To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: IAT.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'IAT'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'IAT.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Agosta, Sara. "The autobiographical IAT: a new technique for memory detection." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3421879.
Full textAbstract:
The autobiographical IAT (aIAT) is a new technique of memory detection that can be used to identify which of two autobiographical events is true. The technique is based on a classification task. Participants have to classify items in four different categories using only two motor responses. The underlying assumption is that the condition in which two associated concepts require the same motor response (congruent block) reaction times will be faster than the condition where the two associated concepts require two different motor responses (incongruent block).
The practical applications of this technique to the forensic field are straightforward. Six validation studies have been run (Chapter 2). In all the six experiments the true autobiographical event has been identified on the basis of the pattern of reaction times (RTs) in fact the congruent block show faster RTs than the incongruent block. It has also been shown that coached participants can successfully fake the aIAT, but faking can be detected on the basis of a specific pattern of reaction times (Chapter 3).
The accuracy and validity of the aIAT has been evaluated further and I showed that to enhance the validity of the instrument is necessary to be cautious in using sentences to describe autobiographical events (Chapter 4).
Finally, it has been shown that the aIAT can be applied to the identification of intentions, other than autobiographical events (Chapter 5). The application of the aIAT to the intention detection has been investigated also with Event Related Potentials (ERPs). Results showed a reduced Late Positive Component (LPC) for the incongruent block in respect to the congruent one. The LPC has been shown to be related to the cognitive control indicating here a stronger cognitive control during the incongruent than the congruent block.
In sum, the aIAT has been shown to be a reliable method that can be used to identify an autobiographical event or a future intention.Obiettivo della ricerca è stato quello di validare un nuovo strumento, l’Autobiographical Implicit Association Test (aIAT), basato su misure indirette, il cui scopo è verficare la veridicità di un evento autobiografico. L’aIAT, stabilisce l’associazione fra la descrizione verbale di un evento (e un contro-evento) e la dimensione logica vero-falso. Compito del soggetto è quello di classificare delle frasi, che vengono presentate al centro di uno schermo, il più velocemente possibile. Ai partecipanti vengono presentati in ordine casuale item relativi a quattro concetti, due concetti target (evento-contro evento) e la dimensione logica (vero-falso); il compito dei partecipanti è quello di classificare gli item mediante due tasti; le risposte possibili del soggetto sono solamente due, in modo tale che i quattro concetti vengano associati a coppie. L’assunto di base prevede che i partecipanti siano più veloci nel compito di classificazione quando i concetti associati richiedono la medesima risposta (compito congruente). Al contrario, quando i due concetti associati richiedono risposte differenti, i tempi di reazione saranno relativamente più lenti (compito incongruente). Tale procedura è stata validata mediante una serie di esperimenti (Capitolo 2) il cui scopo era discriminare: -quale fra due carte è stata scelta da un partecipante, aIAT carte. -fra due gruppi di partecipanti, coloro che hanno commesso un crimine da partecipanti che hanno letto un articolo di giornale, aIAT mock crime -fra soggetti a cui è stata ritirata la patente per guida in stato d’ebbrezza e soggetti a cui non è mai stata ritirata la patente, aIAT guida in stato d’ebbrezza. I tempi di reazione delle situazioni congruenti sono significativamente più veloci dei tempi di reazione delle situazioni incongruenti. Studi successivi (Capitolo 3) hanno dimostrato come sia possibile utilizzare delle contromisure al test, ma queste stesse contromisure possono essere facilmente rintracciabili sulla base del pattern di tempi di reazione. Un ulteriore milgioramento del test è stato effettuaato attraverso alcuni studi (Capitolo 4) che hanno dimostrato che l’utilizzo di frasi ed etichette nella forma negativa riduca l’accuratezza del test. Infine l’aIAT è stato applicato allo studio delle intenzioni (Capitolo 5) e si è dimostrato in grado di individuare non solo gli eventi autobiografici accaduti in passato, ma anche le intenzioni future. Lo studio delle intenzioni è stato effettuato anche mediante la tecnica dei potenziali evocati che ha identificato una diversa componente tardiva (late positive component, LPC) nel blocco congruente ed incongruente, in particolare si è trovata una LPC ridotta nel blocco incongruente rispetto a quello congruente. La riduzione della LPC è stato associato in letteratura al controllo cognitivo, indicando quindi la necessità di un maggiore controllo mentre il partecipante svolge il blocco incongruente.
2
Chassard, Delphine. "Le Test des Associations Implicites (IAT) ou la mesure des évaluations automatiques d'objets d'attitudes : contribution critique à la validité des effets IAT d'attitudes." Nancy 2, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/NANCY2/doc253/2006NAN21022.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
L'IAT, se présentant comme une méthode de mesure indirecte des forces associatives entre concepts, permettrait d'appréhender des construits que les sujets ne veulent et/ou ne peuvent rapporter. Par exemple, dans le domaine des attitudes, l'IAT est censé appréhender les évaluations affectives automatiques d'objets d'attitudes. Pourtant, personne n'a véritablement cherché à vérifier ce présupposé ni n'est en mesure d'expliquer comment de telles évaluations sont prises en compte dans les effets IAT. Nos recherches visant une meilleure compréhension de l'IAT, nous avons donc développé un modèle théorique de la tâche et mis à l'épreuve le présupposé selon lequel les évaluations appréhendées par un IAT d'attitudes seraient automatiques. Nos résultats tendent non seulement à montrer que des conditions sont nécessaires afin que les évaluations d'intérêt interviennent dans les effets IAT mais aussi que ces évaluations sont contrôlablesThe IAT is generally considered as an indirect measurement of strengths of associations between concepts, that is, constructs that people don't want and/or don't can report. For example, in the domain of attitudes, the IAT is supposed to measure automatic evaluations of attitudes objects. However, anyone has never really seek to verify this assumption and no model can explain how evaluations affect the IAT effects. As we tend to a better comprehension of the IAT effects, we have developed a theoretical model of this task and tested the hypothese that evaluations measured are automatic. Our results tend to point out that some conditions are necessary for measuring evaluations of interest and that this evaluations are somehow controllable
3
Chassard, Delphine Flieller André. "Le Test des Associations Implicites (IAT) ou la mesure des évaluations automatiques d'objets d'attitudes contribution critique à la validité des effets IAT d'attitudes /." Nancy : Université Nancy 2, 2006. http://cyberdoc.univ-nancy2.fr/htdocs/docs_ouvert/doc253/2006NAN21022.pdf.
Full text
4
Röhner, Jessica. "Faking the Implicit Association Test (IAT): Predictors, Processes, and Detection." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-133049.
Full textAbstract:
Unverfälschbarkeit stellt ein wichtiges Gütekriterium psychologischer Testverfahren dar. Dieses Kriterium gilt dann als erfüllt, wenn das Testverfahren auf Grund seiner Konstruktion keine Steuerung oder Verzerrung der Ausprägung von Testwerten seitens der Versuchspersonen ermöglicht (vgl. Moosbrugger & Kelava, 2012).
Im Gegensatz zu direkten Verfahren (z.B. Fragebogen und Interviews), bei welchen die Ausprägung hinsichtlich eines Merkmales durch Selbstbeschreibung der Versuchspersonen erfragt wird und eine Verfälschung (z.B. durch sozial erwünschtes Antwortverhalten) nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann, wurde indirekten Verfahren (z.B. dem Impliziten Assoziationstest; IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) lange Zeit Immunität gegen Fälschungsversuche unterstellt. Diese begründet sich unter anderem durch die Annahme, dass mittels indirekter Verfahren implizite Merkmale gemessen werden.
Implizite Merkmale unterscheiden sich von den „eher klassischen“ expliziten Merkmalen, welche vorwiegend mittels direkter Verfahren gemessen werden. Ein wesentlicher Unterschied besteht darin, dass Versuchspersonen nicht notwendigerweise um die Ausprägung hinsichtlich ihrer impliziten Merkmale wissen und dass sie diese Ausprägung auch nicht kontrollieren können (vgl. De Houwer, 2006; De Houwer & Moors, 2007, in press). Die theoretischen Annahmen bezüglich der Eigenschaften impliziter Merkmale bzw. Messergebnisse legen zwei Implikationen nahe. Erstens: Wir können implizite Merkmale ausschließlich über indirekte Zugänge erfassen, da diese nicht notwendigerweise bewusst sind und so eine Selbstauskunft nicht möglich erscheint. Zweitens: Personen können ihre impliziten Messergebnisse nicht kontrollieren und folglich auch nicht verfälschen.
Vermutlich gab es auch aus diesem Grund vor wenigen Jahren einen regelrechten Boom, der zu der Entwicklung einer Vielzahl indirekter Verfahren zur Erfassung impliziter Merkmale geführt hat. Ob jedoch die Messergebnisse dieser Verfahren tatsächlich implizit und damit nicht verfälschbar sind, darf nicht nur theoretisch unterstellt, sondern muss empirisch überprüft werden (vgl. De Houwer, 2006).
Der IAT gilt als das bekannteste, reliabelste und valideste indirekte Verfahren (Bosson, Swan, & Pennebaker, 2000; Rudolph, Schröder-Abé, Schütz, Gregg, & Sedikides, 2008). In meiner
Dissertation habe ich mich aus diesem Grund der empirischen Überprüfung auf Verfälschbarkeit des IATs gewidmet.
Die vorliegende Dissertation besteht aus insgesamt fünf Kapiteln. Das 1. Kapitel bildet eine theoretische Einführung zu den Themen Fälschung im diagnostischen Kontext und zum IAT. Grundlegende Befunde und Fragen zur Verfälschbarkeit des IATs werden dargestellt. Kapitel 2 bis 4 bilden empirische Beiträge meiner Forschung, die sich jeweils schwerpunktmäßig mit unterschiedlichen Aspekten der Verfälschbarkeit des IATs beschäftigen. In Kapitel 2 wird der Frage nachgegangen, unter welchen Bedingungen der IAT verfälschbar ist. Bis dato haben die wenigen existierenden Studien ein sehr widersprüchliches Bild bezüglich der Verfälschbarkeit des IATs aufgezeigt. Ein Grund hierfür könnte sein, dass potentiell relevante Faktoren, welche die Verfälschbarkeit des Verfahrens beeinflussen können, noch nie gemeinsam in einer Studie untersucht wurden. Die vorliegende Studie wurde genau mit diesem Ziel konstruiert und durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse verweisen auf ein komplexes Zusammenspiel verschiedener Faktoren und zeigen auf, unter welchen Bedingungen der IAT verfälschbar ist. Implikationen dieser Ergebnisse werden kritisch diskutiert. In Kapitel 3 werden die Fragen beantwortet, wie Personen den IAT verfälschen und ob Fälschung im IAT detektierbar ist. Die Forschung hat sich bislang nur bedingt damit beschäftigt, was fälschende Personen tun, um ihre Messergebnisse wie gewünscht zu beeinflussen. Es wurde auch noch nicht untersucht, ob Versuchspersonen unter verschiedenen Bedingungen (z.B. Fälschungsziel: hohe vs. niedrige Testwerte) unterschiedliche Strategien anwenden. Dennoch wurden Indices vorgeschlagen, welche in der Lage sein sollen, Fälschung im IAT zu detektieren (Agosta, Ghirardi, Zogmaister, Castiello, & Sartori, 2011; Cvencek, Greenwald, Brown, Gray, & Snowden, 2010). In der vorgestellten Studie habe ich einerseits untersucht, welche Strategien fälschende Personen anwenden und ob sie, je nach Bedingung, zu unterschiedlichen Strategien greifen. Andererseits habe ich untersucht, welche dieser Strategien tatsächlich mit erfolgreicher Fälschung des IATs einhergehen. Schließlich habe ich untersucht, ob die in der Vergangenheit vorgeschlagenen Indices tatsächlich in der Lage sind, erfolgreiche FälscherInnen zu detektieren. Meine Ergebnisse zeigen, dass fälschende Personen unterschiedliche Strategien anwenden, um ihr Ziel zu erreichen. Damit verbunden zeigte sich auch, dass es schwerer ist als bislang angenommen, erfolgreiche FälscherInnen im IAT zu detektieren. Implikationen dieser Ergebnisse werden kritisch diskutiert. Kapitel 4 beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob kognitive Fähigkeiten ein erfolgreiches Fälschen im IAT erleichtern. Bisher wurden diese Fähigkeiten nur mit Fälschungserfolg in direkten Verfahren in Verbindung gebracht (vgl. Hartshorne & May, 1928; Nguyen, Biderman, & McDaniel, 2005; Ones, Viswesvaran, & Reiss, 1996; Pauls & Crost, 2005; Snell, Sydell, & Lueke, 1999; Tett, Freund, Christiansen, Fox, & Coaster, 2012; Weiner & Gibson, 2000). In der vorgestellten Studie habe ich untersucht, ob sie auch beim Fälschen des IATs eine Rolle spielen. Besonders habe ich mich dabei für die Rolle des g Faktors der Intelligenz, der Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit und der Konzentrationsfähigkeit interessiert. Die Ergebnisse meiner Studie zeigen auf, dass einige dieser Prädiktoren tatsächlich einen Einfluss auf den Fälschungserfolg im IAT haben. Implikationen dieser Ergebnisse werden kritisch diskutiert. Das 5. Kapitel bildet eine Zusammenführung und Integration der Befunde meiner Forschung in die bestehende Theorie. Zudem werden ein Ausblick für die weitere Forschung sowie Empfehlungen für die Praxis gegeben.
5
Powers, Jeffrey Thomas. "Explicit and Implicit Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Young Adults." TopSCHOLAR®, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3137.
Full text
6
Helmy, Nora, and Maria Tomljanovic. "Future Recruiters’ Attitudes Toward Gender Dysphoric Individuals." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-119802.
Full textAbstract:
Gender dysphoric individuals are a growing number in society and like other minority groups they are at risk of falling victim to discrimination. In an attempt to understand how attitudes affect discriminatory behaviour in a recruitment situation, future recruiters’ implicit and explicit attitudes toward gender dysphoric individuals were measured in relation to a résumé choice task. Implicit attitudes were measured with an Implicit Association Test and explicit attitudes with a transphobia scale. An independent sample t-test was conducted (N = 42), to measure if implicit attitudes differed between participants who chose a résumé of a gender dysphoric individual and participants that chose a résumé of a non-gender dysphoric individual. Although no significant differences in attitudes between the two groups were found, the results indicate other noteworthy differences in that a vast majority of participants had negative implicit attitudes toward gender dysphoric individuals in contrast to their positive explicit attitudes.
7
Rosenberger, Jared S. "Crime, Media, and The American Dream: The Role of Media Consumption in Institutional Anomie Theory." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1365173874.
Full text
8
Han, Hyo-Jung Anna. "MALLEABILITY OF ATTITUDES OR MALLEABILITY OF THE IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TEST?" The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1249076558.
Full text
9
Nadler, Joel T. "Explicit and Implicit Gender Bias in Workplace Appraisals: How Automatic Prejudice Affects Decision Making." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/228.
Full textAbstract:
Explicit gender bias has been found using both experiments and field studies to favor men in hiring, promotion, and career opportunities (Eagly & Carli, 2007), but experimental studies have been criticized for over generalizing results obtained from a "stranger-to-stranger" paradigm (Copus, 2005; Landy, 2008). Landy (2008) argues that gender biases become negligible when raters are familiar with ratees. Additionally, Landy questioned the use of implicit measures to examine bias. Implicit or unconscious bias refers to a cognitive preference for one category over another, such as taking longer to associate female terms with managerial terms on a computerized task, and has also been shown to impact organizational decision making regarding women (Rudman & Kilianski, 2000). Implicit bias measures are often more predictive when bias may be socially undesirable. The goal of this research is to examine the effects of familiarity on automatic or unconscious gender bias. Study 1 examines associations between implicit and explicit measures of gender bias with evaluations of male and female job applicants who engage in agentic, negotiation behavior or not. It was expected that agentic (negotiating) female job applicants, compared to others, would suffer a backlash on ratings of communal traits and that this effect will be exacerbated by individual differences in implicit and explicit gender bias. An effect was found of negotiating being associated with higher agentic traits and lower overall ratings. Negotiating and gender did not interact, however the study did find women were rated as more communal than men. In Study 2 participants completed an Implicit Association Task (IAT) matching unfamiliar and familiar pictures of men and women with agentic and communal terms. It was expected that gender bias towards women would be stronger in the unfamiliar condition than in the familiar condition. Results indicated that there was a consistent bias against associating women with agentic terms and this effect was not influenced by familiarity. In Study 3, participants completed a gender-bias IAT and then read a scenario describing either a man or woman who is being evaluated for a promotion. They were asked to free recall positive and negative outcomes and attributes associated with the person in the scenario. It was expected that participants who have an implicit bias against women would remember negative events from the female scenario more easily than from the male scenario. There was a gender effect with participants remembering more negative events and less positive events when the employee was female compare to when the employee was male. Across all three studies differences were found between explicit and implicit measurements of gender bias. These three studies help us better understand relationships between implicit and explicit gender bias in the workplace. Additionally, Study 2 addressed criticism of gender bias findings ignoring familiarity.
10
Nichol, Katie. "The Effect of Sexblindness and Sexawareness on Workplace Related Gender Bias." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2882.
Full textAbstract:
The present study was an adaptation of Richeson and Nussbaum's (2004) study of racism to gender bias. Two different gender ideologies were theoretically analyzed, then the influence of these ideologies on implicit and explicit forms of gender bias was examined. Psychology undergraduates were presented with a prompt promoting either a sexblind or sexaware approach to reducing gender bias. Participants then completed a measure of implicit (IAT Gender/Career) and explicit (MAWWWS) bias. Results suggested that, relative to the sexaware perspective, the sexblind perspective generated less implicit gender bias. There was no difference between ideological groups on the explicit measure. The findings of the present study increase the body of literature on the sexblind and sexaware ideologies and call into question the assumption that sexism and racism are analogous constructs.
11
Suravaram, Kiran R. "Modeling the Interarrival Times for Non-Signalized Freeway Entrance Ramps." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1183662416.
Full text
12
Austin, Sara Nicole. "TAKING IT PERSONALLY: CONTEXT EFFECTS ON THE PERSONALIZED IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TEST." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1272996866.
Full text
13
Winchester, Andrea Nicole. "Emotion Dysregulation as a Mediator of the Relationship between Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder and Implicit Suicidality." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1430430830.
Full text
14
Mellott, Deborah S. "Measuring implicit attitudes and stereotypes : increasing internal consistency reveals the convergent validity of IAT and priming measures /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9169.
Full text
15
Haynes, Cody D. "Examining the Relationship Between Functions of Self-Directed Violence and the Suicide Implicit Association Test." TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1544.
Full textAbstract:
Suicide and non-suicidal self-injury are concerning and prevalent phenomena in the United States; as a result, much research has been undertaken in order to investigate these topics (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015a). Although the exploration of risk factors is a common approach, other novel approaches have been developed in order to better understand self-directed violence (Klonsky & May, 2013). One of these is a focus on functions served by these behaviors, which is theorized to contribute to grasping their etiologies and help provide effective treatment (Glenn & Klonsky, 2011). Another approach is investigating implicit cognition and selfassociations’ influences on the development of self-directed violence (Glashouwer et al, 2010). The current study expanded on previous research by using these two novel approaches simultaneously, and measuring the association between the functional aspects of self-directed violence and the Suicide Implicit Association Test. Participants for this study included 32 adolescent inpatients hospitalized at River Valley Behavioral Health Hospital. The Suicide Implicit Association Test served as the independent variable in this study. The following measures served as dependent variables: the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury, the Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire, and the Suicide Attempt Self-Injury Interview.
Regression analyses revealed non-significant associations for both intrapersonal (β=1.44, S.E.=.91, p=.13) and interpersonal (β=.004, S.E.=.5, p=.99) functions. Poisson regression analyses revealed non-significant associations for both intrapersonal (β=.01, S.E.=.21, p=.97, CI:-.41, .42) and interpersonal (β=.60, S.E.=.51, p=.24, 95% CI:-.40, 1.60) functions. A logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between Suicide Implicit Association Test scores and number of previous suicide attempts, and this revealed a high odds ratio [OR =4.56, 95% CI: .36, 57.76]. Poisson regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between Suicide Implicit Association Test scores and the frequency of previous non-suicidal self-injury, and this revealed a significant positive association (β=.99, S.E.=.07, p=.00, 95% CI:.86, 1.13). Poisson regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between Suicide Implicit Association Test scores and the severity of previous suicidal ideation, and this revealed a significant positive association (β=1.09, S.E.=.23, p=.00, 95% CI: .65, 1.54).
16
Caesar, Michael, and n/a. "The processes used by high school music instrumentalists when improvising music and the factors which influence those processes." University of Canberra. Education, 1999. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050214.143037.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to build upon the growing body of knowledge relating to music improvisation by investigating the processes used by high school music instrumentalists when improvising music and the factors that influence those processes.
Many factors contribute to music improvisation skill and they must all be taken into account when investigating the music improvisation processes of high school music students. The theoretical framework of this study was based on the complex interactions that take place simultaneously between three identified ensembles of factors. The three ensembles of factors were:
I . The student profile which included general information and detailed aspects of prior music experience.
2. Enabling skills which included audiation ability, the ability to play music by ear and kinaesthetic abilities.
3. Improvisation processes including, creative processes, cognitive strategies and group or solo contexts for music improvisation.
Taking into account the exploratory nature of this study, the single embedded case study design, involving 12 high school music instrumentalists aged between 13 and 15 years, offered the necessary potential to cope with the wide variety of evidence.
The formal survey was used to gather information that would establish a detailed profile of each student. The Test of Ability to Audiate and Ability to Play by Ear (TAAAPE) was used to measure students' ability to audiate and play music by ear. Similarly, in order to explore the relationships between improvisation processes,
enabling skills and the profile of each student, the Improvisation Ability Test (IAT) was used. This test provided authentic music improvisation experiences in both group and solo contexts. Both tests were scored by two independent judges and the researcher. Finally, the focused interview was used to establish the cognitive
strategies used by the students when undertaking the various music improvisation tasks.
The ability of the case study design to handle both qualitative and quantitative data
proved to be useful in this study. Two major findings emerged from the analysis of
the data:
1. The first was that the processes used by this small group of students when engaged in music improvisation were unpredictable.
2. The second major finding relates to evidence that supports the theory of an interaction between the three ensembles of factors as presented in the theoretical framework of this study. However, contrary to what might have been expected, the study further indicated that the interaction of these factors, in the context of
the music improvisation processes used by these individual students, did not follow or produce any specific patterns.
It was not within the scope of this study to seek the emergence of a model for teaching music improvisation to high school music instrumentalists. However, it has opened the path for further research which could result in the development of such a model.
17
Ehlke, Sarah. "The Impact of Hyperfemininity on Explicit and Implicit Blame Assignment and Police Reporting of Alcohol Facilitated Rape in a Sample of College Women." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4478.
Full textAbstract:
Rape remains a significant problem in the U.S., with the majority of victims reporting a drug-or-alcohol facilitated rape (DAFR) or incapacitated rape (IR). Many DAFR/IR victims do not acknowledge the incident as a rape, and are therefore are the least likely to report or disclose the assault. Rape scripts theory is one theory that could be used to explain why DAFR/IR victims are more likely than other victims to not acknowledge the incident. In addition, individuals are more likely to blame the victim of a DAFR/IR rape. Furthermore, DAFR/IR victims experience more self-blame for the incident. Taken together, when alcohol is involved in a rape, the victim is viewed as more responsible for the assault. The majority of studies that examine blame for a sexual assault rely on explicit self-report methods. However, implicit beliefs may be more accurate in measuring unbiased beliefs that individuals hold. Implicit attitudes are commonly measured using an Implicit Association Task (IAT). Moreover, hyperfemininity (HF) is a personality characteristic that may influence blame for a sexual assault. Women higher in HF value relationships with men and are willing to use their sexuality as a means to maintain the relationships. Therefore, the present study hypothesized that women higher in HF who read a scenario of a rape involving alcohol will be more likely to implicitly blame the victim.
A sample of undergraduate college women completed a battery of questionnaires, read a written scenario depicting a rape in which the victim and perpetrator consumed either alcohol or soda, and completed an IAT. The IAT instructed participants to correctly categorize two sets of stimuli. The stimuli used for the IAT were words that described the victim (innocent-related words) and perpetrator (guilt-related words) of the scenario, and pictures of alcohol and soda. Faster reaction times of categorization indicated a stronger IAT effect; that is, more blame towards the victim of an alcohol involved assault. Results indicated that HF did not influence the relationship between written scenario condition and implicit blame for the rape.
Because Women who have not been sexually victimized may hold strong rape myth acceptance and thus may assign more blame to the victim of a sexual assault (Mason et al., 2004), an exploratory analysis was conducted to determine if sexual victimization history impacted the relationship between rape myth acceptance and implicit blame for a sexual assault. Results showed that women without a history of sexual victimization may hold certain rape myths, but implicitly believe that alcohol can be associated with guilt or blame towards the perpetrator of a rape. Additionally, women with a history of SV who hold certain rape myths may be less likely to blame the perpetrator of a rape when alcohol is involved. Detailed results of the present study, policy and public health implications, and future directions are discussed.
18
Bandel, Shelby LeeAnn. "Poor Sleep as a Predictor of NSSI and Suicide Ideation in Adolescents." TopSCHOLAR®, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3051.
Full textAbstract:
Despite becoming a greater public health concern, the suicide rate among adolescents has not decreased significantly in recent years (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). In fact, suicide is the second leading cause of death for individuals between 12-18 years (CDC, 2015). Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), the deliberate destruction of one’s own body tissue without suicidal intent and for reasons not socially sanctioned (Nock, 2009), has been identified as a robust predictor of suicide, above and beyond other risk factors such as depression and hopelessness (Asarnow et al., 2011; Guan, Fox, & Prinstein, 2012). Therefore, understanding risk factors for NSSI is an important area of research not only for prevention of NSSI, but also suicide. Recently, an association between poor sleep and suicide ideation in adolescents has been highlighted (Franic, Kralj, Marcinko, Knez, & Kardum, 2014; Park, Yoo, & Kim, 2013). However, very little attention, both globally and within the United States, has been given to understanding the impact sleep may have on NSSI. Given the strong role that emotion regulation has been identified as having in both poor sleep and NSSI separately, it is important to look at the interaction of these two factors in the prediction of NSSI. Data were collected from 154 adolescents in high school. Results indicated that poor sleep was a significant predictor of both NSSI engagement and self-reported suicide ideation. Additionally, emotion regulation successfully moderated the relationship between poor sleep quality and suicide ideation severity. Results support that sleep is an important risk factor for NSSI engagement and suicide ideation and that emotion regulation may play an important role in strengthening the relationship for between sleep and suicide ideation only. These findings suggest that clinicians should be aware of and work with their clients on both emotion regulation and sleep quality to reduce risk of NSSI engagement and suicide ideation.
19
Houben, Katrijn Marie Patricia Irma. "Decoding the alcohol-IAT the implicit association test as a measure of individual differences in implicit preferences for alcohol /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Universiteit Maastricht [host], 2007. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=8244.
Full text
20
Sundlöf, Miriam. "Trötthet och fördomar : en studie i diskriminering av överviktiga vid mental trötthet." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för lärande och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-9017.
Full textAbstract:
Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka om mental trötthet leder till ökad diskriminering av överviktiga. Genom att använda en dual process-modell, inleddes undersökningen med en bedömningsuppgift som deltagarna fick utföra i labbmiljö. Vid ett senare tillfälle fick var och en ombesörja att de genomförde ett implicit associationstest (IAT), följt av en explicit graderingsfråga, där deltagarna uppskattade en eventuell skillnad i normal- kontra överviktigas mentala prestation. Syftet med dessa tester var att ta reda på om diskriminering mot överviktiga existerade inom gruppen i sin helhet på såväl implicit som explicit nivå. Hälften av gruppen hade genomgått en kraftig mental trötthetsbelastning före bedömningsuppgiften, med avsikt att se om bias mot överviktiga ökade vid mental trötthet. Resultatet för alla testningar var för sig visade på diskriminering mot överviktiga, men inte att det förekom någon högre diskriminering vid mental trötthet. Möjliga förbättringar i undersökningsdesignen diskuteras, liksom praktiska implikationer.This study examined whether mental fatigue leads to increased discrimination against the obese. Using a dual process model, participants took part in an assessment task in a controlled laboratory setting, and thereafter completed an implicit association test (IAT), followed by an explicit question, where participants were asked to grade variances in the mental capacity between normal- versus overweight individuals. The intention was to explore possible obesity discrimination. Half of the group previously completed a strenuous memory task, with the purpose of achieving severe fatigue, in order to explore whether the bias increases with mental fatigue. Although the results revealed discrimination in all tests, there was no evidence of increased discrimination in mental fatigue. Possible improvement in the research design is discussed, as well as practical implications.
21
Hannan, Thomas E. "Implicit Approach-Avoidance Associations and Leisure-Time Exercise." Thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/389715.
Full textAbstract:
While the benefits of participating in regular leisure-time exercise are well known, many individuals fail to exercise regularly. Contemporary research into exercise motivation has identified automatic cognitive processes, such approach-avoidance biases, as at least partly involved in motivating exercise behaviour. Approach-avoidance biases refer to automatic and implicit dispositions to approach or avoid certain cues in the environment. These biases can be examined by measuring immediate action tendencies to approach or avoid, or by examining implicit approach-avoidance associations stored in long-term memory. Specifically, approach-avoidance associations reflect pre-existing links in memory between a target concept (e.g., exercise) and behavioural tendencies to approach or avoid. To date, existing research has not yet demonstrated a link between implicit approach-avoidance associations with exercise cues and exercise behaviour. Identifying whether participation in leisure-time exercise is associated with the strength of approach-avoidance associations may provide insight into why some individuals are automatically motivated to pursue exercise as a form of leisure and others are not. Therefore, the overarching aim of this thesis was to contribute to current understanding of exercise motivation by investigating the relationship between approach-avoidance memory associations and leisure-time exercise engagement. Study 1 used a Recoding-Free Implicit Association Test (IAT-RF) to examine the relationship between self-reported leisure-time exercise engagement and implicit approach-avoidance memory associations with exercise in a sample of healthy adults (N = 104). Results revealed stronger exercise-approach versus exercise-avoidance memory associations, indicative of an implicit approach bias for exercise cues. In addition, approach bias scores positively correlated with self-reported time spent on leisure-time exercise, and discriminated between individuals who did or did not meet global recommendations of weekly physical activity during their leisure time (i.e., >150 minutes of weekly physical activity). A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that approach bias scores explained unique variance in self-reported exercise behaviour when controlling for explicit exercise intentions and self-determined exercise motivation. The findings provided preliminary evidence that higher amounts of leisure-time exercise were associated with a stronger implicit cognitive bias to approach exercise-related cues in the environment. Study 2 utilised a Single Category Recoding-Free Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT-RF) to measure approach-avoidance associations with exercise cues using a sample of healthy undergraduate students (N = 110). Study 2 also investigated whether exercise habit strength moderated the relationship between approach-avoidance associations and self-reported exercise behaviours, operationalised as time spent on leisure-time exercise during a typical week and as average duration of exercise sessions. Consistent with the findings of Study 1, participants in Study 2 demonstrated an implicit approach bias for exercise-related cues, as measured by the SC-IAT-RF. However, when controlling for explicit exercise intentions, approach bias scores on the SC-IAT-RF were not significantly associated with self-reported exercise behaviour. Moreover, exercise habit strength did not moderate the relationship between approach-avoidance associations and self-reported behaviour. Intentions and habit were both found to independently predict time spent on leisure-time exercise, whereas only intentions significantly predicted average workout duration. While these findings did not support the role of approach-avoidance associations in exercise, they have suggested that intentions and habit may be important factors in predicting leisure-time exercise behaviour. Study 3 (N = 93) measured approach-avoidance associations using both the IAT-RF and the SC-IAT-RF and examined the relationship between approach bias for exercise, self-reported exercise behaviour, and immediate performance on a stationary cycling task. Study 3 also examined whether the relationships between approach bias, exercise intentions, and immediate exercise performance were moderated by situational demands on cognitive capacity. Results revealed that approach bias scores on the IAT-RF and the SC-IAT-RF positively correlated with self-reported time spent on leisure-time exercise. Moderated regression analyses revealed that intentions, but not approach bias, positively predicted objectively measured distance cycled irrespective of demands on cognitive capacity. Further, neither approach bias nor intentions predicted average percentage of maximum heart rate. The findings from Study 3 further supported the relationship between approach-avoidance associations and current levels of leisure-time exercise engagement, but indicated that further research is needed to identify the strength of the relationship between approach-avoidance associations and prospective exercise behaviour. In summary, this thesis has provided an original contribution to knowledge by demonstrating a relationship between self-reported leisure-time exercise behaviour and implicit approach-avoidance memory associations with exercise cues. Broadly, the current results have revealed that individuals who reported engaging in higher amounts of leisure-time exercise displayed a stronger implicit cognitive bias to approach exercise-related cues. These findings offer important theoretical insight into the factors that may influence exercise behaviour and have demonstrated that both controlled and automatic processes are linked to leisure-time exercise participation. Practically, the conclusion of this thesis that automatic processes play an important role in motivating exercise behaviour may be used to inform future public health campaigns. Alternatively, these findings may aid in the development of intervention strategies that aim to increase engagement in exercise and physical activity.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology
Griffith Health
Full Text
22
Röhner, Jessica [Verfasser], Astrid [Akademischer Betreuer] Schütz, Astrid [Gutachter] Schütz, and Josef [Gutachter] Krems. "Faking the Implicit Association Test (IAT): Predictors, Processes, and Detection / Jessica Röhner ; Gutachter: Astrid Schütz, Josef Krems ; Betreuer: Astrid Schütz." Chemnitz : Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1230577254/34.
Full text
23
Reeve, Zoey. "Lethal mind-sets : insights from social and evolutionary psychology into terrorism and radicalisation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15921.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding why people become involved in terrorism is vital to inhibiting recruitment and radicalisation, and therefore preventing terrorist attacks. The question of why people support, engage with, and participate in terrorism is addressed in this thesis. Insights into the causes of terrorism and the process of radicalisation are garnered from social and evolutionary psychology in an effort to add an additional interdisciplinary layer of theoretical understanding to existing political science research. The central argument made in this thesis is that certain psychological processes (social identity), and mechanisms (parochial altruism), influence people to favour ingroups and disfavour outgroups in light of particular intergroup cues. Although social identity theories and the concept of parochial altruism pertain to the same argument for bias towards ingroups, which may also entail bias against outgroups, they arrive at this position in different ways and therefore offer alternative insights into what conditions trigger this bias, and responses to it. A novel experimental paradigm with student participants generated data to investigate the evolved mechanism parochial altruism. Social identity theories were applied to certain features of the radicalisation process to explain how and why identification with the Muslim Umma (worldwide community) occurs, which is a central feature of radicalisation in Al-Qaeda type groups. The insights challenge some of the assumptions made by scholars about the nature of radicalisation and terrorism. This thesis considers the process of radicalisation to be rooted in, and influenced by, normal psychological processes and mechanisms that are present in all humans. Although there are caveats, this thesis provides new avenues of exploration and further research to investigate terrorism, radicalisation, and intergroup conflict more generally.
24
Villacampa, González Javier. "Aplicación de las medidas implícitas al estudio de la cognición humana: explorando nuevas líneas de investigación." Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672808.
Full textAbstract:
[spa] La necesidad de profundizar en el estudio de la cognición implícita radica en un hecho ampliamente aceptado en el actual panorama académico: los seres humanos no somos tan “sapiens” como se suele asumir. Gran parte de nuestros juicios y decisiones están sustentados en procesos cognitivos que Kahneman (2011) describe como el Sistema 1: automático, intuitivo, inconsciente y demandante de bajos recursos, responde a las preguntas rápidamente a través de asociaciones y semejanzas, no es estadístico, es crédulo y heurístico. En esta línea, el desarrollo de las medidas implícitas surge como respuesta a la necesidad de desarrollar herramientas que permitan estudiar mejor el Sistema 1. Hace 25 años, la irrupción del Test de Asociación Implícita (IAT) fue recibida con especial entusiasmo en la comunidad académica por dos razones. Primero, el IAT fue interpretado como la solución para reducir los efectos del sesgo de deseabilidad inherente a los autoinformes. Segundo, se asumió que el IAT permitiría medir constructos psicológicos implícitos, de difícil acceso introspectivo (Payne & Gawronski, 2010). No obstante, las medidas implícitas son actualmente foco de debate, acumulando críticas tanto a nivel teórico como a nivel metodológico (Machery, 2016; Richetin et al., 2015). En este sentido, (Corneille & Hütter (2020)llegan a sugerir que, ante la confusión conceptual ligada al término “implícito”, se sustituya éste por alguna de las alternativas terminológicas que proponen. Sin embargo, la mayoría de autores abogan por una postura crítica constructiva, que permita optimizar la aplicación, tratamiento e interpretación de las medidas implícitas (Brownstein et al., 2019; Gawronski et al., 2020; Meissner et al., 2019; Van Dessel et al., 2020). Es en esta línea que se concibe este trabajo doctoral, el cual persigue una estrategia doble: (a) introducir el enfoque de las medidas implícitas en el estudio de nuevos ámbitos del estudio de la cognición; y (b) aplicar las medidas implícitas en ámbitos de la cognición humana en los cuales, por sus propias características, pueden verse especialmente beneficiados de un enfoque implícito. Con este fin, a través de una serie de experimentos se examina el potencial de estas metodologías en ámbitos de la psicología que se consideran de especial interés y novedad: la cognición moral, los trastornos de personalidad, el Uncanny Valley (UV) y la ciberpsicología. Hasta donde sabemos, nuestra propuesta constituye la primera aplicación de medidas implícitas a la ciberpsicología, uno de los ámbitos de mayor interés académico en los últimos años. Atendiendo al actual debate académico sobre la validez de las medidas implícitas, el presente trabajo incorpora una perspectiva crítica, con el fin de identificar aspectos a mejorar en el tratamiento metodológico de los datos obtenidos a través de procedimientos de medidas implícitas (Van Dessel et al., 2020). Igualmente, se adopta un enfoque exploratorio al aplicar estas medidas a situaciones en las cuales las preferencias implícitas resultan menos antagónicas, estrategia que nos permite explorar mejor los límites empíricos de estas metodologías.[cat] La necessitat d'aprofundir en l'estudi de la cognició implícita rau en un fet àmpliament acceptat en l'actual panorama acadèmic: els éssers humans no som tan "sapiens" com se sol assumir. Gran part dels nostres judicis i decisions estan sustentats en processos cognitius que Kahneman (2011) descriu com el Sistema 1: automàtic, intuïtiu, inconscient i demandant de baixos recursos, respon a les preguntes ràpidament a través d'associacions i semblances, no és estadístic, és crèdul i heurístic. En aquesta línia, el desenvolupament de les mesures implícites sorgeix com a resposta a la necessitat de desenvolupar eines que permetin estudiar millor el Sistema 1. Fa 25 anys, la irrupció del Test d'Associació Implícita (IAT) va ser rebuda amb especial entusiasme en la comunitat acadèmica per dues raons. Primer, l'IAT va ser interpretat com la solució per reduir els efectes del biaix de desitjabilitat inherent als autoinformes. Segon, es va assumir que l'IAT permetria mesurar constructes psicològics implícits, de difícil accés introspectiu (Payne & Gawronski, 2010). No obstant això, les mesures implícites són actualment focus de debat, acumulant crítiques tant en l’àmbit teòric com en el camp metodològic (Machery, 2016; Richetin et al., 2015). En aquest sentit, Corneille & Hütter (2020) arriben a suggerir que, davant la confusió conceptual lligada al terme "implícit", se substitueixi aquest per alguna de les alternatives terminològiques que proposen. No obstant això, la majoria d'autors advoquen per una postura crítica constructiva, que permeti optimitzar l'aplicació, tractament i interpretació de les mesures implícites (Brownstein et al., 2019; Gawronski et al., 2020; Meissner et al., 2019; Van Dessel et al., 2020). És en aquesta línia que es concep aquest treball doctoral, que persegueix una estratègia doble: (a) introduir l'enfocament de les mesures implícites en l'estudi de nous àmbits de l'estudi de la cognició; i (b) aplicar les mesures implícites en àmbits de la cognició humana en els quals, per les seves pròpies característiques, es poden veure especialment beneficiats d'un enfocament implícit. Amb aquesta finalitat, a través d'una sèrie d'experiments s'examina el potencial d'aquestes metodologies en àmbits de la psicologia que es consideren d'especial interès i novetat: la cognició moral, els trastorns de personalitat, l’Uncanny Valley (UV) i la ciber-psicología . Fins allà on sabem, la nostra proposta constitueix la primera aplicació de mesures implícites a la ciber-psicología, un dels àmbits de més interès acadèmic en els últims anys. Atenent a l'actual debat acadèmic sobre la validesa de les mesures implícites, el present treball incorpora una perspectiva crítica per tal d'identificar aspectes a millorar en el tractament metodològic de les dades obtingudes a través de procediments de mesures implícites (Van Dessel et al., 2020). Igualment, s'adopta un enfocament exploratori a l'hora d’aplicar aquestes mesures a situacions en què les preferències implícites resulten menys antagòniques, una estratègia que ens permet explorar millor els límits empírics d'aquestes metodologies.
[eng] The need to delve deeper into the study of implicit cognition lies in a fact that is widely accepted in the current academic landscape: human beings are not as "sapiens" as is often assumed. A large part of our judgments and decisions are supported by cognitive processes that Kahneman (2011) describes as System 1: automatic, intuitive, unconscious and demanding of low resources, answering questions quickly through associations and similarities, non-statistical, credulous and heuristic. In this line, the development of implicit measures arose as a response to the need to develop tools that would allow better study of System 1. 25 years ago, the irruption of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) was received with particular enthusiasm in the academic community for two reasons. First, the IAT was interpreted as the solution to reduce the effects of the desirability bias inherent in self-reports. Second, it was assumed that the IAT would allow the measurement of implicit psychological constructs, which are difficult to access introspectively (Payne & Gawronski, 2010). However, implicit measures are currently the focus of debate, accumulating criticism at both theoretical and methodological levels (Machery, 2016; Richetin et al., 2015). In this sense, (Corneille & Hütter (2020)go so far as to suggest that, in view of the conceptual confusion linked to the term "implicit", this term should be replaced by one of the terminological alternatives they propose. However, the majority of authors advocate a constructive critical stance, which would optimize the application, treatment and interpretation of implicit measures (Brownstein et al., 2019; Gawronski et al., 2020; Meissner et al., 2019; Van Dessel et al., 2020). It is along these lines that this doctoral work is conceived, which pursues a twofold strategy: (a) to introduce the implicit measures approach in the study of new domains of the study of cognition; and (b) to apply implicit measures in domains of human cognition in which, due to their own characteristics, they may particularly benefit from an implicit approach. To this end, through a series of experiments we examine the potential of these methodologies in areas of psychology that are considered to be of particular interest and novelty: moral cognition, personality disorders, the Uncanny Valley (UV) and cyberpsychology. To the best of our knowledge, our proposal constitutes the first application of implicit measures to cyberpsychology, one of the areas of greatest academic interest in recent years. In response to the current academic debate on the validity of implicit measures, the present work incorporates a critical perspective, with the aim of identifying aspects to be improved in the methodological treatment of data obtained through implicit measures procedures (Van Dessel et al., 2020). Likewise, an exploratory approach is adopted by applying these measures to situations in which implicit preferences are less antagonistic, a strategy that allows us to better explore the empirical limits of these methodologies.
25
Tate, Kelly. "Influencing green consumer choice through environmental goal activation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/influencing-green-consumer-choice-through-environmental-goal-activation(0cc2e7b3-279b-4305-800a-996e32b5e019).html.
Full textAbstract:
Today the world faces some of the most unprecedented environmental challenges ever seen. Many of these challenges are driven by human behaviour. Subsequently, solutions involving human behavioural change are essential to mitigate the environmental threats faced. Although many people express concern about environmental issues and report intentions to engage in pro-environmental activities, often these two factors do not align with behaviour. One possibility for this discrepancy is that environmental goals are not always salient during decision-making contexts. Based on theories which propose that goals can be automatically activated, this thesis aims to investigate whether environmental goals can be automatically activated to produce pro-environmental goal consistent behaviour. It also aims to explore some of the psychological mechanisms involved in the pursuit of environmental goals. These aims are explored across five quantitative experiments which form the three empirical chapters of this thesis. The first empirical chapter comprises three experiments which examine whether environmental goal priming influences environmental behaviour and whether goal pursuit is driven by changes in the automatic evaluation of goal relevant objects. The second empirical chapter investigates whether environmental goal priming enhances attention to environmental product labelling. Lastly, the third empirical chapter explores the efficacy of behavioural feedback as a tool to enhance environmental behaviour. The findings from this thesis reveal that environmental goals can be automatically activated and that this can lead to behaviour consisted with the primed goal. Environmental goals also exhibit features typical of goal pursuit, such as persistence over time. This thesis also provides evidence that environmental labelling is partly goal-dependent, as participants who report stronger motivation to protect the environment devote greater eye gaze towards environmental labelling. Finally, this thesis provides evidence that negative feedback is an effective tool in promoting compensatory environmental behaviour. A key conclusion of this research is that while environmental goals are important, to be effective in promoting pro-environmental behaviour they must be salient during decision-making. Techniques which focus on activating environmental goals may therefore be an important tool to facilitate more sustainable consumer behaviour.
26
Filipkowski, Jenna Noelle. "Measuring Conscientiousness with Explicit and Implicit Measures." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1265749771.
Full text
27
Mckay, Eimear. "Exploration of explicit and implicit emotion in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14166.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has the potential to compromise the socioemotional development of the victim resulting in an increased vulnerability to difficulties regulating emotions and one’s sense of self. Emotion is thought to play a key part in a number of psychological disorders which CSA survivors are at increased risk of developing. A better understanding of the basic emotions experienced in this population and emotion regulation will inform current treatment. Aims: This research aimed to develop a better understanding of the emotions experienced by survivors of CSA and the relationship between “implicit” and explicit emotions and psychopathology. Method: Two empirical studies were conducted. Study 1 employed a cross-sectional consecutive case series design involving 109 survivors of CSA. Participants completed a set of measures relating to basic emotions, emotion regulation and symptoms. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted on the Basic Emotions scale (BES). Regression analyses were used to explore the relationship between emotions experienced, emotion regulation strategies and psychological symptoms. Study 2 examined basic emotions, “implicit disgust self-concept” and psychopathology in a population of CSA survivors (n=26) and a group of individuals currently receiving psychological therapy who reported that they had not experienced childhood trauma (n=25). Participants completed self-report measures pertaining to emotion, emotion regulation, symptoms and cognitive fusion. Participants also completed an implicit association test. Results: Exploratory factor analyses supported the structure of three versions of the BESWeekly, General, and Coping in a sample of survivors of childhood sexual abuse. In all three versions of the scale, disgust explained the largest proportion of variance. The basic emotions of sadness, fear and disgust as well as external dysfunctional coping strategies appear to predict PTSD symptomatology in this sample. The results of Study 2 also support the finding that self-reported disgust is prominent in the emotion profile of CSA survivors. Implicit disgust self-concept was not significantly correlated with other emotions or psychopathology. However, implicit disgust self-concept was found to be significantly associated with cognitive fusion. Discussion: Psychotherapeutic approaches for survivors of childhood sexual abuse should address the emotional experience of this population. In particular, these findings suggest that sadness and disgust should be targeted in therapy.
28
Ellwart, Thomas. "Indirect measures of associations and psychopathology: applications to Spider Phobia." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1083153631250-25218.
Full textAbstract:
To study of cognitive fear networks and associations, indirect experimental paradigms like the Implicit Association Test (IAT, Greenwald et al., 1998) or the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST, De Houwer, 2003) may be helpful, as they promise to assess the structure of specific associations using a performance based approach without having to ask the participant for a verbal report. Three studies investigated the usefulness and characteristics of IAT and EAST. The aim of the first study was to measure fear associations towards spiders among spider phobic and non-phobic participants as well as in a group of spider enthusiasts. Results indicate that the IAT paradigm is sensitive to the strength of fear relevant associations and able to predict anxious behavior beyond the predictions of direct measures such as questionnaires. The second study focused on some of the mechanisms that underlie IAT effects. With a newly developed masked IAT, these experiments investigated the influences of individual stimuli and superordinate categories on IAT performance. Besides theoretical implications, the results also provide practical, relevant applications for the use of IAT experiments. A third study applied the EAST to investigate how different context conditions lead to differential activation of cognitive schemata in fear of spiders. One can conclude that the impact of automatic threat associations depends on the activated context, and that the EAST is suitable for the assessment of fear associations and their current activation level. This dissertation leads to the conclusion that the performance based methodology of the IAT and EAST is a useful and practical approach to reflect fear associations in phobia indirectly. At this point, the use of indirect measures is still at its beginning, and requires intensive methodological and theoretical efforts. These paradigms, however, may become useful for possible implications in psychopathology and other fields of psychology.
29
Palasik, Scott T. "Development and Implementation of Implicit Association Tests for Perceptions toward Stuttering Speakers and Fluent Speakers." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1276809099.
Full text
30
Poteau, Stephen Rene. "Implicit Cognition and Terror Management Theory: The Utility of Indirect Measurement In Understanding Death-Related Defense Mechanisms." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/47365.
Full textAbstract:
PsychologyPh.D.
The current paper was an attempt to study the defense mechanisms of terror management theory (TMT) via implicit cognition/indirect measures. In Study 1, an American and Foreign Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) and an American-Foreign Implicit Association Test (IAT) were used to assess implicit attitudes toward patriotism in an attempt to predict the worldview defense of patriotism in the TMT paradigm. It was hypothesized that these indirect measures would be predictive of the occurrence and strength of the worldview defense among participants primed with thoughts of mortality and not control participants. The cultural worldview defense commonly found in TMT did not arise, which precluded testing the efficacy of indirect measures as predictors. Explanations as to why the worldview defense did not arise and modifications to the design of the study are proffered. In Study 2, the automaticity of the self-esteem bolstering construct postulated by TMT was examined via an indirect measure of self-esteem (i.e., the self-esteem SC-IAT) and a measure of state self-esteem (i.e., the modified Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale). It was hypothesized that these measures of self-esteem would capture automatic self-esteem bolstering among participants primed with thoughts of mortality and not control participants. Both measures of self-esteem failed to capture the automaticity of the appearance of self-esteem bolstering following a mortality salience manipulation. Explanations for the lack of detection of self-esteem bolstering and suggestions for future research into the self-esteem bolstering construct within the TMT paradigm are discussed. Finally, factors central to the successful incorporation of indirect measures into the TMT paradigm are addressed.
Temple University--Theses
31
Tanaka, Dai. "Exploring Factors Affecting Crime Rates in Japan (1955-2012)." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1627.
Full textAbstract:
Japan has been seen as a safe country in the world. Previous studies that show societal and cultural characteristics have contributed to the comparative low crime rates. Also, the roles of criminal justice system are critical. Today, Japanese society favors a more punitive approach towards offenders. The present study examined which variables of economic factors, socio-structural factors, and deterrence factors affected Japanese crime rates (i.e., homicide, robbery, and larceny), testing for Institutional anomie theory (IAT) and deterrence theory. I conducted visual examination of co-variation with Z-scores and an ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average), with Japanese governmental data from 1955 to 2012. The results indicated homicide rates were explained by neither IAT nor deterrence variables. Robbery rates were significantly related with unemployment rates and divorce rates, supporting IAT. Larceny rates were strongly associated with clearance rates, giving support to deterrence theory. Based on the results, practical implications and limitations were discussed.
32
Held, Ana Maria Gomes [UNESP]. "Utilização da técnica VxIAT para a determinação de volumes de precipitação na área central do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101865.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2007-06-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:02:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
held_amg_dr_botfca.pdf: 4163192 bytes, checksum: db80ee83ff94cbb037cbf6cd62d8a9f0 (MD5)Foi realizada uma análise para se obter a caracterização das tempestades sob o aspecto climatológico para a área central do Estado de São Paulo cujos parâmetros foram obtidos com o software TITAN, desenvolvido no NCAR e implementado nos computadores do IPMet. Os parâmetros que caracterizam as propriedades das tempestades tais como volume médio, área média, altura dos topos dos ecos, refletividade máxima e média bem como velocidade e deslocamento dos sistemas precipitantes foram determinados considerando o limiar de refletividade>30 dBZ, e volume>30 km3. A distribuição espacial de parâmetros tais como volume médio, área média, refletividade média e máxima mostrou, pela primeira vez para a área central do Estado de São Paulo, como os mesmos se distribuíram pela área monitorada pelo radar de Bauru e também a existência de regiões preferenciais onde se concentra a maior atividade convectiva, durante os verões analisados. Todas as varreduras observadas pelo radar de Bauru foram também processadas para se determinar as áreas de tempestades definidas pelo limiar de refletividade maior que 25 dBZ, para a partir daí obter a integração dessas áreas para o tempo de duração de cada tempestade e calcular a IAT, que é a integral área-tempo. O método da Integral-Área-Tempo (IAT), para se medir precipitação volumétrica baseada na informação de cobertura da precipitação em área foi aplicado aos dados de radar meteorológico de Bauru, para dois períodos de verão, o de 1998-1999 e 1999-2000. A premissa de que a porção crescente do conglomerado convectivo seria suficiente para calcular uma IAT que ainda seria altamente correlacionada com o volume total de chuva resultando, portanto numa técnica para o nowcasting é testada e verificada para os dois períodos analisados. Os resultados das análises mostraram que as células de tempestade...
A climatological characterization of storm properties during two summer seasons, viz. 1998-1999 and 1999-2000, based on observations from the Bauru S-band Doppler radar, was obtained with the TITAN Software of NCAR, implemented at IPMet. Parameters, such as mean volume, mean area, mean and maximum echo tops, mean and maximum reflectivity, as well as speed and direction of precipitating systems were determined using the reflectivity> 30 dBZ and a volume> 30 km3 as a threshold for storm identification. The spatial distribution for parameters such as mean volume, mean area, mean and maximum reflectivity, mean and maximum echo top, etc, were determined for the first time in the central State of São Paulo, based on radar data information. It has shown some preferential areas where most of the convective activity was concentrated during the study period. The Area Time-Integration (ATI) method was then applied to these observations using the 25 dBZ thresholds, to determine the rainfall volume in the central area of the State of São Paulo, taking into account the entire lifetime of all observed storms that exceeded the threshold considered. Furthermore, it was also investigated, if it would be possible to estimate the ATIs only for the growth period of a convective storm and still obtain a good correlation. This method could then be applied to obtain the total rain volume of a convective system at the stage of its maximum development, which could be considered as a nowcasting tool to be explored in subsequent studies. The time span for the storms reaching their maximum area was found to be about 2 hours on average and this was reached within...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
33
Westphal, Nico. "Evaluation von phänomenbasiertem Physikunterricht." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17004.
Full textAbstract:
Phänomenbasierter Physikunterricht (PbPU) als alternative Vorgehensweise bei der Vermittlung von Physik wird seit 20 Jahren in der fachdidaktischen Forschung verstärkt beachtet und hat sich zunehmend an den Schulen etabliert. Er lässt sich anhand seiner Merkmalaspekte Subjektivität, Mediation, Affektivität, Modellfreiheit/Modellkompetenz und Exploration charakterisieren und abgrenzen. Die Merkmale PbPUs sind mit einer konstruktivistischen Lerntheorie vereinbar und liefern die Voraussetzungen für erfolgreiches Lernen gemäß dem INVO-Modell. Bisher existieren jedoch keine empirischen Belege für den Einfluss PbPUs auf die Interessen- und Leistungsentwicklung oder anderer motivationaler Konstrukte wie Stereotypen und das fachbezogene Selbstkonzept. Für den wertenden Vergleich mit anderen Konzeptionen von Physikunterricht ist es jedoch wichtig, PbPU hinsichtlich seiner Wirkung auf das Lernen von Physik einschätzen zu können. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit soll diesem Desiderat begegnet werden. In einer quasiexperimentellen Feldstudie im Versuchs-/Kontrollgruppendesign (N=300) wurden die Vor- und Nachtestergebnisse der Versuchsbedingungen verglichen. Das Treatment in der Versuchsgruppe war eine achtwöchige Unterrichtssequenz der phänomenbasierten Anfangsoptik. Als abhängige Konstrukte wurden das Image von Physik, das fachbezogene Selbstkonzept, Interesse und Fachwissen untersucht. Image und Selbstkonzept wurden im Kontext der Balanced Identity Theory operationalisiert und mithilfe impliziter Assoziationstests (IATs) erhoben. Die varianzanalytischen Verfahren zeigten keine Effekte, die auf einen von der Testzeit abhängigen Unterschied zwischen der Versuchs- und Kontrollgruppe hindeuten. Die Ausprägungen der impliziten Assoziationen und des Interesses entwickelten sich in beiden Gruppen identisch, mit einer für das Lernen von Physik ungünstigen Tendenz. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie liefern somit keine Belege für die Wirksamkeit PbPUs auf die untersuchten Konstrukte.Since 20 years are "phenomenon-based science classes" (PbPU) as alternative method for imparting physics increasingly observed by subject-didactic research and they have established for use in schools. PbPU can be characterized and defined by the specific aspects subjectivity, mediation, affectivity, model-competency and exploration. Defining characters of PbPU are compatible with constructivist theory of learning and provide conditions for effective learning in accordance to INVO-model. Until today there are no empirical demonstrations to state the effect of development of PbPU in interests and performance nor other motivational constructs as stereotypes and physics self-concept. It is important for evaluative comparison with different concepts of science classes to be able to value PbPU concerning effect on learning of physics. The work in hand shall respond to this desideratum. Pre- and posttest data of two experimental conditions were compared in nonrandomized field study with control group design ($N=300$). Treatment of test group was an eight weeks'' teaching sequence of phenomenon-based optics (7th grade). The dependent constructs were image of physics, physics self-concept, interests and knowledge in optics. Image and self-concept were operationalized within theoretical framework of Balanced Identity and measured with implicit association tests (IATs). ANOVAs and ANCOVAs revealed no effects of interaction between time and experimental group. Implicit associations and interests developed in each group identically with negative tendency for learning of physics. Therefore, results of this study provide no evidence for the impact of PBPU on investigated constructs.
34
Andersson, Viveka. "Lärares användning av den interaktiva tavlan i klassrummet." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Education, Psychology and Sport Science, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-2520.
Full textAbstract:
Den interaktiva tavlan, som är en dyr investering, återfinns i allt fler klassrum i Sverige. Forskning har gjorts på flera håll i världen angående olika aspekter av tavlans användning och vilka konsekvenser dessa kan få. I Sverige har det ännu inte gjorts så mycket inom det här forskningsområdet. Genom observationer och spontana intervjuer har jag velat ta reda på hur lärare i en svensk skola använder tavlan och hur de ser på behovet av utbildning på området. De olika användningssätten har jag kategoriserat som Användning av tavlan som Whiteboard, Användning av tavlan som datorskärm och Användning av tavlan som interaktiv tavla, där den andra kategorin var vanligast. Jag har i mina studier sett att lärare är mycket positiva till tavlan och också använder många funktioner den har. Dock skulle lärarnas användning av tavlan även vara möjlig med en dator kopplad till en projektor. Behovet av utbildning är stort enligt lärarna själva och även enligt mina slutsatser. Jag anser att utbildning eller fortbildning bör röra både det tekniska, praktiska och det pedagogiska planet. Det är viktigt att man diskuterar och reflekterar över sin egen undervisning med tavlan i klassrummet och hur man med hjälp av tavlans alla möjligheter kan involvera eleverna mer och arbeta mot en god lärande miljö.
35
Vinterfrost, Jenny, and Aino Järveläinen. "Implicita och explicita attityder om politiker : sociala och traditionella mediers påverkan." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för lärande och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-9021.
Full textAbstract:
Tidigare forskning har visat att implicita och explicita attityder formas och förändras oberoende av varandra, samt att allt fler politiker använder sig av sociala medier för att nå ut till sina väljare. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka hur deltagarnas implicita och explicita attityder, gentemot två fiktiva politiker, påverkas av traditionella och sociala medier. I studien användes en experimentell mellangruppsdesign där deltagarna slumpmässigt fördelades till olika betingelser. Dessa bestod av positiva och negativa nyhetsitems från dels traditionella dels sociala medier. I undersökningen, som genomfördes på internet, deltog 126 personer. För att mäta deltagarnas attitydförändringar användes dels ett Implicit Association Test (IAT), dels ett explicit frågeformulär. Traditionella media påverkade explicita attityder signifikant.
36
Anderson, Ryan D. "The Implicit Association Test for Conscientiousness: An indirect method of measuring personality." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1237835643.
Full text
37
Mora, Montserrat Sergio. "Cogniciones violentas y su relación con los rasgos oscuros de la personalidad, la empatía y la agresión: aproximación a la evaluación implícita mediante el Violencia-IAT." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669882.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tesis doctoral aborda la vinculación que se establece entre cognición y violencia, teniendo en cuenta el procesamiento dual de la información, y las medidas implícitas como alternativa a las tradicionales medidas explícitas. Concretamente, se describen los modelos Associative-Ruled Based Model (ARM), Reflective-Impulsive Model (RIM) y Associative-Propositional Model (APE) y se enfatiza en el fenómeno de la asociación mental. Asimismo, entre otros, se desarrolla el Implicit Association Test (IAT) como la medida implícita con mayor respaldo científico y que mejores resultados ha ofrecido en la evaluación de la cognición violenta. Adicionalmente, este trabajo contempla el estudio de los rasgos oscuros de la personalidad (sadismo, maquiavelismo, narcisismo y psicopatía), entendidos desde el punto de vista subclínico y no patológico, así como por destacar por un estilo interpersonal socialmente aversivo e insensible a los demás.
Este trabajo tiene como principal objetivo, explorar el fenómeno de las cogniciones violentas en la población general y su relación con factores de la personalidad estrechamente vinculados a la agresión y la conducta violenta. Para ello se han llevado a cabo cuatro estudios en los que se ha explorado cualitativa y cuantitativamente la presencia de cogniciones violentas, así como su vinculación con los rasgos oscuros de la personalidad, la empatía y la agresión. Asimismo, se ha realizado un quinto estudio con la finalidad de diseñar y crear una medida implícita para la evaluación de la asociación mental favorable a la conducta violenta (Violencia-IAT). Consecuentemente, también se ha estudiado la relación de este tipo de asociación mental con los rasgos oscuros de la personalidad, la deseabilidad social, la empatía y la agresión. Los resultados de los estudios ponen de manifiesto la existencia de cogniciones violentas en la población general vinculadas a la victimización de la mujer, siendo este fenómeno independiente de los rasgos oscuros de la personalidad y de las actitudes machistas. Asimismo, se valida el Violencia-IAT como una medida fiable para la evaluación de la asociación implícita favorable a la conducta violencia, mostrando convergencia con la evaluación explícita de la agresión e independencia de la deseabilidad social. Los resultados también evidencian la relación que se establece entre este tipo de asociación, la agresión verbal, la hostilidad y la empatía cognitiva.
Finalmente, entre otras implicaciones, se discute la relevancia de contar con métodos de evaluación implícita en ámbitos de evaluación sensibles a la distorsión y la manipulación.This doctoral thesis addresses the link between cognition and violence, considering the dual processing of information, and implicit measures as an alternative to traditional explicit measures. Specifically, the Associative-Based Ruled Model (ARM), Reflective-Impulsive Model (RIM), and Associative-Propositional Model (APE) models are described, and the phenomenon of mental association is emphasized. Likewise, among others, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is approached as the implicit measure with greater scientific support and which has offered better results in the evaluation of violent cognition. In addition, this work involves the study of the dark traits of personality (sadism, Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy), understood from the subclinical and non-pathological point of view, as well as for standing out for an interpersonal style socially aversive and insensitive to others’ needs and emotions. The main objective of this work is to explore the phenomenon of violent cognitions in the general population and its relationship with personality factors closely linked to aggression and violent behaviour. For this purpose, four studies have developed in which the presence of violent cognitions, as well as their linkage with the dark traits of personality, empathy and aggression, has been explored qualitatively and quantitatively. A fifth study has also been conducted to design and create an implicit measure for the assessment of the positive mental association to violent behaviour (Violence-IAT). Consequently, the relationship of this type of mental association with the dark traits of personality, social desirability, empathy and aggression has also been studied. The results of the studies show the existence of violent cognitions in the general population linked to the victimization of women, and this phenomenon is independent of the dark traits of personality and sexist attitudes. Violence-IAT is also validated as a reliable measure for the assessment of the positive mental association to violent behaviour. The Violence-IAT has shown convergence with the explicit assessment of aggression, and independence of social desirability. The results also highlight the relationship between this type of mental association, verbal aggression, hostility and cognitive empathy. Finally, among other implications, it is discussed how important is to have implicit evaluation methods in areas of evaluation that are vulnerable to distortion and manipulation.
38
Coleman, Jennifer A. "Differences in Attitudes Towards People with Disabilities: Examining the Effects of the Presence of an Assistance Dog." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3252.
Full textAbstract:
Individuals with disabilities face various types of social stigma. Research suggests that the presence of an assistance dog leads to an increase in social interactions. The purpose of this study was to determine whether people’s attitudes toward individuals with disabilities differ when pairing that person with an assistance dog. Undergraduate students (N= 244) were randomly assigned to view an individual with a disability either alone or with an assistance dog. Participants rated their attitudes toward the individual, completed a newly developed Implicit Association Test, and answered behavioral intention questions. Results of a hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that individuals with more positives attitudes toward dogs had significantly more positive social attitudes toward the individual with a disability paired with a dog, after accounting for gender and dog ownership history. Additionally, individuals had an implicit bias toward an individual with a disability paired with an assistance dog over the individual alone.
39
Held, Ana Maria Gomes 1954. "Utilização da técnica VxIAT para a determinação de volumes de precipitação na área central do Estado de São Paulo /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101865.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: João Francisco EscobedoBanca: Roberto Vicente Calheiros
Banca: Jonas Teixeira Nery
Banca: Luci Hidalgo Nunes
Banca: Oswaldo Massambani
Resumo: Foi realizada uma análise para se obter a caracterização das tempestades sob o aspecto climatológico para a área central do Estado de São Paulo cujos parâmetros foram obtidos com o software TITAN, desenvolvido no NCAR e implementado nos computadores do IPMet. Os parâmetros que caracterizam as propriedades das tempestades tais como volume médio, área média, altura dos topos dos ecos, refletividade máxima e média bem como velocidade e deslocamento dos sistemas precipitantes foram determinados considerando o limiar de refletividade>30 dBZ, e volume>30 km3. A distribuição espacial de parâmetros tais como volume médio, área média, refletividade média e máxima mostrou, pela primeira vez para a área central do Estado de São Paulo, como os mesmos se distribuíram pela área monitorada pelo radar de Bauru e também a existência de regiões preferenciais onde se concentra a maior atividade convectiva, durante os verões analisados. Todas as varreduras observadas pelo radar de Bauru foram também processadas para se determinar as áreas de tempestades definidas pelo limiar de refletividade maior que 25 dBZ, para a partir daí obter a integração dessas áreas para o tempo de duração de cada tempestade e calcular a IAT, que é a integral área-tempo. O método da Integral-Área-Tempo (IAT), para se medir precipitação volumétrica baseada na informação de cobertura da precipitação em área foi aplicado aos dados de radar meteorológico de Bauru, para dois períodos de verão, o de 1998-1999 e 1999-2000. A premissa de que a porção crescente do conglomerado convectivo seria suficiente para calcular uma IAT que ainda seria altamente correlacionada com o volume total de chuva resultando, portanto numa técnica para o nowcasting é testada e verificada para os dois períodos analisados. Os resultados das análises mostraram que as células de tempestade...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: A climatological characterization of storm properties during two summer seasons, viz. 1998-1999 and 1999-2000, based on observations from the Bauru S-band Doppler radar, was obtained with the TITAN Software of NCAR, implemented at IPMet. Parameters, such as mean volume, mean area, mean and maximum echo tops, mean and maximum reflectivity, as well as speed and direction of precipitating systems were determined using the reflectivity> 30 dBZ and a volume> 30 km3 as a threshold for storm identification. The spatial distribution for parameters such as mean volume, mean area, mean and maximum reflectivity, mean and maximum echo top, etc, were determined for the first time in the central State of São Paulo, based on radar data information. It has shown some preferential areas where most of the convective activity was concentrated during the study period. The Area Time-Integration (ATI) method was then applied to these observations using the 25 dBZ thresholds, to determine the rainfall volume in the central area of the State of São Paulo, taking into account the entire lifetime of all observed storms that exceeded the threshold considered. Furthermore, it was also investigated, if it would be possible to estimate the ATIs only for the growth period of a convective storm and still obtain a good correlation. This method could then be applied to obtain the total rain volume of a convective system at the stage of its maximum development, which could be considered as a nowcasting tool to be explored in subsequent studies. The time span for the storms reaching their maximum area was found to be about 2 hours on average and this was reached within...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Doutor
40
Jackson, Sarah Marie. "Assessment of Implicit Attitudes Toward Women Faculty in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1324269233.
Full text
41
Martin, Chris Elizabeth. "Disproportionality of African American students in special education: the influence of aversive racism on referrals." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1361.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined whether the disproportionality of African American children referred to special education is influenced by the level of implicit racial bias among teachers, using the aversive racism theory. Data were collected from teachers of kindergarten through sixth grade in the Iowa City Community School District through email recruitment. Using a factorial survey design, teachers evaluated five vignettes, each with five questions mirroring the referral process to special education, an implicit and explicit racial bias measure, and demographics. Of the 307 teachers emailed, only 21 completed the full survey. The small sample size hindered the analysis due to violations of two of the major assumptions of linear regression: normality and constant variance. Due to these violations, only limited interpretations can be concluded from the linear models. A logistic regression was also completed on the referral for special education dependent variable and yielded the following significant results: The teachers who scored high on the explicit racism measure were more likely to refer a child to a special education assessment and other results revealed associations between certain characteristics and behaviors of the children and their likelihood of referral. The majority of teachers in the sample (67%) scored high in implicit racial bias but none of the models indicates a relationship between the child's race and referral to special education. The study suggests there is some connection between implicit racial bias and referrals to special education but not due to race. However, the complexity of relationships among these and other factors in both interpersonal relationships and classroom dynamics makes it necessary to further investigate this question and potentially remedy the problem of disproportionality in special education.
42
Olaiya, Eugene F. "The Impact of Inpatient Treatment on Implicit Opioid-related Cognitions." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1556635353457297.
Full text
43
GRAZZINI, LAURA. "Being green is a matter of implicit attitudes and mind-set. an application of implicit association test and construal level theory on sustainable consumption." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/245531.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract
Obiettivo della tesi – Il consumo sostenibile ha assunto crescente rilevanza nella letteratura di marketing (Karmarkar & Bollinger 2015), tanto da essere uno dei temi di ricerca più critici (Mick 2006). Contribuisce alla complessità del tema il cambiamento nei comportamenti di acquisto dei consumatori, sempre più sensibili alla sostenibilità non solo dei prodotti ma anche del loro packaging (Magnier & Schoormans 2015), così come confermato da recenti ricerche empiriche (Olsen, Slotegraaf & Chandukala 2014). Tuttavia, i contributi accademici in tema di attitudini dei consumatori nei confronti di packaging sostenibili risultano ancora incompleti ed in continua evoluzione.
Il presente lavoro, dunque, si propone di contribuire alla letteratura esistente, approfondendo lo studio delle attitudini ed intenzioni di acquisto nei confronti di packaging sostenibili. In particolare, si evidenza come il rapporto tra le attitudini implicite ed esplicite, espresse dai consumatori nei confronti di packaging bio-degradabili, possa incoraggiarne o inibirne l’adozione. Inoltre, la tesi adotta la prospettiva della Construal Level Theory, allo scopo di valutare l’effetto combinato di diverse rappresentazioni mentali con i benefici indicati nei framing comunicazionali. Recenti ricerche accademiche hanno, infatti, dimostrato come un fit (o la mancanza di esso) tra il frame di comunicazione e il livello di rappresentazione mentale del consumatore possa essere una spiegazione alternativa nell’adozione di comportamenti sostenibili (White et al. 2011; Tangari et al. 2015; Ramirez et al. 2015).
Design/metodologia/approccio – Coerentemente con gli obiettivi della ricerca, la tesi ha previsto tre studi: per il primo studio, 88 partecipanti hanno completato un Implicit Association Test (IAT) e un questionario, mentre il secondo e terzo studio hanno adottato un esperimento online tra gruppi, coinvolgendo 108 partecipanti.
Risultati – I risultati dello studio 1 confermano, in generale, attitudini implicite ed esplicite positive verso il packaging sostenibile in entrambe le categorie di food (salutare vs non salutare). Tuttavia, lo studio 1 evidenzia una discrepanza tra attitudini implicite ed esplicite nel caso del cibo non salutare, risultato che consente di implementare strategie di nudging volte al cambiamento delle attitudini riferite alla scelta di packaging sostenibili. Lo studio 2 conferma il fit esistente tra la struttura del messaggio in termini di benefici (ambientali vs personali) e il diverso livello di rappresentazione mentale: un messaggio pro-ambiente combinato ad un livello mentale astratto produce intenzioni all’acquisto maggiormente positive. Al contrario lo studio 3 non produce tale evidenza nel caso in cui si combina un livello mentale concreto con i benefici personali. Tale risultato implica che dare una
maggiore rilevanza ai benefici personali (low-order goals) non cambia la percezione che i prodotti green aiutino l’ambiente.
Originalità/contributo – La tesi contribuisce alla letteratura di marketing relativa al comportamento sostenibile, espandendo l’applicazione del concetto di attitudini implicite e della Construal Level Theory (CLT) in un nuovo ambito, ovvero quello del packaging sostenibile. Il principale contributo dello studio 1 consiste nel dimostrare come l’Implicit Association Test possa essere un nuovo strumento per comprendere maggiormente l’attivazione o meno di comportamenti sostenibili. Gli studi 2 e 3 contribuiscono alla letteratura relativa alla CLT e al consumo sostenibile, esplorando come la distanza psicologica possa influenzare le intenzioni di acquisto e se tale effetto è strettamente collegato alla presenza di opposti benefici (ambientali vs personali).
Limitazioni e ricerche future – La tesi presenta una serie di limitazioni che possono ispirare ricerche future. In particolare, lo studio 1 non mette in evidenza possibili implicazioni delle attitudini implicite ed esplicite per quanto attiene le scelte comportamentali (o intenzioni), così come non valuta possibili antecedenti o moderatori nella relazione. Future ricerche possono, quindi, essere implementate con l’obiettivo di evidenziare antecedenti o moderatori, che possono spiegare le differenze tra misure esplicite ed implicite, o adottare modelli di regressione, che dimostrino se e come tali attitudini siano in grado di predire i comportamenti dei consumatori. Relativamente agli studi 2 e 3, la principale limitazione risiede nella impossibilità di generalizzare i risultati. A questo proposito, le ricerche future possono replicare tali risultati in ambiti diversi. Infine, può essere utile adottare lo studio manipolando distanze psicologiche diverse, come ad esempio la distanza spaziale (un posto vicino o lontano) o quella sociale (persone simili o distanti ai partecipanti allo studio).Abstract Purpose – Encouraging sustainable consumer behaviour is a growing topic of interest in the marketing literature (Karmarkar & Bollinger 2015) and has been identified as one of the more pressing research topics (Mick 2006). In addition, consumers are increasingly demanding more environmentally friendly packaging in terms of reduced packaging, or packaging which can be recycled or reused (Magnier & Schoormans 2015) and research into consumer attitudes on new packaging indicate that consumers now expect all packages to be environmentally friendly (Olsen, Slotegraaf & Chandukala 2014). However, extant literature on this topic remains scarce. This thesis adds to knowledge by shedding light on self-reported (i.e., explicit) and automatic (i.e., implicit) evaluations that may encourage/inhibit consumers’ adoption of eco-friendly packaging choices. According to recent academic research on sustainable consumption, this thesis adopts the theoretical lenses of Construal Level Theory, contributing with important insights into the effects of different mental representation and the effectiveness of different message appeals in motivating consumers to engage in sustainable consumption choices. Recent academic research has demonstrated that the “fit” (or lack thereof) between communication frames and consumer’s construal level mind-set can be an alternative explanation for the success or failure of environmental behaviour adoptions (White et al. 2011; Tangari et al. 2015; Ramirez et al. 2015). Design/methodology/approach – According to the purpose of the research, this thesis adopts 3 studies: for Study 1, 88 participants completed an Implicit Association Test and a questionnaire, whilst Study 2 and 3 employed a between-subject online experiment with 108 participants. Findings - The findings confirmed positive implicit and explicit attitudes towards compostable packaging across two different food categories (healthy vs unhealthy). Study 1 also showed a dissociation between implicit and explicit associations in the case of unhealthy food, which informs approaches to nudging changes in consumers’ behaviour towards choice of packaging. Study 2 confirms that a message framed as environmental matched with a more abstract mind-set produces more positive behavioural intentions toward a sustainable packaging. On the contrary, Study 3 does not provide evidence on a similar fit when individuals form a concrete mind-set and self-benefits are highlighted, allowing to suppose that, in such a case, making salient the personal benefit (lower-order goals) does not change the perception that the green products help the environment. Originality/value – The thesis contributes to current marketing knowledge on sustainable consumption by expanding the application of implicit attitudes and Construal Level Theory (CLT) into a new domain, such as consumers’ evaluation of environmentally friendly packaging. .Main contribution of study 1 lies on showing whether Implicit Association Test (IAT) has the potential to more fully explain pro-environmental behaviour or its rejection. Studies two and three contribute to the extant literature on CLT and sustainable consumption, by exploring how psychological distance affects behavioural intentions toward sustainable packaging, and further if this effect is linked by the presence of benefits associations (self-other). The main goal lies in extending the knowledge surrounding CLT and in contributing to the hope of Trope, Liberman, and Wakslak (2007) in making CLT an “unified theoretical framework that will allow us to parsimoniously understand a range of seemingly unrelated psychological phenomena” (p. 94). Limitations and future research - The current thesis has limitations that may trigger future research. First, Study 1 does not present implications of implicit and explicit attitudes for actual behavioural choice (or behavioural intention) as well as it does not assess possible antecedents or moderators. Further research can be implemented in order to display antecedents and moderators which might explain differences between implicit and explicit attitude measures as well as a regression model, in order to investigate if and how explicit and implicit attitude measures predict behaviours. As for Studies 2 and 3, a main limitation lies in the fact that an external validity of the results cannot be assessed. Therefore, future research could replicate the findings in other domains. Also, in order to advance sustainable consumption research, it could be useful to apply this type of study to other psychological distances, whether the environmental outcome is occurring in a local or distant place, or affecting people like or unlike the respondents in the study.
44
Arvidsson, Jerry, and Stålbom David Toll. "IKT i matematik : En empirisk undersökning om IKT-användning i matematik." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för matematik (MA), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-60766.
Full textAbstract:
I denna studie undersöker vi lärares åsikter och kunskaper om användning av IKT i matematikundervisning. Genom att söka igenom tidigare forskning och vad rapporter från skolverket säger om den växande användning av IKT matematik som tillkommer i skolor har vi velat få lärares bild av hur de beskriver situationen inom området matematik. Genom intervjuer har vi pratat med lärare om deras uppfattning om IKT-användning i matematik. Lärarna ser mest fördelar med användning och deras didaktiska val att använda IKT-verktyg i matematikundervisningen är oftast som ett komplement som kan ge eleverna stöd. Men tillgångarna till att få mer kunskap om IKT-verktyg och dess användning gör det svårt att använda de senaste verktygen.
45
Andersson, Paulina. "Autolog adsorptionsteknik hos nytransfunderad patient med autoantikroppar – en experimentell metodutvärdering." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Biomedicinsk laboratorievetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-148902.
Full text
46
Jonsén, Maria. "Hur lärare ser på IKT i undervisningen : en enkätundersökning." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Estetisk-filosofiska fakulteten, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-7666.
Full textAbstract:
Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur lärare i svenska ställer sig till IKT-användningen.Vilka förutsättningar har de och på vilket sätt jobbar de för måluppfyllnad med IKT som hjälp.För att få svar på dessa frågor skickades enkäter till lärare på grundskolans senare år och gymnasiet på 16 olika skolor. Knappt hälften av de utskickade enkäterna besvarades.Svaren visar att majoriteten av lärarna ställer sig positiv till användningen av IKT i klassrummet. Flera gav exempel på hur de använder IKT och hur det relaterar till kursmålen för svenska på grundskolans senare år och gymnasiet. Hälften av enkätdeltagarna menade att de hade en god IKT-kunskap. Lika många hade fått fortbildning och kände stöd av ledningen till detta. I stort visade resultatet dock att lärarna efterfrågade fortbildning, samtidigt som de kände sig tveksamma till huruvida datorn ska ta för stor plats i förhållande till de tryckta läromedlen. Det vanligaste användningsområdet för datorn var faktasökningar samt ordbehandling. Strax efter kom att streama film och klipp via Internet. Lärarna tenderade att fråga sina kolleger eller söka information själv när de ville ha inspiration till sin undervisning. Svaren visade också att lärarnas egna inställning till IKT spelade minst lika stor roll som tillgången till teknik och stöd av ledningen till fortbildning för att integrera IKT i undervisningen.The purpose of this essay is to study how teachers in Swedish view the use of ICT. How the conditions for ICT are and in which way they work for target achievement in the subject with help from ICT. To answer these questions, questionnaires were sent out to teachers in secondary and upper secondary school in 16 different schools. Half of the questionnaires were answered. The answers showed that the majority of the teachers were positive to the use of ICT in the classroom. Several gave examples of how they use ICT and how they relate this to the goals in the Swedish subject in secondary and upper secondary school. Half of the participants felt that they had good knowledge of ICT. The same number of teachers had gotten further training and felt support from the school management to do this. Though at large the result showed that the teachers asked for further training, when at the same time they felt uncertain of how the computer should be used in relation to the printed teaching materials. The most common use of the computers were to search for facts and word processing. Next was to stream movies and clips from the Internet. The teachers asked their colleagues or searched for information themselves when they wanted inspiration for their teaching. The answers also showed that the teachers' attitude towards ICT played as a big part as the access to technology and support from the school management for further training, when it concerned integrating ICT in teaching.
47
Rudolph, Almut. "Measures of Implicit Self-Esteem. Psychometric Properties and the Prediction of Anxious, Self-Confident and Defensive Behavior." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200901510.
Full textAbstract:
Die Dissertation besteht aus einem Einleitungsteil und drei empirischen Beiträgen. Die Einleitung gibt eine Einführung in das Themengebiet der Selbstwertschätzung und deren Erfassung mit indirekten Verfahren. Vor allem aber dient sie dazu, die empirischen Befunde der Beiträge zu integrieren. Die ersten beiden Artikel widmen sich der Überprüfung der psychometrischen Qualität indirekter Verfahren. Das Augenmerk des ersten Beitrags liegt auf der Prüfung, ob verschiedene indirekte Verfahren konvergieren und ob explizite und implizite Selbstwertschätzung korrespondieren, wenn implizite Selbstwertschätzung reliabel erfasst wird. Außerdem werden strukturelle Ähnlichkeiten der indirekten Verfahren in die Betrachtungen mit einbezogen. Der zweite Beitrag komplettiert die Untersuchungen zur Güte der Verfahren. Der Fokus dieses Beitrags liegt im Nachweis der prädiktiven Validität verschiedener indirekter Verfahren. Dabei werden Kriterien herangezogen, die nicht im Selbstbericht erhoben werden. Im Detail wird eine doppelte Dissoziation zwischen expliziter und impliziter Selbstwertschätzung geprüft. Der dritte Beitrag rundet diese Arbeit ab, da er sich auch einem anwendungsbezogenen Aspekt der Persönlichkeitspsychologie widmet. Untersucht wird der Zusammenhang zwischen defensiven Verhaltensweisen und Selbstwertdiskrepanzen, also der Kombination expliziter und impliziter SelbstwertschätzungThe dissertation consists of an introduction and three empirical journal articles. The introduction gives the theoretical background about self-esteem and its assessment with indirect measures, and primarily, integrates the three journal articles. The first article investigates the reliability and convergent and discriminant validity of indirect measures of self-esteem. The second article complements the examination of the psychometric properties. It contributes evidence to the predictive validity of indirect self-esteem measures. With using non-self-reported criteria, a double dissociation between explicit and implicit self-esteem is tested. The third article brings into focus an applied aspect of personality psychology. It is analyzed how defensive reactions are related to self-esteem discrepancies, that are different combinations of explicit and implicit self-esteem
48
Barabás, Roberta de Carvalho. "Neurociências aplicadas ao ensino-aprendizagem da tecnologia nuclear." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85133/tde-29112018-075151/.
Full textAbstract:
Embora a tecnologia nuclear tenha aplicações benéficas para diversas áreas, como saúde, indústria, agricultura, produção de energia, entre outras, a sua aceitação ainda é restrita e há várias barreiras para o seu uso. A falta de conhecimento assertivo sobre essa tecnologia gera preconceito com relação à sua utilização. Preconceitos podem ser explícitos, que são conscientes, ou implícitos, inconscientes. No entanto, conscientes ou inconscientes, eles influenciam o comportamento e as atitudes. As experiências nas memórias explícita e implícita podem ser transferidas de uma para a outra. Assim, preconceitos ou associações inconscientes podem ser modificados pela memória explícita, ou seja, um novo conhecimento pode reduzi-los ou revertê-los. Para uma educação transformadora, o professor tem um papel central; entretanto, para que ele transmita o conhecimento de forma imparcial, é necessário que tenha uma visão livre de preconceitos. Esse trabalho visa desenvolver uma metodologia com apoio em neurociências por meio da qual as associações implícitas referentes às aplicações da tecnologia nuclear por parte dos professores de ciências sejam identificadas e possíveis preconceitos implícitos sejam modificados por meio de novos conhecimentos explícitos. Para identificar preconceitos implícitos são necessários testes específicos de memória implícita. O Teste de Associação Implícita (TAI) foi selecionado para esse trabalho. Seguindo as etapas fornecidas pelo software FreeIAT, o TAI foi customizado a fim de comparar as associações implícitas de participantes com relação às áreas nuclear e petróleo e sua consistência foi averiguada por um pré-teste aplicado a um grupo de especialistas (grupo controle) e de leigos, cujos resultados determinaram um bom valor de Alfa de Cronbach. Um programa multissensorial de 5 horas foi desenvolvido e realizado no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN) para um grupo de professores de ciências. O TAI foi aplicado no início e ao término do programa e os resultados das associações implícitas foram comparados. Após seis meses, o TAI foi reaplicado ao mesmo grupo de professores para verificar se as associações implícitas se mantiveram estáveis. Esse programa multissensorial foi comparado com um programa de 12 semanas de ensino tradicional com aulas expositivas realizado no IPEN para alunos ingressantes na pós-graduação. O programa multissensorial foi efetivo para mudar e manter as associações implícitas dos professores referentes às aplicações benéficas da tecnologia nuclear, diferentemente do ensino tradicional com aulas expositivas. Esse trabalho demonstrou que é possível quebrar paradigmas e preconceitos. A abordagem multissensorial possibilitou um conhecimento enriquecido sobre as aplicações da tecnologia nuclear, ou seja, promoveu novas experiências na memória explícita que modificaram as associações prévias armazenadas na memória implícita. Assim, o programa multissensorial demonstrou ser uma ferramenta eficaz, capaz de produzir e manter mudanças nas associações implícitas, de baixo custo e pode ser aplicado em diversas áreas para mudar as associações implícitas e reverter preconceitos. Os resultados demonstraram que esse trabalho de doutorado teve êxito no que se propôs, contribuindo, assim, para a difusão do conhecimento das aplicações benéficas da tecnologia nuclear e, consequentemente, para a sua desmitificação. Essa metodologia completa poderá ser empregada em outras áreas para identificar, modificar e/ou reverter preconceitos ou estereótipos implícitos.Although the applications of nuclear technology benefit several fields, such as health, industry, agriculture, energy production, among others, its public acceptance is still reduced and there are various barriers to its use. A lack of assertive knowledge about this technology generates prejudice against its use. Prejudices may be explicit at the conscious level or implicit operating outside awareness. Nevertheless, either conscious or unconscious, prejudices interfere with behavior and attitudes. The experiences in the explicit and implicit memories can be transferred from one to the other; thus unconscious prejudices or associations may be modified by the explicit memory, that is, new knowledge may reduce or even reverse them. The teachers play a critical role for transforming education; however, for sharing balanced knowledge they must have a perspective without prejudices. This work aims to develop a neuroscience-based methodology through which implicit associations of Brazilian science teachers towards nuclear technology may be assessed and possible implicit prejudices may be changed by new knowledge. In order to identify implicit prejudices, specific implicit memory tests are required. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) was chosen for this work. By following the steps provided by the software FreeIAT, the IAT was customized aiming to compare the implicit associations of respondents towards nuclear and oil. A pretest with nuclear specialists (control group) and lay people was administered to check the consistency of the customized IAT. The Cronbach\'s alpha was applied to measure the reliability of the test and showed good internal consistency. A 5-hour multisensory program for science teachers was designed and administered at the Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN). The IAT was administered at the beginning and at the end of the program and the results of the implicit associations were compared. After a six-month period, the IAT was re-administered to the same group of teachers to verify whether the implicit associations remained stable. This multisensory program was compared to a 12-week traditional teaching program with lecture classes held at IPEN for incoming post-graduation students. The multisensory program was effective for changing and maintaining the implicit associations of teachers towards the beneficial applications of nuclear technology, unlike the traditional teaching program with lecture classes. This work demonstrated that it is possible to break paradigms and prejudices. The multisensory program enabled an enriched knowledge about the applications of nuclear technology, that is, it promoted new experiences in the explicit memory, which modified the previous associations stored in the implicit memory. Therefore, the multisensory program has proven to be a successful, cost-effective tool, which is able to cause and maintain changes in implicit associations and can be applied in several areas where changes in implicit associations and prejudice reversal are desired. The results demonstrated that the proposed doctoral research was effective, thus contributing to the diffusion of knowledge of the beneficial applications of nuclear technology and, consequently, to its demythification. This methodology may be administered to other fields to identify, modify and/or reduce implicit prejudices or stereotypes.
49
Engfors, Martin. "IKT i skolans matematikundervisning : En litteraturstudie om effekterna på elevers prestationer i matematik." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Matematik och tillämpad matematik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-150008.
Full textAbstract:
Studien undersöker vilken effekt användningen av IKT under matematiklektioner har på elevers prestationer i skolans alla åldrar. Arbetet sammanställer flera vetenskapliga artiklar och litteraturstudier för att försöka besvara frågeställningen. Flertalet vetenskapliga artiklar visar på en positiv effekt av IKT-användning men studierna undersöker små urvalsgrupper och sträcker sig inte utanför sitt lands gränser vilket gör det svårt att generalisera resultaten.
50
Dean, Suzanne L. "How Openness to Experience and Prejudicial Attitudes Shape Diversity Training Outcomes." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1216847672.
Full text