Academic literature on the topic 'IAS 40'

1. We have investigated the developmental expression of three voltage-gated K currents on neonatal rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons in vivo and in culture: a rapidly inactivating current (IAf), a slowly inactivating current (IAs), and a noninactivating current (IK). 2. On postnatal day 1 neurons (P1), mean peak IAs is 67 +/- 4 (SE) pA/pF, peak IAf is 27 +/- 3 pA/pF, and IK is 14 +/- 3 pA/pF. Over the next wk, there is a switch in the expression of these currents: IAs drops by 40%, whereas IAf increases by greater than 100%; there is no change in IK. On P14 neurons, IAs is 38 +/- 2 pA/pF, IAf is 64 +/- 5 pA/pF, and IK is 12 +/- 1 pA/pF. 3. The change in expression of K currents on SCG neurons over the first 2 postnatal wk is unaffected by preganglionic innervation or by innervation of the targets. 4. To learn more about the factors that affect K current expression on these neurons, we grew SCG neurons in culture without other cell types for various times, and we measured the expression of IAf, IAs, and IK. In culture, the currents remained at their P1 levels for the first 4-7 days. Thereafter, both IAs and IAf decreased to low levels over a period of 2-3 wk. These results suggest that an epigenetic factor(s) is necessary for the expression of IAf and IAf in vivo and that this factor is missing in culture. 5. When IAs and IAf decreased on neurons in culture, we observed a compensatory increase in IK. After 4 wk in culture, IK is fourfold greater than on neurons in vivo. This result suggests that these neurons have intrinsic mechanisms that coordinate the expression of different voltage-gated K currents.

Smooth muscle preparations from the circular muscle layer of the most distal rectum and the proximal and distal human internal anal sphincter (IAS) mounted in organ baths to record isometric tension developed spontaneous tension. Transmural electrical field stimulation (TMS) induced frequency- and impulse duration-dependent relaxations sensitive to tetrodotoxin in the stimulation range of 0.5-40 Hz and 0.04-0.6 ms. Poststimulus contractions were most frequent and prominent in rectal preparations. Maximal relaxations were comparable in the three locations and were achieved at 10 Hz and 0.4 ms. The frequency inducing half-maximal response was lower in rectal strips compared with IAS. Phentolamine (10-(6) M) enhanced relaxations and diminished off-contractions at 40 Hz in distal IAS. N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) concentration dependently inhibited both relaxations and off-contractions (10 Hz, 0.4 ms). The pD2 values (-log EC50) of L-NNA were lower in rectal muscle compared with those in IAS. L-Arginine (10-(4) M) inhibited the blocking effect of L-NNA. In one-half of the preparations, L-NNA reversed the relaxations to duration contractions (15-40 Hz), which were inhibited by atropine in rectal preparations and by phentolamine in IAS. In conclusion, excitatory innervation of the IAS is alpha-adrenergic and cholinergic in the rectum. A product of the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway mediates the TMS-induced inhibition of the muscle and is also involved in poststimulus contractions.

<p><strong>Abstract</strong><br /><br />The measurement of property held to find out the value of property investment. There is a fair value method and cost method which based on PSAK13 (adoption of IAS 40) and historical cost which based on US GAAP to measure investment property. The purpose of this research is to know the difference in the application of method of measurement of investment property based on PSAK 13 (adoption of IAS 40) and US GAAP and to know the impact of the differences in comparison the application of the method of measurement based on property investment PSAK 13 (adoption IAS 40) and US GAAP against operating profit PT Lippo General Insurance, Tbk in 2013. This research is using a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected using document methods. Data analysis was done by means of measuring the property with all methods, both fair value method, cost method and historical cost method. After measured, measurement results are compared and summed up the application of the method where the most profitable PT Lippo General Insurance, Tbk. The results showed that there is a difference between fair value and cost method based on PSAK 13 (adoption of IAS 40) and the historical cost method based on US GAAP. Application of fair value method is to do repeated measurements without depreciate investment properties each year . Application of cost method is to do a revaluation and depreciate investment properties each year . While in application of the historical cost method is to depreciate the investment property without the ways are re-evaluated every year . By applying different measurement methods, it would have an impact on the value of investment properties, thenumber of operating profit and performance of PT Lippo General Insurance, Tbk. Based on the measurement of property investment with all those methods, method of measurement of investment properties that provide the greatest impact against the value of investment properties, the number of operating profit and the company’s performance is by applying fair value method.</p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Pengukuran properti dilakukan untuk mengetahui nilai properti investasi. Terdapat metode nilai wajar dan metode biaya yang berdasarkan PSAK 13 (Adopsi IAS 40) dan metode nilai historis berdasarkan US GAAP untuk mengukur properti investasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan penerapan metode pengukuran properti investasi berdasarkan PSAK 13 (Adopsi IAS 40) dan US GAAP dan untuk mengetahui dampak dari perbedaan perbandingan penerapan metode pengukuran properti investasi berdasarkan PSAK 13 (Adopsi IAS 40) dan US GAAP terhadap laba operasi PT Lippo General Insurance, Tbk pada tahun 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode dokumetasi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan cara mengukur properti dengan semua metode, baik metode nilai wajar, metode biaya maupun metode biaya historis. Setelah diukur, hasil pengukuran dibandingkan dan disimpulkan penerapan metode mana yang paling menguntungkan PT Lippo General Insurance, Tbk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan antara metode biaya dan nilai wajar berdasarkan PSAK 13 (Adopsi IAS 40) dan metode biaya historis berdasarkan US GAAP. Penerapan metode nilai wajar adalah dengan melakukan pengukuran ulang tanpa mendepresiasi properti investasi setiap tahunnya. Penerapan metode biaya dalam melakukan pengukuran adalah dengan melakukan revaluasi dan mendepresiasi properti investasi setiap tahunnya. Sedangkan dalam penerapan metode biaya historis adalah dengan cara mendepresiasi properti investasi tanpa direvaluasi setiap tahunnya. Dengan menerapkan metode pengukuran yang berbeda, hal tersebut berdampak terhadap nilai properti investasi, jumlah laba operasi dan kinerja PT Lippo General Insurance, Tbk. Berdasarkan pengukuran properti investasi dengan semua metode, metode pengukuran properti investasi yang memberikan dampak terbesar terhadap nilai properti investasi, jumlah laba operasi dan kinerja perusahaan adalah dengan menerapkan metode nilai wajar.<strong><br /></strong></p>

Research aims: The aim of the study was to determine whether fair value adjustments to investment property affect the profitability ratios of listed companies. Design/Methodology/Approach: To investigate the problem, a brief literature overview of performance analysis through ratio calculations, as well as fair value measurement are discussed. These discussions are based on the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), IFRS 13 and International Accounting Standards (IAS), IAS 40. IAS 40 addresses how the value of investment property may be recognised through the fair value model. To determine whether the recognition of fair value adjustments affect the profitability ratios of sampled companies, the Wilcoxon rank test and Cohen’s d-value were used as statistical measures to fulfil this objective. The Top 40 companies as listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) in South Africa were populated, and judgment sampling was applied to calculate the sampling frame.Research findings: The results demonstrate that 50% to 75% of the sampled companies had profitability ratios, which were impacted by the recognition of fair value adjustments. These findings are relevant to potential investors who need to interpret financial ratios to improve investment decisions. Finally, the study recommends that the prospective investor eliminate fair value adjustments when profitability ratios are calculated.Theoretical contribution/Originality: The contribution of the study is that fair value adjustments (favourable or unfavourable) relating to IAS 40 affect the decisions taken by users of the financial statements. Substantial changes to profit or loss and/or investment property significantly impact ratio analysis outcomes and, therefore, investor decision making. The research contributes to the use of fair value adjustments and its impact on profitability ratios. Practitioner/Policy implications: Regulators may benefit from the findings when considering regulatory reforms of accounting practices as well as the disclosures required that assist the users of financial statements.

Background and Purpose: The pathophysiology of development, growth, and rupture of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) is only partly understood. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H 2 , which, in turn, is isomerized to prostaglandin E 2 . In the human body, COX-2 plays an essential role in inflammatory pathways. This explorative study aimed to investigate COX-2 expression in the wall of IAs and its correlation to image features in clinical (1.0T, 1.5T, and 3.0T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultra-high-field 7T MRI. Methods: The study group comprised 40 patients with partly thrombosed saccular IAs. The cohort included 17 ruptured- and 24 unruptured IAs, which had all been treated microsurgically. Formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded samples were immunohistochemically stained with a monoclonal antibody against COX-2 (Dako, Santa Clara, CA; Clone: CX-294). We correlated Perls Prussian blue staining, MRI, and clinical data with immunohistochemistry, analyzed using the Trainable Weka Segmentation algorithm. Results: Aneurysm dome size ranged between 2 and 67 mm. The proportion of COX-2 positive cells ranged between 3.54% to 85.09%. An upregulated COX-2 expression correlated with increasing IA dome size ( P =0.047). Furthermore, there was a tendency of higher COX-2 expression in most ruptured IAs ( P =0.064). At all field strengths, MRI shows wall hypointensities due to iron deposition correlating with COX-2 expression ( P =0.022). Conclusions: Iron deposition and COX-2 expression in IAs walls correlate with signal hypointensity in MRI, which might, therefore, serve as a biomarker for IA instability. Furthermore, as COX-2 was also expressed in small unruptured IAs, it could be a potential target for specific medical treatment.

Bakgrund: Efter införandet av IAS 40 ska nu fastighetsbolagen värdera sina fastigheter till verkligt värde och visa de i sina årsredovisningar. Detta kan ge ett antal problem om inte företagen kan ta till sig nya regler i praktiken. Justeringarna som företagen blir tvungna att göra kommer att påverka deras eget kapital, resultaträkning och balansräkning. Några företag kommer att få stora justeringar och andra mindre.

Syfte: Huvudsyftet med uppsatsen är att analysera vilka effekter redovisningsstandarden IAS 40 får på de svenska fastighetsbolagens årsredovisningar. Ett del syfte är att visa vad skillnaderna i redovisningen beror på.

Metod: Vi använder oss av både kvantitativ och kvalitativ forskningsmetodik. Årsredovisningar är våra primärdata. Där tittar vi på bolagen och de siffror de redovisar. Sekundärdata som används är en telefonintervju med börsanalytikern Peter Malmqvist.

Slutsatser: Företagen använder sig av olika sätt att redovisa justeringarna som de gör vid införandet av IAS 40. Vissa företag klumpar ihop sina siffror med hela IFRS införandet och andra skiljer ut IAS 40 och visar de poster som blir påverkade. De flesta företag får en justering uppåt i deras balansräkningar, resultaträkningar och eget kapital. Det kan bero på en del faktorer. En faktor kan vara att de redovisar olika poster, andra faktorer kan vara vilken typ av förvaltningsfastighet bolagen innehar, vart fastigheterna finns belägna och hur gammal fastighetsbolaget är.

Från och med år 1 januari 2005 tillämpar svenska noterade bolag IAS 40 i sin koncernredo-visning. Företag har möjlighet att värdera sina förvaltningsfastigheter till anskaffningsvärdet – ackumulerade avskrivningar eller till verkligt värde.

Syftet med denna undersökning är att ta reda på hur införandet av IAS 40 har påverkat företa-gens redovisning samt eget kapital dvs. ifall eget kapital har ökat eller minskat.

För att uppfylla syftet har vi studerat 10 bolags årsredovisningar från år 2005 för att analysera skillnader i det egna kapitalet. Dessutom har vi utfört fem intervjuer med bolagen samt en intervju med en redovisningsexpert.

Teoridelen grundas i huvudsak på standarden IAS 40 och RR 24 som behandlar redovisning av förvaltningsfastigheter samt värderingsmetoder. Där redogörs även skillnader mellan IAS 40 och RR 24.

Den empiriska undersökningen analyseras utifrån uppsatsens teoriavsnitt.

Genom denna undersökning kom vi fram till att det egna kapital har förändrats i både positiv och negativ riktning samt att varje bolag värderar sina förvaltningsfastigheter till verkligt vär-de. Dessutom har införandet av IAS 40 bidragit till en bättre förmögenhetsredovisning i ba-lansräkningen.

Enligt de regler som anges i IAS 40 ges möjlighet till att värdera förvaltningsfastigheter till verkligt värde. Detta värde tas fram med hjälp av intern- eller externvärdering av ett marknadsvärde. Problemet är att det i princip är omöjligt att exakt fastställa ett försäljningspris eftersom det sanna marknadsvärdet visar sig först vid försäljningstransaktionen vilken påverkas av en stor mängd faktorer. Med bakgrund av detta är syftet med uppsatsen att utreda användbarheten av redovisningen av förvaltningsfastigheter för analytiker på aktiemarknaden. Metoden vi använder är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med framstående och erfarna aktieanalytiker som arbetar med fastighetsmarknaden. Vår huvudsakliga slutsats av studien är att det subjektiva inslag som de uppskattade marknadsvärderingarna innehåller är problematiskt avseende jämförbarheten mellan fastighetsbolag.

Från och med den 1 januari 2005 skall svenska noterade bolag utforma sin redovisning efter International Accounting Standards (IAS). För värderingen av förvaltningsfastigheter är det IAS 40 (Investment property) som nu mera gäller. Denna ger möjlighet att värdera fastigheter till antingen verkligt värde eller anskaffningsvärde, men att värdera till verkligt värde förespråkas. Att värdera till verkligt värde innebär en principförändring för svenska bolag som tidigare har varit tvingade att göra sina värderingar till anskaffningsvärdet, trots att man inte har tvingats att byta princip har samtliga bolag valt att göra detta. Avsikten med studien är att undersöka hur denna förändring av värderingar kommer att påverka bolagen ur ett finansiellt perspektiv. Studiens syfte har varit att beskriva och belysa vilka effekter IAS 40 har haft för fastighetsbolagens redovisning. Vi har avgränsat oss till samtliga noterade svenska fastighetsbolag, men har inte kunnat använda oss av samtliga främst för att ett flertal av dessa inte varit noterade tillräckligt länge. Vi har använts av det hermeneutiska synsättet genom att tolka årsredovisningar från 2004 och 2005 och jämfört dessa med nya respektive gamla redovisningspraxis. Detta har vi gjort genom att använda oss av både en kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod.

1 January 2005 came the new reconstructed version of IAS 40. It came to compensate the earlier ÅRL and FAR who was applied within the European Union. These new standards came to be called as IAS/IFRS. The standards’ are supposed to make sure that the differences between the different countries won’t be so split. The users of these standards are companies who are listed on the stock market in EU.

Further on can be mentioned that in this article the focus is layed on the standard IAS 40, who manages how the administration real estates is presented in the companies’ management accounting.

The purpose with this article is to find out why different companies choose to value their

real estates to real value respectively to acquired value, how the auditors way to present is effected and which effects it has brought on the earlier account.

The possibility of valueing to real value has however brought some complications, but still are these complications accepted at the time as the standard in its interity succeeded to evolve the companies’ account to the right way.

To test our earlier designed hypothesies we have combined partly qualitative and partly quantitative approaches. The qualitative information is brought from the interviews with different authorized auditors from five of the largest accountingfirms. Further noticed is that an interview has also been made with Ulf Nyqvist who is the MD at Botkyrka Byggen.

The quantitative data has instead been received by the annual accounts from ten different real estate companies, and the article is written on the basis of a deductive approach with different methods as a staring point.

On the basis of the investigation we have finally reached a result that says that the standard in its entirety has leaded to a positive development of the companies account. The auditors that have an experience from the both methods mean that the standard should live at the time as it has led to an increased possibility of comparability between the companies. This is of big value for the ones who are interested on the market.

Den 1 januari 2005 kom den nya omarbetade versionen IAS 40. Denna kom att ersätta den tidigare ÅRL och FAR som då tillämpades inom Europeiska Unionen. Dessa nya standarder kom att kallas för IAS/IFRS. Standarderna ska se till att olikheterna som fanns mellan de olika ländernas redovisning inte skulle bli så kluven. Användarna av dessa standarder är börsnoterade företag som finns inom EU.

Vidare kan sägas att i denna uppsats har fokus lagts på standarden IAS 40, som då behandlar huruvida förvaltningsfastigheter redovisas inom företagens koncernredovisning.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på varför olika bolag väljer att värdera förvaltningsfastigheter till verkligt värde respektive anskaffningsvärde, hur revisorns sätt att redovisa har påverkats samt vilka effekter som den medfört på tidigare redovisning. Möjligheten att nu värdera till verkligt värde har dock medfört en del komplikationer, men ändå har dessa komplikationer accepterats då standarden i sin helhet lyckats utveckla företagens redovisning åt rätt håll.

För att testa våra tidigare utformade hypoteser har vi kombinerat dels kvalitativa och dels kvantitativa ansatser. Den kvalitativa informationen har hämtats utifrån intervjuer med olika auktoriserade revisorer från fem av de största revisionsbolagen. Vidare kan påpekas att det även har utförts en intervju med Ulf Nyqvist som är nuvarande VD på Botkyrka Byggen.

Den kvantitativa datan har istället erhållits från årsredovisningar från tio olika fastighetsbolag, uppsatsen har skrivits utifrån en deduktiv ansats med metodtriangulering som utgångspunkt.

Utifrån undersökningen har vi slutligen kommit fram till ett resultat som visar att standarden i sin helhet lett till en positiv utveckling av företagens redovisning. Revisorerna som då har erfarenheter utav både metoderna, menar att standarden bör fortleva då den lett till ökad jämförbarhet av bolagen. Detta är av värde både för intressenter och för andra på marknaden.

Enligt IAS 40 – Förvaltningsfastigheter, definieras förvaltningsfastigheter som ”mark eller byggnader eller del av byggnad som innehas i syfte att generera hyresinkomster eller värdestegring”. Onoterade fastighetsbolag i Sverige har idag möjlighet att välja mellan att värdera sina fastigheter till anskaffningsvärde eller verkligt värde.

IAS – International Accounting Standards är en internationell redovisningsstandard inom EU som började tillämpas i januari 2001, men blev obligatorisk för börsnoterade bolag år 2005. Dessutom har alla medlemstater möjlighet att lagstifta om IAS-redovisning i icke-noterade bolag. IAS 40 ersätter tidigare bestämmelser i IAS 25 ”redovisning av investeringar”. Enligt IAS 40 kan onoterade bolag välja att värdera fastigheter till antingen verkligt värde eller avskrivet anskaffningsvärde efter avdrag för eventuell ackumulerad nedskrivning, IAS 16.

Den nu dominerande organisationen på den internationella arenan är International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), det tidigare International Accounting Standards Committée (IASC). IASB:s målsättning är att samarbeta med de nationella normbildarna runtom i världen och åstadkomma redovisningsnormer som accepteras globalt.

Under 2004 tog IASB fram ett förslag på att införa internationella redovisningsstandarder för små och medelstora företag. Förslaget bestod av åtta frågor som behandlar marknadens inställning till särskilda regler för små och medelstora företag

Syftet med vår uppsats är att undersöka onoterade fastighetsbolags inställning till IAS 40, värdering till verkligt värde. Uppsatsen syftar också till att se hur konsekvenserna av övergången till verkligt värde påverkar företagsvärdet.

IFRS/IAS infördes i Sverige år 2005 och är ett nytt sätt att redovisa förvaltningsfastigheter förnoterade fastighetsbolag inom EU. Tanken med denna standard var att förbättra deninternationella kapitalmarknaden och att eliminera de stora olikheterna i redovisningen.IAS 40 ges ut av IFRS/IAS och handlar om förvaltningsfastigheter. Standarden IAS 40 gerbörsnoterade bolag inom EU möjligheten att redovisa sina förvaltningsfastigheter tillanskaffningsvärde eller till verkligt värde.Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta granska konsekvenserna vid tillämpningen av IAS 40 ochrevisorernas syn på detta. Samt att studera vilka värderingsmetoder som fastighetsbolagenanvänder och ifall standarden har gett positiva eller negativa påföljder för fastighetsbolagen.Uppsatsen innehåller kvalitativ och kvantitativ data. För kvalitativ data gjordes intervjuer medtvå auktoriserade revisorer, samt även en intervju med Frank Sadler från HEBA AB, som ärekonomichef. För kvantitativa data har informationen erhållits från tio årsredovisningar frånnoterade fastighetsbolag i Sverige.Slutsatsen från undersökningarna var att standarden är positiv för fastighetsbolagen. Verkligtvärde prefereras framför anskaffningsvärde. Revisorer upplever standarden svårtolkad ochkomplicerad dock anser dem att den ger en bättre jämförbarhet mellan bolagen. Värderingsmetoden av bolagens förvaltningsfastigheter är mindre relevanta då bolagenvärderar internt eller externt som de vill.

Background: The increased globalization and trade over domestic borders within the European Union (EU) has lead to the implementation of new international accounting standards. This is necessary to create an effective capital market, where comparisons between companies located in different countries can be made, due to a more harmonized accounting. Obstacles to overcome when establish a more harmonized accounting in the EU is for example different accounting backgrounds and valuation methods.

Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to as far possible study whether the establishment of IAS 40 contributes to an increased harmonization and more comparable accounting of investment property for listed companies within the EU.

Method: This thesis involves both a quantitative –and a qualitative research method. We have used primary data in forms of interviews, and secondary data in forms of annual reports, regulations, literature and articles in the thesis. Using both primary –and secondary data results in a higher reliability and validity.

Frame of reference: There are two alternative valuations methods according to IAS 40, the cost –and the fair value model. The cost model means a valuation to historical cost minus depreciation. Valuation in compliance to the fair value model on the other hand means that the investment property shall be valuated to market value. When using the cost model a note of the fair value shall be included in the financial statement. A company has according to IAS 40 the possibility to choose between internal –or external valuation when estimating the fair value.

Empirical results and analysis: Our empirical result is presented mainly through annual reports from listed investment property companies in Sweden, England and Germany. We found that the fair value model was used by all the analysed companies in Sweden and England in 2005, the year of the implementation of IAS 40 in the EU. By analysing the annul reports from the investment property companies we found indications that the fair value model also tends to become the generally excepted valuation model in Germany. Furthermore, our empirical result shows that a majority of the Swedish investment property companies regularly used internal valuation, but there is a pattern of external valuation as a complement to the internal valuation. In England and Germany all investment property companies used external valuation and there was no use of internal valuation even as a complement to the external valuation.

Conclusions: Based on our empirical results we draw the conclusion that the accounting for listed investment property companies within the EU is more harmonized and comparable today than before the implementation of IAS 40 in 2005. However, IAS 40 gives the companies the possibility to decide weather to use the cost –or the fair value model and the use of external valuation is optional. This can be viewed as obstacles to achieve a total harmonization of the accounting within the EU for listed investment property companies. From our empirical findings we draw the conclusion that the fair value model tends to become the generally excepted valuation model within the EU. Also, we do not perceive the use of the cost model as a barrier to the harmonization process because the fair value still has to be left in a not in the financial statement. However, we believe that in order to achieve a more harmonized and more comparable accounting for listed investment property companies within in the EU a directive about a minimum of external valuation must be included in IAS 40. This in order to avoid companies to use only internal valuation of the properties as this may effect the result.

The textbook contains a structured presentation of the Conceptual Framework for the presentation of financial statements, IFRS (IAS) 16 "Fixed Assets", IFRS (IAS) 2 "Inventories", IFRS (IAS) 40 "Investment Property", IFRS (IAS) 38 "Intangible Assets", IFRS (IFRS) 5 "Non-current Assets held for Sale and Discontinued operations". Fragments of information disclosure in financial statements in accordance with IFRS of more than 50 Russian and foreign companies are given. The choice of financial statements of companies is solely a subjective judgment of the textbook authors, is aimed at explaining certain provisions of IFRS and is not an advertisement or popularization of individual business entities. In the text of the textbook, examples are divided into examples - practice of application; examples - professional judgment; examples-explanations; examples - disclosure of information. At the end of each paragraph, self-examination questions and tests are presented, which help to structure theoretical knowledge and pay attention to the most significant information blocks of IFRS. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students in bachelor's and master's degree courses 38.03.01 "Economics" and 38.04.08 "Finance and Credit".

The need for reform in Italian Public Administration is a fact that no longer calls for justification: the increasing divergence between expectations and performance in the public sector appears to expand in inverse proportion to the success rate of the attempts at reform that have successively been made since the 1990s. Taking this reflection as its cue, the book offers the results of a study inspired by the Tuscan regional law 40/2009, exploring the results and prospects of the process of administrative and regulatory simplification, at both national and regional level. The chosen key, which is crucially interdisciplinary, for the very first time probes the profound meshing of legal and economic aspects, offering elements not only of analysis but also of practical application.

Entrepreneurship can be a solution to the dilemma: “Labour is a form of education, a way of ensuring existence, gaining autonomy, a physical and mental training, a way of oppression, a form of occupational therapy, all together or …none of the variants listed?” Depending on the reference field and the perspectives offered by different specializations, work is defined as a physical or intellectual action, which develop material and emotional satisfactions. Especially in closed environments, it is practiced as a form of occupational therapy (ergotherapy), because it ensures a sense of usefulness, helping to maintain somato-psycho-emotional health. The schoolmasters highlight the formative values of work for students: evaluate the native skills and abilities, lead to the discovery of new unknown interests and talents, support the student in his perfection by inoculating the ideas of responsibility, order, discipline, etc. Before 1989, in detention environment labour was mandatory, but now, labour is an optional right. The two perspectives are diametrically opposed, and the issue was addressed only from the perspective of reduced job supply, both during detention and after release. There are few publications with strict reference to this topic. In general, the social reintegration of post-execution prisoners is addressed. At this moment, the main problem highlighted is integration/reintegration on the labour market, as the main facilitating step of maintaining the accumulations during the detention period and a primary factor for avoiding the recurrence. However, those who have served a custodial sentence do not have a "ticket" to the labour market. To be known and solved, the situation should be addressed continuously: prevention before detention, education/re-education/training / retraining during detention and placement on the labor market / retraining immediately after release.

1919. június 24-én a késő esti órákban a Márvány utca 40. szám alatti ház lakói egy hangos szóváltásra lettek figyelmesek. Ekkor páran a lépcsőház felé siettek, de addigra már egy fegyver is eldördült, amely során az egyik lakótársuk az életét vesztette. Az ügy lezárását csak a proletárdiktatúra bukása után tudták befejezni, de a gyilkos nem sokáig maradt a rács mögött.

This paper examines the efficacy of class-size reductions as a strategy to improve pupils’ learning outcomes in India. It uses a credible identification strategy to address the endogeneity of class-size, by relating the difference in a student’s achievement score across subjects to the difference in his/her class size across subjects. Pupil fixed effects estimation shows a relationship between class size and student achievement which is roughly flat or non-decreasing for a large range of class sizes from 27 to 51, with a negative effect on learning outcomes occurring only after class size increases beyond 51 pupils. The class-size effect varies by gender and by subject-stream. The fact that up to a class-size of roughly 40 in science subjects and roughly 50 in non-science subjects, there is no reduction in pupil learning as class size increases, implies that there is no learning gain from reducing class size below 40 in science and below 50 in non-science. This has important policy implications for pupil teacher ratios (PTRs) and thus for teacher appointments in India, based on considerations of cost-effectiveness. When generalised, our findings suggest that India experienced a value-subtraction from spending on reducing class-sizes, and that the US$3.6 billion it spent in 2017-18 on the salaries of 0.4 million new teachers appointed between 2010 and 2017 was wasteful spending rather than an investment in improving learning. We show that India could save US$ 19.4 billion (Rupees 1,45,000 crore in Indian currency) per annum by increasing PTR from its current 22.8 to 40, without any reduction in pupil learning.

Malaria is a life-threatening parasitic disease that affects approximately 40% of the world’s population (mostly in the poorest countries). Insecticide-treated bednets effectively prevent malaria. However, cost and other barriers can hinder possession and use of insecticide-treated bednets. Strategies to increase possession and use include providing bednets for free or reducing the cost, education about appropriate use of bednets, and providing incentives to encourage use of bednets. Malaria is a life-threatening parasitic disease that affects approximately 40% of the world’s population (mostly in the poorest countries). Insecticide-treated bednets effectively prevent malaria. However, cost and other barriers can hinder possession and use of insecticide-treated bednets. Strategies to increase possession and use include providing bednets for free or reducing the cost, education about appropriate use of bednets, and providing incentives to encourage use of bednets.

Review question / Objective: Clinically, knee is the most common site of OA, followed by the hand and hip. The main research question is what are different costing methodologies used and its quality in studies related to cost effectiveness of TKR compared to non-surgical treatment procedures. Based on this review question, the following objectives are proposed: 1. To assess different methodologies, scope and quality of studies related to cost effectiveness of TKR compared to non-surgical management. 2. To synthesize evidence of TKR cost and compare the variations across different countries. Information sources: All sources with information on TKR, economic evaluations and non-surgical management namely journals, handbooks, internet sources, published conference abstracts, thesis, and electronic databases will be searched extensively.

The global AI industry is booming, with privately held firms pulling in nearly $40 billion in disclosed investment in 2019 alone. U.S. companies continue to attract the majority of that funding—64 percent of it in 2019—but that lead is not guaranteed. This report analyzes AI investment data from 2015 to 2019 to help better understand trends in the global AI landscape.

'Development evaluations in Uganda 2000–2018: A Country Evaluation Map' is a CEDIL Synthesis Working Paper. It is a report on the first of its kind country evaluation map for a single country. The map identifies 617 evaluations in multiple sectors. Nearly 60 per cent of the studies contain process evaluation evidence and over 40 per cent are impact evaluations. The map helps make visible recent development evaluations from the country, identifies potential gaps in knowledge and opportunities for evidence synthesis. Users can submit studies for inclusion in the map, thus giving the map a repository function.

The crevassed firn of the McMurdo shear zone (SZ) within the Ross Ice Shelf may also contain crevasses deep within its meteoric and marine ice, but the surface crevassing prevents ordinary vehicle access to investigate its structure geophysically. We used a lightweight robotic vehicle to tow 200- and 40 MHz ground-penetrating radar antennas simultaneously along 10 parallel transects over a 28 km² grid spanning the SZ width. Transects were generally orthogonal to the ice flow. Total firn and meteoric ice thickness was approximately 160 m. Firn crevasses profiled at 400 MHz were up to 16 m wide, under snow bridges up to 10 m thick, and with strikes near 35°–40° to the transect direction. From the top down, 200- MHz profiles revealed firn diffractions originating to a depth of approximately 40 m, no discernible structure within the meteoric ice, a discontinuous transitional horizon, and at least 20 m of stratified marine ice; 28–31 m of freeboard found more marine ice exists. Based on 10 consecutive transects covering approximately 2.5 km², we preliminarily interpreted the transitional horizon to be a thin saline layer, and marine ice hyperbolic diffractions and reflections to be responses to localized fractures, and crevasses filled with unstratified marine ice, all at strikes from 27° to 50°. We preliminarily interpreted off nadir, marine ice horizons to be responses to linear and folded faults, similar to some in firn. The coinciding and synchronously folded areas of fractured firn and marine ice suggested that the visibly unstructured meteoric ice beneath our grid was also fractured, but either never crevassed, crevassed and sutured without marine ice inclusions, or that any ice containing crevasses might have eroded before marine ice accretion. We will test these interpretations with analysis of all transects and by extending our grid and increasing our depth ranges.

Managers are challenged with the impact of problematic plants, including exotic, invasive, and pest plant species. Information on the cover and frequency of these plant species is essential for developing risk-based approaches to managing them. Based on surveys conducted in 2006, 2013, 2016, and 2020, Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network staff and contractors identified a cumulative total of 53 potentially problematic plant species in Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield. Of the 40 species found in 2020, we characterized 9 as very low frequency, 13 as low frequency, 9 as medium frequency, and 9 as high frequency. Of these 40, midpoint cover estimates of 1 low-frequency, 4 medium-frequency, and 8 high-frequency species exceeded the 10-acre threshold. The 10-acre threshold represents a limit beyond which eradication of a problematic plant species is likely not possible. Because of the number, extent, and cover of problematic plants in the park and the small park size, control efforts should focus on treating high priority species across the entire park. High priority species may include plant species capable of rapid spread, species at low population levels, and species that can be effectively controlled.

Within the framework of an economic laboratory experiment, we investigate how Algorithm Aversion impedes the establishment of Robo Advisors. The participants have to cope with diversification tasks. They can do this themselves or they can entrust a Robo Advisor with this task. The Robo Advisor evaluates all relevant data and always makes the decision that leads to the highest expected value of compensation for the participant. Although the high performance of the Robo Advisor is obvious, the participants only trust the Robo Advisor in around 40% of all decisions. This reduces their success and their compensation. Many participants are guided by the 1/n heuristic, which contributes to their suboptimal decisions. Insofar as the participants have to decide for others, they noticeably put more effort into it and are also more successful than when they decide for themselves. However, this does not affect the acceptance of the Robo Advisor. Even in the case of proxy decisions, the Robo Advisor is only used in around 40% of cases. The propensity of economic agents towards algorithm aversion stands in the way of a broad establishment of Robo Advisors.