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Books on the topic 'Iatrogenic risk'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

P, Coleman Michel, ed. Cancer risk after medical treatment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

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2

Orlikoff, James E. Malpractice prevention and liability control for hospitals. 2nd ed. Chicago, Ill: American Hospital Pub., 1988.

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3

1923-, Fifer William R., and Greeley Hugh P, eds. Malpractice prevention and liability control for hospitals. Chicago, Ill: American Hospital Pub., 1985.

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4

Medical care can be dangerous to your health: A guide to the risks and benefits. New York: Perennial Library, 1986.

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5

E, Starzl Thomas. The puzzle people: Memoirs of a transplant surgeon. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992.

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6

The puzzle people: Memoirs of a transplant surgeon. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992.

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7

The puzzle people: Memoirs of a transplant surgeon. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003.

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8

Beyond second opinions: Making choices about fertility treatment. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

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9

Miles, J., and Timothy W. R. Briggs. Approaches to the hip. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.007002.

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♦ The development of safe and reliable approaches has allowed hip replacement surgery to be undertaken successfully♦ There are four main approaches, each with their inherent advantages and disadvantages♦ Awareness of the structures at risk with each approach reduces the risk of iatrogenic injury♦ All of the approaches have been modified and improved upon to address specific weaknesses.

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10

Oliver, Jennifer, and K. Annette Mizuguchi. Pneumothorax. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0021.

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This chapter examines the diagnosis and management of an unexpected pneumothorax in a patient undergoing general anesthesia. It reviews the mechanisms and risks associated with development of a pneumothorax in the perioperative period, further characterizing the various types of pneumothoraces, including spontaneous, traumatic, and iatrogenic pneumothorax. General anesthesia can alter many of the presenting signs and symptoms normally associated with the development of a pneumothorax, making diagnosis difficult. These variances are discussed, and information regarding the step by step management of a tension pneumothorax is included. It also describes common procedures associated with an increased risk of developing a pneumothorax.

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11

Novak, Richard J. Insulin Overdose. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0096.

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The most significant risk of hypoglycemia is damage to the central nervous system. Iatrogenic insulin overdose by healthcare professionals as well as self-administered overdoses are known to occur. Of particular concern to anesthesia care team members is that hypoglycemia under general anesthesia may be difficult to diagnose clinically, because general anesthesia masks the neuroglycopenic symptoms of stupor and coma. In fact, anesthesiologists are the physicians most at risk for administrating an insulin medication error. A structured system of monitoring and administering insulin promotes patient safety. This chapter will review the appropriate assessment and management of patients suffering from insulin overdose, with particular focus on perioperative challenges.

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12

Khanna, Puja. Treatment of acute gout. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0045.

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Acute gout is a common inflammatory arthritis in the adult population. Epidemiological evidence suggests that the prevalence of gout is steadily on the rise due to longevity, coexisting comorbidities, and iatrogenic causes contributing to hyperuricaemia. Acute gout usually presents as a self-limiting flare of synovitis that occurs due to deposition of monosodium urate crystals. The frequency of flares generally increases over time in patients who continue to have hyperuricaemia and their risk factors for acute gout attacks have not been adequately addressed. Effective treatment of acute gouty arthritis is primary focused on pain which is the primary symptom but must target both the pain and underlying inflammation. Acute gout is frequently treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, colchicine, and corticosteroids. This chapter reviews the available therapies for management of acute gout and ones that have shown promising results.

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13

Philip, Pierre, Stephanie Bioulac, Patricia Sagaspe, and Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi. Drowsy driving. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0021.

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Drowsy driving increases risk of traffic accidents. A major problem remains in the identification of drowsy drivers at risk for traffic accidents. Drowsy driving is the consequence of various behavioural factors (e.g. sleep duration, work duration, shift-work schedules) combined or not with sleep and iatrogenic disorders (e.g. obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, hypersomnia, drug-induced sleepiness). Severity of sleep disorders is a non-linear predictor of traffic accident risk. In comparison, sleepiness at the wheel (SAW) can be considered as a reliable indicator of a combination of behavioural and sleep disorder factors, and is a better risk predictor. It remains thus very important to question patients about SAW when clinicians have to determine the medical fitness to drive of such patients. Because of the potential risk of under-reporting of SAW, especially in professional drivers, objective measures can help to complement the clinical evaluation. Further researches are needed to optimize objective measures able to predict the risk of traffic accidents due to drowsy driving.

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14

Chiravuri, Srinivas. Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Neuropathy—Meralgia Paresthetica. Edited by Meghan E. Lark, Nasa Fujihara, and Kevin C. Chung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190617127.003.0014.

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Meralgia paresthetica is characterized by anterolateral thigh pain, paresthesia, or dysesthesia without motor weakness. This is due to idiopathic or iatrogenic injury to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN, dorsal rami of L2-L3). Risk factors include obesity, diabetes, and external compression near the inguinal ligament’s attachment to the anterior superior iliac spine. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and electrodiagnostic studies. Initial management includes behavioral modification, physical therapy, and pharmacotherapy. More invasive treatment modalities include LFCN infiltration, pulsed radiofrequency, direct nerve stimulation, and spinal cord stimulation. Ultrasound-guided neurectomy is also an effective way to localize the nerve structure and ensure complete nerve transection.

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15

Fox, Susan H., and Marina Picillo. A Rapidly Progressive Movement Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0028.

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Prion diseases are a rare group of transmissible and untreatable encephalopathies that ultimately result in death after a short and rapidly progressive illness. The clinical features are variable but share a mix of cortical and subcortical features and a tendency for worsening at a speed that is typically faster than the monthly or yearly change seen in degenerative forms of dementia. Movement disorders represent a prominent feature of prion diseases and include cerebellar and extrapyramidal symptoms. Myoclonus is by far the most common involuntary movement in prion diseases. An awareness of the diagnosis is important to avoid the risk of iatrogenic transmission and to allow a discussion about prognosis with family and relatives.

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16

Easdown, L. Jane. Muscle Weakness. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0073.

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Muscle weakness in the perioperative period is a common finding and is a risk to patient safety. It can occur as a result of many physiological, pathological, and iatrogenic states. The most common etiology is the use of, misuse of, and failure to reverse neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBDs). Patients might also present with underlying neuromuscular disorders at baseline or in an exacerbated state after surgery and anesthesia. Muscle weakness can lead to critical events such as respiratory failure and can delay recovery and discharge. The plan for prompt diagnosis and management of a patient with muscle weakness is presented. Knowledge of the pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment of perioperative muscle weakness is essential to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

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17

Macmahon, Brian. Accomplishments in Cancer Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0001.

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In his chapter “Accomplishments in Cancer Epidemiology,” Dr. MacMahon summarizes the history of the discipline, particularly the epidemiologic evidence on cigarette smoking, ionizing radiation, occupation, the physical and microbiologic environments, the reproductive experience of women, alcohol, and iatrogenic exposures as their bear on cancer risk in humans. Ionizing radiation as a cause of leukemia and cancer of the skin, breast, lung, and thyroid is discussed in detail, as well as liver cancer and myelogenous leukemia following exposure to the X-ray contrast medium thorotrast. Important occupational carcinogens include arsenic (lung cancer, bladder cancer), asbestos (lung cancer and mesothelioma), benzene (acute myeloid leukemia), chemical dyes (bladder cancer), chromium (lung cancer), nickel (nasal cancer), and vinyl chloride (angiosarcoma in the liver). The chapter ends with a broader overview of the other environmental causes of cancers that are reviewed in detail in the site-specific chapters.

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18

Ackland, Gareth L. Neural and endocrine function in the immune response to critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0310.

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The neurohormonal physiological response to various stressors is pivotal for maintaining homeostasis. However, the advent of modern critical care has distorted evolutionary biology by generating the entirely new (patho)physiological entity of critical illness. By extending the biological features of the ‘fight or flight’ response beyond the acute phase, distinct neurohormonal, and immune profiles have become increasingly apparent. Both direct and off-target effects of neurohormonal control on immune function are implicated in the disruption of bidirectional links between neurohormones and immune effectors that limit organ dysfunction. Iatrogenic factors introduced by critical care therapy may exacerbate neurohormonal dysregulation, further distorting the biology of the ‘fight or flight’ response. Neural mechanisms underlying this newly-characterized clinical syndrome remain poorly understood. Furthermore, the same neurohormonal responses are chronically dysregulated in pre-existing comorbidities diseases associated with an increased risk of sepsis, multi-organ failure and critical illness. Off-target local immune effects may explain the failure of clinical trials aimed at altering systemic neurohormonal physiology. Recent laboratory and translational human clinical studies, particularly in diseases characterized by chronic neurohormonal dysregulation, have provided new insights into the possibility of therapeutic interventions that could minimize the pathophysiological features of critical illness.

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19

Anitescu, Magdalena, and David Arnolds. Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0005.

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Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is a condition that affects young and middle-aged individuals. Women are more frequently affected than men. It is associated with severe positional headache without previous dural puncture and is often confused with other common headache conditions. Delay in diagnosis of the condition may predispose patients to severe complications. Many radiodiagnostic tools carry important risks to patients, including nerve injury and iatrogenic spinal cord injury. Imaging studies must be correlated with a detailed medical history and a thorough physical examination. Epidural blood patch, the mainstay of treatment, may require multiple attempts with increasing amounts of autologous blood. Increased awareness of spontaneous intracranial hypotension will likely contribute to its proper diagnosis and treatment.

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20

Walsh, Richard A. Always Worth a Second Look. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0031.

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The serotonin syndrome is a toxic syndrome resulting from excessive stimulation of central 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. This is most commonly an iatrogenic syndrome, which in its most severe form can be fatal. It is more common for milder forms to present, and there is increasing recognition of serotoninergic drugs that can give rise to serotonin syndrome when used in combination. It is essential for physicians to be familiar with the clinical features of serotonin toxicity and similar syndromes discussed in this chapter that are marked by altered awareness, autonomic instability, changes in muscle tone, and pyrexia. Withdrawal of the drug(s) believed to be responsible and supportive care are the primary therapeutic steps.

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21

Kennish, Steven. Intervention. Edited by Christopher G. Winearls. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0012_update_001.

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Imaging technology allows complex yet minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the genitourinary tract. It provides precise targeting for tissue biopsy to allow accurate diagnosis. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is invaluable in the treatment of complex stone disease and percutaneous nephrostomy insertion preserves normal renal tissue in the patient with malignant or benign urinary tract obstruction. (Percutaneous nephrolithotomy and percutaneous nephrostomy are very different.) Antegrade ureteric procedures allow strictures, stones, and tumours to be dealt with, often with much greater ease than the retrograde approach. Collections and leaks can be drained and urine can be diverted to facilitate healing. Minimally invasive endovascular techniques can arrest iatrogenic or trauma-related haemorrhage from the renal tract. Although interventional radiological procedures are generally safe, they do come with risks of specific complications that the nephrologist needs to be aware of. Nephrologists need to be familiar with interventional uroradiological techniques to allow appropriate counseling and care of patients who require these procedures.

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22

Saks, Michael J., and Stephan Landsman. Closing Death's Door. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190667986.001.0001.

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Closing Death’s Door explores innovative legal strategies to address the challenge of medical error. In the United States today, several hundred thousand patients die in hospitals each year because of errors in medical treatment—the nation’s third leading cause of death. The legal mechanism designed to deal with this epidemic of injury and death is the medical malpractice system. It has failed to stem the tide of iatrogenic harm. Among the reasons are the costliness of the malpractice system, its availability to only a minuscule percentage of those harmed, and decades of “tort reform” efforts that have effectively extinguished the system for all but the most egregious claims. In 1999, in To Err Is Human, the Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine) sounded an alarm about the toll taken by medical error. Its proposed solution—a set of reporting systems to document problems and generate data on which solutions might be based—has been a failure. The time has come for a fresh look at what the law might do to contribute to patient safety. To begin a conversation about legal innovations designed to spur healthcare system improvements directed at reducing harmful medical errors, this book explores a number of possible steps, including well-designed economic incentives to stimulate greater investment in safety; promotion of systems approaches to safer delivery of care; government regulation and surveillance in especially risky treatment contexts; and encouragement of a range of technological improvements, especially involving information technology.

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