under temperature variation." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 33, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l05-112.

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Owing to climate warming trends, there has been an increasing interest in recent years in the accelerating creep of rock glaciers and frozen slopes. In the field of glaciology, the creep of glaciers has been extensively studied, observed, and analyzed for more than 100 years. Many valuable and detailed theoretical models have been proposed through the years for simulating the creep behavior of glaciers. This synthesis paper has no intention of proposing another one. Its purpose is only to supply to these models a potential geotechnical background, borrowed from the connected fields of frozen ground mechanics, rock mechanics, and the mechanics of mixtures. In particular, this paper attempts to extend some known models of mechanical behavior of unfrozen soil and rock masses to masses containing ice and to apply these models to large-scale creep of ice–rock mixtures and ice–rock interface problems under variable temperature and stress conditions.Key words: ice, rock, mixture, rock joints, slope stability, creep, temperature.

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25

Khoo, H. A., and T. M. Hrudey. "Constitutive Model for Ice." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 118, no. 2 (February 1992): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1992)118:2(259).

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26

Case, John A., and Andrew Barnard. "Marine and lacustrine ice fracture detection." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 4_supplement (October 1, 2023): A133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0023029.

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Ice fracturing has been extensively studied and modeled. With increased interest in ice mechanics and fracturing in recent years in climate science, fisheries, and for cultural impacts, detecting and classifying fracturing events has become an important problem to consider. Fractures primarily occur due to stress relief within an ice sheet during temperature shifts and ice movement. These events create mechanical waves within the sheet that couple into the water column which can then be detected as pressure and particle velocity fluctuations. Machine learning algorithms will be used to detect and classify ice cracking events though their acoustic signature. Different models will be compared to one another for effectiveness and accuracy. Data will be shown from several different locations, including Northern Alaska and the Great Lakes.

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27

Gogoladze, D. Z., and A. T. Bekker. "Numerical Modeling of the Ice-Conical Structure Interaction Process Using Element Erosion Technique." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 5 (February 1, 2022): 052056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/5/052056.

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Abstract Nowadays, the Finite Element Analysis method is widely used, including in the field of fracture mechanics, because to the grown of computing power. Numerical modeling of fracture mechanics is a developing method in the Ice-Structure Interaction field. One of the approaches to modeling ice failure is the Finite Element Method with Element Erosion Technique, which is widely used among researchers. However, the question of using a material model that most accurately describes the behavior of ice taking into account its physical and mechanical characteristics remains open. Also, researchers often overlook the question of the strain rate effect on the values of ice load. This article presents the results of numerical modeling of the interaction of level ice with a conical support of offshore structure. The dependences of the ice load value on the ice velocity are also presented and compared with the results obtained according to regulatory documents.

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28

Hallam, S. D., and T. J. O. Sanderson. "Advances in Ice Mechanics in the United Kingdom." Applied Mechanics Reviews 40, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3149550.

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The United Kingdom has made substantial contributions during the last few years to the field of ice mechanics and ice forces on offshore structures. Experimental studies have been carried out in the field and in the laboratory, and significant advances have been made in theoretical understanding. This paper summarizes the most recent contributions.

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29

Schoof, Christian. "On the mechanics of ice-stream shear margins." Journal of Glaciology 50, no. 169 (2004): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756504781830024.

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AbstractWe investigate the mechanics of ice-stream shear margins based on the assumption that the underlying bed behaves plastically. Sliding is assumed to occur if a prescribed, locally defined yield stress is attained, while no sliding is assumed possible if basal shear stress is lower than the yield stress. Mathematically, the ice-flow problem takes the form of a contact problem, in which the zones of sliding are part of the solution and cannot be prescribed arbitrarily. Simplistic assumptions about the location of till failure, or about mechanical conditions at the bed, predict stress singularities at the margins which lead to corresponding singularities in the basal melt rate. The ice-flow problem is solved using a complex variable method, and an associated quasi-static thermal problem is also solved using a Green’s function. High stress concentrations, which coincide with high rates of strain heating, are found on the ice-stream side of the margins, where basal melting is also greatest. Our results further indicate that a temperate zone may form over time above the bed in the margins. These findings differ from earlier studies based on different sliding laws, suggesting a high sensitivity of margin behaviour to basal conditions.

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30

van den Berg, Marnix, Raed Lubbad, and Sveinung Løset. "Repeatability of ice-tank tests with broken ice." Marine Structures 74 (November 2020): 102827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2020.102827.

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31

Goldstein, R. V., and N. M. Osipenko. "Some aspects of strength in sea ice mechanics." Physical Mesomechanics 18, no. 2 (April 2015): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s102995991502006x.

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32

Weeks, W. F., and Garry Timco. "Preface [to special section on Sea Ice Mechanics]." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 103, no. C10 (September 15, 1998): 21737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98jc01361.

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33

Dobrodeev, A. A., N. Yu Klementyeva, and K. E. Sazonov. "Large ship motion mechanics in “narrow” ice channel." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 193 (October 30, 2018): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/193/1/012017.

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34

Dyer, Ira. "ACOUSTICS 1987: Arctic ambient noise: Ice source mechanics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84, no. 5 (November 1988): 1941–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.397162.

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35

Nixon, Wilfred A. "Application of Fracture Mechanics to Ice/Structure Interactions." Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 2, no. 1 (March 1988): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-381x(1988)2:1(1).

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36

Craw, Lisa, Chao Qi, David J. Prior, David L. Goldsby, and Daeyeong Kim. "Mechanics and microstructure of deformed natural anisotropic ice." Journal of Structural Geology 115 (October 2018): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.07.014.

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37

Liu, C. H., and L. H. N. Lee. "On fracture mechanics in lifting an ice sheet." International Journal of Fracture 28, no. 3 (July 1985): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00018492.

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38

Schulson, Erland M. "Low-speed friction and brittle compressive failure of ice: fundamental processes in ice mechanics." International Materials Reviews 60, no. 8 (November 17, 2015): 451–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743280415y.0000000010.

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39

Bennett, Matthew R. "Ice streams as the arteries of an ice sheet: their mechanics, stability and significance." Earth-Science Reviews 61, no. 3-4 (June 2003): 309–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-8252(02)00130-7.

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40

Pegler, Samuel S. "Marine ice sheet dynamics: the impacts of ice-shelf buttressing." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 857 (October 25, 2018): 605–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.741.

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Marine ice sheets are continent-scale glacial masses that lie partially submerged in the ocean, as applies to significant regions of Antarctica and Greenland. Such ice sheets have the potential to destabilise under a buoyancy-driven instability mechanism, with considerable implications for future sea level. This paper and its companion present a theoretical analysis of marine ice sheet dynamics under the effect of a potentially dominant control of the buttressing force generated by lateral stresses on the downstream floating component of the ice sheet (the ice shelf). The analysis reveals critical conditions under which ice-shelf buttressing suppresses the buoyancy-driven collapse of an ice sheet and elucidates the implications of lateral stresses on grounding-line control and overall ice-sheet structure. Integrations of a suitably simplified quasi-two-dimensional model are conducted, yielding analytical results that provide a quick assessment of steady-state balances for a given ice-sheet configuration. An analytical balance equation describing the spectrum of marine ice sheet flow regimes spanning zero to strong ice-shelf buttressing is developed. It is determined that the dynamics across this spectrum exhibits markedly different flow regimes and structural characteristics. For sufficient buttressing, the grounding line occurs near to where a lateral-drag controlled section of the ice shelf meets the bedrock, implying an independent control of the grounding line by the ice shelf. The role of basal stresses is relegated to controlling only the thickness of the ice sheet upstream of the grounding line, with no significant control of the grounding line itself. It is further demonstrated that lateral stresses are responsible for inducing additional secondary contacts between the ice shelf and the bedrock downstream of the grounding line, resulting in a rich variety of additional steady states. These inducements generate a further stabilising mechanism that can fully suppress grounding-line retreat and eliminate otherwise irreparable hysteresis effects. The results provide a conceptual framework for numerical and observational interpretation of marine ice sheet dynamics, and clarifies the manner in which ice shelves can control grounding-line positions independently. It is thus indicated that a full resolution of the fine details of the flow of ice shelves and the processes controlling their erosion and disintegration is necessary for the confident forecasting of possible ice-sheet collapse over the course of the next few centuries.

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41

Bushuk, Mitchell, David M. Holland, Timothy P. Stanton, Alon Stern, and Callum Gray. "Ice scallops: a laboratory investigation of the ice–water interface." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 873 (June 28, 2019): 942–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.398.

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Ice scallops are a small-scale (5–20 cm) quasi-periodic ripple pattern that occurs at the ice–water interface. Previous work has suggested that scallops form due to a self-reinforcing interaction between an evolving ice-surface geometry, an adjacent turbulent flow field and the resulting differential melt rates that occur along the interface. In this study, we perform a series of laboratory experiments in a refrigerated flume to quantitatively investigate the mechanisms of scallop formation and evolution in high resolution. Using particle image velocimetry, we probe an evolving ice–water boundary layer at sub-millimetre scales and 15 Hz frequency. Our data reveal three distinct regimes of ice–water interface evolution: a transition from flat to scalloped ice; an equilibrium scallop geometry; and an adjusting scallop interface. We find that scalloped-ice geometry produces a clear modification to the ice–water boundary layer, characterized by a time-mean recirculating eddy feature that forms in the scallop trough. Our primary finding is that scallops form due to a self-reinforcing feedback between the ice-interface geometry and shear production of turbulent kinetic energy in the flow interior. The length of this shear production zone is therefore hypothesized to set the scallop wavelength.

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42

Walker, Dan, Neil Bose, Hajime Yamaguchi, and Stephen J. Jones. "Hydrodynamic loads on ice-class propellers during propeller-ice interaction." Journal of Marine Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (March 1997): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01245933.

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43

Miodownik, Mark. "Ice aesthetics." Materials Today 8, no. 2 (February 2005): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(05)00687-5.

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44

Smirnov, V. N., S. M. Kovalev, and A. A. Nubom. "SELF-EXCITED OSCILLATIONS IN THE DRIFTING ICE COVER OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN." DEDICATED TO THE 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF PROF. K.N. FEDOROV OCEAN PHYSICS 47, no. 3 (November 6, 2019): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/1564-2291.jor-2019.47(3).11.

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During the monitoring of physical-mechanical state of the ice cover of the Arctic Ocean a wide spectrum of oscillation and wave processes was in the system ice-water studied. The investigations were carried out on the drifting stations “North Pole” with seismometers and tiltmeters. Vertical and horizontal displacements in the ice field characterize parameters of wave processes caused by compression and ridging of ice-mechanical self-excited oscillations. Mechanics of appearance and propagation of waves can be considered with an account of elastic-viscous properties of the ice cover. A phenomenological model is considered of appearance of periodic horizontal displacements on an extensive rupture in a continuous ice cover. At the fault of stresses on the rupture elastic horizontally polarized waves are emitted.

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45

Karr, D. G. "A Damage Mechanics Model for Uniaxial Deformation of Ice." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 107, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231202.

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A one-dimensional stress-strain relationship is developed for pure polycrystalline ice subjected to uniaxial compression. The model is based on the continuous damage theories and includes the effects of elastic, plastic and brittle deformation mechanisms. A damage law for ice is established based on a statistical model for internal microfracture. Quantitative results are presented by directly relating the formation of internal cracks to published acoustic emission response of ice samples subjected to compression.

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Schulson, Erland M. "Friction of sea ice." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2129 (August 20, 2018): 20170336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0336.

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Static and kinetic friction play a fundamental role in sea-ice mechanics. The coefficient of static friction increases with hold time under normal load and is modelled in terms of creep and fracture of asperities in contact. The coefficient of kinetic friction exhibits velocity strengthening at lower speeds and velocity weakening at intermediate speeds. Strengthening is modelled in terms of asperity creep and hardness; weakening is modelled in terms of a progressive increase in the true area of contact wetted by meltwater produced through frictional heating. The concept is introduced of contact size distribution in which the smallest contacts melt first, leading to the onset of weakening; the largest melt last, leading to a third regime of kinetic friction and again to strengthening where hydrodynamics governs. Neither the static nor the kinetic coefficient is significantly affected by the presence of sea water. The paper closes with a few implications for sea-ice mechanics. The paper is based largely upon a critical review of the literature, but includes a more quantitative, physics-based analysis of velocity strengthening and a new analysis of velocity weakening that incorporates parameters that describe the (proposed) fractal character of the sliding interface. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling of sea-ice phenomena’.

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Sayed, M., and R. M. W. Frederking. "Model of Ice Rubble Pileup." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 114, no. 1 (January 1988): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1988)114:1(149).

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MINCHEW, BRENT, MARK SIMONS, HELGI BJÖRNSSON, FINNUR PÁLSSON, MATHIEU MORLIGHEM, HELENE SEROUSSI, ERIC LAROUR, and SCOTT HENSLEY. "Plastic bed beneath Hofsjökull Ice Cap, central Iceland, and the sensitivity of ice flow to surface meltwater flux." Journal of Glaciology 62, no. 231 (February 2016): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.26.

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AbstractThe mechanical properties of glacier beds play a fundamental role in regulating the sensitivity of glaciers to environmental forcing across a wide range of timescales. Glaciers are commonly underlain by deformable till whose mechanical properties and influence on ice flow are not well understood but are critical for reliable projections of future glacier states. Using synoptic-scale observations of glacier motion in different seasons to constrain numerical ice flow models, we study the mechanics of the bed beneath Hofsjökull, a land-terminating ice cap in central Iceland. Our results indicate that the bed deforms plastically and weakens following incipient summertime surface melt. Combining the inferred basal shear traction fields with a Coulomb-plastic bed model, we estimate the spatially distributed effective basal water pressure and show that changes in basal water pressure and glacier accelerations are non-local and non-linear. These results motivate an idealized physical model relating mean basal water pressure and basal slip rate wherein the sensitivity of glacier flow to changes in basal water pressure is inversely related to the ice surface slope.

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Klein-Paste, Alex, and Nirmal K. Sinha. "Microstructural investigation of ice surfaces after rubber–ice and sand–ice sliding friction tests." Tribology International 43, no. 5-6 (May 2010): 1151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2009.12.036.

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Azarnejad, A., and T. M. Hrudey. "A numerical study of thermal ice loads on structures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 3 (June 1, 1998): 557–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-119.

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A numerical model is presented for the prediction of the three-dimensional stress field in an ice sheet due to temperature changes, as a function of time, under a variety of conditions. The model relies on two separate computer programs for the thermal and mechanical aspects of the problem. The thermal program uses the finite difference method to calculate the temperature distribution through the thickness of the ice cover under a variety of meteorological input conditions. The mechanical part of the analysis is conducted using the finite element method. A degenerate shell element is used, which is capable of modeling both bending and membrane behaviors of the ice cover. Relevant features of the finite element model include variable temperature and properties through the thickness, an elastic foundation representation of the underlying water, nonlinear constitutive behavior of the ice, temperature-dependent mechanical properties, flexibility of resisting structures, and boundary conditions representing a variety of shoreline types. Results are presented from simulations conducted during verification of the model. Included are simulations of uniaxial and biaxial laboratory tests on the thermal expansion of ice as well as three thermal events for which field data were available. Conclusions are presented concerning the analytical prediction of thermal ice forces.Key words: ice loads, thermal loads, ice mechanics, hydraulic structures, dams.

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