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1
Harbig, Anne, Marco Mernberger, Linda Bittel, Stephan Pleschka, Klaus Schughart, Torsten Steinmetzer, Thorsten Stiewe, Andrea Nist, and Eva Böttcher-Friebertshäuser. "Transcriptome profiling and protease inhibition experiments identify proteases that activate H3N2 influenza A and influenza B viruses in murine airways." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 33 (April 17, 2020): 11388–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra120.012635.
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Cleavage of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) by host proteases is essential for virus infectivity. HA of most influenza A and B (IAV/IBV) viruses is cleaved at a monobasic motif by trypsin-like proteases. Previous studies have reported that transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is essential for activation of H7N9 and H1N1pdm IAV in mice but that H3N2 IAV and IBV activation is independent of TMPRSS2 and carried out by as-yet-undetermined protease(s). Here, to identify additional H3 IAV- and IBV-activating proteases, we used RNA-Seq to investigate the protease repertoire of murine lower airway tissues, primary type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECIIs), and the mouse lung cell line MLE-15. Among 13 candidates identified, TMPRSS4, TMPRSS13, hepsin, and prostasin activated H3 and IBV HA in vitro. IBV activation and replication was reduced in AECIIs from Tmprss2/Tmprss4-deficient mice compared with WT or Tmprss2-deficient mice, indicating that murine TMPRSS4 is involved in IBV activation. Multicycle replication of H3N2 IAV and IBV in AECIIs of Tmprss2/Tmprss4-deficient mice varied in sensitivity to protease inhibitors, indicating that different, but overlapping, sets of murine proteases facilitate H3 and IBV HA cleavages. Interestingly, human hepsin and prostasin orthologs did not activate H3, but they did activate IBV HA in vitro. Our results indicate that TMPRSS4 is an IBV-activating protease in murine AECIIs and suggest that TMPRSS13, hepsin, and prostasin cleave H3 and IBV HA in mice. They further show that hepsin and prostasin orthologs might contribute to the differences observed in TMPRSS2-independent activation of H3 in murine and human airways.
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Panigrahy, Rabi Narayan, Susanta Kumar Panda, and Prabhakar Reddy Veerareddy. "FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF COMBINED FLOATING-BIOADHESIVE TABLETS OF IMATINIB MESYLATE." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 10 (November 1, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i11.18894.
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Objective: Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) pertaining to its attributes like gastric retention time and the extended drug release profile has significantly improved patient compliance. The objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a stomach-specific floating-bioadhesive tablet of imatinib mesylate for prolonged residence in the stomach in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).Methods: All the tablets were prepared with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), guar gum, sodium alginate, and carbopol using direct compression technique. Physical characterization, in vitro dissolution, the mucoadhesive force along with data analysis was done on each tablet. Results: The pre-compression characteristics of powder mixtures found to be satisfactory for all formulation batches. The results of physical evaluation for all batches were complying with pharmacopeia specification. The swelling index for all formulation batches was approximately 100% after 8 hours. The bioadhesive force (mean ± SD) reported in a range of 0.05 ± 0.09 to 0.18 ± 0.06 N/m2. It was observed that the release rate of tablets was decreased when the viscosity and concentration of the polymer were increased. Formulation batches IB1, IB2, IB4, IB5, IB6, IB9, IB10, IB11, and IB13 follows Higuchi Matrix model kinetics; whereas IB3, IB7, IB8, and IB12 follows Korsmeyer- Peppas model kinetics.Conclusion: Formulation batch IB9 reported a considerable swelling index, floating behavior, more bioadhesive strength with uniform drug release pattern. Therefore formulation batch IB9 was selected as optimized batch and were kept for further evaluation studies.
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Lee, Jinhwa, Liping Wang, Rachel Palinski, Tim Walsh, Dongchang He, Yonghai Li, Rui Wu, et al. "Comparison of Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of Influenza B and D Viruses in Pigs." Viruses 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2019): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11100905.
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Influenza viruses are important pathogens causing respiratory disease in humans and animals. In contrast to influenza A virus (IAV) that can infect a wide range of animal species, other influenza viruses, including influenza B virus (IBV), influenza C virus (ICV), and influenza D virus (IDV) have a limited host range. Swine can be infected with all four different genera of influenza viruses. IAV infection of pigs causes the well-known swine influenza that poses significant threats to human and animal health. However, influenza virus infection of pigs with IBV, ICV, and IDV are not well-characterized. Herein, we compared pathogenicity of IBV and IDV using intratracheal and intranasal infection of pigs, which are IAV seropositive, and commingled naïve pigs with the infected animals to determine their transmissibility. Both viruses caused fever and some lung lesions, replicated in the lungs of infected pigs, but only IDV transmitted to the contact animals. Although IBV and IDV displayed differing levels of replication in the respiratory tract of infected pigs, no significant differences in pathogenicity of both viruses were observed. These results indicate that both IBV and IDV can replicate, and are pathogenic in pigs.
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Park, Bum Ju, Man Seong Park, Jae Myun Lee, and Yoon Jae Song. "Specific Detection of Influenza A and B Viruses by CRISPR-Cas12a-Based Assay." Biosensors 11, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11030088.
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A rapid and accurate on-site diagnostic test for pathogens including influenza viruses is critical for preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Two types of influenza virus, A and B cause seasonal flu epidemics, whereas type A can cause influenza pandemics. To specifically detect influenza A (IAV) and B (IBV) viruses, we developed a clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) system-based assay. By coupling reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), a CRISPR-Cas12a DNA endonuclease-targeted CRISPR trans-reporter (DETECTR) detected IAV and IBV titers as low as 1 × 100 plaque forming units (PFUs) per reaction without exhibiting cross-reactivity. Only 75 to 85 min were required to detect IAV and IBV, depending on isothermal nucleic acid amplification methods, and results were verified using a lateral flow strip assay that does not require additional analytic equipment. Taken together, our findings establish RT-RPA and RT-LAMP-coupled DETECTR-based diagnostic tests for rapid, specific and high-sensitivity detection of IAV and IBV using fluorescence and lateral flow assays. The diagnostic test developed in this study can be used to distinguish IAV and IBV infections, a capability that is necessary for monitoring and preventing the spread of influenza epidemics and pandemics.
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Gregianini, Tatiana Schäffer, Ivana R. Santos Varella, Patricia Fisch, Letícia Garay Martins, and Ana B. G. Veiga. "Dual and Triple Infections With Influenza A and B Viruses: A Case-Control Study in Southern Brazil." Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz221.
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Abstract Influenza surveillance is important for disease control and should consider possible coinfection with different viruses, which can be associated with disease severity. This study analyzed 34 459 patients with respiratory infection from 2009 to 2018, of whom 8011 were positive for influenza A virus (IAV) or influenza B virus (IBV). We found 18 cases of dual influenza virus infection, including coinfection with 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus (A[H1N1]pdm09) and influenza A(H3N2) virus (1 case), A(H1N1)pdm09 and IBV (6 cases), A(H3N2) and IBV (8 cases), and nonsubtyped IAV and IBV (3 cases); and 1 case of triple infection with A(H3N2), A(H1N1)pdm09, and IBV. Compared with 76 monoinfected patients, coinfection was significantly associated with cardiopathy and death. Besides demographic characteristics and clinical symptoms, we assessed vaccination status, antiviral treatment, timeliness of antiviral use, hospitalization, and intensive care unit admission, but no significant differences were found between coinfected and monoinfected cases. Our findings indicate that influenza virus coinfection occurs more often than previously reported and that it can lead to a worse disease outcome.
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Loconsole, Daniela, Anna Lisa De Robertis, Anna Morea, Daniele Casulli, Rosanna Mallamaci, Simona Baldacci, Francesca Centrone, et al. "High Public-Health Impact in an Influenza-B-Mismatch Season in Southern Italy, 2017-2018." BioMed Research International 2019 (August 20, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4643260.
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Background. Yearly influenza epidemics have considerable effects on public health worldwide. The 2017-2018 influenza season in Italy was of greater severity than previous seasons. The aim of this study was to describe the 2017-2018 influenza season in Southern Italy and the molecular characteristics of the circulating viral strains. Methods. The incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI) was analysed. Nasopharyngeal swabs collected from patients with ILI from week 46/2017 to week 17/2018 were tested to identify influenza A viruses (IAV) and influenza B viruses (IBV). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of haemagglutinin genes were also performed on 73 positive samples (35 IBV, 36 IAV H1, and 2 IAV H3 strains). Results. During the 2017-2018 season, the peak incidence was 14.32 cases per 1,000 inhabitants. IBV strains were identified in 71.0% of cases. The 35 characterised IBV strains belonged to Yamagata lineage clade 3, the 36 A/H1N1pdm09 strains clustered with the genetic subgroup 6B.1, and the 2 A/H3N2 strains clustered with the genetic subgroup 3C.2a. Intensive-care unit (ICU) admission was required in 50 cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Among the >64-year age group, 18 out of 26 ICU-ARDS cases (69.2%) were caused by IBV, and 14 of these (77.8%) were B/Yamagata lineage. Conclusions. The 2017-2018 influenza season was one of the most severe in a decade in Southern Italy. IBV mismatch between the trivalent vaccine and the circulating strains occurred. The high number of ICU-ARDS cases caused by B/Yamagata strains in the >64-year age group suggests that further data on the effectiveness of the available influenza vaccines are needed to determine the best way to protect the elderly against both IBV lineages.
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Shiferaw, Jirata, Tamiru Dego, Misgana Tefera, and Yobsan Tamiru. "Seroprevalence of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Broiler and Layer Farms of Central Ethiopia." BioMed Research International 2022 (March 2, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8915400.
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Background. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious viral disease of chicken typically affecting the reproductive and respiratory tract and results in possible economic causes from its serious infectious and transmission characteristics. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried on serum samples of chickens selected from six (two commercial and four small holder) farms and two types of production (broiler and layer) to detect seroprevalence of IBV and its associated risk factors in Bishoftu and Holeta areas of central Ethiopia from June 2021 to September 2021. A total of 354 blood samples were collected and subjected to indirect ELISA test by IBV antibody test kit ((ProFLOK IBV), from ProFLOK Laboratories Inc., (USA)) to detect specific antibodies against IBV. Results. Overall, 97.46% seroprevalence was identified. From 230 and 124 samples collected from commercial and smallholder poultry farms, 226 (98.26%) and 119 (95.98%) positive results were obtained, respectively. Among the production types of chickens, high seroprevalence (99.31%) was found in layer poultry, and lower seroprevalence (96.17%) was found in the case of broiler chicken. Significant association was observed among different associated risk factors particularly age, sex, breed, and production types of chickens. From the tested chickens, all age groups, species, and farm types have high seroprevalence of IBV. The prevalence of IBV was highly significant ( p ≤ 0.01 ) in the study site. The risk factors indicated could have increased infection prevalence, pathogens’ economic impact, and disease occurrence. Conclusion. IBD is complicating factor affecting poultry production systems in the area. Vaccine and biosecurity measures are recommended for the control of IBV. Furtherly, identification and characterization (by using RT-PCR) of persistent serotype of IBV circulating in the field are recommended.
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Shirvani, Edris, and Siba K. Samal. "Comparative Protective Efficacies of Novel Avian Paramyxovirus-Vectored Vaccines against Virulent Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Chickens." Viruses 12, no. 7 (June 28, 2020): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12070697.
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Viral vectored vaccines are desirable alternatives for conventional infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines. We have recently shown that a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) strain LaSota expressing the spike (S) protein of IBV strain Mass-41 (rLaSota/IBV-S) was a promising vaccine candidate for IBV. Here we evaluated a novel chimeric rNDV/avian paramyxovirus serotype 2 (rNDV/APMV-2) as a vaccine vector against IBV. The rNDV/APMV-2 vector was chosen because it is much safer than the rNDV strain LaSota vector, particularly for young chicks and chicken embryos. In order to determine the effectiveness of this vector, a recombinant rNDV/APMV-2 expressing the S protein of IBV strain Mass-41 (rNDV/APMV-2/IBV-S) was constructed. The protective efficacy of this vector vaccine was compared to that of the rNDV vector vaccine. In one study, groups of one-day-old specific-pathogenic-free (SPF) chickens were immunized with rLaSota/IBV-S and rNDV/APMV-2/IBV-S and challenged four weeks later with the homologous highly virulent IBV strain Mass-41. In another study, groups of broiler chickens were single (at day one or three weeks of age) or prime-boost (prime at day one and boost at three weeks of age) immunized with rLaSota/IBV-S and/or rNDV-APMV-2/IBV-S. At weeks six of age, chickens were challenged with a highly virulent IBV strain Mass-41. Our challenge study showed that novel rNDV/APMV-2/IBV-S provided similar protection as rLaSota/IBV-S in SPF chickens. However, compared to prime-boost immunization of chickens with chimeric rNDV/APMV-2, rLaSota/IBV-S and/or a live IBV vaccine, single immunization of chickens with rLaSota/IBV-S, or live IBV vaccine provided better protection against IBV. In conclusion, we have developed the novel rNDV/APMV-2 vector expressing S protein of IBV that can be a safer vaccine against IB in chickens. Our results also suggest a single immunization with a LaSota vectored IBV vaccine candidate provides better protection than prime-boost immunization regimens.
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Santos, Helton Fernandes dos, Luciane Teresinha Lovato, Maristela Lovato Flôres, Iara Maria Trevisol, Ketty Cristina Mazzutti, and Kleitton Adolfo Pan. "Anticorpos contra vírus em galinhas de terreiro do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." Ciência Rural 38, no. 7 (October 2008): 1932–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782008000700020.
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No Brasil, a população de aves conhecida como galinhas de terreiro encontra-se fora do sistema de biosseguridade aplicada às criações comerciais. Para investigar a presença de anticorpos contra alguns vírus específicos nesta população, foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 867 aves não-vacinadas em 60 propriedades de 22 municípios do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O soro foi testado para a presença de anticorpos contra o vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (IBV), reovírus aviário (ARV) e o vírus da doença infecciosa da bolsa (IBDV) pela técnica de soroneutralização. Anticorpos contra IBV foram detectados em 65% (564/867) das amostras, contra ARV em 21,6% (187/867) e contra IBDV em 80,2% (695/867) das aves. Todas as propriedades avaliadas apresentavam uma ave positiva para anticorpos contra IBV e IBDV e 88,3% delas eram positivas para ARV. Os resultados demonstram que esses vírus estão presentes em galinhas de terreiro nas criações avícolas não-industriais da região central do Estado. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de um programa de vigilância permanente nessa população e ainda indicam a necessidade de avaliar o impacto destas infecções nos próprios plantéis e o risco associado à transmissão destas às criações comerciais.
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Tao, Qimeng, Xiurong Wang, Hongmei Bao, Jianan Wu, Lin Shi, Yanbing Li, Chuanling Qiao, Samuilenko Anatolij Yakovlevich, Poukhova Nina Mikhaylovna, and Hualan Chen. "Detection and Differentiation of Four Poultry Diseases Using Asymmetric Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction in Combination with Oligonucleotide Microarrays." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 21, no. 5 (September 2009): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870902100506.
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Asymmetric reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and microarrays were combined to distinguish 4 viruses, including Avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), and hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes H5, H7, and H9, and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes N1 and N2 of AIV. The AIV matrix protein (M), and HA and NA genes, IBV nucleoprotein (NP) gene, NDV NP gene, and IBDV A fragment gene were cloned into plasmids. These genes were amplified from these positive recombinant plasmids, which included the inserted target genes by PCR. The PCR products were purified and printed on the amino-modified slides as the probes. RNA was extracted from samples and labeled by asymmetric RT-PCR using a cyanine (Cy)3–labeled primers. The labeled complementary (c)DNA was hybridized to the probes immobilized on the glass slides. After hybridization, the microarrays were scanned, and the hybridization pattern agreed perfectly with the known location of each probe. No cross-hybridization could be detected. Results demonstrated that microarray based on asymmetric RT-PCR is an effective way to distinguish AIV, IBV, NDV, and IBDV simultaneously.
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Huang, Shr-Wei, Chia-Fang Ho, Kun-Wei Chan, Min-Chung Cheng, Jui-Hung Shien, Hung-Jen Liu, and Chi-Young Wang. "The genotyping of Infectious bronchitis virus in Taiwan by a multiplex amplification refractory mutation system reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 26, no. 6 (September 15, 2014): 721–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638714547735.
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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV; Avian coronavirus) causes acute respiratory and reproductive and urogenital diseases in chickens. Following sequence alignment of IBV strains, a combination of selective primer sets was designed to individually amplify the IBV wild-type and vaccine strains using a multiplex amplification refractory mutation system reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (ARMS RT-PCR) approach. This system was shown to discriminate the IBV wild-type and vaccine strains. Moreover, an ARMS real-time RT-PCR (ARMS qRT-PCR) was combined with a high-resolution analysis (HRMA) to establish a melt curve analysis program. The specificity of the ARMS RT-PCR and the ARMS qRT-PCR was verified using unrelated avian viruses. Different melting temperatures and distinct normalized and shifted melting curve patterns for the IBV Mass, IBV H120, IBV TW-I, and IBV TW-II strains were detected. The new assays were used on samples of lung and trachea as well as virus from allantoic fluid and cell culture. In addition to being able to detect the presence of IBV vaccine and wild-type strains by ARMS RT-PCR, the IBV Mass, IBV H120, IBV TW-I, and IBV TW-II strains were distinguished using ARMS qRT-PCR by their melting temperatures and by HRMA. These approaches have acceptable sensitivities and specificities and therefore should be able to serve as options when carrying out differential diagnosis of IBV in Taiwan and China.
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Habel, Jennifer R., Andrea T. Nguyen, Louise C. Rowntree, Christopher Szeto, Nicole A. Mifsud, E. Bridie Clemens, Liyen Loh, et al. "HLA-A*11:01-restricted CD8+ T cell immunity against influenza A and influenza B viruses in Indigenous and non-Indigenous people." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 3 (March 7, 2022): e1010337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010337.
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HLA-A*11:01 is one of the most prevalent human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), especially in East Asian and Oceanian populations. It is also highly expressed in Indigenous people who are at high risk of severe influenza disease. As CD8+ T cells can provide broadly cross-reactive immunity to distinct influenza strains and subtypes, including influenza A, B and C viruses, understanding CD8+ T cell immunity to influenza viruses across prominent HLA types is needed to rationally design a universal influenza vaccine and generate protective immunity especially for high-risk populations. As only a handful of HLA-A*11:01-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes have been described for influenza A viruses (IAVs) and epitopes for influenza B viruses (IBVs) were still unknown, we embarked on an epitope discovery study to define a CD8+ T cell landscape for HLA-A*11:01-expressing Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian people. Using mass-spectrometry, we identified IAV- and IBV-derived peptides presented by HLA-A*11:01 during infection. 79 IAV and 57 IBV peptides were subsequently screened for immunogenicity in vitro with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HLA-A*11:01-expressing Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian donors. CD8+ T cell immunogenicity screening revealed two immunogenic IAV epitopes (A11/PB2320-331 and A11/PB2323-331) and the first HLA-A*11:01-restricted IBV epitopes (A11/M41-49, A11/NS1186-195 and A11/NP511-520). The immunogenic IAV- and IBV-derived peptides were >90% conserved among their respective influenza viruses. Identification of novel immunogenic HLA-A*11:01-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes has implications for understanding how CD8+ T cell immunity is generated towards IAVs and IBVs. These findings can inform the development of rationally designed, broadly cross-reactive influenza vaccines to ensure protection from severe influenza disease in HLA-A*11:01-expressing individuals.
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Ayim-Akonor, Matilda, Doreen Dela Owusu-Ntumy, Hilda Emefa Ohene-Asa, Agyekum Oduro-Abrokwa, Patricia Hammond, Michael Appenteng, and Daniel Annan. "Serological and Molecular Surveillance of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection in Free-Range Chickens and Guinea Fowls in the Ga-East District of Ghana." Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2018 (August 6, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4949580.
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Infectious bronchitis is an economically important disease with worldwide distribution. Information is available on the presence of infectious bronchitis virus in commercial chicken in parts of Ghana but there is no information on free-range poultry and guinea fowls in the country. Possible IBV infections among free-range chickens and guinea fowls in Abokobi and Frafraha communities in the Ga-East district of the Greater Accra Region of Ghana were investigated using serology and PCR. Blood, tracheal, and cloacal swabs were obtained from 219 free-range chickens and guinea fowls with no respiratory symptoms and no history of IBV vaccination. Sera were evaluated for IBV antibodies by ELISA using commercial IBV test kit from IDEXX, Inc., USA. Swab samples were evaluated for S1 glycoprotein gene by one-step RT PCR. All the swab samples tested negative for IBV. 16% of all tested sera were positive for IBV. IBV seroprevalence in guinea fowls was 0%. 21.2% of sera from local chickens were positive for IBV. The seroprevalence of IBV among local chickens from Frafraha was 30% and that of Abokobi was 7.7%. This study shows exposure of local chickens in the study communities to IBV.
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Wayou, Behailu Assefa, Gezahegne Mamo Kassa, Daniela Pasotto, Teshale Sori, Claudia Maria Tucciarone, and Mattia Cecchinato. "Molecular Survey of Viral Poultry Diseases with an Indirect Public Health Significance in Central Ethiopia." Animals 11, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 3564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123564.
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The importance of poultry production is globally increasing, in Ethiopia as well, where high-quality protein and contained costs make poultry a valuable food resource. However, this entails some problems linked to rural, backyard and intensively reared flock proximity and pathogen circulation. This study is aimed at monitoring the presence of important viral pathogens in poultry (infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) in Ethiopia. Respiratory and cloacal swabs and bursa of Fabricius and kidney imprints on FTA cards were collected in 2021 from 16 farms and tested for IBV, aMPV, NDV and IBDV. One farm was positive for IBDV, resulting in strains similar to those present in vaccines, belonging to genogroup A1a; two farms were positive for IBV but, due to sensitivity limits, only one sample was sequenced, resulting in a 4/91-like strain (GI-13); a layer farm tested positive for NDV with a Lasota-like vaccine strain. These findings suggest a low presence of these pathogens, probably due to the implementation of vaccination strategies, which is also testified by the detection of vaccine strains. A close diagnostic activity should be implemented on a routine basis in order to monitor pathogen circulation, ameliorate biosecurity measures and protect animal health and production levels.
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Maier, Helena J., Philippa C. Hawes, Sarah M. Keep, and Paul Britton. "Spherules and IBV." Bioengineered 5, no. 5 (June 4, 2014): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/bioe.29323.
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Hensen, Luca, Katherine Kedzierska, and Marios Koutsakos. "Innate and adaptive immunity toward influenza B viruses." Future Microbiology 15, no. 11 (July 2020): 1045–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2019-0340.
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Despite annual vaccination, influenza B viruses (IBV) cause significant disease with substantial health and socio-economic impacts. Novel vaccination strategies inducing broadly protective and long-lasting immunity across IBV lineages are needed. However, as immune responses toward IBV are largely understudied, host–virus interactions and protective immune mechanisms need to be defined to rationally design such vaccines. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of immunological mechanisms underpinning protection from IBV. We discuss how innate antiviral host factors inhibit IBV replication and the ways by which IBV escapes such restriction. We review the specificity of broadly cross-reactive antibodies and universal T cells, and the mechanisms by which they mediate protection. We highlight important knowledge gaps needing to be addressed to design improved IBV vaccines.
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Ababneh, Mustafa, Abd Elhafeed Dalab, Saad Alsaad, and Mohammad Al-Zghoul. "Presence of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain CK/CH/LDL/97I in the Middle East." ISRN Veterinary Science 2012 (April 11, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/201721.
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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a very dynamic and evolving virus, causing major economic losses to the global poultry industry. In early 2011, respiratory disease outbreaks were investigated in Iraq, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. Five IBV isolates (JOA2, JOA4, Saudi-1, Saudi-2, and Iraqi IBV) were detected by diagnostic-nested nucleocapsid RT-PCR. Strain identification was characterised by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the amplified hypervariable region of the spike 1 (S1) gene. These five IBV isolates were found to be of the IBV strain CK/CH/LDL/97I. Nucleotide identity between these five IBV isolates ranged from 96.9% to 99.7%, and between these isolates and the CK/CH/LDL/97I strain in the range of 96.6–99.1%. The sequenced fragment of the S1 gene of the CK/CH/LDL/97I strain had less than 80% nucleotide identity to the IBV vaccine strains commonly used in the Middle East (M41 and H120). The presence of these CK/CH/LDL/97I-like strains may account for vaccination failure against IBV, since all IBV isolates were from vaccinated chickens. In this paper, we documented for the first time the presence of IBV strain CK/CH/LDL/97I in the Middle East. This strain is known to have originated in China and Taiwan.
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Corse, Emily, and Carolyn E. Machamer. "Infectious Bronchitis Virus E Protein Is Targeted to the Golgi Complex and Directs Release of Virus-Like Particles." Journal of Virology 74, no. 9 (May 1, 2000): 4319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.9.4319-4326.2000.
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ABSTRACT The coronavirus E protein is a poorly characterized small envelope protein present in low levels in virions. We are interested in the role of E in the intracellular targeting of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) membrane proteins. We generated a cDNA clone of IBV E and antibodies to the E protein to study its cell biological properties in the absence of virus infection. We show that IBV E is an integral membrane protein when expressed in cells from cDNA. Epitope-specific antibodies revealed that the C terminus of IBV E is cytoplasmic and the N terminus is translocated. The short luminal N terminus of IBV E contains a consensus site for N-linked glycosylation, but the site is not used. When expressed using recombinant vaccinia virus, the IBV E protein is released from cells at low levels in sedimentable particles that have a density similar to that of coronavirus virions. The IBV M protein is incorporated into these particles when present. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy showed that E is localized to the Golgi complex in cells transiently expressing IBV E. When coexpressed with IBV M, both from cDNA and in IBV infection, the two proteins are colocalized in Golgi membranes, near the coronavirus budding site. Thus, even though IBV E is present at low levels in virions, it is apparently expressed at high levels in infected cells near the site of virus assembly.
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Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I. A., and Anwar A. G. Al-Kubati. "Cocirculation of Four Infectious Bronchitis Virus Lineages in Broiler Chickens in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia from 2012 to 2014." Veterinary Medicine International 2020 (March 31, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6037893.
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Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an evolving and dynamic virus that causes major economic losses for the poultry industry worldwide. Continuous evolution and emergence of new variants of this virus are the major challenges for controlling the disease with routine vaccination. Successful vaccination usually requires the use of a homologous vaccine, which in turn necessitates continuous investigation of the circulating strains. Herein, we performed a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction- (RT-PCR-) based investigation in broiler chicken flocks of the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. IBV was detected in 36.5% of the tested flocks (42 out of 115) from January 2012 to March 2014. Direct sequencing of hypervariable region-3 (HVR-3) of the Spike (S)-1 gene was performed, followed by phylogenetic analysis to determine the circulating IBV genotypes. Four lineages appear to coexist in this region, including the GI-13 or 4/91 IBV (31%), GI-16 or CK/CH/LDL/97I IBV (28.6%), GI-1 or Mass IBV (19%), and GI-23 or Middle East IBV (21.4%). The latter lineage include two subgroups: IS/720/99 IBV (16.7%) and IS/Variant2/98 IBV (4.7%). Some of the detections made in the 4/91 and Mass lineages are expected to belong to the vaccine strains. Lineages without a homologous vaccine in use (CK/CH/LDL/97I and Middle East) represent 50% of the isolates recovered in this study. Based on identity with the vaccine sequences, field observations, and frequent detection, these two lineages appear to be out of coverage of the IBV vaccines used in Saudi Arabia. This is the first time to identify Middle East lineage (IS/720/99 IBV and IS/Variant2/98 IBV) in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia.
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Zhou, Ji-Yong, Jian-Xiang Wu, Li-Qin Cheng, Xiao-Juan Zheng, Hui Gong, Shao-Bin Shang, and En-Min Zhou. "Expression of Immunogenic S1 Glycoprotein of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Transgenic Potatoes." Journal of Virology 77, no. 16 (August 15, 2003): 9090–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.16.9090-9093.2003.
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ABSTRACT The expression of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) S1 glycoprotein in potatoes and its immunogenicity in mice and chickens were investigated. Potato plants were genetically transformed with a cDNA construct encoding the IBV S1 glycoprotein with the Agrobacterium system. Genomic DNA and mRNA analyses of the transformed plantlets confirmed the integration of the foreign cDNA into the potato genome, as well as its transcription. Mice and chickens vaccinated with the expressed IBV S1 glycoprotein produced antibodies that neutralized IBV infectivity. After three immunizations, vaccinated chickens were completely protected from virulent IBV infection. These results demonstrate that transgenic potatoes expressing IBV S1 glycoprotein can be used as a source of recombinant antigen for vaccine production.
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Dang, Runrui, Victor G. J. Rodgers, Adolfo García-Sastre, and Jiayu Liao. "Human SUMOylation Pathway Is Critical for Influenza B Virus." Viruses 14, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020314.
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The identification and elucidation of host pathways for viral infection are critical for understanding the viral infection processes and novel therapeutics development. Here, for the first time, we discover that the human SUMOylation pathway is essential for the IBV viral life cycle. First, IBV viruses were completely inhibited by a novel SUMOylation specific inhibitor, STE025, discovered from our FRET-based high-throughput screening, and the inhibition was very potent, with IC50~ 0.1 µM in an IBV-induced cell death rescue assay; Second, we determined that the IBV M1 protein was SUMOylated, which was mediated by the SUMOylation E2 conjugation enzyme and the E3 ligase enzyme at very high affinities, of 0.20 µM and 0.22 µM, respectively; Third, the mutation of the IBV M1 SUMOylation site, K21R, completely abolished the viral particle generation, strongly suggesting the requirement of SUMOylation for the IBV life cycle. These results suggest that the blockage of the host human SUMOylation pathway is very effective for IBV inhibition. We therefore propose that the host SUMOylation pathway is a critical host factor for the IBV virus life cycle. The identification and inhibition of critical host factor(s) provide a novel strategy for future anti-viral therapeutics development, such as IBV and other viruses.
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Casais, Rosa, Brian Dove, David Cavanagh, and Paul Britton. "Recombinant Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Expressing a Heterologous Spike Gene Demonstrates that the Spike Protein Is a Determinant of Cell Tropism." Journal of Virology 77, no. 16 (August 15, 2003): 9084–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.16.9084-9089.2003.
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ABSTRACT A recombinant infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), BeauR-M41(S), was generated using our reverse genetics system (R. Casais, V. Thiel, S. G. Siddell, D. Cavanagh, and P. Britton, J. Virol. 75:12359-12369, 2001), in which the ectodomain region of the spike gene from IBV M41-CK replaced the corresponding region of the IBV Beaudette genome. BeauR-M41(S) acquired the same cell tropism phenotype as IBV M41-CK in four different cell types, demonstrating that the IBV spike glycoprotein is a determinant of cell tropism.
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Abozeid, Hassanein H., and Mahmoud M. Naguib. "Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Egypt: Genetic Diversity and Vaccination Strategies." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040204.
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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly evolving avian pathogen that has increasingly imposed a negative impact on poultry industry worldwide. In the last 20 years, IBV has been continuously circulating among chicken flocks in Egypt causing huge economic losses to poultry production. Multiple IBV genotypes, namely, GI-1, GI-13, GI-16, and GI-23 have been reported in Egypt possessing different genetic and pathogenic features. Different vaccine programs are being used to control the spread of the disease in Egypt. However, the virus continues to spread and evolve where multiple IBV variants and several recombination evidence have been described. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge concerning IBV circulation, genesis, and vaccination strategies in Egypt. In addition, we analyze representative Egyptian IBV strains from an evolutionary perspective based on available data of their S1 gene. We also provide insight into the importance of surveillance programs and share our perspectives for better control of IBV circulating in Egypt.
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Liu, I.-Li, Yi-Chun Lin, Yong-Chong Lin, Cai-Zhen Jian, Ivan-Chen Cheng, and Hui-Wen Chen. "A Novel Immunochromatographic Strip for Antigen Detection of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9 (May 6, 2019): 2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092216.
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Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes considerable economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide, including Taiwan. IBV is among the most important pathogens in chickens, and it spreads rapidly among flocks. In addition to dozens of known serotypes, new viral variants have emerged due to the viral evolution and antigenic variation in IBVs. Therefore, the development of a sensitive, specific, and easily performed assay is crucial for the rapid detection and surveillance of IBV infections. A rapid and simple immunochromatographic strip (ICS) was developed in this study by employing monoclonal antibodies against spike and nucleocapsid proteins of IBV as the tracer and the capture antibody. The ICS showed high specificity in detecting IBV antigens, including several IBV genotypes and novel variants, as opposed to three other common avian respiratory viruses. The detection limit of the strip reached 104.4 50% embryo-infective dose. Moreover, in the experimental chicken model, the strip test demonstrated consistency in detecting IBV with RT-PCR gene detection. Taken together, this antigen detection strip has the potential to serve as an on-farm rapid test for IBV; therefore, it may facilitate surveillance and control of the disease.
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Podgaetz, Eitan, Felix Zamora, Heidi Gibson, Rafael S. Andrade, Eric Hall, and H. Erhan Dincer. "Intrabronchial Valve Treatment for Prolonged Air Leak: Can We Justify the Cost?" Canadian Respiratory Journal 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2867547.
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Background.Prolonged air leak is defined as an ongoing air leak for more than 5 days. Intrabronchial valve (IBV) treatment is approved for the treatment of air leaks.Objective.To analyze our experience with IBV and valuate its cost-effectiveness.Methods.Retrospective analysis of IBV from June 2013 to October 2014. We analyzed direct costs based on hospital and operating room charges. We used average costs in US dollars for the analysis not individual patient data.Results.We treated 13 patients (9 M/4 F), median age of 60 years (38 to 90). Median time from diagnosis to IBV placement was 9.8 days, time from IBV placement to chest tube removal was 3 days, and time from IBV placement to hospital discharge was 4 days. Average room and board costs were $14,605 including all levels of care. IBV cost is $2750 per valve. The average number of valves used was 4. Total cost of procedure, valves, and hospital stay until discharge was $13,900.Conclusion.In our limited experience, the use of IBV to treat prolonged air leaks is safe and appears cost-effective. In pure financial terms, the cost seems justified for any air leak predicted to last greater than 8 days.
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Bhuiyan, Md Safiul Alam, Zarina Amin, Kenneth Francis Rodrigues, Suryani Saallah, Sharifudin Md Shaarani, Subir Sarker, and Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee. "Infectious Bronchitis Virus (Gammacoronavirus) in Poultry Farming: Vaccination, Immune Response and Measures for Mitigation." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8110273.
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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) poses significant financial and biosecurity challenges to the commercial poultry farming industry. IBV is the causative agent of multi-systemic infection in the respiratory, reproductive and renal systems, which is similar to the symptoms of various viral and bacterial diseases reported in chickens. The avian immune system manifests the ability to respond to subsequent exposure with an antigen by stimulating mucosal, humoral and cell-mediated immunity. However, the immune response against IBV presents a dilemma due to the similarities between the different serotypes that infect poultry. Currently, the live attenuated and killed vaccines are applied for the control of IBV infection; however, the continual emergence of IB variants with rapidly evolving genetic variants increases the risk of outbreaks in intensive poultry farms. This review aims to focus on IBV challenge–infection, route and delivery of vaccines and vaccine-induced immune responses to IBV. Various commercial vaccines currently have been developed against IBV protection for accurate evaluation depending on the local situation. This review also highlights and updates the limitations in controlling IBV infection in poultry with issues pertaining to antiviral therapy and good biosecurity practices, which may aid in establishing good biorisk management protocols for its control and which will, in turn, result in a reduction in economic losses attributed to IBV infection.
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Kint, Joeri, Annemiek Dickhout, Jasmin Kutter, Helena J. Maier, Paul Britton, Joseph Koumans, Gorben P. Pijlman, Jelke J. Fros, Geert F. Wiegertjes, and Maria Forlenza. "Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Inhibits STAT1 Signaling and Requires Accessory Proteins for Resistance to Type I Interferon Activity." Journal of Virology 89, no. 23 (September 23, 2015): 12047–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01057-15.
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ABSTRACTThe innate immune response is the first line of defense against viruses, and type I interferon (IFN) is a critical component of this response. Similar to other viruses, the gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has evolved under evolutionary pressure to evade and counteract the IFN response to enable its survival. Previously, we reported that IBV induces a delayed activation of the IFN response. In the present work, we describe the resistance of IBV to IFN and the potential role of accessory proteins herein. We show that IBV is fairly resistant to the antiviral state induced by IFN and identify that viral accessory protein 3a is involved in resistance to IFN, as its absence renders IBV less resistant to IFN treatment. In addition to this, we found that independently of its accessory proteins, IBV inhibits IFN-mediated phosphorylation and translocation of STAT1. In summary, we show that IBV uses multiple strategies to counteract the IFN response.IMPORTANCEIn the present study, we show that infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is resistant to IFN treatment and identify a role for accessory protein 3a in the resistance against the type I IFN response. We also demonstrate that, in a time-dependent manner, IBV effectively interferes with IFN signaling and that its accessory proteins are dispensable for this activity. This study demonstrates that the gammacoronavirus IBV, similar to its mammalian counterparts, has evolved multiple strategies to efficiently counteract the IFN response of its avian host, and it identifies accessory protein 3a as multifaceted antagonist of the avian IFN system.
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Najimudeen, Shahnas M., Mohamed S. H. Hassan, Dayna Goldsmith, Davor Ojkic, Susan C. Cork, Martine Boulianne, and Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. "Molecular Characterization of 4/91 Infectious Bronchitis Virus Leading to Studies of Pathogenesis and Host Responses in Laying Hens." Pathogens 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050624.
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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) initially establishes the infection in the respiratory tract and then spreads to other tissues depending on its virulence. During 2011–2018, the 4/91 IBV strain was isolated from poultry flocks affected by decreased egg production and quality in Eastern Canada. One of the Canadian 4/91 IBV isolates, IBV/Ck/Can/17-038913, was propagated in embryonated chicken eggs and molecularly characterized using whole genome sequencing. An in vivo study in laying hens was conducted to observe if IBV/Ck/Can/17-038913 isolate affects the egg production and quality. Hens were infected with IBV/Ck/Can/17-038913 isolate during the peak of egg lay, using a standard dose and routes maintaining uninfected controls. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were collected at predetermined time points for the quantification of IBV genome loads. At 6 and 10 days post-infection, hens were euthanized to observe the lesions in various organs and collect blood and tissue samples for the quantification of antibody response and IBV genome loads, respectively. Egg production was not impacted during the first 10 days following infection. No gross lesions were observed in the tissues of the infected birds. The IBV genome was quantified in swabs, trachea, lung, proventriculus, cecal tonsils, kidney, and reproductive tissues. The serum antibody response against IBV was quantified in infected hens. In addition, histological changes, and recruitment of immune cells, such as macrophages and T cell subsets in kidney tissues, were measured. Overall, data show that IBV/Ck/Can/17-038913 isolate is not associated with egg production issues in laying hens infected at the peak of lay, while it demonstrates various tissue tropism, including kidney, where histopathological lesions and immune cell recruitments were evident.
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Muzny, Christina Ann, Shelly Y. Lensing, Kristal J. Aaron, and Jane R. Schwebke. "Incubation period and risk factors support sexual transmission of bacterial vaginosis in women who have sex with women." Sexually Transmitted Infections 95, no. 7 (March 14, 2019): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053824.
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ObjectiveThe epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis (BV) favours sexual transmission of BV-associated bacteria. We examined incubation period and risk factors for incident BV (iBV) in a prospective study of women who have sex with women (WSW).MethodsUsing daily self-collected vaginal swabs, WSW with normal vaginal microbiota (no Amsel criteria and a Nugent score of 0–3) were followed for 90 days or until iBV (Nugent score 7–10 on at least 2–3 consecutive days). Daily diaries of sexual activity and menses were completed. Time to iBV was estimated. Accounting for differing lengths of follow-up and age, rates of sexual activities (per 100 person-days (pd)) were compared according to iBV status. The relationship between menses and iBV was also investigated.ResultsOf the 36 WSW, the mean age was 30 years (SD 8) and 92% were African American. The probability of iBV at 30 and 60 days was 20% (SD 7%) and 36% (SD 8%), respectively; 14 (39%) developed iBV by 90 days. In WSW with iBV versus those without iBV, the relative rate of any sexual activity prior to iBV was 40% higher (20.4 vs 14.6 per 100 pd; p=0.010), sex with a woman was 38% higher (14.3 vs 10.3 per 100 pd; p=0.038), digital-vaginal sex was 57% higher (14.3 vs 9.1 per 100 pd; p=0.005) and digital-anal sex was 5.6 times higher (2.9 vs 0.5 per 100 pd; p<0.001). iBV was more likely for those WSW with menses in the prior 2 days as compared with those without recent menses (HR 3.4; p=0.029). Sexual activity occurred in 93% WSW at a median of 4 days (95% CI 2 to 6) prior to iBV.ConclusioniBV was common and associated with sexual activity in this cohort of predominantly African American WSW. An incubation period of 4 days is consistent with other bacterial STIs.
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Setiawaty, Rahajeng, Retno Damajanti Soejoedono, and Okti Nadia Poetri. "Genetic characterization of S1 gene of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from commercial poultry flocks in West Java, Indonesia." Veterinary World 12, no. 2 (February 2019): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.231-235.
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Background and Aim: Infectious bronchitis (IB) is still a major problem among poultry industry in Indonesia, IB outbreaks continue to happen even in vaccinated flocks. The emergence of new IB virus (IBV) variants might lead to mismatching between vaccine virus strain and circulating virus strain, this may be a reason of vaccination failure. Information about circulating IBV in a region is important to decide which IB vaccine should be used. However, information about recent IBV strains which circulated in Indonesia and their genetic characters were limited; therefore, the aim of our research was to determine the genetic characterization of S1 gene of IBV isolated from commercial poultry flocks in West Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 47 viral isolate samples collected from chickens with clinical sign and reduced in egg production. Six IB live vaccines were used as control, the reference vaccines represent IBV strains including H120, H52, 4/91, CR88, 233A, and 1-96. Primers XCe2+ and XCe2- were used to amplify S1 gene partially. Results: Twenty-six of 47 samples showed positive result to S1 gene of IBV by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Three IBV isolates, Indonesia/K233A31/18, Indonesia/K4A9/17, and Indonesia/P3/17, were selected for nucleotide sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of 352 nucleotides of the partial S1 gene shows that isolates Indonesia/K4A9/17 and Indonesia/K233A31/18 have 100% homology with IBV vaccine strain 4/91, while isolate Indonesia/P3/17 has 100% homology with IBV vaccine strain 233A. Conclusion: Our result indicates that at least two IBV strains were circulating among poultry in West Java, Indonesia, which is IBV close to vaccine strain 4/91 and 233A. The present study provides updates on the circulating IBV in commercial poultry flocks in West Java, Indonesia, and might use as guidance on selecting a proper IB vaccine strain to improve IB vaccination efficacy in certain region.
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Bhuiyan, Zafar Ahmed, Md Zulfekar Ali, Mohammad Moktader Moula, Md Giasuddin, and Zahed Uddin Mahmood Khan. "Prevalence and molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from chicken in Bangladesh." Veterinary World 12, no. 6 (June 2019): 909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.909-915.
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Aim: The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) as well as virus isolation, identification, and molecular characterization of various strains circulating in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 371 swabs and organ samples were collected from four types of chicken including layer, Sonali (local), broiler, and broiler breeder under eight districts (Rangpur, Bogura, Tangail, Dhaka, Gazipur, Mymensingh, Jamalpur, and Cumilla) during 2014-2016 in Bangladesh. Results: Out of 371 samples, 65 samples were positive in reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for molecular identification of IBV. The overall prevalence was 17.52% recorded and among the selected types of chicken, the highest prevalence of IBV was found in layer that was 42.22% followed by 17.24% in Sonali, 14.93% in broiler breeder, and lowest prevalence was 11.94% in broiler chicken, respectively. Moreover, the prevalence of IBV was recorded highest in aged chicken at 41-60 weeks, which was 54.55% in layer, 27.27% in Sonali, and, afterward, 14.68% was found in broiler breeder, respectively. Frequency of IBV more frequently in winter (22.67%) followed by rainy (15.87%) and summer season (11.58%). The highest prevalence of IBV was found Tangail district (41.67%) followed by Mymensingh (24.42%), Gazipur (19.32%), Dhaka (15.38%), Jamalpur (16.67%), Bogura (13.68%), Cumilla (5.88%), and Rangpur (9.26%), respectively. Samples that were found high positive in IBV RT-PCR (Ct value below 30) were subjected to inoculation into chicken egg embryo to observe characteristic changes in chicken embryo. Swabs and organ samples were processed and passaged in 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs through allantoic cavity route. IBV virus suspected samples inoculated into chicken egg embryos after 3-5 passages showed dwarfing and curling of the embryos which are characteristic lesions of IBV. Allantoic fluid was collected from all inoculated eggs and performed partial sequencing of S1 gene for three isolates. After sequencing, the phylogenetic tree was constructed from the nucleotide sequences of IBV isolates. Two of the isolates are 4/91 IBV and another one matched with QX-like IBV. Conclusion: The results revealed that the three isolates from different places in Bangladesh were identified for the 1st time as which will help for IBV control strategy.
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Ali, Ahmed, Davor Ojkic, Esraa A. Elshafiee, Salama Shany, Mounir Mohamed EL-Safty, Adel A. Shalaby, and Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. "Genotyping and In Silico Analysis of Delmarva (DMV/1639) Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Spike 1 (S1) Glycoprotein." Genes 13, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13091617.
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Genetic diversity and evolution of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are mainly impacted by mutations in the spike 1 (S1) gene. This study focused on whole genome sequencing of an IBV isolate (IBV/Ck/Can/2558004), which represents strains highly prevalent in Canadian commercial poultry, especially concerning features related to its S1 gene and protein sequences. Based on the phylogeny of the S1 gene, IBV/Ck/Can/2558004 belongs to the GI-17 lineage. According to S1 gene and protein pairwise alignment, IBV/Ck/Can/2558004 had 99.44–99.63% and 98.88–99.25% nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) identities, respectively, with five Canadian Delmarva (DMV/1639) IBVs isolated in 2019, and it also shared 96.63–97.69% and 94.78–97.20% nt and aa similarities with US DMV/1639 IBVs isolated in 2011 and 2019, respectively. Further homology analysis of aa sequences showed the existence of some aa substitutions in the hypervariable regions (HVRs) of the S1 protein of IBV/Ck/Can/2558004 compared to US DMV/1639 isolates; most of these variant aa residues have been subjected to positive selection pressure. Predictive analysis of potential N-glycosylation and phosphorylation motifs showed either loss or acquisition in the S1 glycoprotein of IBV/Ck/Can/2558004 compared to S1 of US DMV/1639 IBV. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis showed some of the aa changes within the S1 protein of IBV/Ck/Can/2558004 have been predicted to impact the function and structure of the S1 protein, potentially leading to a lower binding affinity of the S1 protein to its relevant ligand (sialic acid). In conclusion, these findings revealed that the DMV/1639 IBV isolates are under continuous evolution among Canadian poultry.
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M. Najimudeen, Shahnas, Mohamed S. H. Hassan, Susan C. Cork, and Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. "Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Infection in Chickens: Multiple System Disease with Immune Suppression." Pathogens 9, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9100779.
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In the early 1930s, infectious bronchitis (IB) was first characterized as a respiratory disease in young chickens; later, the disease was also described in older chickens. The etiology of IB was confirmed later as being due to a coronavirus: the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Being a coronavirus, IBV is subject to constant genome change due to mutation and recombination, with the consequence of changing clinical and pathological manifestations. The potential use of live attenuated vaccines for the control of IBV infection was demonstrated in the early 1950s, but vaccine breaks occurred due to the emergence of new IBV serotypes. Over the years, various IBV genotypes associated with reproductive, renal, gastrointestinal, muscular and immunosuppressive manifestations have emerged. IBV causes considerable economic impacts on global poultry production due to its pathogenesis involving multiple body systems and immune suppression; hence, there is a need to better understand the pathogenesis of infection and the immune response in order to help developing better management strategies. The evolution of new strains of IBV during the last nine decades against vaccine-induced immune response and changing clinical and pathological manifestations emphasize the necessity of the rational development of intervention strategies based on a thorough understanding of IBV interaction with the host.
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Winter, Christine, Christel Schwegmann-Weßels, Dave Cavanagh, Ulrich Neumann, and Georg Herrler. "Sialic acid is a receptor determinant for infection of cells by avian Infectious bronchitis virus." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81651-0.
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The importance of sialic acid for infection by avian Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been analysed. Neuraminidase treatment rendered Vero, baby hamster kidney and primary chicken kidney cells resistant to infection by the IBV-Beaudette strain. Sialic acid-dependent infection was also observed with strain M41 of IBV, which infects primary chicken kidney cells but not cells from other species. In comparison with Influenza A virus and Sendai virus, IBV was most sensitive to pre-treatment of cells with neuraminidase. This finding suggests that IBV requires a greater amount of sialic acid on the cell surface to initiate an infection compared with the other two viruses. In previous studies, with respect to the haemagglutinating activity of IBV, it has been shown that the virus preferentially recognizes α2,3-linked sialic acid. In agreement with this finding, susceptibility to infection by IBV was connected to the expression of α2,3-linked sialic acid as indicated by the reactivity with the lectin Maackia amurensis agglutinin. Here, it is discussed that binding to sialic acid may be used by IBV for primary attachment to the cell surface; tighter binding and subsequent fusion between the viral and the cellular membrane may require interaction with a second receptor.
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Agrawal, Anurodh S., Mehuli Sarkar, Sekhar Chakrabarti, K. Rajendran, Harpreet Kaur, Akhilesh C. Mishra, Mrinal K. Chatterjee, Trailokya N. Naik, Mandeep S. Chadha, and Mamta Chawla-Sarkar. "Comparative evaluation of real-time PCR and conventional RT-PCR during a 2 year surveillance for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus among children with acute respiratory infections in Kolkata, India, reveals a distinct seasonality of infection." Journal of Medical Microbiology 58, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 1616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.011304-0.
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Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in young children worldwide. Influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are the predominant aetiological agents during seasonal epidemics, and thus rapid and sensitive molecular tests for screening for such agents and timely identification of epidemics are required. This study compared real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) with conventional RT-PCR for parallel identification of influenza A virus (IAV) or influenza B virus (IBV) and RSV. A total of 1091 respiratory samples was examined from children with suspected ARTIs between January 2007 and December 2008. Of these, 275 (25.21 %) were positive for either influenza or RSV by qPCR compared with 262 (24 .01%) positive by RT-PCR. Overall, IAV, IBV and RSV were detected in 121 (11.09 %), 59 (5.41 %) and 95 (8.71 %) samples, respectively. In spite of overlapping clinical symptoms, RSV and influenza virus showed distinct seasonal peaks. IAV correlated positively and RSV negatively with rainfall and temperature. No distinct seasonality was observed in IBV infections. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of a systemic surveillance of respiratory viruses with seasonal correlation and prevalence rates from eastern India. This 2 year comparative analysis also confirmed the feasibility of using qPCR in developing countries, which will not only improve the scope for prevention of epidemics, but will also provide crucial epidemiological data from tropical regions.
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Amarasinghe, Aruna, Shelly Popowich, Upasama De Silva Senapathi, Mohamed Abdul-Cader, Frank Marshall, Frank van der Meer, Susan Cork, Susantha Gomis, and Mohamed Abdul-Careem. "Shell-Less Egg Syndrome (SES) Widespread in Western Canadian Layer Operations Is Linked to a Massachusetts (Mass) Type Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Isolate." Viruses 10, no. 8 (August 18, 2018): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10080437.
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A disease with a sudden drop in egg production and shell-less eggs called, shell-less egg syndrome (SES) has been observed in Western Canada egg layer flocks since 2010. The etiology of this disease is not known. We hypothesize that SES is caused by an infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain since it is known that IBV replicates in the shell gland causing various eggshell abnormalities. In this study, we screened egg layer flocks, in the provinces of Alberta (AB) and Saskatchewan (SK), with and without a history of SES for the presence of IBV infection. During 2015–2016, a total of 27 egg layer flocks were screened in AB (n = 7) and SK (n = 20). Eighty-one percent of the screened flocks (n = 22) were positive for IBV infection. Thirty of these isolates were successfully characterized using molecular tools targeting the most variable spike (S) 1 gene. IBV isolates from this study clustered into three genotypes based on partial S1 gene variability. The majority of the IBV isolates (70%) were Massachusetts (Mass) type, and the rest were either Connecticut (Conn) type or an uncharacterized genotype with genetic characteristics of Mass and Conn types. Since the majority of the IBV isolates included within the Mass type, we used a Mass type IBV isolate to reproduce SES in specific pathogen free (SPF) white leghorn chickens in lay. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether other IBV isolates can cause SES, to clarify the pathogenesis of SES and to develop a vaccine in order to prevent SES as observed in Western Canadian layer flocks.
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Wu, Xuan, Xiwen Zhai, Yan Lai, Lei Zuo, Yu Zhang, Xueran Mei, Rong Xiang, Zhuangzhuang Kang, Long Zhou, and Hongning Wang. "Construction and Immunogenicity of Novel Chimeric Virus-Like Particles Bearing Antigens of Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Newcastle Disease Virus." Viruses 11, no. 3 (March 13, 2019): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11030254.
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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are two poultry pathogens seriously affecting the poultry industry. Here, IBV S1 and the ectodomain of NDV F proteins were separately linked with the trans-membrane and carboxy-terminal domain of IBV S protein (STMCT), composing rS and rF; thus, a novel chimeric infectious bronchitis-Newcastle disease (IB-ND) virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccine containing the rS, rF, and IBV M protein was constructed. Under the transmission electron microscope (TEM), VLPs possessing similar morphology to natural IBV were observed. To evaluate the immunogenicity of chimeric IB-ND VLPs, specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were immunized with three increasing doses (50, 75, and 100 μg protein of VLPs). Results of ELISAs detecting IBV and NDV specific antibodies and IL-4 and IFN-γ T cell cytokines indicated that vaccination with chimeric IB-ND VLPs could efficiently induce humoral and cellular immune responses. In the challenge study, chimeric IB-ND VLPs (100 μg protein) provided 100% protection against IBV or NDV virulent challenge from death, and viral RNA levels in tissues and swabs were greatly reduced. Collectively, chimeric IB-ND VLPs are highly immunogenic and could provide complete protection from an IBV or NDV virulent challenge. Chimeric IB-ND VLPs are an appealing vaccine candidate and a promising vaccine platform bearing multivalent antigens.
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Bhuiyan, Md Safiul Alam, Zarina Amin, Ag Muhammad Sagaf Abu Bakar, Suryani Saallah, Noor Hydayaty Md Yusuf, Sharifudin Md Shaarani, and Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee. "Factor Influences for Diagnosis and Vaccination of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus (Gammacoronavirus) in Chickens." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8030047.
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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a major economic problem in commercial chicken farms with acute multiple-system infection, especially in respiratory and urogenital systems. A live-attenuated and killed vaccine is currently immunized to control IBV infection; however, repeated outbreaks occur in both unvaccinated and vaccinated birds due to the choice of inadequate vaccine candidates and continuous emergence of novel infectious bronchitis (IB) variants and failure of vaccination. However, similar clinical signs were shown in different respiratory diseases that are essential to improving the diagnostic assay to detect IBV infections. Various risk factors involved in the failure of IB vaccination, such as various routes of application of vaccination, the interval between vaccinations, and challenge with various possible immunosuppression of birds are reviewed. The review article also highlights and updates factors affecting the diagnosis of IBV disease in the poultry industry with differential diagnosis to find the nature of infections compared with non-IBV diseases. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the common reasons for failed IBV vaccinations with preventive action, and proper diagnostic facilities for identifying the infective stage, leading to earlier control and reduced economic losses from IBV disease.
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Cheng, Jinlong, Ye Zhao, Gang Xu, Keran Zhang, Wenfeng Jia, Yali Sun, Jing Zhao, Jia Xue, Yanxin Hu, and Guozhong Zhang. "The S2 Subunit of QX-type Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Spike Protein Is an Essential Determinant of Neurotropism." Viruses 11, no. 10 (October 22, 2019): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11100972.
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Some coronaviruses (CoVs) have an extra furin cleavage site (RRKR/S, furin-S2′ site) upstream of the fusion peptide in the spike protein, which plays roles in virion adsorption and fusion. Mutation of the S2′ site of QX genotype (QX-type) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) spike protein (S) in a recombinant virus background results in higher pathogenicity, pronounced neural symptoms and neurotropism when compared with conditions in wild-type IBV (WT-IBV) infected chickens. In this study, we present evidence suggesting that recombinant IBV with a mutant S2′ site (furin-S2′ site) leads to higher mortality. Infection with mutant IBV induces severe encephalitis and breaks the blood–brain barrier. The results of a neutralization test and immunoprotection experiment show that an original serum and vaccine can still provide effective protection in vivo and in vitro. This is the first demonstration of IBV-induced neural symptoms in chickens with encephalitis and the furin-S2′ site as a determinant of neurotropism.
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Pendleton, Amanda R., and Carolyn E. Machamer. "Infectious Bronchitis Virus 3a Protein Localizes to a Novel Domain of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum." Journal of Virology 79, no. 10 (May 15, 2005): 6142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.10.6142-6151.2005.
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ABSTRACT All coronaviruses possess small open reading frames (ORFs) between structural genes that have been hypothesized to play important roles in pathogenesis. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) ORF 3a is one such gene. It is highly conserved among group 3 coronaviruses, suggesting that it has an important function in infection. IBV 3a protein is expressed in infected cells but is not detected in virions. Sequence analysis predicted that IBV 3a was a membrane protein; however, only a fraction behaved like an integral membrane protein. Microscopy and immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that IBV 3a localized to the cytoplasm in a diffuse pattern as well as in sharp puncta in both infected and transfected cells. These puncta did not overlap cellular organelles or other punctate structures. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that IBV 3a puncta lined up along smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules and, in a significant number of instances, were partially surrounded by these tubules. Our results suggest that IBV 3a is partially targeted to a novel domain of the smooth ER.
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Zhang, Tong, Deyin Li, Zhihua Jia, Jianyu Chang, and Xiaolin Hou. "Cellular immune response in chickens infected with avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)." European Journal of Inflammation 15, no. 1 (April 2017): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1721727x17703886.
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To understand the mechanistic basis of innate immunity against the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the gene transcription profile of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in SPF chicken tissues infected with an IBV-M41 strain was examined. IBV infection induced mRNA transcription of TLRs, RLRs, and NODs. TLR7, MyD88, TRAF6, MDA5, LGP2, and NLRC5 were stimulated, as well as mRNA activation of the downstream genes of NF-κB and IRF3. And mRNA for the pro-inflammatory cytokines of interferon-α (IFN)-α, IFN-β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) showed over-expression. The IBV load in tissues gradually reduced. These results suggested that the three kinds of PRRs signaling pathways and innate immune cytokine were induced after IBV infection.
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Klimcik, M., and R. Currie. "Field occurrence of avian infectious bronchitis virus in the Czech Republic and Slovakia." Veterinární Medicína 63, No. 3 (March 28, 2018): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/109/2017-vetmed.
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The epidemiological situation regarding the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) population in Europe as well as the presence of predominant IBV strains is well described. The aim of this epidemiological study was to describe the real field situation in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as no data are available for the last ten years. The study was also focused on differentiation between field IBV strains and vaccine/vaccine origin IBV strains in different poultry segments including backyard flocks. Between July 2013 and July 2016, cloacal, tracheal and/or visceral swab samples were collected from 145 Czech and Slovak chicken broiler, breeder and layer flocks. The majority of flocks was kept for production purposes, but to enable a more complete picture of the situation in the field backyard flocks with more than 50 birds were also included. As in other cases which were reported worldwide and based on collaboration with x-Ovo laboratories, samples were analysed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to detect the presence of the RNA of IBV. When positive, approximately 400 base pairs encoding the hypervariable region of the IBV S1 protein were sequenced. Sequencing results, cycle threshold values and vaccination history were used as criteria to try and distinguish vaccine strains from field strains. A significant percentage of all flocks presented clinical signs suggestive of IBV infection. From the total number of samples examined, 16.5% were negative. In 12.4% of the samples that did contain RNA from IBV, the genotype could not be determined. In most cases, this was due to the recovery of RNA quantities below the lower limit of detection of the sequencing PCR. The remaining positive samples predominantly contained RNA from IBV strains that belonged to the 4/91 – 793B – CR88 (44.7%), Massachusetts (30%), D274 – D207 (11.6%) and D388 – QX (8.7%) genotypes. Estimations indicated that approximately 23.9%, 48.4%, 58.3% and 0% of these detections, respectively, were vaccine strains. Infections with types UKR/27/2011, CK/CH/Guandong/Xindadi/0903 and K33/09 were observed sporadically. The results confirm that IBV infections are highly prevalent in Czech and Slovak chickens and that at least seven different IBV types were circulating during the monitored period. This underlines the necessity of providing flocks with a strong and broad protective immunity against IBV.
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Ran, Zhiguang, Huigang Shen, Yuekun Lang, Elizabeth A. Kolb, Nuri Turan, Laihua Zhu, Jingjiao Ma, et al. "Domestic Pigs Are Susceptible to Infection with Influenza B Viruses." Journal of Virology 89, no. 9 (February 11, 2015): 4818–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00059-15.
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ABSTRACTInfluenza B virus (IBV) causes seasonal epidemics in humans. Although IBV has been isolated from seals, humans are considered the primary host and reservoir of this important pathogen. It is unclear whether other animal species can support the replication of IBV and serve as a reservoir. Swine are naturally infected with both influenza A and C viruses. To determine the susceptibility of pigs to IBV infection, we conducted a serological survey for U.S. Midwest domestic swine herds from 2010 to 2012. Results of this study showed that antibodies to IBVs were detected in 38.5% (20/52) of sampled farms, and 7.3% (41/560) of tested swine serum samples were positive for IBV antibodies. Furthermore, swine herds infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) showed a higher prevalence of IBV antibodies in our 2014 survey. In addition, IBV was detected in 3 nasal swabs collected from PRRSV-seropositive pigs by real-time RT-PCR and sequencing. Finally, an experimental infection in pigs, via intranasal and intratracheal routes, was performed using one representative virus from each of the two genetically and antigenically distinct lineages of IBVs: B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage) and B/Yamagata/16/1988 (Yamagata lineage). Pigs developed influenza-like symptoms and lung lesions, and they seroconverted after virus inoculation. Pigs infected with B/Brisbane/60/2008 virus successfully transmitted the virus to sentinel animals. Taken together, our data demonstrate that pigs are susceptible to IBV infection; therefore, they warrant further surveillance and investigation of swine as a potential host for human IBV.IMPORTANCEIBV is an important human pathogen, but its ability to infect other species, for example, pigs, is not well understood. We showed serological evidence that antibodies to two genetically and antigenically distinct lineages of IBVs were present among domestic pigs, especially in swine herds previously infected with PRRSV, an immunosuppressive virus. IBV was detected in 3 nasal swabs from PRRSV-seropositive pigs by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing. Moreover, both lineages of IBV were able to infect pigs under experimental conditions, with transmissibility of influenza B/Victoria lineage virus among pigs being observed. Our results demonstrate that pigs are susceptible to IBV infections, indicating that IBV is a swine pathogen, and swine may serve as a natural reservoir of IBVs. In addition, pigs may serve as a model to study the mechanisms of transmission and pathogenesis of IBVs.
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Assen, Awol M., Stephen W. Walkden-Brown, Mark Stillman, Sheridan Alfirevich, and Priscilla F. Gerber. "Comparison of tracheal and choanal cleft swabs and poultry dust samples for detection of Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus genome in vaccinated meat chicken flocks." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): e0247729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247729.
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This study assessed different methods (tracheal and choanal cleft swabs from individual birds, and poultry dust as a population level measure) to evaluate the shedding kinetics of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genome in meat chicken flocks after spray vaccination at hatchery. Dust samples and tracheal and choanal cleft swabs were collected from four meat chicken flocks at 10, 14, 21 and 31 days post vaccination (dpv) and tested for IBV and NDV genome copies (GC) by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. IBV and NDV GC were detected in all sample types throughout the study period. Detection rates for choanal cleft and tracheal swabs were comparable, with moderate and fair agreement between sample types for IBV (McNemar’s = 0.27, kappa = 0.44) and NDV (McNemar’s = 0.09; kappa = 0.31) GC respectively. There was no significant association for IBV GC in swabs and dust samples (R2 = 0.15, P = 0.13) but NDV detection rates and viral load in swabs were strongly associated with NDV GC in dust samples (R2 = 0.86 and R2 = 0.90, P<0.001). There was no difference in IBV and NDV GC in dust samples collected from different locations within a poultry house. In conclusion, dust samples collected from any location within poultry house show promise for monitoring IBV and NDV GC in meat chickens at a population level and choanal cleft swabs can be used for detection of IBV and NDV GC instead of tracheal swabs in individual birds.
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Stevenson-Leggett, Phoebe, Sarah Keep, and Erica Bickerton. "Treatment with Exogenous Trypsin Expands In Vitro Cellular Tropism of the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus." Viruses 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2020): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12101102.
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The Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a highly contagious and economically important respiratory disease in poultry. In the laboratory, most IBV strains are restricted to replication in ex vivo organ cultures or in ovo and do not replicate in cell culture, making the study of their basic virology difficult. Entry of IBV into cells is facilitated by the large glycoprotein on the surface of the virion, the spike (S) protein, comprised of S1 and S2 subunits. Previous research showed that the S2′ cleavage site is responsible for the extended tropism of the IBV Beaudette strain. This study aims to investigate whether protease treatment can extend the tropism of other IBV strains. Here we demonstrate that the addition of exogenous trypsin during IBV propagation in cell culture results in significantly increased viral titres. Using a panel of IBV strains, exhibiting varied tropisms, the effects of spike cleavage on entry and replication were assessed by serial passage cell culture in the presence of trypsin. Replication could be maintained over serial passages, indicating that the addition of exogenous protease is sufficient to overcome the barrier to infection. Mutations were identified in both S1 and S2 subunits following serial passage in cell culture. This work provides a proof of concept that exogenous proteases can remove the barrier to IBV replication in otherwise non-permissive cells, providing a platform for further study of elusive field strains and enabling sustainable vaccine production in vitro.
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Dove, Brian, David Cavanagh, and Paul Britton. "Presence of an Encephalomyocarditis Virus Internal Ribosome Entry Site Sequence in Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Defective RNAs Abolishes Rescue by Helper Virus." Journal of Virology 78, no. 6 (March 15, 2004): 2711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.6.2711-2721.2004.
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ABSTRACT Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) defective RNAs (D-RNAs) have been used for the expression of heterologous genes in a helper-virus-dependent expression system. The heterologous genes were expressed under the control of an IBV transcription-associated sequence (TAS) derived from gene 5 of IBV Beaudette. However, coronavirus D-RNA expression vectors display an inherent instability following serial passage with helper virus, resulting in the eventual loss of the heterologous genes. The use of the picornavirus encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence to initiate gene translation was investigated as an alternative method to the coronavirus-mediated TAS-controlled heterologous gene expression system. IBV D-RNAs containing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene, under EMCV IRES control, were assessed for IRES-mediated CAT protein translation. CAT protein was detected from T7-derived IBV D-RNA transcripts in a cell-free protein synthesis system and in situ in avian chick kidney (CK) cells following T7-derived D-RNA synthesis from a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the bacteriophage T7 DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. However, CAT protein was not detected in CK cells from IRES-containing IBV D-RNAs, in which the IRES-CAT construct was inserted at two different positions within the D-RNA, in the presence of helper IBV. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the IRES-containing D-RNAs were not rescued on serial passage with helper virus, indicating that the EMCV IRES sequence had a detrimental effect on IBV D-RNA rescue.
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Tan, Wen, Qiu, Yuan, Meng, Sun, Liao, et al. "A Recombinant La Sota Vaccine Strain Expressing Multiple Epitopes of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Protects Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) Chickens against IBV and NDV Challenges." Vaccines 7, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7040170.
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Infectious bronchitis (IB) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two major infectious diseases that are a threat to the domestic poultry industry. In this study, we successfully generated a recombinant LaSota candidate vaccine strain, rNDV-IBV-T/B, which expresses a short, synthetic, previously identified IBV S1 multi-epitope cassette using the reverse genetic system. The recombinant virus was propagated in nine-day-old embryonated chicken eggs for 20 passages and genetic stability was confirmed by whole genome DNA sequencing. The recombinant virus had a hemagglutination (HA) titer of 210, mean death time (MDT) of 118 hours, and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) of 0.05. None of these were significantly different from the parental Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota strain (p > 0.05). Vaccination of white leghorn chickens at one day of age with 106 EID50 rNDV-IBV-T/B provided 90% protection against virulent IBV M41 challenge at three weeks of age, which was significantly higher than the protection of the control group vaccinated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (p < 0.05). The ciliostasis scores of rNDV-IBV-T/B-vaccinated and LaSota-vaccinated groups were 4.2 and 37.6, respectively, which indicated that rNDV-IBV-T/B vaccination reduced the pathogenicity of IBV toward the trachea. Furthermore, real-time RT-PCR assay showed that the rNDV-IBV-T/B vaccination resulted in low levels of viral load (647.80 ± 49.65 RNA copies) in the trachea four days post-challenge, which is significantly lower than groups vaccinated with PBS (8591.25 ± 311.10 RNA copies) or LaSota (7742.60 ± 298.50 RNA copies) (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the same dose of rNDV-IBV-T/B vaccination provided complete protection against velogenic NDV F48E9 challenge. These results demonstrate that the rNDV-IBV-T/B strain is a promising vaccine candidate to control both IB and ND simultaneously. Furthermore, epitope-based live vector vaccines provide an alternative strategy for the development of cost-effective and, broadly, cross-protective vaccines.
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Ababneh, Mustafa, Ola Ababneh, and Mohammad Borhan Al-Zghoul. "High-resolution melting curve analysis for infectious bronchitis virus strain differentiation." Veterinary World 13, no. 3 (2020): 400–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.400-406.
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Background and Aim: Belonging to the Coronaviridae family, avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes respiratory, reproductive, and renal diseases in poultry. Preventative measures lie mainly in vaccination, while the gold standard for IBV classification and differentiation is based on the sequence analysis of the spike 1 (S1) gene. In this study, we tested a new assay for IBV strain classification that is less expensive and requires reduced time and effort to perform. We carried out a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction followed by high-resolution melting (qRT-PCR/HRM) curve analysis. Materials and Methods: In this study, qRT-PCR was conducted on a partial fragment S1 gene followed by a high resolution melting curve analysis (qRT-PCR/HRM) on 23 IBV-positive samples in Jordan. For this assay, we utilized the most common IBV vaccine strains (Mass and 4/91) as a reference in the HRM assay. To evaluate the discrimination power of the qRT-PCR/ HRM, we did the sequencing of the partial S1 gene. Results: It was shown that HRM was able to classify IBV samples into four clusters based on the degree of similarity between their melting points: The first cluster exhibited the highest similarity to the 4/91 strain, while the second was similar to the Mass-related IBV strain. Although the third cluster contained the highest number of samples, it displayed no similarity to any of the reference vaccine strains, and, after comparing them with the sequencing results, we found that the samples in the third cluster were similar to the variant II-like (IS-1494-06) IBV field strain. Finally, the fourth cluster comprised one unique sample that was found to belong to the Q1 IBV strain. Conclusion: Our developed qRT-PCR/HRM curve analysis was able to detect and rapidly identify novel and vaccine-related IBV strains as confirmed by S1 gene nucleotide sequences, making it a rapid and cost-effective tool.
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Zuo, Lei, Wenjun Yan, Zhou Song, Hao Li, Xin Xie, Kui Gu, Peng Ma, et al. "Design and Characterization of a DNA Vaccine Based on Spike with Consensus Nucleotide Sequence against Infectious Bronchitis Virus." Vaccines 9, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010050.
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Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry, but its control is hampered by the continuous emergence of new genotypes and the lack of cross-protection among different IBV genotypes. We designed a new immunogen based on a spike with the consensus nucleotide sequence (S_con) that may overcome the extraordinary genetic diversity of IBV. S_con was cloned into a pVAX1 vector to form a new IBV DNA vaccine, pV-S_con. pV-S_con could be correctly expressed in HD11 cells with corresponding post-translational modification, and induced a neutralizing antibody response to the Vero-cell-adapted IBV strain Beaudette (p65) in mice. To further evaluate its immunogenicity, specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were immunized with the pV-S_con plasmid and compared with the control pVAX1 vector and the H120 vaccine. Detection of IBV-specific antibodies and cell cytokines (IL-4 and IFN-γ) indicated that vaccination with pV-S_con efficiently induced both humoral and cellular immune responses. After challenge with the heterologous strain M41, virus shedding and virus loading in tissues was significantly reduced both by pV-S_con and its homologous vaccine H120. Thus, pV-S_con is a promising vaccine candidate for IBV, and the consensus approach is an appealing method for vaccine design in viruses with high variability.
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Kiss, István, Tamás Mató, Zalán G. Homonnay, Judit Kojer, Attila Farsang, Ádám Bálint, and Vilmos Palya. "Survey indicates circulation of 4/91 and QX-type infectious bronchitis viruses in Hungary in 2014 — Short communication." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 63, no. 3 (September 2015): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2015.036.
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Understanding the epidemiology and improving vaccinal protection against the highly variable chicken infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) requires the knowledge of circulating IBV serotypes/genotypes in defined geographic areas. Accordingly, the authors initiated a survey among the major poultry producers in Hungary in order to reveal the prevailing IBV serotypes in the country. Tracheal swabs and organ samples (caecal tonsils, kidneys, and trachea) were collected from broiler, layer, and meat-type breeder flocks, and were subjected to IBV detection by virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The IBV-positive samples were further characterised by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of a portion of the S1 IBV gene. Seventeen out of the 26 submitted samples proved to be positive for IBV. Sequence analyses revealed ten 4/91 and six QX serotypes, and a single D274 type IB virus. One sample contained a mixture of QX and Massachusetts serotype viruses. Presumably most of the 4/91 and D274 type viruses were vaccine strains. The proportion of QX type viruses and their observed variation are in good agreement with the situation in a few other European countries. The detected viruses clustered largely according to their geographic origin, with a few exceptions. If updated regularly, the preliminary ‘virus map’ will be useful for the adjustment of vaccination protocols.