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1
Agustina, Neo, Dewi Kemala Sari, and Mulia Andirfa. "Pengaruh Self Esteem dan Self Efficacy Terhadap Kualitas Audit (Studi Kasus Pada Inspektorat Kabupaten Bireun)." Akbis: Media Riset Akuntansi dan Bisnis 6, no. 2 (October 28, 2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/akbis.v6i2.6230.
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In ithe igovernment isector, iit iis inecessary ito icarry iout ian iaudit ito iensure ithat ithe imanagement iof istate ifinances iis icarried iout iproperly, itransparancy iand iaccountably iin iaccordance iwith ithe iapplicable ilaws iand iregulations iand ito iavoid icorrupt ipractices ion istate iassets. iThis istudy iaims ito iexamine ithe ieffect iof iself-esteem iand iself-efficacy ion iaudit iquality iat ithe iInspectorate iof iBireuen iRegency. iThe idata iused iin ithis istudy iis iprimary idata ias imany ias i36 isamples iwith isaturated isampling itechnique ior icensus. iThe imethod iused ito ianalyze ithe iindependent ivariable iwith ithe idependent ivariable iis ithe imultiple ilinear iregression imethod iand ithe iclassical iassumption itest. iThe iresults iof ithe istudy ipartially iself-esteem ihad ino ieffect ion iaudit iquality iat ithe iBireuen iRegency iInspectorate, iself-efficacy ihad ino isignificant ieffect ion iaudit iquality iat ithe iBireuen iRegency iInspectorate. iSimultaneously ishows ithat iself-esteem iand iself-efficacy ihave ia isignificant ieffect ion iaudit iquality iat ithe iBireuen iRegency iInspectorate.
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Teige-Mocigemba, Sarah, Karl Christoph Klauer, and Klaus Rothermund. "Minimizing Method-Specific Variance in the IAT." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 24, no. 4 (January 2008): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.24.4.237.
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The present paper introduces a new variant of the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998 ) called the Single Block IAT (SB-IAT). By eliminating the IATs block structure, the SB-IAT is argued to solve the structural problem of recoding in the IAT and accordingly, its contamination by method-specific variance. In Study 1, a flower-insect SB-IAT, a task-switching ability SB-IAT, and a geometry SB-IAT showed reduced, but still significant effects. Zero correlations between the three SB-IATs indicated a substantially reduced amount of method-specific variance. Study 2 examined the SB-IATs psychometric properties. A political attitude SB-IAT showed acceptable reliability, discriminated between liberal and conservative voters, and correlated with the corresponding attitude rating in the same magnitude as the standard IAT. Results indicate that the SB-IAT minimizes method-specific variance while retaining the IATs satisfying psychometric properties. The discussion focuses on potentials and constraints of this newly developed measure.
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Asano, Y., and T. Tada. "Epitopes associated with the MHC restriction site of T cells. II. Somatic generation of Iat epitopes on T cells in radiation bone marrow chimeras." Journal of Experimental Medicine 165, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.165.1.87.
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We described in this paper systematic alterations in the expression of unique I region controlled epitopes on helper T cells (Th) in chimeras according to the changes in their H-2 restriction specificity. Taking advantage of the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies (anti-Iat) putatively specific for the epitopes indirectly controlled by I region and expressed in association with the Iak restriction site of Th, we examined the alterations of these epitopes on Th cells from various bone marrow chimeras. Iatk epitopes were physiologically expressed on Iak-restricted but not on Iab-restricted Th cells in (H-2k X H-2b)F1 mice. In the chimeric condition, the H-2k-restricted Th of B6----F1 chimera acquired the expression of Iatk even though B6 Th is unable to express Iatk when developed under the physiologic condition. Iatk are also found on Th of fully allogeneic chimera of B6----C3H, whereas Th cells of C3H----B6 completely lost the Iatk expression. These results indicate that Iat epitopes originally defined as unique I region-controlled determinants selectively expressed on T cells are not encoded by the I region genes but are associated with the T cell receptor that sees the self Ia. The epitopes undergo the adaptive alterations according to the acquisition of a new MHC restriction. This is the first example to demonstrate the epitope associated with T cell receptor which undergo the systematic adaptive differentiation.
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Khan, Naveed, Abdul Rafay Abdul Rafay, and Amer Shakeel. "Attributes of Internal Audit and Prevention, Detection and Assessment of Fraud in Pakistan." Lahore Journal of Business 9, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/ljb.2020.v9.i1.a2.
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With it being considered as avalue-added activity,theInternal Auditfunction (IAF)of a firm is one of the most important functionsin anorganization. During the last decade,the roleof this particular functionhas become very useful,especially in creating awareness regarding the Prevention, Detection and Assessment (PD&A) of fraudulent activities. In many countries, carrying out an Internal Audit isa legal compulsion for public companies, in orderto establish an effective,and efficient IAF.This study aims to explore the relationship between the various attributes of IAF(effectiveness, independence, staff training, qualification and experience),and the PD&A of fraudulent activitiesin Pakistan. For this purpose, the convenientsampling technique,for data collection,is used and the questionnaires are collected fromtherespondents belonging to Pakistan. The questionnaire has been prepared in the form of a Likert scale. Respondents for this study include (1) staff members working in the Internal Audit (IA),finance and accounting departments of the companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange(PSX), and(2) staff members of firms that are engaged in external statutory audit in Pakistan. Descriptive statistics show the details regarding the demographic questions, IAFand PD&A ofthefraudulent activitiesthat take place in the companies. Moreover, in order to get to the effective and relevant results, the regression analysis is performed in order to find out if there exists any relationship between these variables. The results show that all five independent variables positively affect the PD&A of fraudulent activities. However, three of the independent variables (IAE, IAT, and IAQ) are statistically significant,whereas twoof thevariables taken into account (IAI, and IAE) are statistically insignificant. It is recommended thattheIAFshould be more independent,and effectiveso asto attainthe required results. Moreover, firms should also focus on the qualificationsand proper training of the staff that are responsible forexecutingthe IAF.
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Ahmed, Ayman Mohamed. "The Milk Deity IAt ('I3At) in Ancient Egyptian Religion." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 56, no. 1 (December 2020): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/jarce.56.2020.a001.
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This paper addresses the question of the deity (I3t/I3ty) in ancient Egyptian religion. To date, there has not been a comprehensive study of this deity. The author attempts to provide answers for questions concerning how the name was written, differentiating the male and female forms of the deity, outlining the deity’s character, describing his/her physical appearance and attributes, and his/her link to divine birth and milk production. Several issues related to this deity, such as its dual nature, remain uncertain. For example, although textual resources indicate a female form of the deity, no female form is actually shown. This study, based on linguistic, theological, and archeological sources, presents more documentation of this little-known deity in hope that it will serve as the basis for further research.
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Houben, Katrijn, and Reinout W. Wiers. "A Test of the Salience Asymmetry Interpretation of the Alcohol-IAT." Experimental Psychology 53, no. 4 (January 2006): 292–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.53.4.292.
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K. Rothermund and D. Wentura (2004) showed how Figure-Ground (FG) asymmetries produce effects on the Implicit Association Task (IAT), independent of associations. Here, the FG account was tested for the robust finding that drinkers show a negative alcohol-IAT effect while being positive on explicit measures. FG asymmetries were manipulated through familiarity of alcohol-IAT target categories and were assessed with visual search tasks. Supporting the FG account, the familiarity manipulation influenced the IAT effect in the expected direction, and the IAT effect correlated with FG asymmetries. Contrary to the FG account, however, the IAT effect was not reversed, and IAT effects were predicted by alcohol use but not by FG asymmetries. Hence, the FG account only partly explains the negative alcohol-IAT effect.
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Slabbinck, Hendrik, Jan De Houwer, and Patrick Van Kenhove. "A pictorial Attitude IAT as a Measure of Implicit Motives." European Journal of Personality 25, no. 1 (January 2011): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.778.
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We tested the hypothesis that a pictorial attitude variant of the Implicit Association Test (PA–IAT) is a valid measure of implicit motives. The PA–IAT aims to capture attitudes towards pictures that are related to implicit motives. In the first two studies, we showed that the pictorial attitude Implicit Association Test (IAT) correlated more highly with non–IAT measures of implicit motives than other IAT variants. In the third study, we established the validity of the PA–IAT experimentally and showed that the pictorial attitude IAT correlated with non–declarative behavioural measures only if implicit motives were aroused. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Stieger, Stefan, Anja S. Göritz, Andreas Hergovich, and Martin Voracek. "Intentional Faking of the Single Category Implicit Association Test and the Implicit Association Test." Psychological Reports 109, no. 1 (August 2011): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/03.09.22.28.pr0.109.4.219-230.
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The Implicit Association Test (IAT) provides a relative measure of implicit association strengths between target and attribute categories. In contrast, the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC–IAT) measures association strength with a single attribute category. This can be advantageous if a complementary category—as used in the IAT—cannot be composed or is undesired. If the SC–IAT is to be a meaningful supplement to the IAT, it should meet the same requirements. In an online experiment with a large and heterogeneous sample, the fakability of both implicit measures was investigated when measuring anxiety. Both measures were fakable through specific instruction (e.g., “Slow down your reactions”) but unfakable through nonspecific faking instruction even though nonspecific instruction was given immediately before the critical blocks (e.g., “Alter your reaction times”). When comparing the methodological quality of both implicit measures, the SC–IAT had lower internal consistency than the IAT. Moreover, with specific faking instructions, the SC–IAT was possible to fake to a larger extent than the IAT.
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Fleischhauer, Monika. "The Moving-IAT." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 33, no. 6 (November 2017): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000305.
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Abstract. Accumulated evidence suggests that indirect measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) provide an increment in personality assessment explaining behavioral variance over and above self-reports. Likewise, it has been shown that there are several unwanted sources of variance in personality IATs potentially reducing their psychometric quality. For example, there is evidence that individuals use imagery-based facilitation strategies while performing the IAT. That is, individuals actively create mental representations of their person that fit to the category combination in the respective block, but do not necessarily fit to their implicit personality self-concept. A single-block IAT variant proposed by attitude research, where compatible and incompatible trials are presented in one and the same block, may prevent individuals from using such facilitation strategies. Consequently, for the trait need for cognition (NFC), a new single-block IAT version was developed (called Moving-IAT) and tested against the standard IAT for differences in internal consistency and predictive validity in a sample of 126 participants. Although the Moving-IAT showed lower internal consistency, its predictive value for NFC-typical behavior was higher than that of the standard IAT. Given individual’s strategy reports, the single-block structure of the Moving-IAT indeed reduces the likelihood of imagery-based strategies.
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Chang, Betty P. I., and Chris J. Mitchell. "Discriminating between the Effects of Valence and Salience in the Implicit Association Test." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 64, no. 11 (November 2011): 2251–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.586782.
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The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is the most widely used indirect measure of attitudes in social psychology. It has been suggested that artefacts such as salience asymmetries and familiarity can influence performance on the IAT. Chang and Mitchell (2009) proposed that the ease with which IAT stimuli are classified (classification fluency) is the common mechanism underlying both of these factors. In the current study, we investigated the effect of classification fluency on the IAT and trialled a measure—the split IAT—for dissociating between the effects of valence and salience in the IAT. Across six experiments, we examined the relationship between target classification fluency and salience asymmetries in the IAT. In the standard IAT, the more fluently classified target category was, all else being equal, compatible with pleasant attributes over unpleasant attributes. Furthermore, the more fluently classified target category was more easily classified with the more salient attribute category in the split IAT, independent of evaluative associations. This suggests that the more fluently classified category is also the more salient target category.
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Meissner, Franziska, and Klaus Rothermund. "The Insect-Nonword IAT Revisited." Social Psychology 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000220.
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In 2001, Brendl and colleagues reported a reversed compatibility effect for an insect-nonword Implicit Association Test (IAT), apparently indicating more positive attitudes for insects than for neutral nonwords and therefore calling into question the validity of the IAT. According to a prominent alternative account of IAT effects, this reversed effect reflects task recoding based on salience asymmetries. To disentangle the contributions of associations and recoding, we analyzed data of an insect-nonword IAT with the ReAL model and discovered that (1) recoding is responsible for the unexpected direction of this IAT effect and (2) insects still activated negative associations. Applying the ReAL model helps to avoid misleading interpretations of IAT effects by providing independent estimates for different processes within an IAT.
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Slabbinck, Hendrik, Jan De Houwer, and Patrick Van Kenhove. "Convergent, Discriminant, and Incremental Validity of the Pictorial Attitude Implicit Association Test and the Picture Story Exercise as Measures of the Implicit Power Motive." European Journal of Personality 27, no. 1 (January 2013): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1846.
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The Pictorial Attitude Implicit Association Test (PA–IAT) has recently been proposed as new measure of implicit motives. We report a study that provides the first evidence for the convergent validity of the PA–IAT by showing that the PA–IAT correlates significantly with a standard measure of implicit motives [i.e. the Picture Story Exercise (PSE)]. Discriminant validity of the PA–IAT was verified in the sense that the PA–IAT shared virtually no common variance with explicit motive measures. Our analyses revealed that the PA–IAT and PSE can best be conceived as related but distinct measures. We further showed that the PA–IAT had incremental validity in predicting performance on a memory recall task over and above the PSE. In general, our results confirm that the PA–IAT is a valid measure of implicit motives and can serve as valid alternative to the PSE. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Asaithambi, Ganesh, Xin Tong, Kamakshi Lakshminarayan, Sallyann M. Coleman King, and Mary G. George. "Trends in hospital procedure volumes for intra-arterial treatment of acute ischemic stroke: results from the paul coverdell national acute stroke program." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 12, no. 11 (March 13, 2020): 1076–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-015844.
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BackgroundRates of intra-arterial revascularization treatments (IAT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) are increasing in the USA. Using a multi-state stroke registry, we studied the trend in IAT use among patients with AIS over a period spanning 11 years. We examined the impact of IAT rates on hospital procedure volumes and patient outcome after stroke.MethodsWe used data from the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program (PCNASP) and explored trends in IAT between 2008 and 2018. Patient outcomes were examined by rates of IAT procedures across hospitals. Specifically, outcomes were compared across low-volume (<15 IAT per year), medium-volume (15–30 IAT per year), and high-volume hospitals (>30 IAT per year). Favorable outcome was defined as discharge to home.ResultsThere were 612 958 patients admitted with AIS to 687 participating hospitals within the PCNASP during this study. Only 2.9% of patients (mean age 68.5 years, 49.3% women) received IAT. The percent of patients with AIS receiving IAT increased from 1% in 2008 to 5.3% in 2018 (p<0.001). The proportion of low-volume hospitals decreased over time (p<0.001), and the proportions of medium-volume (p=0.007) and high-volume hospitals (p<0.001) increased between 2008 and 2018. When compared with medium-volume hospitals, high-volume hospitals had a higher (p<0.0001) and low-volume hospitals had a lower (p<0.0001) percent of patients discharged to home.ConclusionHigh-volume hospitals were associated with a higher rate of favorable outcome. With the increased use of IAT among patients with AIS, the proportion of low-volume hospitals performing IAT significantly decreased.
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Calanchini, Jimmy, Franziska Meissner, and Karl Christoph Klauer. "The role of recoding in implicit social cognition: Investigating the scope and interpretation of the ReAL model for the implicit association test." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): e0250068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250068.
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The ReAL model is a multinomial processing tree model that quantifies the contribution of three qualitatively distinct processes–recoding, associations, and accuracy–to responses on the implicit association test (IAT), but has only been validated on a modified version of the IAT procedure. The initial goal of the present research was to validate an abbreviated version of the ReAL model (i.e., the Brief ReAL model) on the standard IAT procedure. Two experiments replicated previous validity evidence for the ReAL model on the modified IAT procedure, but did not produce valid parameter estimates for the Brief ReAL model on the standard IAT procedure. A third, pre-registered experiment systematically manipulated all of the task procedures that vary between the standard and modified IAT procedures–response deadline, number of trials, trial constraints–to determine the conditions under which the Brief ReAL model can be validly applied to the IAT. The Brief ReAL model estimated theoretically-interpretable parameters only under a narrow range of IAT conditions, but the ReAL model generally estimated theoretically-interpretable parameters under most IAT conditions. We discuss the application of these findings to implicit social cognition research, and their implications to social cognitive theory.
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von Stülpnagel, Rul, and Melanie C. Steffens. "Prejudiced or Just Smart?" Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology 218, no. 1 (January 2010): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/a000008.
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Implicit Association Tests (IATs) are well-known measures of implicit cognition, particularly attitudes. Previous studies reported that IATs are affected by method-specific variance: IAT effects of more intelligent people may appear smaller due to their reduced task-switch costs. In contrast, based on a theoretical framework that assumes IAT effects to depend on successful recoding of the congruent IAT task, larger IAT effects are expected for more intelligent people. We tested the hypothesis that intelligence can bias IAT effects with different IATs. General processing speed was also assessed. Two studies indicated faster and more intelligent participants to have larger IAT effects in some, but not all, IATs.
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McNa, Ian R., M. T. Crawford, S. S. Satapathy, F. Stefani, and T. J. Watt. "IAT Armature Development." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 39, no. 1 (January 2011): 442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2010.2082568.
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Asaithambi, Ganesh, Xin Tong, Kamakshi Lakshminarayan, Sallyann M. Coleman King, and Mary G. George. "Current trends in the acute treatment of ischemic stroke: analysis from the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 12, no. 6 (October 25, 2019): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-015133.
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BackgroundThe intra-arterial treatment (IAT) of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is now evidence-based and given the highest level of recommendation among eligible patients. Using a multi-state stroke registry, we studied the trend in IAT among patients with AIS over 11 years and its impact on the utilization of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) within the same 11 years.MethodsUsing data from the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program (PCNASP), we studied trends in IVT and IAT for patients with AIS between 2008 and 2018. Trends over time were examined for rates of IVT only, IAT only, or a combination of IVT and IAT (IVT+IAT). Favorable outcome was defined as discharge to home.ResultsDuring the study period there were 595 677 patients (mean age 70.4 years, 50.4% women) from 646 participating hospitals with a clinical diagnosis of AIS in the PCNASP. Trends for IVT only, IAT only, and IVT+IAT all significantly increased over time (P<0.001). Total use of IVT and IAT increased from 7% in 2008 to 19.1% in 2018. The rate of patients discharged to home increased significantly over time among all treatment groups (P<0.001).ConclusionIn our large registry-based analysis, we observed a significant increase in the use of IAT for the treatment of AIS, with continued increases in the use of IVT. Concurrently, the percent of patients with favorable outcomes continued to increase.
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Horcajo, Javier, Víctor J. Rubio, David Aguado, José Manuel Hernández, and M. Oliva Márquez. "Using the Implicit Association Test to Assess Risk Propensity Self–Concept: Analysis of Its Predictive Validity on A Risk–Taking Behaviour in A Natural Setting." European Journal of Personality 28, no. 5 (September 2014): 459–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1925.
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The present work analyses the predictive validity of measures provided by several available self–report and indirect measurement instruments to assess risk propensity (RP) and proposes a measurement instrument using the Implicit Association Test: the IAT of Risk Propensity Self–Concept (IAT–RPSC), an adaptation of the prior IAT–RP of Dislich et al. Study 1 analysed the relationship between IAT–RPSC scores and several RP self–report measures. Participants’ risk–taking behaviour in a natural setting was also assessed, analyzing the predictive validity of the IAT–RPSC scores on risk–taking behaviour compared with the self–report measures. Study 2 analysed the predictive validity of the IAT–RPSC scores in comparison with other indirect measures. Results of these studies showed that the IAT–RPSC scores exhibited good reliability and were positively correlated to several self–report and indirect measures, providing evidence for convergent validity. Most importantly, the IAT–RPSC scores predicted risk–taking behaviour in a natural setting with real consequences above and beyond all other self–report and indirect measures analysed. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Back, Mitja D., Stefan C. Schmukle, and Boris Egloff. "Measuring Task-Switching Ability in the Implicit Association Test." Experimental Psychology 52, no. 3 (January 2005): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.3.167.
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Abstract. Recently, the role of method-specific variance in the Implicit Association Test (IAT) was examined ( McFarland & Crouch, 2002 ; Mierke & Klauer, 2003 ). This article presents a new content-unspecific control task for the assessment of task-switching ability within the IAT methodology. Study 1 showed that this task exhibited good internal consistency and stability. Studies 2-4 examined method-specific variance in the IAT and showed that the control task is significantly associated with conventionally scored IAT effects of the IAT-Anxiety. Using the D measures proposed by Greenwald, Nosek, and Banaji (2003 ), the amount of method-specific variance in the IAT-Anxiety could be reduced. Possible directions for future research are outlined.
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Miyamoto, Takuma, Yasushi Shinohara, Tomohiro Matsui, Hiroaki Kurokawa, Akira Taniguchi, Tsukasa Kumai, and Yasuhito Tanaka. "Effects of Achilles Tendon Moment Arm Length on Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 6631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196631.
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Insertional Achilles tendinopathy (IAT) is caused by traction force of the tendon. The effectiveness of the suture bridge technique in correcting it is unknown. We examined the moment arm in patients with IAT before and after surgery using the suture bridge technique, in comparison to that of healthy individuals. We hypothesized that the suture bridge method influences the moment arm length. An IAT group comprising 10 feet belonging to 8 patients requiring surgical treatment for IAT were followed up postoperatively and compared with a control group comprising 15 feet of 15 healthy individuals with no ankle complaints or history of trauma or surgery. The ratio of the moment arm (MA) length/foot length was found to be statistically significant between the control group, the IAT group preoperatively and the IAT group postoperatively (p < 0.01). Despite no significant difference in the force between the control and preoperative IAT groups, a significantly higher force to the Achilles tendon was observed in the IAT group postoperatively compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that a long moment arm may be one of the causes of IAT, and the suture bridge technique may reduce the Achilles tendon moment arm.
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Gschwendner, Tobias, Wilhelm Hofmann, and Manfred Schmitt. "Differential Stability." Journal of Individual Differences 29, no. 2 (January 2008): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.29.2.70.
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The current research explored the stability of the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998 ) depending on contextual constraints and chronic accessibility. Two studies incorporated background pictures into the IAT. In Study 1, the 2-week stability of an IAT assessing anxiety was higher when IAT stimuli were embedded in an anxiety-relevant background (e.g., a snake). In Study 2, this context effect could be replicated in the domain of racial attitudes. Moreover, the context effect in Study 2 was especially pronounced for participants with high chronic access to the relevant concept. The results support the assumption that implicit measures like the IAT are sensitive to contextual constraints and that these constraints can be utilized to enhance the stability of the IAT.
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Kraus, Alexandra A., and Joachim Scholderer. "Indirect Measurement of Motivation." Social Psychology 46, no. 3 (May 27, 2015): 142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000234.
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For the indirect measurement of approach-avoidance tendencies, two procedures are introduced and compared. The procedures are modifications of the standard IAT and the Recoding-Free IAT (IAT-RF) and use a motivational attribute dimension (approach, avoidance) instead of an evaluative one. Study 1 (N = 162) assesses their convergent and discriminant validity with respect to self-reported measures of motivation and evaluation, and their predictive validity with respect to actual behavior. Study 2 (N = 205) furthermore compares their validity to evaluative variants of the same test paradigms. Overall, both procedures perform similarly. In Study 2, procedures based on the IAT-RF are superior, and the motivational IAT-RF shows the highest predictive validity. Unfortunately, no evidence for incremental validity over explicit measures alone is found for any of the implicit measures. Furthermore, procedures based on the IAT-RF appear to be less reliable than procedures based on the standard IAT. A possible explanation is offered.
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Jensen, Judd, Kristin Salottolo, Donald Frei, David Loy, Kathryn McCarthy, Jeffrey Wagner, Michelle Whaley, Richard Bellon, and David Bar-Or. "Comprehensive analysis of intra-arterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke due to cervical artery dissection." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 9, no. 7 (June 10, 2016): 654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2016-012421.
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ObjectiveThe safety and efficacy of intra-arterial treatment (IAT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to cervical artery dissection (CeAD) has not been formally studied. The purpose of this study was twofold: first, describe a large series with CeAD treated with IAT; second, analyze outcomes with CeAD receiving IAT versus (a) CeAD not treated with IAT, (b) CeAD receiving intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) alone, and (c) non-CeAD mechanism of AIS receiving IAT.DesignDemographics, clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes were summarized for all CeAD patients treated with IAT from January 2010 to May 2015. Outcomes included favorable 90 day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0–2, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), recanalization (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2b-3), procedural complications, and mortality. Outcomes were analyzed with χ2 tests and multivariate logistic regression.ResultsThere were 161 patients with CeAD: 24 were treated with IAT and comprised our target population. Dissections were more common in the internal carotid (n=18) than in the vertebral arteries (n=6). All but one patient had intracranial embolus. IAT techniques included thrombectomy (n=19), IA thrombolysis (n=17), stent (n=14), and angioplasty (n=7). Outcomes included favorable 90 day mRS score of 0–2 in 63%, 4 deaths, 1 sICH, and 3 procedural complications. After adjustment, favorable mRS in our target population was similar to comparison populations: (a) in CeAD, IAT versus no IAT (OR 0.62, p=0.56); (b) In CeAD, IAT versus IVT alone (OR 1.32, p=0.79); and (c) IAT in CeAD versus non-CeAD mechanism of AIS (OR 0.58, p=0.34).ConclusionsIAT is a valid alternative therapeutic option for AIS caused by CeAD due to the low complication rate and excellent outcomes observed in this study.
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Perugini, Marco, Rick O'Gorman, and Andrew Prestwich. "An Ontological Test of the IAT." Experimental Psychology 54, no. 2 (January 2007): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.54.2.134.
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Abstract. Extensive research has been conducted demonstrating the predictive validity and reliability of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) for a broad array of behaviors and contexts. However, less work has been done examining its underlying construct validity. This contribution focuses on examining whether a core theoretical foundation of the IAT paradigm is valid, specifically, whether the IAT effect draws on the social knowledge structure (SKS). We present four studies within different domains that show that the IAT does indeed appear to draw on the SKS. The data show that activation of the self before the categorization task enhances the predictive validity of the IAT, as one would expect if the IAT reflects the SKS. We discuss theoretical reasons for these findings, with emphasis also on underlying statistical/psychometric issues.
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Gawronski, Bertram, and Frederica R. Conrey. "Der Implizite Assoziationstest als Maß automatisch aktivierter Assoziationen: Reichweite und Grenzen." Psychologische Rundschau 55, no. 3 (July 2004): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/0033-3042.55.3.118.
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Zusammenfassung. Der Implizite Assoziationstest (IAT) ist wahrscheinlich das bekannteste und am weitesten verbreitete Verfahren zur Messung automatisch aktivierter Assoziationen. Trotz der vorliegenden Evidenz für dessen Validität gibt es allerdings nach wie vor Kritik am IAT, die vor allem auf der ungeklärten Frage nach den zugrundeliegenden psychologischen Prozessen beruht. Der folgende Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die vorhandene Forschung zum IAT, um auf diese Weise sowohl die Reichweite als auch die Grenzen des Verfahrens aufzuzeigen. Thematisiert werden dabei Zusammenhänge zu expliziten Fragebogenmaßen, Ergebnisse zur Vorhersagekraft des IAT, Studien zu Kontext- und Materialeffekten, sowie die Rolle systematischer Fehlervarianz. Als Resultat dieses Überblicks stehen eine Reihe von allgemeinen Schlussfolgerungen zur konvergenten, diskriminanten, prädiktiven, inkrementellen und internen Validität des IAT, sowie einige kritische Anmerkungen zu weit verbreiteten Interpretationen in der IAT-Forschung.
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Schmukle, Stefan C., and Boris Egloff. "Does the Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety measure trait and state variance?" European Journal of Personality 18, no. 6 (September 2004): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.525.
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The stability of the Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety (IAT‐Anxiety) is lower than its internal consistency, indicating that the IAT‐Anxiety measures both stable and occasion‐specific variance. This suggests that the IAT‐Anxiety may be not only a valid measure of trait anxiety but also one of state anxiety. To test this assumption, two studies were conducted in which state anxiety was experimentally induced by a public speaking task. However, both studies showed that the IAT‐Anxiety score did not change when a state of anxiety was induced. Thus, it seems that occasion‐specific factors other than variations in state anxiety lead to occasion‐specific variance in the IAT‐Anxiety score. Implications for the indirect assessment of personality dispositions with the IAT are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Qareeba, Putri Laila, Nandang Rukanda, and Tuti Alawiyah. "LAYANAN iBIMBINGAN iKELOMPOK iDIMASA iPANDEMI iMELALUI iTEKNIK iMODELING iUNTUK iKEDISIPLINAN iSISWA iSMA iKELAS iXI." FOKUS (Kajian Bimbingan & Konseling dalam Pendidikan) 5, no. 5 (September 29, 2022): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/fokus.v5i5.9113.
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This iresearch iis imotivated iby ithe iexistence iof istudents iwho ihave ilow idiscipline itowards ischool irules iso ithat iitibecomes ian iinteresting iproblem ifor iresearchers ito imake ias ia iresearch ititle ifor ithe ismooth iteaching iand ilearningiprocess iand istudent isuccess. iat iSMAN i1 iCiranjang iusing imodeling itechniques. iThe ipurpose iof ithis istudy iwas ito ifindiout ihow ithe iimplementation iof igroup iguidance iservices iin iimproving idiscipline ithrough imodeling itechniques iat iSMANi1 iCiranjang ischool. iSubjects iconsisting iof i7 istudents iwith idata icollection itechniques icarried iout iby iquestionnaires.iData iwere ianalyzed idescriptively iqualitatively. The iresults ishowed ithat ithe idiscipline iof iclass iXI istudents iwas iincludediin ithe igood icategory. iThus, igroup iguidance iservices ithrough imodeling itechniques ifor ithe idiscipline iof iclass iXIistudents iare ifeasible iand ican iovercome istudent idiscipline iproblems.Keywords: iGroup iguidance, imodeling itechniques, idiscipline
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Balconi, Michela, and Roberta Finocchiaro. "Deficit in rewarding mechanisms and prefrontal left/right cortical effect in vulnerability for internet addiction." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 28, no. 5 (March 9, 2016): 272–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2016.9.
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ObjectiveThe present research explored the cortical correlates of rewarding mechanisms and cortical ‘unbalance’ effect in internet addiction (IA) vulnerability.MethodsInternet Addiction Inventory (IAT) and personality trait (Behavioural Inhibition System, BIS; Behavioural Activation System, BAS) were applied to 28 subjects. Electroencephalographic (EEG, alpha frequency band) and response times (RTs) were registered during a Go-NoGo task execution in response to different online stimuli: gambling videos, videogames or neutral stimuli. Higher-IAT (more than 50 score, with moderate or severe internet addiction) and lower-IAT (<50 score, with no internet addiction).ResultsAlpha band and RTs were affected by IAT, with significant bias (reduced RTs) for high-IAT in response to gambling videos and videogames; and by BAS, BAS-Reward subscale (BAS-R), since not only higher-IAT, but also BAS and BAS-R values determined an increasing of left prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity (alpha reduction) in response to videogames and gambling stimuli for both Go and NoGo conditions, in addition to decreased RTs for these stimuli categories.ConclusionThe increased PFC responsiveness and the lateralisation (left PFC hemisphere) effect in NoGo condition was explained on the basis of a ‘rewarding bias’ towards more rewarding cues and a deficit in inhibitory control in higher-IAT and higher-BAS subjects. In contrast lower-IAT and lower-BAS predicted a decreased PFC response and increased RTs for NoGo (inhibitory mechanism). These results may support the significance of personality (BAS) and IAT measures for explaining future internet addiction behaviour based on this observed ‘vulnerability’.
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Xu, Lei, Hao Li, Sishi Yang, Wenjuan Zeng, Shan Gan, Xin Chen, Ling Duan, and Hongbing Hu. "Interference in the indirect antiglobulin test and direct antiglobulin test from rheumatoid factor." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 3 (December 19, 2019): 030006051989238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060519892386.
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Background The indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) and direct antiglobulin test (DAT) have been used as common tests for transfusion. Recently, we have found that in addition to causing false increases, rheumatoid factor (RF) can also cause false decreases in immunoassays for hepatitis B surface antigen and B-type natriuretic peptide. However, it remains unclear whether RF also interferes with the IAT and DAT. Methods IAT models were produced by mixing IAT-positive plasma and RF-positive plasma, then one-step and two-step IATs were adopted for detection. DAT models were produced by mixing DAT-positive red blood cells (RBCs) and RF-positive plasma, followed by detection with the DAT. The DAT models were diluted using the same RF-positive plasma, and the DAT was performed again. Results The rate of decrease of the two-step IAT (40.63%) was significantly higher than that of the one-step IAT (31.51%). Both the rate of decrease (76.67%) and increase (16.67%) of the results of the 60 DAT models were significantly higher than those of the IAT models after two-fold dilution. Conclusions The RF can lead to both false decreases and false increases in IAT and DAT. And the interference effects are related to the RF content relative to the IgG-sensitized RBCs.
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Popa-Roch, Maria, and Florian Delmas. "Prejudice Implicit Association Test Effects." Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology 218, no. 1 (January 2010): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/a000007.
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Self-concept is accessible information that can be used when facing a demanding task. Based on findings suggesting that effects observed in Implicit Association Tests (IATs) could be partially explained by the procedural features of the task, we investigated the role of participants’ self-inclusion in target categories for group IATs. We propose that IAT constraints lead participants to use self-relevant heuristics related to their membership of target categories in order to respond rapidly, which contributes to IAT group preferences. Thus positive IAT effects should dramatically diminish if participants were induced not to use self-related heuristics. Study 1 showed that when mapping outgroup names and idiosyncratic characteristics of participants onto the same category during the IAT task, the IAT effect no longer occurs. Study 2 replicated these findings when associating outgroup-participants’ idiosyncratic characteristics prior to the completion of the standard IAT. Therefore inhibiting the use of self-related heuristics reduces IAT effects. The implications of our results for the construct validity of prejudice IATs are discussed.
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Gawronski, Bertram. "What Does the Implicit Association Test Measure? A Test of the Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Prejudice-Related IATs." Experimental Psychology 49, no. 3 (July 2002): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//1618-3169.49.3.171.
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Abstract. Drawing on recent criticism of the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the present study tested the convergent and discriminant validity of two prejudice-related IATs to corresponding explicit prejudice measures in a German student sample (N = 61). Confirming convergent validity, (a) an IAT designed to assess negative associations related to Turkish people was significantly related to the explicit endorsement of prejudiced beliefs about Turkish people, and (b) an IAT designed to assess negative associations related to East Asians was significantly related to explicit prejudice against East Asians. Moreover, confirming discriminant validity, (c) the Asian IAT was unrelated to the explicit endorsement of prejudiced beliefs about Turkish people, and (d) the Turkish IAT was unrelated to explicit prejudice against Asian people. These results further corroborate the assumption that the IAT is a valid method to assess the strength of evaluative associations in the domain of prejudice and stereotypes.
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Sukhera, Javeed, Michael Wodzinski, Maham Rehman, and Cristina M. Gonzalez. "The Implicit Association Test in health professions education: A meta-narrative review." Perspectives on Medical Education 8, no. 5 (September 18, 2019): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40037-019-00533-8.
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Abstract Introduction Implicit bias is a growing area of interest among educators. Educational strategies used to elicit awareness of implicit biases commonly include the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Although the topic of implicit bias is gaining increased attention, emerging critique of the IAT suggests the need to subject its use to greater theoretical and empirical scrutiny. Methods The authors employed a meta-narrative synthesis to review existing research on the use of the IAT in health professions education. Four databases were searched using key terms yielding 1151 titles. After title, abstract and full-text screening, 38 articles were chosen for inclusion. Coding and analysis of articles sought a meaningful synthesis of educational approaches relating to the IAT, and the assumptions and theoretical positions that informed these approaches. Results Distinct, yet complementary, meta-narratives were found in the literature. The dominant perspective utilizes the IAT as a metric of implicit bias to evaluate the success of an educational activity. A contrasting narrative describes the IAT as a tool to promote awareness while triggering discussion and reflection. Discussion Whether used as a tool to measure bias, raise awareness or trigger reflection, the use of the IAT provokes tension between distinct meta-narratives, posing a challenge to educators. Curriculum designers should consider the premise behind the IAT before using it, and be prepared to address potential reactions from learners such as defensiveness or criticism. Overall, findings suggest that educational approaches regarding implicit bias require critical reflexivity regarding assumptions, values and theoretical positioning related to the IAT.
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Boers, Anna MM, Ivo GH Jansen, Olvert A. Berkhemer, Albert J. Yoo, Hester F. Lingsma, Cornelis H. Slump, Yvo BWEM Roos, et al. "Collateral status and tissue outcome after intra-arterial therapy for patients with acute ischemic stroke." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 37, no. 11 (November 19, 2016): 3589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x16678874.
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Intra-arterial therapy (IAT) for ischemic stroke aims to save brain tissue. Collaterals are thought to contribute to prolonged penumbra sustenance. In this study, we investigate the effect of collateral status on brain tissue salvage with IAT. In 500 patients randomized between IAT and standard care, collateral status was graded from 0 (absent) to 3 (good). Final infarct volumes (FIV) were calculated on post-treatment CT. FIVs were compared between treatment groups per collateral grade. Multivariable linear regression with interaction terms was performed to study whether collaterals modified IAT effect on FIV. Four-hundred-forty-nine patients were included in the analysis. Median FIV for the IAT group was significantly lower with 54.5 mL (95% IQR: 21.8–145.0) than for the controls with 81.8 mL (95% IQR: 40.0–154.0) ( p = 0.020). Treatment effect differed across collateral grades, although there was no significant interaction (unadjusted p = 0.054; adjusted p = 0.105). For grade 3, IAT resulted in a FIV reduction of 30.1 mL ( p = 0.024). For grade 2 and 1, this difference was, respectively, 28.4 mL ( p = 0.028) and 28.4 mL ( p = 0.29). For grade 0, this was 88.6 mL ( p = 0.28) in favour of controls. IAT saves substantially more brain tissue as compared to standard care. We observed a trend of increasing effect of IAT with higher collateral grades.
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Kazlauskaite, Rasa, Kelly Karavolos, Imke Janssen, Kimberly Carlson, Karla J. Shipp, Sheila A. Dugan, and Lynda H. Powell. "The Association between Self-Reported Energy Intake and Intra-Abdominal Adipose Tissue in Perimenopausal Women." Journal of Obesity 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/567320.
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We have previously shown that physical activity predicts intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAT), but it is unknown whether energy intake predicts IAT independently of physical activity in a community-based, naturalistic environment. The association of energy intake with IAT was explored cross-sectionally in women, recruited between 2002 and 2005 for a study of fat patterning in midlife. IAT at L4-L5vertebral interspace was assessed by computed tomography, energy intake by the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire, and physical activity by the Kaiser Physical Activity Survey. Linear regression models were used for the principal analyses. Among the 257 women, 48% were African American and 52% were Caucasian. Women were52±3years old, and 49% were postmenopausal. Every 500 kcal increase in energy intake was associated with a 6% higher IAT (P=0.02), independent of physical activity (P=0.02), after adjustment for ethnicity, menopausal status, age, smoking, income, and DXA-assessed percent body fat. Energy intake had a significant interaction with ethnicity (P=0.02), but not with physical activity. Models using the IAT to subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue ratio as an outcome had similar associations. In conclusion, self-reported EI was associated with preferential IAT accumulation in midlife women, independent of physical activity. This association was significantly stronger in Caucasian than African American women. Future longitudinal studies are needed to explore lifestyle predictors of IAT accumulation during the menopausal transition.
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Bardin, Brigitte, Stéphane Perrissol, Jacques Py, Céline Launay, and Florian Escoubès. "Personalized SC-IAT: A Possible Way of Reducing the Influence of Societal Views on Assessments of Implicit Attitude toward Smoking." Psychological Reports 115, no. 1 (August 2014): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/18.07.pr0.115c10z8.
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The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is used to assess attitude beyond the limitations of explicit measurements. Nevertheless, the test requires opposition between two attitude objects and also measures an extra-personal dimension of attitude that may reflect associations shared collectively. The first limitation can be overcome by using a Single Category IAT and the second by a personalized version of IAT. This study compares attitudes to smoking measured using a Single Category IAT with a personalized version of the test. The results, collected from 111 students, showed that the Single Category IAT did not distinguish smokers from non-smokers; smokers had negative scores. The personalized version did distinguish smokers from non-smokers, and smokers' scores seem to be neutral.
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Trothen, Tracy J. "Intelligent Assistive Technology Ethics for Aging Adults: Spiritual Impacts as a Necessary Consideration." Religions 13, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13050452.
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Potential spiritual impacts of Artificial Intelligence (AI) driven Assistive Technologies (AT) for older adults are absent in most ethics conversations. Intelligent Assistive Technology (IAT) is the term used to describe the spectrum of Assistive Technologies that use AI. In this theoretical essay, I begin by introducing examples of AT and IAT for older adults with age-related disabilities. I argue that spirituality is a marginalized value in ethics that must be considered if IAT ethics is to address the whole person. Some of the potential spiritual impacts of IATs will be suggested through engagement with three core spiritual needs. I ask how IAT might impact these three core spiritual needs. This is not meant to be an exhaustive study of the spiritual impacts of AT. Through the engagement of one approach to spiritual needs, this article proposes that IAT ethics issues intersect with the spiritual needs of aging adults and, therefore, that potential spiritual impacts ought to be addressed as part of IAT ethics for older adults.
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Mierke, Jan, and Karl Christoph Klauer. "Implicit Association Measurement with the IAT: Evidence for Effects of Executive Control Processes." Experimental Psychology 48, no. 2 (April 2001): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//0949-3946.48.2.107.
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Abstract. It is argued that a model of goal-independent spreading activation in a social or semantic knowledge structure is insufficient to explain implicit association effects in the IAT ( Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998 ). An alternative account is proposed, which attributes IAT effects to differential costs for switching between task sets. Two experiments were conduced to test this account. In Experiment 1, specific task-set switching cost was a function of IAT condition: switching between tasks was associated with significantly more cost in the incompatible IAT phase. In a second experiment the magnitude of the IAT effect was reduced when task-set reconfiguration was possible in advance of or simultaneously with the upcoming stimulus. The results are discussed with respect to recently suggested accounts of the effect.
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Zhang, Bin, Xiaojiang Sun, Minghua Li, Feng Wang, Dan Xu, Hao Duan, and Chun Fang. "Intra-Arterial vs Intra-Venous Thrombolysis for Anterior Cerebral Occlusion." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 37, no. 2 (March 2010): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100009999.
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Background:The safety and effectiveness of intra-arterial thrombolysis (IAT) in comparison to intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) for the treatment of ischemic stroke is uncertain. Our study aims to assess and compare IAT to IVT for clinically relevant outcomes in patients with occlusion of the anterior cerebral circulation.Methods:Patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled for either treatment; those whose symptoms occurred within 4.5 hrs after stroke were treated with IVT, whereas those who presented <4.5 hrs but had contraindications to IVT or presented between 4.5 and 6 hrs were treated with IAT. Evaluated endpoints included: disability at 90 days as measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), incidence of mortality, and incidence of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage.Results:78 patients with anterior cerebral circulation occlusion were included in the study (55 in IVT, 23 in IAT). After 90 days, 82.6% patients treated with IAT reached independence in comparison to 56.4% in the IVT group (P=0.028, RR=2.66, 95% CI: 1.10-7.04). The incidence of all intracranial haemorrhages in the IAT and IVT groups respectively were 30.4% and 12.7% (P=0.103, RR=2.391, 95% CI: 0.946-6.047); symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage occurred in 8.7% and 9.1% of patients (P=1.00, RR= 0.957, 95% CI: 0.200-4.579), and mortality in 8.7% and 16.4% (P=0.492, RR=1.882, 95% CI: 0.440-8.045).Conclusion:Results suggest that IAT is more effective than IVT in allowing patients to achieve independence. While inconclusive, the safety of IAT within 6 hrs is comparable to IVT within 4.5 hrs.
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Fronza, S., E. Galimberti, E. Fadda, F. Fanini, and L. Bellodi. "Implicit associations in eating disorders: An experimental study with the “self-esteem” implicit associations test." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72424-5.
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IntroductionGreenwald et al. (1998) developed The implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure automatic concept-attribute associations. Several evidences showed that Eating Disorders (EDs) were charactterized by a low explicit self-esteem.ObjectivesThe first aim was the evaluation of implicit self-esteem in a sample of patients with EDs. Second aim was to verify the correlation between implicit and explicit self-esteem, hypothesizing that they could represent two independent constructs.MethodsA IAT modeled to assess self-esteem (Self-esteem IAT) has been administered to 17 Anorexia Nervosa (AN), 14 Bulimia Nervosa (BN), 17 Binge Eating (BED) patients and 32 healthy controls (HC). In IAT, the target categories were represented by the words «SELF / OTHER» and «agreeable / disagreeable». A positive IAT effect suggest a negative implicit self esteem, instead a negative IAT effect suggest a positive implicit self-esteem. Traditional self reports were used to evaluate explicit self-esteem to all participants.ResultsResults showed a significant difference between HC and clinical groups in implicit self-esteem. HC and BED showed positive IAT effect, instead AN and BN shows a negative IAT effect. No correlations between implicit and explicit self-esteem were found.ConclusionResults showed that HC has a much more positively implicit self-esteem compared to clinical samples. An interesting result concerns the absence of any significant correlation between the implicit and explicit self-esteem, that could suggests that the implicit self-esteem is an independent construct respect to the explicit one.
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Kim, Joon-Tae, Suk-Hee Heo, Woong Yoon, Kang-Ho Choi, Man-Seok Park, Jeffrey L. Saver, and Ki-Hyun Cho. "Clinical outcomes of patients with acute minor stroke receiving rescue IA therapy following early neurological deterioration." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 8, no. 5 (April 24, 2015): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2015-011690.
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BackgroundPatients presenting with minor ischemic stroke frequently have early neurological deterioration (END) and poor final outcome. The optimal management of patients with END has not been determined.ObjectiveTo investigate rescue IA therapy (IAT) when patients with acute minor ischemic stroke develop END.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of consecutively registered patients with acute minor stroke and END. ‘END’ was defined as an increase in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores by 1 or more points (or development of new neurological symptoms) and ‘ΔEND−NIHSS’ was defined as numerical difference between NIHSS scores at the time of END and before END. Rescue IAT following END was adjusted for the covariates to evaluate the association between IAT and favorable outcome at 3 months.ResultsAmong 982 patients with acute minor ischemic stroke, END occurred in 232 (23.6%). Of the 209 patients with END with full data available, 87 (41.6%) had favorable outcomes at 3 months. Rescue IAT following END was performed in 28 (13.4%). Favorable 3-month outcomes were seen in 50% of patients undergoing rescue IAT, including 8/19 (42.1%) undergoing rescue IAT beyond 8 h. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, rescue IAT following END was independently associated with favorable outcome at 3 months (OR=10.9; 95% CI 3.06 to 38.84; p<0.001).ConclusionsThe results suggest that rescue IAT may be safe and effective when END occurs in selected patients with acute minor ischemic stroke. Further prospective and randomized studies are needed to confirm our results.
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Vinogradova, Zhanna, Irina Plotka, Iveta Smirnova, Nina Blumenau, and Dmitry Igonin. "STUDY OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE USE OF MOBILE PHONES WHILE DRIVING WITH IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TESTS AND SELF-ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 7 (May 25, 2018): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3397.
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Analysis of studies shows that in studying attitudes towards risky and safe driving only few researches are based on the use of implicit methods. The aim of the study: the study of attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving with the use of Implicit Association Tests and self-assessment procedures. Participants: 69, age 21-59, M = 42, SD = 9.02, 27 female and 42 male, all with B category driver licenses, driving experience 9-24 years. Implicit measurements: two experimental procedures of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) developed by the authors for measuring attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving: IAT and self-concept IAT Explicit measurements: a self-assessment procedure developed by the authors "Scale of measuring attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving," cross-cultural Personality Questionnaire ZKPQ-50-CC (Aluja, Rossier, García, Angleitner, Kuhlman, & Zuckerman, 2006). A positive relationship between the results of measurements using IAT and self-concept IAT was found in participants with high anxiety. The effect size obtained with the IAT is larger than the effect size obtained with self-concept IAT. A relationship between the results of measurement of attitudes towards the use a mobile phone while driving, measured by experimental procedures and the personal factors was found.
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Alsetoohy, Omar, Baker Ayoun, Saleh Arous, Farida Megahed, and Gihan Nabil. "Intelligent agent technology: what affects its adoption in hotel food supply chain management?" Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 10, no. 3 (September 17, 2019): 286–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhtt-01-2018-0005.
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Purpose The study adopted a conceptualized technological, organizational and environmental (TOE) model to empirically investigate the factors affecting hotel managers’ attitudes toward intelligent agent technology (IAT) adoption in the hotel food supply chain management (HFSCM) and their intentions for future adoption. Design/methodology/approach In-person survey was carried out in luxury hotels in Florida. Findings The findings indicated that merely 5.7 per cent of hotels are fully implementing IAT. Perceived benefits, reliability, quality of human resources, information intensity and market capabilities had a statistically significant positive impact on hotel managers’ attitudes. However, complexity and cost had a negative influence on hotel managers’ attitudes toward IAT adoption in the HFSCM. Managers’ attitude further positively influences their intention to adopt. Practical implications The validated model helps guide hotel decision makers who are considering IAT adoption in the HFSCM. Hotels that are seeking sources for competitive advantages would better consider the TOE factors in IAT adoption prior to making a decision. Originality/value This is the first study that examined IAT adoption in the hotel industry from a theoretical and empirical perspective. The validated model proposed for the adoption of IAT in HFSCM enriched the TOE model and the diffusion of innovations theory.
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Kim, Su Chel, Chang-Young Lee, Chang-Hyun Kim, Sung-Il Sohn, Jeong-Ho Hong, and Hyungjong Park. "The effectiveness of systemic and endovascular intra-arterial thrombectomy protocol for decreasing door-to-recanalization time duration." Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7461/jcen.2021.e2021.07.009.
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Objective: Variable treatment strategies and protocols have been applied to reduce time durations in the process of acute stroke management. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of our intra-arterial thrombectomy (IAT) protocol for decreasing door-to-recanalization time duration and improve successful recanalization.Methods: A systemic and endovascular protocol included door-to-image, image-to-puncture and puncture-to-recanalization. We retrospectively analyzed the patients of pre- (Sep 2012–Apr 2014) and post-IAT protocol (May 2014–Jul 2018). Univariate analysis was used for the statistical significance according to variable factors (age, gender, the location of occluded vessel, successful recanalization TICI 2b-3). Independent t-test was used to compare the time duration.Results: Among all 267 patients with acute stroke of anterior circulation, there were 50 and 217 patients with pre- and post-IAT protocol. Age, gender, and the location of occluded vessel have no statistical significance (p＞0.05). In pre- and post-IAT group, successful recanalization was 39 of 50 (78.0%) and 185/217 (85.3%), respectively (p＜0.05). Post-IAT (48.8%, 106/217) group had a higher tendency of good outcome than pre-IAT group (36.0%, 18/50) (p＞0.05). Pre- and post-IAT group showed 61.7±21.4 vs. 25±16.0 (p＜0.05), 102.0±29.8 vs. 82.7±30.4 (min) (p＜0.05), and 79.1±47.5 vs. 58.4±75.3 (p＜0.05) in three steps, respectively.Conclusions: We suggest that the application of systemic and endovascular IAT protocols showed a significant time reduction for faster recanalization in patients with LVO. To build-up the well-designed IAT protocol through puncture-to-recanalization can be needed to decrease time duration and improve clinical outcome in recanalization therapy in acute stroke patients.
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Hussey, Ian, and Jan De Houwer. "Implicit Association Test as an Analogical Learning Task." Experimental Psychology 65, no. 5 (September 2018): 272–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000416.
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Abstract. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a popular tool for measuring attitudes. We suggest that performing an IAT could, however, also change attitudes via analogical learning. For instance, when performing an IAT in which participants categorize (previously unknown) Chinese characters, flowers, positive words, and negative words, participants could infer that Chinese characters relate to flowers as negative words relate to positive words. This analogy would imply that Chinese characters are opposite to flowers in terms of valence and thus that they are negative. Results from three studies (N = 602) confirmed that evaluative learning can occur when completing an IAT, and suggest that this effect can be described as analogical. We discuss the implications of our findings for research on analogy and research on the IAT as a measure of attitudes.
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Weber, Stefan S., Fabiola Polli, Rémon Boer, Roel A. L. Bovenberg, and Arnold J. M. Driessen. "Increased Penicillin Production in Penicillium chrysogenum Production Strains via Balanced Overexpression of Isopenicillin N Acyltransferase." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 19 (August 3, 2012): 7107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01529-12.
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ABSTRACTIntense classical strain improvement has yielded industrialPenicillium chrysogenumstrains that produce high titers of penicillin. These strains contain multiple copies of the penicillin biosynthesis cluster encoding the three key enzymes: δ-(l-α-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase (ACVS), isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), and isopenicillin N acyltransferase (IAT). The phenylacetic acid coenzyme A (CoA) ligase (PCL) gene encoding the enzyme responsible for the activation of the side chain precursor phenylacetic acid is localized elsewhere in the genome in a single copy. Since the protein level of IAT already saturates at low cluster copy numbers, IAT might catalyze a limiting step in high-yielding strains. Here, we show that penicillin production in high-yielding strains can be further improved by the overexpression of IAT while at very high levels of IAT the precursor 6-aminopenicillic acid (6-APA) accumulates. Overproduction of PCL only marginally stimulates penicillin production. These data demonstrate that in high-yielding strains IAT is the limiting factor and that this limitation can be alleviated by a balanced overproduction of this enzyme.
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Lessa, Krysna Pires, Ítalo Gonçalo Matias Vilasbôas, Marcos de Amorim Aquino, and Igor Lima Maldonado. "Usage of a Translated Version of Terminologia Anatomica in Brazil: An Examination of the Neurosurgical Literature." Arquivos Brasileiros de Neurocirurgia: Brazilian Neurosurgery 38, no. 02 (April 2, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685154.
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Introduction The linguistic factor may have delayed the universal adoption of the International Anatomical Terminology (IAT), which was widespread in Latin and in English only. Independent translations are possible, but they are not devoid of methodological difficulties. Objective To estimate the usage of the translated version of the Terminologia Anatomica in neurosurgical articles in Brazil. Method Consecutive national publications were checked for the correspondence of their anatomical terms to the following categories: IAT – Brazilian version; IAT in Latin; Nomina Anatomica – previous versions; incomplete terms; derivative terms; eponyms; neologisms; and others (misspellings and prosaic terms). The years 2014 and 2015 were chosen for analysis so that included articles were published at least 16 years after the publication of the original IAT (1998) and at least 13 years since the publication of the Brazilian version (2001). Results Out of a total of 183 articles analyzed, 1,132 anatomical terms were identified, referring to 334 different anatomical structures. Most of the structures were described using terms from the Brazilian version of the IAT (n = 834; 73.7%). Those that did not belong to or did not derive from any version of the IAT totaled 281 (24.8%). The remaining 17 terms (1.5%) corresponded to words derived or provided for in the Latin IAT. No association was identified between the number of authors and any category of nomenclature. Conclusion Although most anatomical structures cited in Portuguese were described in accordance with the Brazilian version of the IAT, the degree of adherence was considered moderate given that about one-quarter of the terms escaped this terminology.
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Kohler, Philipp P., Cheryl Volling, Karen Green, Elizabeth M. Uleryk, Prakesh S. Shah, and Allison McGeer. "Carbapenem Resistance, Initial Antibiotic Therapy, and Mortality inKlebsiella pneumoniaeBacteremia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 38, no. 11 (September 27, 2017): 1319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2017.197.
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BACKGROUNDMortality associated with infections caused by carbapenem-resistantEnterobacteriaceae(CRE) is higher than mortality due to carbapenem-sensitive pathogens.OBJECTIVETo examine the association between mortality from bacteremia caused by carbapenem-resistant (CRKP) and carbapenem-sensitiveKlebsiella pneumoniae(CSKP) and to assess the impact of appropriate initial antibiotic therapy (IAT) on mortality.DESIGNSystematic review and meta-analysisMETHODSWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Wiley Cochrane databases through August 31, 2016, for observational studies reporting mortality among adult patients with CRKP and CSKP bacteremia. Search terms were related toKlebsiella, carbapenem-resistance, and infection. Studies including fewer than 10 patients per group were excluded. A random-effects model and meta-regression were used to assess the relationship between carbapenem-resistance, appropriateness of IAT, and mortality.RESULTSMortality was higher in patients who had CRKP bacteremia than in patients with CSKP bacteremia (15 studies; 1,019 CRKP and 1,148 CSKP patients; unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8–2.6; I2=0). Mortality was lower in patients with appropriate IAT than in those without appropriate IAT (7 studies; 658 patients; unadjusted OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3–0.8; I2=36%). CRKP patients (11 studies; 1,326 patients; 8-year period) were consistently less likely to receive appropriate IAT (unadjusted OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3–0.7; I2=43%). Our meta-regression analysis identified a significant association between the difference in appropriate IAT and mortality (OR per 10% difference in IAT, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0–1.6).CONCLUSIONSAppropriateness of IAT is an important contributor to the observed difference in mortality between patients with CRKP bacteremia and patients with CSKP bacteremia.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2017;38:1319–1328
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Sjöholm, Annie, Andreas Älgå, and Johan von Schreeb. "A Last Resort When There is No Blood: Experiences and Perceptions of Intraoperative Autotransfusion Among Medical Doctors Deployed to Resource-Limited Settings." World Journal of Surgery 44, no. 12 (August 27, 2020): 4052–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-020-05749-y.
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Abstract Background Four and a half million people die globally every year due to traumatic injuries. One major cause of preventable death is bleeding. Blood for transfusion is often unavailable in resource-limited settings, where a majority of trauma deaths occur. Intraoperative autotransfusion (IAT) has been proposed as a safe and feasible lifesaving alternative to allogeneic blood transfusion. However, there is limited knowledge regarding its use among doctors working for international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) in resource-limited settings. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences and perceptions of IAT among INGO-affiliated medical doctors with clinical experience in resource-limited settings. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews via telephone or Skype with 12 purposefully sampled surgeons and anaesthesiologists. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using content analysis. Results We identified three main themes relating to IAT and bottlenecks preventing the scale-up of its use: variation in techniques and systems, contextual factors, and individual medical doctor factors. The participants gave detailed reports of missed opportunities for usage of IAT in resource-limited settings. Bottlenecks included the lack of simple and cost-effective products, limited availability of protocols in the field, and insufficient knowledge and experience of IAT. Conclusions The participants found that simple IAT is under-utilised in resource-limited settings. Missed opportunities to use IAT were mainly associated with armed conflict settings and obstetrical emergencies. In order to meet the need for IAT in resource-limited settings, we suggest further consideration of the identified bottlenecks.
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Anselmi, Pasquale, Michelangelo Vianello, and Egidio Robusto. "Positive Associations Primacy in the IAT." Experimental Psychology 58, no. 5 (July 1, 2011): 376–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000106.
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Two studies investigated the different contribution of positive and negative associations to the size of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) effect. A Many-Facet Rasch Measurement analysis was applied for the purpose. Across different IATs (Race and Weight) and different groups of respondents (White, Normal weight, and Obese people) we observed that positive words increase the IAT effect whereas negative words tend to decrease it. Results suggest that the IAT is influenced by a positive associations primacy effect. As a consequence, we argue that researchers should be careful when interpreting IAT effects as a measure of implicit prejudice.
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Siebler, Frank, Roberto González, Gabriela Ordóñez, Gerd Bohner, Andrés Haye, David Sirlopú, Andres Millar, Pablo de Tezanos-Pinto, and David Torres. "The Category-Focus Implicit Association Test 1It is journal policy that submissions coauthored by a current editor are handled by a guest editor. We thank Ulrich Wagner, who handled the current manuscript, for his efforts." Social Psychology 41, no. 2 (January 2010): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000015.
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We propose the Category-Focus IAT (CF-IAT) as an instrument to measure the implicit associations of single concepts. The CF-IAT directs respondents’ attention to a subset of the experimental materials. In a first study using the CF-IAT, Chilean adolescents (N = 49), members of either the indigenous minority (Mapuche) or the nonindigenous majority, completed CF-IATs assessing implicit attitudes toward these groups. Results revealed, in both groups, a neutral implicit evaluation of the ingroup, but a negative implicit evaluation of the outgroup. Process evidence suggests that the CF-IAT’s manipulation of attentional focus was successful.