Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'IB. Content analysis (A and I, class.)'

ABSTRACT The research deals with the photographic image in its exclusively documental aspect. However, in order to do that, it comments some photography’s technical and conceptual issues. This approach encompasses activities that are inserted in the practical aspect of Science Information, and it includes the DAM process of digital image organization. The main aspect considered in the research is the thematization of photographic image which is responsible, in the first place, for the determination of thematic discourses and for the delimitation and direction of these discourses due to characteristics of image banks where the photos will be stored and, secondly, for the gathering of totally different photos but that have some sort of discourse that they might have in common. As it deals with thematizing a kind of image (the photographic one) offers a general view in itself, showing its importance as a mean of interaction between men and the world and its meanings as communication of ideas, knowledge and doctrines, from pre history to these days. It also briefly shows the image thematization process indicating how men used to delimit and direct the imaging discourses according to their conveniences and political and/or religious interests. It shows some basic topics that guide the research such as a very brief photography history and concepts of: reference, photographic reality, polysemy, photographic denotation, Dubois´ (2007), DE´s, SOBRE´s and Shatford´s (1994) theories and so on. It presents the concept of photographic thematization and indicates the reason of thematizing photographies. It compares thematization to index showing that thematization is a technique prior to index in the organization process of photographic image. It shows that thematization is influenced by many factors such as photography’s technical and visual qualities (based on Gestalt’s form principles), possible functions that photography might have, cognition and analysts´ and users´ mental image and, mainly, image bank characteristics. It presents a practical exercise with 22 photographies that go through a whole thematization process, including descriptive analysis (based on the so called information points), interpretative analysis and the determination, delimitation and direction of thematic discourses. The last chapter weaves some final considerations demonstrating the results reached by the research.

How to motivate students effectively is a question teachers have asked for thousands ofyears. In my teaching program at Malmö University, a variety of teaching methods andapproaches, that also increase motivation, have come into focus. These include:teaching at the right level, using a variety of teaching methods, seeing every student,being enthusiastic about the material, using formative evaluation, connecting lessons tostudents’ everyday life, and adapting classes to students’ interests. The aim of this studyis to find out how secondary students in a social science program perceive teachingmethods and approaches aimed at increasing motivation, and determine which methodsthey perceive as most/least effective. The study used both qualitative and quantitativemethods. 23 upper-secondary students from a class at a school in southern Swedenwere interviewed in four focus groups, where participants were purposefully sampled.10 of these students were also asked to complete a questionnaire ranking the teachingmethods and approaches on a scale of 1-7 (where 1 was most effective at increasingmotivation and 7 least effective), and the mean values of these scores were used in theanalysis. A phenomenological approach and content analysis were used to code andanalyze the data. Students perceived all of the motivational methods to be effective, themost effective being teaching lessons at the right level, followed by using a variety ofteaching methods, with mean values of 1.9 and 3.2, respectively. Adapting lessons tostudents’ interests and connecting them to everyday life were the least effective, withmean values of 5.6 and 5.7, respectively. The categories of teachers having a positiveattitude towards the material and the students, and seeing every student, had the samemean value, 3.8, while formative evaluation had a mean value of 3.9. When trying tomotivate students, it would thus appear more effective to make sure that lessons aretaught at the right level and that teachers vary the lessons, than to adapt lessons tostudents’ interests or connect the material to everyday life. While this was a small studyand the findings cannot be generalized to school populations, they are of high interestfor the researcher.

Denna uppsats belyser några av förskoleklassens läromedel i matematikämnet. Vi har undersökt specifikt i vilken utsträckning leken tar plats i läromedel, samt vilket stöd läraren får att genomföra lek som kan bidra till elevernas begrepps och/eller resonemangsförmåga. Förskoleklassen har nyligen blivit obligatorisk och ska fungera som en bro mellan förskolan och skolan. Den förväntas ta över förskolans lekpedagogik samtidigt som den ska introducera skolans rutiner och undervisningsmetoder. Vi har använt innehållsanalys som metod för att undersöka läromedel både kvantitativt och kvalitativt. Studiens resultat visar att lek som bidrar till elevernas begrepps- och/eller resonemangsförmåga finns i lärarhandledningar. Det finns även olika typer av stöd för läraren att genomföra lekbaserad undervisning som bidrar till elevernas begrepps- och/eller resonemangsförmåga. Det kan bidra till att eleverna utvecklar och befäster sina kunskaper om matematiska begrepp och/eller resonemang via leken. Studien visar också att lek i läromedlets elevböcker i stort sett saknas. Vilket kan innebära att eleverna går miste om lek i matematikundervisningen om läraren väljer att endast använda elevboken.
This master thesis focuses on mathematics textbooks for preschool class. We have studied to what extent play is found in the textbooks and what kind of the support for implementation is offered to the teacher. We have focused on play which can contribute to the pupils’ concept and/or reasoning ability.  Preschool class is now a compulsory school form. Preschool class is a class between preschool and primary school and is expected to function as a bridge between these two. There are many expectations for preschool class: implementing preschool pedagogy while introducing the primary school’s routines and teaching methods. We have used content analysis as a method in this study. The method has been used in both a quantitative and a qualitative way.  The results show that teacher guides offer play contributing to conceptual and/or reasoning. The results also show that the teacher gets support for implementing such play in the classroom. This offers opportunities for pupils to consolidate and develop their knowledge of mathematical concepts as well as their reasoning. Further, the study shows that play in the pupils’ textbook largely is lacking. If the teacher chooses to only use the pupil’s textbooks, the consequence can be that the pupils are missing out on play in mathematical education.

This work explores the multidimensional, ambiguous and temporal characteristics of tonality. The approach relies on interfacing pitch-spaces with time vs. time-scale descriptions. In this combined representation, the spatial and temporal hierarchies of tonality are evidenced simultaneously and in relation to each other. A visual exploration method is proposed for the analysis of tonal context in music works, using a simple model of tonal induction. The method is extended for the analysis of music based on tonal systems beyond the major-minor paradigm. Two perceptual studies are approached from this descriptive framework. The first study evidences the impact of time-scale in a simple mode of tonal induction, and analyses the mathematical artefacts introduced by evaluations in scaled spaces. In the second study, a model of contextual instability is proposed and discussed in relation to the modelling of tonal tension. The analysis and representation methods are then generalised, through a set-class theoretical domain.
Esta tesis analiza la naturaleza ambigua, multidimensional y temporal de la tonalidad. El método propuesto parte de la conexión entre espacios tonales y descripciones en tiempo y escala temporal. Esta representación conjunta pone de manifiesto la relación entre las jerarquías espaciales y temporales de la tonalidad. Utilizando un modelo simple de inducción tonal, se propone un método de exploración visual del contexto tonal en obras musicales. Dos estudios perceptuales son abordados desde el entorno descriptivo propuesto. En el primer estudio, se pone en evidencia el impacto de la escala temporal como parámetro de un modelo simple de inducción tonal, y se analizan los artificios matemáticos introducidos por evaluaciones en espacios escalados dimensionalmente. En el segundo estudio se propone un modelo de inestabilidad contextual, y se analiza en relación al modelado de la tensión tonal. El método de análisis se generaliza, a través de una categorización contextual en set-classes.

Syftet med studien är att få en inblick i hur matematiska läroböcker, riktade till förskoleklass, kan bidra till utvecklingen av en problemlösningskompetens. Detta gjordes genom att undersöka omfattningen och placeringen av problemlösningsuppgifter i läroböcker riktade till förskoleklass. Med hjälp av ett tidigare beprövat ramverk kunde vi kategorisera uppgifter från sex olika läroböcker genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att problemlösningsuppgifter var underrepresenterade i alla läroböckerna och att högst procent problemlösningsuppgifter var placerade som en första deluppgift och minst procent som avslutande uppgifter. Vid de tillfällen där läroböckerna explicit markerat att det handlade om problemlösning var majoriteten av uppgifterna problemlösningsuppgifter. Samtliga läroböcker ansågs innehålla för låg andel problemlösningsuppgifter för att i tillräcklig mån kunna bidra till utvecklandet av en problemlösningskompetens. Placeringen av problemlösningsuppgifterna i läroböckerna var generellt positiv för att kunna bidra till ökat problemlösningskompetens. Att problemlösningsuppgifter dominerar där det beskrivs handla om problemlösning anses vara positivt, dock återfanns ändå 29,5% andra uppgifter, vilket kan skapa en skev bild av vad problemlösning är.
The purpose of the study is to gain an insight into how mathematical textbooks, aimed for preschool class, can contribute to development of a problem-solving competence. This was done by examining the extent and location of problem-solving tasks in textbooks aimed for preschool class. Using a previously proven framework, we were able to categorize data from six different textbooks through a quantitative content analysis. The results showed that problem-solving tasks were underrepresented in all textbooks and that the highest percentage of problem-solving tasks was placed as a first sub-task and the lowest percentage as concluding tasks. At the times when the textbooks explicitly stated that it was a problem-solving task, the majority of the tasks were problem-solving tasks. All textbooks were considered to include too low a share of problem-solving tasks, for it to be able to contribute to the development of a problem-solving competence. The placement of the problem-solving tasks in the textbooks was generally positive, in the meaning that it enabled them to contribute to increased problem-solving competence. Problem-solving dominates where it is described to be a problem-solving task which is considered positive, however, 29.5% other tasks were still found, and that can create a skew picture of what problem-solving is.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência Política
A dissertação tem como objeto de estudo a autodeterminação da classe política madeirense reivindicada durante os discursos proferidos nas sessões legislativas regionais, entre 2010-2017. A escolha deve-se ao facto de apesar a ligação entre o discurso da autodeterminação e a formação de novos Estados ser constante ao longo dos tempos, o seu estudo encontra-se pouco representado na literatura. Deste modo, o objetivo é identificar e explanar a posição e intenção da autodeterminação da classe política madeirense proferida durante os discursos parlamentares regionais durante e pós crise económico-financeira. A questão nuclear que norteia a investigação é: Com que intenção usou a classe política madeirense o discurso de autodeterminação durante os anos da Troika em Portugal? Para tal socorri à metodologia qualitativa e quantitativa, mais concretamente o método da análise de conteúdo e ao software MAXQDA. O principal outcome é o de que a classe política da RAM profere um discurso como símbolo de poder e como uma ferramenta de contestação contra o poder do Governo Central e que com o objetivo de obter financiamentos, através do discurso, ergue um movimento de autodeterminação acentuada e persuasivamente durante o período de crise financeira, acrescendo na era da Troika, enquanto que a partir do período pós-Troika as reivindicações tornam-se menos frequentes e menos agudas
The aim of this study was to explore the self-determination claims of the political class in Madeira during the speeches delivered in the regional legislative sessions between 2010-2017. This choice comes from the fact that, despite the link between the selfdetermination speech and the formation of new States being constant throughout the years, the study is not represented enough in literature. In this sense, the intent is to identify and explain the self-determination claimed by Madeira’s political class at the regional legislative sessions during and after the financial crisis. The nuclear question that guides this investigation is: What was the intention of the Madeira’s political class in using a self-determination speech through all of the troika years in Portugal? For this, I used a qualitative and quantitative methodology, more specifically the method of content analysis and the software MAXQDA. The main result is that the political class produces speeches as a symbol of power and as a tool of contesting against the power of the Central government. So, to get funding, through the speeches, a movement of strong and persuasive self-determination was upraised during the period of financial crisis, increasing in the era of the Troika, while from the PostTroika period the claims become less frequent and less critical
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L’atròfia geogràfica (AG) és la variant avançada de la degeneració macular associada a l’edat seca i es caracteritza per la presència d’àrees d’atròfia de l’epiteli pigmentari de la retina (EPR) que creixen progressivament, amb pèrdua secundària dels fotorreceptors i la coriocapilar adjacents. Actualment és una condició sense tractament. L’acumulació de lipofuscina a l’EPR, visualitzable clínicament mitjançant l’autofluorescència del fons d’ull (AFU) com a zones d’elevada autofluorescència, ha estat vinculada a la progressió de l’AG en alguns estudis. De fet, s’han descrit certs patrons (“fenotips”) en l’AFU basats en la distribució d’hiperautofluorescència que s’han associat amb taxes específiques de progressió de la malaltia. En aquesta Tesi hem fet un estudi clínic prospectiu per simplificar la complexa classificació dels patrons d’AFU i avaluar el paper de la hiperautofluorescència, un biomarcador de la lipofuscina, en la progressió de l’AG.
Geographic atrophy (GA) is the advanced form of dry age-related macular degeneration. It is characterized by large areas of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy that grow progressively, with concomitant loss of photoreceptors and choriocapillaris. Currently, there is no treatment for this disorder. Lipofuscin build-up within the RPE, which is identifiable by fundus autofluorescence (FAF) as areas of increased autofluorescence, has been linked to GA progression in some studies. Actually, the distribution of hyperautofluorescence on FAF identified some patterns (“phenotypes”), which have been associated with specific rates of disease growth. We conducted a prospective clinical study to simplify the complex classification of FAF patterns and to determine the role of increased FAF, a biomarker of lipofuscin, in the progression of GA.

Research has shown that there are gaps in knowledge between newly hired and experienced professionals and that some of these gaps are related to concepts, such as the concepts of object orientation. This problem, and the fact that most computer science majors want to work in the software industry, leads to questions regarding why these gaps exist and how students can be better prepared for their future careers. Against this background, this thesis addresses two theme-based perspectives that focus on students' views of concepts in Computer Science. The first theme-based perspective investigated the existence of potential Threshold Concepts in Computer Science. Such concepts should be troublesome, transformative, irreversible, and integrative. Qualitative methods have been mainly used and empirical data have been collected through semi-structured interviews, concept maps, and written stories. The results identified two Threshold Concepts, suggested several more, and then described the ways in which these concepts have transformed students. The second theme-based perspective took a phenomenographic approach to find the variation in how students understand concepts related to the software profession. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews. In one study the interviews were held in connection with role-playing where students took on the role of a newly hired programmer. The results show a variety of ways to experience the addressed phenomena in the student collective, ranging from superficial views that often have a practical nature to more sophisticated understandings that reflect a holistic approach, including a professional point of view. Educators can use the results to emphasize concepts that are important from students' perspectives. The phenomenographic outcome spaces can help teachers to reflect upon their own ways of seeing contrasted with student conceptions. I have indicated how variation theory can be applied to open more sophisticated ways of seeing, which in this context stresses the professional aspects to help students prepare for becoming professional software developers.

La presente Tesis Doctoral se encuadra dentro la línea de investigación del lenguaje mediante los métodos basados en corpus, es decir, mediante análisis computacional y cuantitativo. El esencial objetivo ha sido llevar a cabo una comparación y análisis cuantitativo estructural y del léxico de dos textos específicos del género dramático: la cuarta edición en el infolio de Hamlet (1685) de Shakespeare, y la traducción al inglés de Gamlet (1787) [1748], del dramaturgo ruso Aleksandr Sumarokov, traducida del ruso por Richard Fortune en 1970. El análisis, comparación e interpretación de los resultados de los patrones estructurales y temáticos se ha dispuesto por actos, tanto en aquello que se refiere a la intra-obra (en Hamlet y Gamlet, separado), como inter-obras (entre Hamlet y Gamlet) a lo largo de los Capítulos 3º, 4º, 5º y 6º. Para desvelar los propósitos reales de Shakespeare y Sumarokov, especialmente en lo referido a las configuraciones sociales y organizativas estructurales de Hamlet y Gamlet, se utilizaron diversas aplicaciones informáticas e estadísticas. Para ello se administró el análisis cuantitativo de la distribución de los patrones de la presencia, intervención e interacción de todos los personajes, tanto los principales, como los secundarios. Para analizar y comparar las alteraciones temáticas, es decir, las diferencias cualitativas, no simplemente cuantitativas, con respecto a la conceptualización sociopolítica, religiosa, moral, familiar, filosófica y artística, entre Shakespeare y Sumarokov, se aplicaron los métodos cuantitativos y analíticos basados en la lingüística del corpus. A tal fin, se implantó la investigación de los patrones de distribución de las palabras de contenido (open-class ítems), es decir, las palabras con significado léxico, tales como sustantivos, verbos, adjetivos y adverbios, más frecuentes entre ambas obras. Los principales resultados obtenidos revelan importantes disimilitudes entre las estructuras de las obras por actos, es decir, percepciones marcadamente distintas de todos los personajes, de su relevancia en las obras y de complejidad de las relaciones sociales entre ellos. Los resultados de los patrones temáticos señalan las divergencias significativas en los contenidos básicos de ambos textos en relación con los temas más prominentes. Así pues, los resultados confirman diferencias sustanciales en los patrones estructurales y temáticos entre versión original de Hamlet y Gamlet. Resumen:
The main area of research of this PhD dissertation is the study of language by means of corpus-based techniques -in other words, by means of a computational and quantitative analysis. The aim was to carry out quantitative and qualitative structural and lexical analysis and comparison of two specific texts in the genre of drama -The Fourth Folio Edition of The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark (1685) by Shakespeare and the English translation of Gamlet (1787) [1748] by the Russian playwright Sumarokov, translated from Russian by Richard Fortune in 1970. The analysis, comparison and interpretation of data related to the structural and thematic patterns were carried out per act: intra-play (in each play, separately) and inter-plays (between Hamlet and Gamlet). Accordingly, various computational tools were applied to reveal the differences in the social and organisational structures of the plays through quantitative and qualitative analysis of the distribution patterns of the presence, intervention and interaction variables of all the characters, both main and secondary. Quantitative and analytical corpus-based methodologies were used to analyse and compare thematic alterations between the two plays -in other words, the (dis)similarities in the authors' religious, socio-political, family, moral, philosophical and artistic conceptions- identified on the basis of the most frequent content words (open-class items), particularly nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. The key findings indicate important differences between the structures of the plays per acts, that is, significant divergences in the authors' perceptions of the characters and the complexity of their relationships. Another essential finding suggests obvious distinctions between both texts' basic contents per act: intra-play and inter-plays. In general, the findings uncover wide-ranging dissimilarities in the structural and thematic patterns in Hamlet versus Gamlet.

La quinta generación de redes móviles (5G) se encuentra a la vuelta de la esquina. Se espera provea de beneficios extraordinarios a la población y que resuelva la mayoría de los problemas de las redes 4G actuales. El éxito de 5G, cuya primera fase de estandarización ha sido completada, depende de tres pilares: comunicaciones tipo-máquina masivas, banda ancha móvil mejorada y comunicaciones ultra fiables y de baja latencia (mMTC, eMBB y URLLC, respectivamente). En esta tesis nos enfocamos en el primer pilar de 5G, mMTC, pero también proveemos una solución para lograr eMBB en escenarios de distribución masiva de contenidos. Específicamente, las principales contribuciones son en las áreas de: 1) soporte eficiente de mMTC en redes celulares; 2) acceso aleatorio para el reporte de eventos en redes inalámbricas de sensores (WSNs); y 3) cooperación para la distribución masiva de contenidos en redes celulares. En el apartado de mMTC en redes celulares, esta tesis provee un análisis profundo del desempeño del procedimiento de acceso aleatorio, que es la forma mediante la cual los dispositivos móviles acceden a la red. Estos análisis fueron inicialmente llevados a cabo por simulaciones y, posteriormente, por medio de un modelo analítico. Ambos modelos fueron desarrollados específicamente para este propósito e incluyen uno de los esquemas de control de acceso más prometedores: access class barring (ACB). Nuestro modelo es uno de los más precisos que se pueden encontrar en la literatura y el único que incorpora el esquema de ACB. Los resultados obtenidos por medio de este modelo y por simulación son claros: los accesos altamente sincronizados que ocurren en aplicaciones de mMTC pueden causar congestión severa en el canal de acceso. Por otro lado, también son claros en que esta congestión se puede prevenir con una adecuada configuración del ACB. Sin embargo, los parámetros de configuración del ACB deben ser continuamente adaptados a la intensidad de accesos para poder obtener un desempeño óptimo. En la tesis se propone una solución práctica a este problema en la forma de un esquema de configuración automática para el ACB; lo llamamos ACBC. Los resultados muestran que nuestro esquema puede lograr un desempeño muy cercano al óptimo sin importar la intensidad de los accesos. Asimismo, puede ser directamente implementado en redes celulares para soportar el tráfico mMTC, ya que ha sido diseñado teniendo en cuenta los estándares del 3GPP. Además de los análisis descritos anteriormente para redes celulares, se realiza un análisis general para aplicaciones de contadores inteligentes. Es decir, estudiamos un escenario de mMTC desde la perspectiva de las WSNs. Específicamente, desarrollamos un modelo híbrido para el análisis de desempeño y la optimización de protocolos de WSNs de acceso aleatorio y basados en cluster. Los resultados muestran la utilidad de escuchar el medio inalámbrico para minimizar el número de transmisiones y también de modificar las probabilidades de transmisión después de una colisión. En lo que respecta a eMBB, nos enfocamos en un escenario de distribución masiva de contenidos, en el que un mismo contenido es enviado de forma simultánea a un gran número de usuarios móviles. Este escenario es problemático, ya que las estaciones base de la red celular no cuentan con mecanismos eficientes de multicast o broadcast. Por lo tanto, la solución que se adopta comúnmente es la de replicar e contenido para cada uno de los usuarios que lo soliciten; está claro que esto es altamente ineficiente. Para resolver este problema, proponemos el uso de esquemas de network coding y de arquitecturas cooperativas llamadas nubes móviles. En concreto, desarrollamos un protocolo para la distribución masiva de contenidos, junto con un modelo analítico para su optimización. Los resultados demuestran que el modelo propuesto es simple y preciso, y que el protocolo puede reducir el con
La cinquena generació de xarxes mòbils (5G) es troba molt a la vora. S'espera que proveïsca de beneficis extraordinaris a la població i que resolga la majoria dels problemes de les xarxes 4G actuals. L'èxit de 5G, per a la qual ja ha sigut completada la primera fase del qual d'estandardització, depén de tres pilars: comunicacions tipus-màquina massives, banda ampla mòbil millorada, i comunicacions ultra fiables i de baixa latència (mMTC, eMBB i URLLC, respectivament, per les seues sigles en anglés). En aquesta tesi ens enfoquem en el primer pilar de 5G, mMTC, però també proveïm una solució per a aconseguir eMBB en escenaris de distribució massiva de continguts. Específicament, les principals contribucions són en les àrees de: 1) suport eficient de mMTC en xarxes cel·lulars; 2) accés aleatori per al report d'esdeveniments en xarxes sense fils de sensors (WSNs); i 3) cooperació per a la distribució massiva de continguts en xarxes cel·lulars. En l'apartat de mMTC en xarxes cel·lulars, aquesta tesi realitza una anàlisi profunda de l'acompliment del procediment d'accés aleatori, que és la forma mitjançant la qual els dispositius mòbils accedeixen a la xarxa. Aquestes anàlisis van ser inicialment dutes per mitjà de simulacions i, posteriorment, per mitjà d'un model analític. Els models van ser desenvolupats específicament per a aquest propòsit i inclouen un dels esquemes de control d'accés més prometedors: el access class barring (ACB). El nostre model és un dels més precisos que es poden trobar i l'únic que incorpora l'esquema d'ACB. Els resultats obtinguts per mitjà d'aquest model i per simulació són clars: els accessos altament sincronitzats que ocorren en aplicacions de mMTC poden causar congestió severa en el canal d'accés. D'altra banda, també són clars en què aquesta congestió es pot previndre amb una adequada configuració de l'ACB. No obstant això, els paràmetres de configuració de l'ACB han de ser contínuament adaptats a la intensitat d'accessos per a poder obtindre unes prestacions òptimes. En la tesi es proposa una solució pràctica a aquest problema en la forma d'un esquema de configuració automàtica per a l'ACB; l'anomenem ACBC. Els resultats mostren que el nostre esquema pot aconseguir un acompliment molt proper a l'òptim sense importar la intensitat dels accessos. Així mateix, pot ser directament implementat en xarxes cel·lulars per a suportar el trànsit mMTC, ja que ha sigut dissenyat tenint en compte els estàndards del 3GPP. A més de les anàlisis descrites anteriorment per a xarxes cel·lulars, es realitza una anàlisi general per a aplicacions de comptadors intel·ligents. És a dir, estudiem un escenari de mMTC des de la perspectiva de les WSNs. Específicament, desenvolupem un model híbrid per a l'anàlisi de prestacions i l'optimització de protocols de WSNs d'accés aleatori i basats en clúster. Els resultats mostren la utilitat d'escoltar el mitjà sense fil per a minimitzar el nombre de transmissions i també de modificar les probabilitats de transmissió després d'una col·lisió. Pel que fa a eMBB, ens enfoquem en un escenari de distribució massiva de continguts, en el qual un mateix contingut és enviat de forma simultània a un gran nombre d'usuaris mòbils. Aquest escenari és problemàtic, ja que les estacions base de la xarxa cel·lular no compten amb mecanismes eficients de multicast o broadcast. Per tant, la solució que s'adopta comunament és la de replicar el contingut per a cadascun dels usuaris que ho sol·liciten; és clar que això és altament ineficient. Per a resoldre aquest problema, proposem l'ús d'esquemes de network coding i d'arquitectures cooperatives anomenades núvols mòbils. En concret, desenvolupem un protocol per a realitzar la distribució massiva de continguts de forma eficient, juntament amb un model analític per a la seua optimització. Els resultats demostren que el model proposat és simple i precís
The 5th generation (5G) of mobile networks is just around the corner. It is expected to bring extraordinary benefits to the population and to solve the majority of the problems of current 4th generation (4G) systems. The success of 5G, whose first phase of standardization has concluded, relies in three pillars that correspond to its main use cases: massive machine-type communication (mMTC), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC). This thesis mainly focuses on the first pillar of 5G: mMTC, but also provides a solution for the eMBB in massive content delivery scenarios. Specifically, its main contributions are in the areas of: 1) efficient support of mMTC in cellular networks; 2) random access (RA) event-reporting in wireless sensor networks (WSNs); and 3) cooperative massive content delivery in cellular networks. Regarding mMTC in cellular networks, this thesis provides a thorough performance analysis of the RA procedure (RAP), used by the mobile devices to switch from idle to connected mode. These analyses were first conducted by simulation and then by an analytical model; both of these were developed with this specific purpose and include one of the most promising access control schemes: the access class barring (ACB). To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the most accurate analytical models reported in the literature and the only one that incorporates the ACB scheme. Our results clearly show that the highly-synchronized accesses that occur in mMTC applications can lead to severe congestion. On the other hand, it is also clear that congestion can be prevented with an adequate configuration of the ACB scheme. However, the configuration parameters of the ACB scheme must be continuously adapted to the intensity of access attempts if an optimal performance is to be obtained. We developed a practical solution to this problem in the form of a scheme to automatically configure the ACB; we call it access class barring configuration (ACBC) scheme. The results show that our ACBC scheme leads to a near-optimal performance regardless of the intensity of access attempts. Furthermore, it can be directly implemented in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) cellular systems to efficiently handle mMTC because it has been designed to comply with the 3GPP standards. In addition to the analyses described above for cellular networks, a general analysis for smart metering applications is performed. That is, we study an mMTC scenario from the perspective of event detection and reporting WSNs. Specifically, we provide a hybrid model for the performance analysis and optimization of cluster-based RA WSN protocols. Results showcase the utility of overhearing to minimize the number of packet transmissions, but also of the adaptation of transmission parameters after a collision occurs. Building on this, we are able to provide some guidelines that can drastically increase the performance of a wide range of RA protocols and systems in event reporting applications. Regarding eMBB, we focus on a massive content delivery scenario in which the exact same content is transmitted to a large number of mobile users simultaneously. Such a scenario may arise, for example, with video streaming services that offer a particularly popular content. This is a problematic scenario because cellular base stations have no efficient multicast or broadcast mechanisms. Hence, the traditional solution is to replicate the content for each requesting user, which is highly inefficient. To solve this problem, we propose the use of network coding (NC) schemes in combination with cooperative architectures named mobile clouds (MCs). Specifically, we develop a protocol for efficient massive content delivery, along with the analytical model for its optimization. Results show the proposed model is simple and accurate, and the protocol can lead to energy savings of up to 37 percent when compared to the traditional approach.
Leyva Mayorga, I. (2018). On reliable and energy efficient massive wireless communications: the road to 5G [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/115484
TESIS

The main objective of this research is to analyze folksonomies used in the social web to describe digital objects in order to propose best practices for your implementation in academic libraries. Documentary research was conducted to study the literature relating to folksonomies and social tagging. We identified the advantages and disadvantages of implementing the social tagging, and with special attention to the persistent question: can folksonomies be used to create quality descriptive metadata, and if so, do we need to teach users to be better taggers. We analyzed the various proposals that have been generated up to 2010. We looked at best practices of social tagging as well as the guidelines for the development of terminology and the analysis and identification of contents. Considering the above points we combine these threads and recommend a best practice for tagging in academic libraries. We confirmed two suspicions in this research. (1) Folksonomies and unstructured metadata are very useful for accidental discoveries (serendipity) and (2) subject headings like metadata structured for location in indexes, both have strengths and weaknesses which, combined, can provide the best thematic access to the collections of libraries. We also found that folksonomies are an effective way to distribute the effort to generate metadata and feedback can improve the connections between catalogers-indexers and users.

Investigate the production of dissertations generated in the Post-Graduation in Information Science at PUC-Campinas seeking to identify behavioral characteristics of quote of their authors, intending to expand the universe of studies about the issertations in the area. This is a bibliometric study where had been analyzed the references presented in 37 theses approved during the period 2007 to 2009, and observed the following elements: the total number of documents cited, the sources of information used, type of ownership and age of scientific articles, the language of the documents and the use of translation. The found results were compared with the results found by Rodrigues (1982); Campello et al. (2007) and Noronha et al. (2008). The significance of the variations found was determined from the chi-square test, and the main found results demonstrate a significant increase in the number of documents cited probably due to increased production in the area and easy access offered by new information technologies; low use of primary sources of information especially for theses and dissertations and papers presented at scientific events and the prevalence in the use of books, significantly greater presence of individual authorship indicating a possible lack of relationship between researchers in the area hindering the strengthening of concepts that underpin area, age above 15 years for articles in English which may indicate lag compared to international scientific frontier; negligible difference between the number of articles in English and the number of articles translated from English which means there is preference of the authors to use of translations that lack of mastery of the language as suggested in previous works.

The Regensburger Verbundklassifikation (RVK) is an established classification scheme for academic libraries and includes index terms for finding classification marks of the RVK. The RVK index terms have been linked to the Integrated Authority File (GND) since 2016. As a result, new opportunities to use the index terms for library catalogue searches have opened up – especially within the context of “explorative searches” as an application possibility for further searches. As these opportunities are barely used yet, the present thesis examines if and to what extent index terms of the RVK are qualified for an integration into library catalogue search. In doing so the following aspects are addressed: To what extent can the index terms of the RVK be utilized for further catalogue searches? Are there parts of the RVK, certain types or the like, which are not or especially qualified for an integration? How to deal with classification marks with more than one index term? The results of the present thesis are based on a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of classification mark samples from selected sections of the RVK. Therefore, title data records, that hold index terms of classification marks as subject headings, are retrieved by use of search requests in the WinIBW. Besides an analysis of the hit rate, the quality of the achieved results is evaluated based on a specially developed scale. The scale shows the extent to which a retrieved title data record corresponds or fits to a classification mark of the RVK (“level of correspondency”). The examined classification marks and their index terms are pooled in three general categories: definitely qualified, definitely not qualified and a major part of cases, that can reasonably only be integrated in catalogue searches under wide preliminary work.

The subject matter of this paper is the subject heading cataloguing of resources by librarians, authors and users. The first part contains the subject cataloguing by librarians with its significant characters. Main part of this paper represents a random analysis of subject heading cataloguing by authors of academically publications. This is an analysis of both characteristics and problems of authors' subject heading cataloguing. Following there is an overview about tagging by users.

This interdisciplinary research describes the theoretical and methodological foundations of content analysis of pictorial portraits, considering them as artistic texts whose visual and iconic discourse -with its properties, attributes, relationships, reference levels and representation systems- can be analyzed and verbalized through documentary representations in information systems. It proposes a theoretical model of content analysis that identifies and analyzes the production, use and reception contexts of the pictorial portraits. Later on it develops an applied methodology, specifically documentary that allows, the writing of summaries and controlled describers as the systematizing of the required sources of information. Finally it formulates an algorithm of analysis that works as standardized procedure and methodological norm. This algorithm systematizes the subject analysis and the documentary representation and sequences the levels of the later retrieval. It is a normalized format that structures the information in areas and later on in fields, each one of them picks up, as inventory, the relationships and the attributes. The theoretical pattern and the analysis methodology have been applied on a representative sample of 80 portraits painted by F. de Goya, between 1783 and 1828.

Based on bibliography analysis, we discussed about the photograph as a document and the relationship between it, memory and the identity. We mined eleven works (theoretical and experiences reports) that discuss about photograph’s description and, based on works of Kossoy (1989), Smit (1989, 1996 and 2011) and Padilha e Café (2014), we propound a model of representation for the collection of 7.761 photographs, which have been amassed by the 67º Grupo Escoteiro Hongwanji for 45 years of existence. For the suggested model’s elaboration, we identified the relations of the use between the group’s members and their photography records, considering that we believe all the information system must be thinking according to their users. Furthermore, we thinking about the possibilities of persistence of the proceedings proposed too, without the necessity of specialist, therefore it is a simple and a cheap model. We present yet some recommendations of conservation and preservation for analog and digital photographs, considering the institution’s possibilities too. Last we indicated possibilities for the analysis’ unfolding about the theme.

This study analyzes the scientific production of the researchers of the National Institute for Fisheries Research and Development (INIDEP). The work is focused on the indicators of “productivity”, collaboration networks, publication trends in different research areas, dimension of the research activity and the dynamic process of building knowledge generated by the research community during the three decades of study, (1978-2007). It also analyzes some unidimensional indicators: Documentary Typology, Languages used, and Dispersion of the scientific literature (Bradford).

Search with the initial proposal of developing a thesaurus referring revolutions and revolutionary movements occurred in the republican period in the history of Brazil, the thesauri are tools used to control terminological indexing content in some area of ​​knowledge. Before the presentation this tool will make the monograph in the first chapter a brief explanation concerning the historical period in question, and in the second chapter, by reviewing literature librarian, a thorough dissertation on the slopes idealizing of thesauri and their manufacturing processes and in the third and final chapter will be presented the tool, consisting of presentation systematic, alphabetical and graphical.

The elaboration of an ontology on the subject of typhus in Mexico, 1904-1977, arises from the need for knowledge representation systems that allow the organization of information taking into account data of the document content and, therefore, allow its recovery considering these data as access points. The current information organization systems implemented in traditional libraries are very general and are adequate to the structure of a current scientific publication, taking into account the most common data, such as title, author (mention of responsibility), date of publication, etc. However, historical information systems require a more specialized treatment of the information and, in the absence of a generalized structure of the scientific text, they need to consider other data to form a genealogy of the formation of the scientific discourse, as is the case of the Historical Atlas of Mexican Science.

Background: This master’s degree dissertation has as its central theme policies on archival appraisal in practice in regional administration of the Autonomous Region of Madeira (RAM). An exploratory and comparative analysis to the concepts, models and theoretical and methodological influences, processes and procedures for archival appraisal is carried out, based on a theoretical scientific corpus and its international, national and regional legal-normative framework. Also, an analysis of procedures for the appraisal of archival information in the autonomous regional administration of Madeira (RAM) is made. This analysis is based on a corpus of records management ordinances published in the Jornal Oficial da Região Autónoma da Madeira, through which we identify semantic patterns around the objectives and strategic guidelines that the producers have adopted for the management and control of their informational resources. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to analyze the policies of archival appraisal from a scientific, legal and regulatory corpora, within the framework of the madeiran regional archival system, particularly around legal and normative dispositions (portarias de gestão de documentos) recommended by the regional law, as Decreto Legislativo Regional no. 26/99/M, de 27 de agosto and Decreto Legislativo Regional no. 5/2004/M, de 14 de julho. Design research and method: This master dissertation has a qualitative approach to the theoretical framework of organizational phronesis, through a review of literature and content analysis of textual corpora of the “portarias de gestão de documentos”. To support our content analysis, the specific software CADQAS was used. Results and conclusions: Regarding to the literature review around the scientific and legal corpora and the regulatory framework about records appraisal, we observe a methodological diversity practiced through different archival appraisal traditions, in particular the schellenberguian tradition, whose theoretical and methodological assumptions were incorporated by various national archival systems. The madeiran regional archival system, as extension of the national public administration, encodes the archival appraisal in records management ordinances. The results of content analysis show that the portarias de gestão de documentos are key instruments for public archival appraisal in regional public administration, for the purposes of reduction of information/documentation and for the constitution of the Archival Heritage. However, the majority of the ordinances for records appraisal focuses on idiosyncrasies of producer organization and the perspective of the archival appraisal processes and procedures only consist of a vertical relationship between the producer body and the management body of the regional system of archives. To cope with the obsolescence of the archival appraisal instrumenta and the subsequent problems of control of archival goods of the madeiran public government, we propose an increase of functions and attributions of the main managing body of the regional archival system and the regional archival network’s implementation to strengthen the existing architecture of the regional archival system.

Background: This master’s degree dissertation has as its central theme policies on archival appraisal in practice in regional administration of the Autonomous Region of Madeira (RAM). An exploratory and comparative analysis to the concepts, models and theoretical and methodological influences, processes and procedures for archival appraisal is carried out, based on a theoretical scientific corpus and its international, national and regional legal-normative framework. Also, an analysis of procedures for the appraisal of archival information in the autonomous regional administration of Madeira (RAM) is made. This analysis is based on a corpus of records management ordinances published in the Jornal Oficial da Região Autónoma da Madeira, through which we identify semantic patterns around the objectives and strategic guidelines that the producers have adopted for the management and control of their informational resources. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to analyze the policies of archival appraisal from a scientific, legal and regulatory corpora, within the framework of the madeiran regional archival system, particularly around legal and normative dispositions (portarias de gestão de documentos) recommended by the regional law, as Decreto Legislativo Regional no. 26/99/M, de 27 de agosto and Decreto Legislativo Regional no. 5/2004/M, de 14 de julho. Design research and method: This master dissertation has a qualitative approach to the theoretical framework of organizational phronesis, through a review of literature and content analysis of textual corpora of the “portarias de gestão de documentos”. To support our content analysis, the specific software CADQAS was used. Results and conclusions: Regarding to the literature review around the scientific and legal corpora and the regulatory framework about records appraisal, we observe a methodological diversity practiced through different archival appraisal traditions, in particular the schellenberguian tradition, whose theoretical and methodological assumptions were incorporated by various national archival systems. The madeiran regional archival system, as extension of the national public administration, encodes the archival appraisal in records management ordinances. The results of content analysis show that the portarias de gestão de documentos are key instruments for public archival appraisal in regional public administration, for the purposes of reduction of information/documentation and for the constitution of the Archival Heritage. However, the majority of the ordinances for records appraisal focuses on idiosyncrasies of producer organization and the perspective of the archival appraisal processes and procedures only consist of a vertical relationship between the producer body and the management body of the regional system of archives. To cope with the obsolescence of the archival appraisal instrumenta and the subsequent problems of control of archival goods of the madeiran public government, we propose an increase of functions and attributions of the main managing body of the regional archival system and the regional archival network’s implementation to strengthen the existing architecture of the regional archival system.

This work describes the state of the organization of the Arnoldo Janssen Library collection belonging to the Missionary Congregation of the Servants of the Holy Spirit. As a result, the underlying problems in the search and retrieval of information by users were visualized, applying solutions to organize the collection and facilitate the search, applying Library criteria, and through the implementation of an Integrated System of Management of Open Source Libraries (PMB).

The current research conducted in traditional and digital media in Latin America, evidence that Ecuador, lacks content in terms of the application of the thematic agendas of the media and public opinion that is being generated in the country. In this sense, the present investigation is framed in the analysis of the criteria used by the digital newspaper ecuadorenvivo.com for the selection of the information it disseminates. Information was collected during 5 weeks, using the method of content analysis, applied in fact sheets that collect the most relevant points regarding the journalistic content of the news publications of a medium, in this specific case of digital type. For the analysis, the following variables were considered: origin of the information, nature of the sources and the protagonists, identification of the protagonists of the information, structure of the information and format of the news, treatment of the contents, focus, informational imbalances and the values that are transmitted. In the results of this investigation, the successes and shortcomings of the study medium are reflected, for a later analysis regarding the journalistic practice in Ecuador.

Automatic classification of text documents refers to the computerized allocation of class numbers from existing classification schemes to natural language texts by means of suitable algorithms. Based upon a comprehensive literature review, this thesis establishes an informed and up-to-date view of the applicability of automatic classification for the subject approach to electronic documents, particularly to Web resources. Both methodological aspects and the experiences drawn from relevant projects and applications are covered. Concerning methodology, the present state-of-the-art comprises a number of statistical approaches that rely on machine learning; these methods use pre-classified example documents for establishing a model - the "classifier" - which is then used for classifying new documents. However, the four large-scale projects conducted in the 1990s by the Universities of Lund, Wolverhampton and Oldenburg, and by OCLC (Dublin, OH), still used rather simple and more traditional methodological approaches. These projects are described and analyzed in detail. As they made use of traditional library classifications their results are significant for LIS, even if no permanent quality services have resulted from these endeavours. The analysis of other relevant applications and projects reveals a number of attempts to use automatic classification for document processing in the fields of patent and media documentation. Here, semi-automatic solutions that support human classifiers are preferred, due to the yet unsatisfactory classification results obtained by fully automated systems. Other interesting implementations include Web portals, search engines and (commercial) information services, whereas only little interest has been shown in the automatic classification of books and bibliographic records. In the concluding part of the study the author discusses the most significant applications and projects, and also addresses several problems and issues in the context of automatic classification.

Considerando o distanciamento existente entre a geração da informação legislativa oficial e sua divulgação nos meios de comunicação, objetivou-se realizar um estudo temático-comparativo entre os projetos elaborados pelo Poder Legislativo mariliense e as consequentes informações veiculadas no Jornal da Manhã e no boletim A Verdade, de modo a verificar o grau de consonância ou de oposição dos jornais face ao poder vigente. Para tanto, aplicou-se o método diplomático, que permitiu analisar e categorizar tematicamente os projetos legislativos veiculados oficialmente pelo jornal Diário Marília Notícias e compará-los às temáticas convergentes publicadas como notícia nos jornais acima citados. Como resultados, observou-se, primeiramente, a viabilidade instrumental da Diplomática para a área de Análise Documentária, particularmente no que se refere à análise e representação temática de ementas de projetos legislativos publicadas em editais. Ademais, observou-se que embora o Jornal da Manhã tenha publicado expressivamente mais notícias sobre projetos que o A Verdade, nenhum dos veículos abordou na totalidade as informações legislativas de interesse público. Em relação à orientação política dos veículos informacionais analisados, verificou-se que o Jornal da Manhã, embora não tenha tomado partido explicitamente do poder vigente, beneficiou-o em diferentes momentos mediante a aplicação de técnicas que levaram à abordagem jornalística generalizadora, enquanto o boletim A Verdade, com orientação política explícita de instrumento político na oposição ao poder vigente, valeu-se de “técnicas jornalísticas” de falseamento, encobrimento e polarização de conceitos (maniqueísmo jornalístico). Enfim, constatou-se que ambos os meios de comunicação pouco agregaram, em suas publicações, informações que orientaram o leitor ao conhecimento total dos fatos, em virtude do emprego das citadas técnicas jornalísticas, corroborando a hipótese de que veículos dessa natureza, em virtude de aspectos econômicos e/ou políticos, distanciam-se do conceito de construção da “sociedade da informação”.

Classifying the communication domain according to the theory of integrative levels. In order to organize a collection of web articles in the domain of communication studies, some knowledge organization systems have been considered, including folksonomies, the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), the Bliss Bibliographic Classification 2nd edition (BC2), and the Broad System of Ordering (BSO). Special attention is paid to the Integrative Level Classification (ILC), a system under development allowing an interdisciplinary approach to information. This seems especially suitable for the domain of communication, where several levels of reality are involved at the same time, like those of signals, societies, organizations, cultures, and recorded knowledge. The theory of levels of reality as developed by James Feibleman, Nicolai Hartmann and others, and applied to classification by the Classification Research Group, is illustrated. Tentative ILC notation for a sample of articles dealing with mass communication is constructed and discussed.

This research work carries out a documentary investigation on the trends of documentary languages ​​in the Colombian panorama, from the perspective of different authors specialized in the investigation of documentary languages ​​and the discernment about the future of these tools in the face of technological advances. and the constant growth of information. It seeks to analyze the perspective of information professionals in the design, use and implementation of documentary languages ​​in order to develop a matrix of documentary language trends and the impact it can have on the organization and retrieval of information through based on good practices in response to an identified skill or need. This will allow professionals focused on the area of ​​information analysis, description, cataloging and other related processes to see documentary languages ​​as an integral component of their operations and these can be complemented with the technological advances that have been developed to solve the problem. problems of organization and recovery of knowledge.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
技術及職業教育研究所
97
The purpose of the study was to explore the content of class ideology presented in Kang Hsuan junior high school English textbooks from Book One to Book Six. Content analysis of the texts and the pictures contained in English textbooks was conducted by using both a quantitative and a qualitative approach. The main findings of the study are as follows: 1. The categories of occupation and family life predominantly focused on middle class. 2. The occupation category of middle class is fuller of variety than labor class. 3. While middle class and labor class were presented at the same time in the texts, middle class is referred to first. 4. Mostly, in occupation and family life, the characters of both middle class and labor class possessed positive characteristics; however, the textbooks were lack of the description of family life of labor class characters. 5. The presentation of efforts and contribution of human beings largely focused on middle class. 6. The relationship between middle class and labor class is predominantly based on “client-server interaction relationship,” and the focus is on middle class. 7. In class ideology, the issues selected were mainly neutral; a few focused on middle class ideology. Finally, the researcher came up with some suggestions for future researchers to refer to.

碩士
明道大學
課程與教學研究所
103
The study examined Junior High School English textbooks on a social class based analysis. It established its findings based on a content analysis of the textbooks examining what they conveyed about social class. The content analysis advocated throughout the study was similar to that used by Kang Hsuant（康軒版） and Han Lin（翰林版） in the study of social class on English textbooks (from Book One to Book Six). Notably the Work Books and Teacher’s Manuals were not included in the analysis. The researcher analyzed and scrutinized the text books on four different headings, namely, occupations, family interaction, education strategies, and social activities. The characteristics of social class and the social class values were also involved in the consideration. From the reach it is considered the following conclusions can properly and reasonably be drawn: I. Both textbook brands tended to present occupations normally associated with middle and upper class people. II. Both textbook brands tended to present family interaction normally associated with middle and upper class people. III. Both textbook brands tended to present education strategies normally associated with middle and upper class people. IV. Both textbook brands tended to present social activities normally associated with middle and upper class people. Finally, the research also provided some suggestions as following to change and improvement to those who write Junior High English textbooks and the teachers who use them: I. Suggestions for those who write junior high school English textbooks: (a) to avoid the chance of benign neglect (b) the selection of content should be balanced with different social class values (c) to develop customized textbooks II. Recommendations to teachers: (a) to strengthen the understanding of the student's family background; (b) the evaluation should not be used only by having tests

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
課程與教學研究所
102
This study explores social hierarchical ideology in the Chinese textbooks of elementary schools with quantitative and qualitative analysis methodology. It reviewed social hierarchical ideology reflected in third to sixth class H version Chinese textbooks in 2013. The study divides social hierarchical ideology into four aspects: family living style, vocational class, hierarchical perspectives and hierarchical value understanding. The conclusions and recommendations are as follows: 1. The content of these Chinese textbook did not take into account equal illustrative frequency among the upper echelon to blue-collar echelon and vocational diversity. In accordance with fundamentals of obligatory education, the study suggests that the content and wording of Chinese textbooks should include perspectives from different social echelons and make sure a more lively and diverse content. 2. These textbooks have reflected different family living styles from multiple social echelons. However, their pictures and illustrations are not comprehensive and appropriate. Thus, the study suggests that educational authority should reflect social reality in textbooks, instead of over-perfecting society. 3. The textbooks attempted to deliver hierarchical concepts as hierarchical equality and class as a means of division of labor, so as to blur hierarchical understanding. They also attempted to form a concept that division of labor creates win-win opportunities. This effort by editors and writers is worth of recognition. 4. The textbooks gave specific features to upper-class and blue-collar class for their internal characters and external outfitting. This reflects hierarchical stereotype for class values. Thus, the comparison of characters, modernity and tradition, and housing demonstrates hierarchical differences. It indirectly delivered values for upper-echelon and blue-collar class. Thus, the study recommends that teachers need to carefully select their teaching material while they prepare their classes. They need to meticulously explain some language prejudices appeared in textbook and design related teaching activities and programs to improve their teaching effectiveness. 5. The Chinese textbooks in elementary schools have become social class making mechanism. The content of these textbooks have become a product for manipulating hierarchical understanding. It made upper-echelon thinking as a mainstream hierarchical ideology. Thus, the study recommends that the educational authority should pay great attention to Chinese textbooks used in elementary schools and prevent them from helping cultural hegemony of class-making. They also have to take into account social fluidity and create more user-friendly materials.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
課程與教學研究所
98
This research aims at analyzing the distribution of social class ideology in current Junior High School English Textbooks. It takes Kang Hsuan (康軒) and Han Lin (翰林), textbook brands with high market share, for example, and analyzes the texts, new words, and sentence practice from Book One to Book Six, Work Books and Teachers’ Manuals excluded. As for the research approach, it adopts document analysis, making “Analysis List of Occupational Items” and “Analysis List of Features of Class Value.” And then, it analyzes the social class ideology in these English Textbooks with “content analysis.” According to the research, the conclusions are as follow: I. The two textbook brands, Kang Hsuan (康軒) and Han Lin (翰林), tend to choose middle-and-upper class in their picture and texts selection of “occupational items.” II. The two textbook brands, Kang Hsuan (康軒) and Han Lin (翰林), tend to choose middle-and-upper class in their picture and texts selection of “life chances” and “. III. The two textbook brands, Kang Hsuan (康軒) and Han Lin (翰林), tend to choose middle-and-upper class in their picture and texts selection of “family atmosphere”. IV. The two textbook brands, Kang Hsuan (康軒) and Han Lin (翰林), tend to choose middle-and-upper class in their arrangement of “life styles” aspects. Finally, the research proposes some possible solutions to editors of Junior High English textbooks as well as Junior High English teachers.

碩士
國立中正大學
教育研究所
95
The “cultural reproduction theory” shows that the main point of “class reproduction“ lies in the close connection between class culture and textbook. Although the textbook is open and pluralistic after our country began to practise the Grade 1-9 Curriculum from the primary school’s grade one in 2001 school year, the content of the textbook still hides a certain class'' value, and the teacher quite relies on the textbook. Moreover, Taiwan turned to the democratization of politics in 1987. The combination of the political democracy and the economic development prompted the hedge of social class to take shape, the class ideology replaced political ideology gradually, and therefore the increase of the importance of the analysis of class ideology will go without saying. Seeing that the relevant domestic and international textbooks’ researches of class ideology over the years didn’t wholly contain the analysis’ categories of the class, the whole textbook research of class ideology shows its conspicuous necessity. This research aims at analyzing class ideology in the textbooks. Adopting content analysis to analyze the 2005 school year’s primary school social-study textbooks of Kang Hsuan edition’s one to eight volumes of our country, this research divides “class ideology“ into five aspects: “family''s class“, “occupational class“, “class'' concept“, “class'' value judgment“ and “characteristic of middle class “. Purposes of this research are as follows: First, this research probes into the scene of family’ class showed in the primary school social-study textbooks. Second, this research probes into the occupational class appeared in the primary school social-study textbooks. Third, this research probes into the class’ concept transmitted in the primary school social-study textbooks. Fourth, this research analyzes the class’ value judgment hidden in the primary school social-study textbooks. Fifth, this research analyzes the characteristic of middle class contained in the primary school social-study textbooks. Conclusions of this research are as follows: First, family''s class aspect: the textbooks show “residential housing of the family“ of the middle and working class, but it is a pity not giving consideration to “family recreation activity” and “material artifact at home” of the working class. Second, occupational class aspect: the textbooks pay attention to the equality of occupational “occurrence number” of the middle and working class, but still not take the occupational “plurality” into account. Third, class'' concept aspect: 1. The textbooks transmit the concept of “class is equal“ to blur class consciousness. 2. The textbooks transmit the concept of “class divide for cooperation” to give “class divide” the functional veil. Fourth, class'' value judgment aspect: 1. The textbooks transmit its value judgment for the middle and working class through the “class'' disparity” phenomena hidden in the ”comparison between personage , city and village, modernity and tradition, housing” in the textbooks. 2. The textbooks give occupational personage of the middle and working class specific marks in “inherent personality” and “appearance wear”, in which the class’ value judgment of “class stereotype” is hidden. Fifth, characteristic of middle class aspect: Containing the multiple middle class characteristics, the textbooks block the working class students’ intimacy with the content of the textbooks. Sixth, all in all, the textbooks present the class ideology of family''s class, occupational class, class'' concept, class'' value judgment and characteristic of middle class. Synthesizing the discovery of research progress and results, this researcher offers the following suggestions for the references of future teachers’ teaching , textbooks writing and follow-up researches: First, future teachers’ teaching aspect: It is necessary for them to know the textbook of the middle class culture and its effect for the working class students’ bad grades. Second, future textbooks writing aspect: 1. Family''s class aspect: It is necessary to show the “family recreation activity” and “material artifact at home” of the working class. 2. Occupational class aspect: It is necessary to pay attention to the “equality” of occupational occurrence number of the middle and working class. 3. Class'' concept aspect: (1) It is necessary to distinguish the difference between the concepts of “occupation” and “industry”. (2) It is necessary to report the actual conditions of the parade activity without prejudice. 4. Class'' value judgment aspect: (1) It is necessary to avoid presenting the “comparison” of “disparity” between the middle and working class in the narration and pictures. (2) It is necessary to avoid appearing the “stereotype” for the middle and working class in the narration and pictures. 5. Characteristic of middle class aspect: (1) It is necessary to fill with the “narration” for the “foreign culture”, and mention the “appreciation” for the “Chinese culture”. (2) It is necessary to face the “question of gap between the rich and the poor“, “question of environmental economy” and “question of disparity in city and village” existing in the society. (3) It is necessary to avoid to “blame labors the unemployment” and “belittle the person who refuses science and technology“. (4) It is necessary to mention the “participation” for the “local culture” of our country. 6. Textbook committee aspect: It is necessary to include the “working class representative” in the textbook commission. Third, future researches aspect: 1. It is necessary to expand the research’s object to other “learning field”, “edition”, “form of textbook” and “learning stage”. 2. It is necessary to probe into the “family’s life style” of the middle, working, even superior class further. 3. It is necessary for the definition of “class” to be “wider” and “deeper”. 4. It is necessary to further examine the “superior class characteristic“ and “working class characteristic” which are contained in the textbooks. 5. It is necessary to further analyze the situation of the “superior class” on “family''s class”, “occupational class”, “class'' concept,” and “class'' value judgment“. 6. It is necessary to adopt “classroom observation” to fill with the meaning of the research result. 7. It is necessary to adopt other “research approach“ to carry out the analysis of class ideology in the textbooks. Key words: Social-study textbook, class, class ideology, content analysis, family''s class, occupational class, class'' concept, class'' value judgment, characteristic of middle class

碩士
國立東華大學
教育與潛能開發學系
107
The purpose of the study is to employ the method of content analysis to examine Elementary School English Textbooks and Teachers’ Manuals used most in Hualien on the basis of gender, social class and ethnic analysis. The analytic criteria of gender consists of three categories ─ “frequency of appearance of males and females”,“gender stereotypes” and “family structures”. The analytic criteria of social class consists of “occupations” and “financial lifestyles”. The analytic criteria of ethnicity consists of “cultural characteristics”. The conclusions of this research are as follows: Males receive priority in pictures and illustrative sentences, and are more often the main characters in grammar exercises. Also, male characters are engaged in a more diverse range of occupations than females, and are more likely to work in occupations requiring specialized knowledge. The representations of the ideas of “men are strong and women are weak”and the traditional concept of “men managing external affairs, women domestic”are found in Textbooks. The heterosexual family structure dominates over other family structures. The Textbooks and Teachers’ Manual tend to present occupations and social activities typically associate with middle and upper classes. Western characters are typically present as Caucasian, whereas eastern characters are only present as Han. Moreover, the introduction of western festivals are mostly relate to Christian holidays, whereas eastern festivals are all relate to Han ethnicity. This study critically examines gender, social class and ethnicity at the same time to see how each category affects one and another.

Orientação : António Teodoro
A investigação que levou à realização desta tese de doutoramento foi desenvolvida no âmbito do projeto de doutoramento em educação. Partimos da questão – Que relações se podem reconhecer entre os artigos de opinião sobre a educação, publicados em jornais de referência, e os valores e as aspirações defendidos pela nova classe média? Procurámos, pois, olhar a Escola de um ponto de vista exterior: os discursos dos artigos de opinião publicados pelo Diário de Notícias e pelo Público, entre outubro de 2004 e setembro de 2006. Nos meios de comunicação social, a Escola é tida como pouco exigente. Mas também é descrita como promotora das desigualdades sociais, sendo as práticas pedagógicas dos professores tidas como pouco eficazes. Assumindo que os comentadores são capazes de orientar, construir e legitimar a realidade social; então podem condicionar a opinião pública. A partir de uma metodologia dominatemente qualitativa, em que recolhemos entrevistas a responsáveis pelos jornais em estudo, a pais e professoras, procurámos fazer uma análise crítica de discurso aos 20 artigos de opinião que escolhemos estudar. A nossa investigação apoiou-se inicialmente nos trabalhos de Basil Bernstein, que estudou a nova classe média, e de Philip Brown, por alguns dos artigos de opinião estudados levantarem a hipótese destes assumirem e legitimarem a parentocracia, conceito introduzido pelo autor para referir uma maior participação dos pais na vida escolar dos seus filhos, nomeadamente na livre escolha da escola que podem frequentar. Contudo, outros artigos parecem defender uma pedagogia centrada no saber, aproximando-se das demandas da meritocracia. Assim, a defesa do direito de livre escolha da escola não será uma forma disfarçada de levar à implementação de um sistema estratificado, com um aumento de privilégios sociais a quem já os tem? Porém, a Escola pode, antes, ser entendida como um elemento capaz de promover efetivamente padrões de justiça, inerentes a uma sociedade democrática.
The research that concerns a PhD, was developed under the project of PhD in education. We leave the question - which relations can be identified between opinion articles concerning Education published in two leading newspapers and the values and aspirations defended by the new middle class? We tried, therefore, look at the school from an outside point of view: the discourse of opinion articles published by Diário de Notícias e Público, between Ocotober 2004 and September 2006. In the media, the school is considered undemanding, although is also described as a promoter of social inequalities; and the teacher’s pedagogical practices seen as few effective. On the other hand, we understand that the opinion makers are able to guide, build and legitimize the social reality; these capabilities allow them to condition the public opinion. Through a quantitative methodology, we interviewed directors of the newspapers that we studied, parents and teachers. We tried to do a critical discourse analysis at the 20 opinion articles that we choose to study. Our investigation has supported initially in Basil Bernstein that studied middle class and Phillip Brown. Because some of the studied opinion articles allow us to raise the hypothesis that they assume and legitimize parentocracy, this concept was introduced by Phillip Brown (1990) to mention parents higher participation in children’s school life, namely the free choice of the school they will attend. However, other articles seem to defend that the investment in school capital is made through a knowledge centred pedagogy, coming close to the demands of meritocracy. It is our belief that it is essential to understand the intentions and the consequences of opinion articles related to school. So the idea that parents would be able to choose which school their child would attend is not covert manner to leave to the implementation of a stratificated system, with an increase of social privileges to those who already had them? However, the School may rather be understood as an element that cans effectively promoting standards of justice inherent to a democratic society.

This thesis captures and describes the stereotypes of teenage and underage mothers regularly represented in British and American reality shows, broadcasted in the United Kingdom. The task of this paper is to explore and define the most frequent stereotypes presented by these TV shows on randomly selected samples. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the phenomenon of teenage and underage mothers in the UK as a result of underclass demonisation, poverty shaming and social stigma in the context of British culture and society. The second part of this thesis applies the theoretical findings and analyses the common stereotypes represented and displayed in particular reality shows broadcasted in the UK using qualitative content analysis.