Journal articles on the topic 'IA hybride'
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1
Kiefer, Bertrand. "IA – humains – hybrides." Revue Médicale Suisse 19, no. 827 (2023): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2023.19.827.1000.
2
Coeshott, C. M., R. W. Chesnut, R. T. Kubo, S. F. Grammer, D. M. Jenis, and H. M. Grey. "Ia-specific mixed leukocyte reactive T cell hybridomas: analysis of their specificity by using purified class II MHC molecules in synthetic membrane system." Journal of Immunology 136, no. 8 (April 15, 1986): 2832–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.136.8.2832.
Abstract:
Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the nature of the antigens recognized in allogeneic and syngeneic mixed leukocyte reactions (MLR). Specifically, we wished to determine whether Ia antigens alone were recognized by MLR-reactive T cells, or whether the specificity was determined by the corecognition of non-MHC antigens together with syngeneic or allogeneic Ia. To do this we used 11 T cell hybrids that were characterized as being specific for Iad and were tested their capacity to respond to isolated I-Ad or I-Ed that had been incorporated into liposomes and had bound to the surface of glass beads. Of nine alloreactive T cell hybrids (five I-Ad-and four I-Ed-specific), seven were shown to be responsive to the relevant isolated Ia antigen on glass beads. Also, two of two syngeneic I-Ad-specific T cell hybrids responded to I-Ad on the glass beads. One of the two alloreactive T cell hybrids that failed to respond to the relevant Ia antigen on glass beads was shown to be specific for an antigen in fetal calf serum (FCS) that was recognized in the context of the allo-Ia antigen (I-Ed), because when intact accessory cells were used, a response by this hybrid was only observed when FCS was present in the assay culture medium or when the accessory cells were pre-pulsed with FCS. The possible involvement of FCS antigens and non-Ia accessory cell antigens in the stimulation of the nine T cell hybrids that responded to isolated Ia on glass beads was evaluated. T cell hybrids that were grown and were tested in serum free medium were still capable of reacting to Ia on beads. The isolated Ia preparations used were greater than 90% pure, and their capacity to stimulate the T cell hybrids did not correlate with the degree of contamination with non-Ia proteins. We conclude from these studies that the majority of T cells that respond to allogeneic or syngeneic Ia bearing stimulator cells are specific for the Ia antigens themselves, and do not require the co-recognition of other non-Ia antigens; nor is there any requirement for Ia antigen processing for this recognition.
3
Maffei, A., L. Scarpellino, M. Bernard, G. Carra, M. Jotterand-Bellomo, J. Guardiola, and R. S. Accolla. "Distinct mechanisms regulate MHC class II gene expression in B cells and macrophages." Journal of Immunology 139, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 942–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.139.3.942.
Abstract:
Abstract In a previous series of studies, we had shown that the constitutive Ia expression in an immunoselected Ia-human B cell variant, RJ 2.2.5, could be restored by somatic cell hybridization with mouse B cells. These experiments allowed us to show the existence of a transacting activator factor(s) operating across species barriers and encoded by the aIr-1 locus located on mouse chromosome 16. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the B cell constitutive Ia expression and the inducible Ia expression, as seen in macrophages treated with IFN-gamma, are controlled by similar intracellular factors. To this purpose, we constructed an interspecies somatic cell hybrid between the human Ia-RJ 2.2.5 B cells and the mouse Ia-P388 D1 macrophage cells. These murine cells transiently express Ia antigens when incubated with IFN-gamma. Our results show that RJ 2.2.5 X P388 D1 cell hybrids do not express either human or mouse class II gene products. Treatment with human recombinant IFN-gamma did not modify the MHC phenotype of either the hybrid cells or the human parental cells. On the other hand, treatment of the hybrid cells with murine recombinant IFN-gamma resulted in de novo expression of mouse Ia mRNA and corresponding cell surface antigens without, however, reinduction of the human class II-positive phenotype. Furthermore, treatment with the mouse lymphokine significantly increased the levels of human HLA class I mRNA and corresponding cell surface antigens in the hybrid cells, further reinforcing the notion of the existence of non-species-specific secondary mediators generated after receptor-ligand interaction in the IFN-gamma system. Together, these results indicate that in macrophages, the intracellular events taking place after binding of IFN-gamma with its own receptor and leading to the expression of a class II-positive phenotype do not operate via an activation of the aIr-1 locus and/or its products. Thus, at least in our experimental system, we can firmly establish a first, relevant distinction between constitutive and inducible class II gene expression. This difference, dictated by the specific differentiation program of each cell type, may be relevant for the understanding of the function of class II gene products.
4
Gonwa, Thomas A. "HYBRID IA ANTIGENS IN MAN." Transplantation 42, no. 4 (October 1986): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-198610000-00019.
5
Alotaibi, Jameelah S., Yasair S. Al-Faiyz, and Saad Shaaban. "Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Hydroxamic Acid-Based Organoselenium Hybrids." Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16030367.
Abstract:
We report the design and synthesis of novel hydroxamic acid-tethered organoselenium (OSe) hybrids. Their antimicrobial and anticancer activities were assessed against different microbes (e.g., Candida albicans (C. albicans), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)), as well as liver and breast carcinomas. OSe hybrid 8 showed promising anticancer activity, with IC50 = 7.57 ± 0.5 µM against HepG2 and IC50 = 9.86 ± 0.7 µM against MCF-7 cells. Additionally, OSe compounds 8 and 15 exhibited promising antimicrobial activities, particularly against C. albicans (IA% = 91.7 and 83.3) and S. aureus (IA% = 90.5 and 71.4). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay confirmed the potential antimicrobial activity of OSe compound 8. OSe compounds 8 and 16 displayed good antioxidant activities compared to vitamin C in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. These results indicate that hydroxamic acid-based organoselenium hybrids have promising biological activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, especially compounds 8, 13, 15, and 16, which warrant further studies.
6
St Pierre, Y., and T. H. Watts. "Characterization of the signaling function of MHC class II molecules during antigen presentation by B cells." Journal of Immunology 147, no. 9 (November 1, 1991): 2875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.147.9.2875.
Abstract:
Abstract In addition to their role as peptide binding proteins, MHC class II proteins can also function as signal transducing molecules. Recent work using B cells expressing genetically engineered truncated MHC class II molecules has suggested that signaling through the cytoplasmic domains of these proteins plays an important role in the generation of signals required for the activation of some T cell hybrids. Treatment of truncated Ia-expressing B cells with cAMP-elevating agents corrects the deficiency in Ag presentation by these cells. We report that the MHC class II-mediated signal appears to act by a mechanism that increases the efficiency of Ag presentation by B cells thereby lowering the amount of specific Ag required for T cell activation. We further show that the induction of the cAMP-induced signal in B cells is inhibited by cycloheximide and cytochalasin A, implicating protein synthesis as well as cytoskeletal rearrangements in Ag presentation to accessory signal- dependent hybrids. In contrast, these agents do not block Ag presentation to a T cell hybrid previously shown not to require the cAMP-induced signal for activation. The signal-dependent T hybrid is additionally dependent on LFA-1-ICAM-1 interaction for activation, whereas the signal-independent hybrid is not. These observations suggest the existence of two types of T cell hybrid with respect to their requirements for activation: those that require only the recognition of MHC class II-peptide complexes without accessory signals, as shown by their ability to respond to purified Ia on planar membranes, and those that, in addition to recognition of MHC II/Ag, require LFA-1-ICAM-1 interaction and the delivery of additional signal(s) induced in the B cell via signal transduction through MHC class II molecules.
7
Wang, Yingxu. "Inference Algebra (IA)." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 5, no. 4 (October 2011): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcini.2011100105.
Abstract:
Inference as the basic mechanism of thought is one of the gifted abilities of human beings. It is recognized that a coherent theory and mathematical means are needed for dealing with formal causal inferences. This paper presents a novel denotational mathematical means for formal inferences known as Inference Algebra (IA). IA is structured as a set of algebraic operators on a set of formal causations. The taxonomy and framework of formal causal inferences of IA are explored in three categories: a) Logical inferences on Boolean, fuzzy, and general logic causations; b) Analytic inferences on general functional, correlative, linear regression, and nonlinear regression causations; and c) Hybrid inferences on qualification and quantification causations. IA introduces a calculus of discrete causal differential and formal models of causations; based on them nine algebraic inference operators of IA are created for manipulating the formal causations. IA is one of the basic studies towards the next generation of intelligent computers known as cognitive computers. A wide range of applications of IA are identified and demonstrated in cognitive informatics and computational intelligence towards novel theories and technologies for machine-enabled inferences and reasoning.
8
Cutello, Vincenzo, Georgia Fargetta, Mario Pavone, and Rocco A. Scollo. "Optimization Algorithms for Detection of Social Interactions." Algorithms 13, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a13060139.
Abstract:
Community detection is one of the most challenging and interesting problems in many research areas. Being able to detect highly linked communities in a network can lead to many benefits, such as understanding relationships between entities or interactions between biological genes, for instance. Two different immunological algorithms have been designed for this problem, called Opt-IA and Hybrid-IA, respectively. The main difference between the two algorithms is the search strategy and related immunological operators developed: the first carries out a random search together with purely stochastic operators; the last one is instead based on a deterministic Local Search that tries to refine and improve the current solutions discovered. The robustness of Opt-IA and Hybrid-IA has been assessed on several real social networks. These same networks have also been considered for comparing both algorithms with other seven different metaheuristics and the well-known greedy optimization Louvain algorithm. The experimental analysis conducted proves that Opt-IA and Hybrid-IA are reliable optimization methods for community detection, outperforming all compared algorithms.
9
Wang, Yingxu. "Inference Algebra (IA)." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 6, no. 1 (January 2012): 21–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcini.2012010102.
Abstract:
Inference as the basic mechanism of thought is abilities gifted to human beings, which is a cognitive process that creates rational causations between a pair of cause and effect based on empirical arguments, formal reasoning, and/or statistical norms. It’s recognized that a coherent theory and mathematical means are needed for dealing with formal causal inferences. Presented is a novel denotational mathematical means for formal inferences known as Inference Algebra (IA) and structured as a set of algebraic operators on a set of formal causations. The taxonomy and framework of formal causal inferences of IA are explored in three categories: a) Logical inferences; b) Analytic inferences; and c) Hybrid inferences. IA introduces the calculus of discrete causal differential and formal models of causations. IA enables artificial intelligence and computational intelligent systems to mimic human inference abilities by cognitive computing. A wide range of applications of IA are identified and demonstrated in cognitive informatics and computational intelligence towards novel theories and technologies for machine-enabled inferences and reasoning. This work is presented in two parts. The inference operators of IA as well as their extensions and applications will be presented in this paper; while the structure of formal inference, the framework of IA, and the mathematical models of formal causations has been published in the first part of the paper in IJCINI 5(4).
10
Enns, Charis, Nathan Andrews, and J. Andrew Grant. "Security for whom? Analysing hybrid security governance in Africa's extractive sectors." International Affairs 96, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 995–1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa090.
Abstract:
Abstract In this article, we analyse the factors underpinning the shift towards hybrid security governance in Africa. Extant scholarship largely attributes this shift to broader global processes, such as histories of colonialism, neoliberalism and transformations in global governance, which have served to legitimize the role of private authority in security provision around sites of resource extraction. Our analysis seeks to understand the relative and relational influence of power and rules in international politics by offering empirical insights about what hybrid security arrangements look like ‘on the ground’. Drawing upon recently conducted fieldwork in Kenya, Uganda and Ghana, we examine how hybrid security arrangements affect the lives of those living near sites of natural resource extraction. Our analyses suggest that although hybrid security has emerged as the leading approach to security governance, this approach to security does not uniformly involve or serve the interests of all stakeholders. Rather, we find that hybrid security arrangements aid the security of extractive operations—securing investments in both physical and human capital—while sometimes undermining the security of nearby communities.
11
Matfess, Hilary. "Hybrid sovereignty in world politics." International Affairs 99, no. 3 (May 2, 2023): 1313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiad073.
12
Galeotti, Mark. "Russian ‘hybrid warfare’: resurgence and politicisation." International Affairs 94, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 1197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy160.
13
Nabavi, N., Z. Ghogawala, A. Myer, I. J. Griffith, W. F. Wade, Z. Z. Chen, D. J. McKean, and L. H. Glimcher. "Antigen presentation abrogated in cells expressing truncated Ia molecules." Journal of Immunology 142, no. 5 (March 1, 1989): 1444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.142.5.1444.
Abstract:
Abstract Oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis was used to introduce a premature stop codon in wildtype A beta k and A alpha k cDNA clones to create truncated A beta k and A alpha k molecules lacking the cytoplasmic domain. Transfected B lymphoma cells expressing an I-Ak molecule with a truncated beta-chain or with truncated alpha- and beta-chains showed profound defects in two Ia-related functions: Ia-restricted Ag presentation and intracytoplasmic signaling. The ability of these transfected cell lines to activate autoreactive T hybrids was markedly impaired whereas loss of Ag presentation to nominal Ag-specific T hybrids was more subtle. Ia-mediated transmembrane signaling as measured by PKC translocation from cytosol to nucleus after stimulation with anti-Ak antibody was greatly affected by truncation of the A beta and A alpha cytoplasmic domains. These results indicate an important role for the highly conserved cytoplasmic domain in Ia-mediated responses.
14
Golubinskiy, Andrey, and Andrey Tolstykh. "Hybrid method of conventional neural network training." Informatics and Automation 20, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 463–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/ia.2021.20.2.8.
Abstract:
The paper proposes a hybrid method for training convolutional neural networks. The method consists of combining second and first-order methods for different elements of the architecture of a convolutional neural network. The hybrid convolution neural network training method allows to achieve significantly better convergence compared to Adam; however, it requires fewer computational operations to implement. Using the proposed method, it is possible to train networks on which learning paralysis occurs when using first-order methods. Moreover, the proposed method could adjust its computational complexity to the hardware on which the computation is performed; at the same time, the hybrid method allows using the mini-packet learning approach.
The analysis of the ratio of computations between convolutional neural networks and fully connected artificial neural networks is presented. The mathematical apparatus of error optimization of artificial neural networks is considered, including the method of backpropagation of the error, the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The main limitations of these methods that arise when training a convolutional neural network are analyzed.
The analysis of the stability of the proposed method when the initialization parameters are changed. The results of the applicability of the method in various problems are presented.
15
Rosloniec, E. F., D. Gay, and J. H. Freed. "Epitopic analysis by anti-I-Ak monoclonal antibodies of I-Ak-restricted presentation of lysozyme peptides." Journal of Immunology 142, no. 12 (June 15, 1989): 4176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.142.12.4176.
Abstract:
Abstract Anti-I-A mAb were used as probes of functional epitopes for both the presentation of hen egg lysozyme (HEL) peptides to I-Ak-restricted T cell hybridomas and the direct binding of the HEL (46-61) peptide. When mAb directed to polymorphic regions of I-Ak were used as inhibitors of Ag presentation, several different patterns of inhibition were observed among T cells specific for the same HEL peptide as well as among T cells specific for different fragments of HEL. Although there appears to be a conserved usage of some TCR V beta gene segments among the T cell hybrids specific for the same HEL peptide, no correlation is evident between a single V gene usage and susceptibility to blocking of Ag presentation by a particular anti-I-Ak mAb. Several of the mAb demonstrated T cell "clonotypic blocking" of Ag presentation, whereas others blocked presentation to every T cell hybrid tested, regardless of the peptide specificity. When mAb directed to nonpolymorphic regions of the I-A molecule were tested for their ability to block Ag presentation, little or no inhibition was observed. In addition, Fab' fragments of inhibitory mAb functioned identically to their intact homologous counterparts in their ability to block Ag presentation indicating that "nonspecific" steric hindrance was not playing a major role in the inhibitions observed. When the polymorphic region-directed anti-I-A mAb were tested for their ability to block the direct binding of the lysozyme peptide HEL(46-61) to I-Ak, those mAb that block HEL presentation to all T cell hybrids were found to block the binding of this peptide. However, anti-I-A mAb that demonstrate selective inhibition of T cell hybrid stimulation during Ag presentation, i.e., those directed to polymorphic serologic specificities Ia.15 and Ia.19, do not block the binding of HEL(46-61) to I-Ak. These data indicate that functionally independent epitopes exist on the I-Ak molecule for the binding of antigenic peptides and for interaction with the TCR.
16
Lecocq, Sharon. "Hamas and Hezbollah: hybrid actors between resistance and governance." International Affairs 96, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 1069–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa104.
Abstract:
Abstract This analytical review essay discusses five recent books on Hamas and Hezbollah, which see the groups as peculiar yet increasingly important actors in the Middle East and in international relations more broadly. The books illustrate a growing attention to these actors, not merely as armed spoilers, but as legitimate incumbents in national elections and providers of local governance. They also highlight the challenges this approach creates for traditional International Relations (IR) frameworks, in which such actors are not easily situated. Together, the books provide a rich actor-centred perspective on these cases and display various complementary social scientific theories, methods and data with which they can be approached. This review aims to tease out the novel insights these works and cases have to offer for recent debates on norm contestation in IR. Rather than evaluating these actors' discourse and behaviour against western normative frameworks in IR and international politics, the books contribute by exposing a wealth of different norms, and different approaches to interpreting and applying norms, beyond those frameworks.
17
Munir, Zeeshan. "Hybrid warriors: proxies, freelancers and Moscow's struggle for Ukraine." International Affairs 99, no. 4 (July 3, 2023): 1807–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiad158.
18
Meng, Xiangcun, and Philipp Podsiadlowski. "The common-envelope wind model for type Ia supernovae." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, S343 (August 2018): 470–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921318006543.
Abstract:
AbstractWe have developed a new version of the SD model for type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) in which a common envelope (CE) is assumed to form if the mass-transfer rate between a carbon/oxygen white dwarf (CO WD) and its companion exceeds a critical accretion rate. Based on this model, we found that both SN 2002cx-like and SN Ia-CSM objects may share a similar origin, i.e. these peculiar objects may originate from the explosion of hybrid carbon/oxygen/neon white dwarfs (CONe WDs) in SD systems, where SNe Ia-CSM explode in systems with a massive CE of ∼1 M⊙, while SN 2002cx-like events correspond to events without a massive CE.
19
Abidine, M’hamed Bilal, and Belkacem Fergani. "Activity recognition from smartphone data using weighted learning methods." Intelligenza Artificiale 15, no. 1 (July 28, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ia-200059.
Abstract:
Mobile phone based activity recognition uses data obtained from embedded sensors to infer user’s physical activities. The traditional approach for activity recognition employs machine learning algorithms to learn from collected labeled data and induce a model. To enhance the accuracy and hence to improve the overall efficiency of the system, the good classifiers can be combined together. Fusion can be done at the feature level and also at the decision level. In this work, we propose a new hybrid classification model Weighted SVM-KNN to perform automatic recognition of activities that combines a Weighted Support Vector Machines (WSVM) to learn a model with a Weighted K-Nearest Neighbors (WKNN), to classify and identify the ongoing activity. The sensory inputs to the classifier are reduced with the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). We demonstrate how to train the hybrid approach in this setting, introduce an adaptive regularization parameter for WSVM approach, and illustrate how our method outperforms the state-of-the-art on a large benchmark datasets.
20
Yakimov, Victor, and Georgiy Maltsev. "Hybrid Network Structures and Their Use in Diagnosing Complex Technical Systems." Informatics and Automation 21, no. 1 (November 16, 2021): 126–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/ia.2022.21.5.
Abstract:
An approach to the technical diagnostics of complex technical systems based on the results of telemetry information processing by an external monitoring and diagnostics system using hybrid network structures is proposed. The principle of constructing diagnostic complexes of complex technical systems is considered, which ensures the automation of the technical diagnostics process and is based on the use of models in the form of hybrid network structures for processing telemetric information, including multilayer neural networks and discrete Bayesian networks with stochastic learning. A model of changes in the parameters of complex technical systems technical state based on multilayer neural networks has been developed, which makes it possible to form a probabilistic assessment of attributing the current situation of complex technical system functioning to the set of functions considered situations according to individual telemetry parameters, and multilevel hierarchical model of complex technical systems technical diagnostics based on a discrete Bayesian network with stochastic learning, which allows aggregating the information received from neural network models and recognizing the current situation of complex technical system functioning. In the conditions of functioning emergencies of the complex technical system, according to the results of processing telemetric information, faulty functional units are localized and an explanation of the cause of the emergency is formed. The stages of complex technical systems technical diagnostics implementation using the proposed hybrid network structures in the processing of telemetric information are detailed. An example of using the developed approach to solving problems of spacecraft onboard system technical diagnostics is presented. The advantages of the proposed approach to the technical diagnostics of complex technical systems in comparison with the traditional approach based on analysis of telemetry parameters values belonging to the given tolerances are shown.
21
Bjola, Corneliu, and Ilan Manor. "The rise of hybrid diplomacy: from digital adaptation to digital adoption." International Affairs 98, no. 2 (March 2022): 471–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac005.
Abstract:
Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has forced diplomats to embrace virtual platforms and to learn to combine virtual and physical meetings in their work. In this article, we investigate how this process has taken place and with implications for the conduct of diplomacy. Specifically, we ask how diplomats have adapted to the transition to the virtual medium, what lessons have they learned from this, and how these lessons may inform the conduct of diplomacy in the post-pandemic period? We argue that diplomacy is about to enter a new phase, which we call hybrid diplomacy, in which physical and virtual engagements are expected to integrate, complement and empower each other. We begin by distinguishing between digital adaptation, a forced process brought about by external changes, and digital adoption, a strategic decision by diplomats to use specific technologies towards specific goals. Building on the results of a survey disseminated to 105 diplomats during the pandemic, we then examine how diplomats have adapted to the virtual medium and what challenges they see facing as they transition to the post-pandemic phase. While responders largely agree that virtual interactions are not a good substitute for physical diplomacy, we find strong support for the continued mix of virtual and physical meetings. They enable diplomats to maintain working procedures, collaborate with their peers from around the world, and continue negotiations that began offline. We conclude with a discussion of the technological and social factors that may inform the shape of hybrid diplomacy.
22
Kumar, Sanjeet, Urmila Pilania, and Neha Nandal. "A Systematic Study of Artificial Intelligence-Based Methods for Detecting Brain Tumors." Informatics and Automation 22, no. 3 (May 22, 2023): 541–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/ia.22.3.3.
Abstract:
The brain is regarded as one of the most effective body-controlling organs. The development of technology has enabled the early and accurate detection of brain tumors, which makes a significant difference in their treatment. The adoption of AI has grown substantially in the arena of neurology. This systematic review compares recent Deep Learning (DL), Machine Learning (ML), and hybrid methods for detecting brain cancers. This article evaluates 36 recent articles on these techniques, considering datasets, methodology, tools used, merits, and limitations. The articles contain comprehensible graphs and tables. The detection of brain tumors relies heavily on ML techniques such as Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM). Recurrent Convolutional Neural Networks (RCNN), DenseNet, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), ResNet, and Deep Neural Networks (DNN) are DL techniques used to detect brain tumors more efficiently. DL and ML techniques are merged to develop hybrid techniques. In addition, a summary of the various image processing steps is provided. The systematic review identifies outstanding issues and future goals for DL and ML-based techniques for detecting brain tumors. Through a systematic review, the most effective method for detecting brain tumors can be identified and utilized for improvement.
23
Abramov, Sergey, Vladimir Roganov, Valeriy Osipov, and German Matveev. "Implementation of the LAMMPS package using T-system with an Open Architecture." Informatics and Automation 20, no. 4 (August 11, 2021): 971–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/ia.20.4.8.
Abstract:
Supercomputer applications are usually implemented in the C, C++, and Fortran programming languages using different versions of the Message Passing Interface library. The "T-system" project (OpenTS) studies the issues of automatic dynamic parallelization of programs. In practical terms, the implementation of applications in a mixed (hybrid) style is relevant, when one part of the application is written in the paradigm of automatic dynamic parallelization of programs and does not use any primitives of the MPI library, and the other part of it is written using the Message Passing Interface library. In this case, the library is used, which is a part of the T-system and is called DMPI (Dynamic Message Passing Interface). In this way, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the MPI implementation available in the T-system. The purpose of this work is to examine the effectiveness of DMPI implementation in the T-system. In a classic MPI application, 0% of the code is implemented using automatic dynamic parallelization of programs and 100% of the code is implemented in the form of a regular Message Passing Interface program. For comparative analysis, at the beginning the code is executed on the standard Message Passing Interface, for which it was originally written, and then it is executed using the DMPI library taken from the developed T-system. Сomparing the effectiveness of the approaches, the performance losses and the prospects for using a hybrid programming style are evaluated. As a result of the conducted experimental studies for different types of computational problems, it was possible to make sure that the efficiency losses are negligible. This allowed to formulate the direction of further work on the T-system and the most promising options for building hybrid applications. Thus, this article presents the results of the comparative tests of LAMMPS application using OpenMPI and using OpenTS DMPI. The test results confirm the effectiveness of the DMPI implementation in the OpenTS parallel programming environment
24
Marra, Giuseppe. "Bridging symbolic and subsymbolic reasoning with minimax entropy models." Intelligenza Artificiale 15, no. 2 (February 4, 2022): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ia-210088.
Abstract:
In this paper, we investigate MiniMax Entropy models, a class of neural symbolic models where symbolic and subsymbolic features are seamlessly integrated. We show how these models recover classical algorithms from both the deep learning and statistical relational learning scenarios. Novel hybrid settings are defined and experimentally explored, showing state-of-the-art performance in collective classification, knowledge base completion and graph (molecular) data generation.
25
Neubert, Hendrik, Christopher M. Shuford, Timothy V. Olah, Fabio Garofolo, Gary A. Schultz, Barry R. Jones, Lakshmi Amaravadi, Omar F. Laterza, Keyang Xu, and Bradley L. Ackermann. "Protein Biomarker Quantification by Immunoaffinity Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Current State and Future Vision." Clinical Chemistry 66, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 282–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvz022.
Abstract:
Abstract Immunoaffinity–mass spectrometry (IA-MS) is an emerging analytical genre with several advantages for profiling and determination of protein biomarkers. Because IA-MS combines affinity capture, analogous to ligand binding assays (LBAs), with mass spectrometry (MS) detection, this platform is often described using the term hybrid methods. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the principles of IA-MS and to demonstrate, through application, the unique power and potential of this technology. By combining target immunoaffinity enrichment with the use of stable isotope-labeled internal standards and MS detection, IA-MS achieves high sensitivity while providing unparalleled specificity for the quantification of protein biomarkers in fluids and tissues. In recent years, significant uptake of IA-MS has occurred in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in the early stages of clinical development, enabling biomarker measurement previously considered unattainable. By comparison, IA-MS adoption by CLIA laboratories has occurred more slowly. Current barriers to IA-MS use and opportunities for expanded adoption are discussed. The path forward involves identifying applications for which IA-MS is the best option compared with LBA or MS technologies alone. IA-MS will continue to benefit from advances in reagent generation, more sensitive and higher throughput MS technologies, and continued growth in use by the broader analytical community. Collectively, the pursuit of these opportunities will secure expanded long-term use of IA-MS for clinical applications.
26
Xu, Hao, Yunda Liu, Yachi Duan, Tianke Li, Jun Zhang, Zhiqiang Li, and Haiying Zhang. "A PVT-Robust and 73.9 mHz High-Pass Corner Instrumentation Amplifier with an SCF-SCR-PR Hybrid Feedback Resistor." Electronics 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2024): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13020366.
Abstract:
Analog front-end (AFE) circuits play an important role in the acquisition of physiological signals with low-level amplitudes (from tens of μV to tens of mV) and broadband low-frequency ranges (from sub-Hz to several hundred Hz). Possessing a high input impedance, an instrumentation amplifier (IA) accurately amplifies signals with low amplitude and low frequency, making it suitable for AFE circuits. This work demonstrates a capacitively coupled IA whose feedback resistance is realized by the proposed hybrid resistor, consisting of a switched-capacitor low-pass filter, a switched-capacitor resistor, and a continuous-time low-pass filter. The capacitively coupled IA achieves tera-ohm (TΩ) resistance and is insensitive to process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. The simulation results show that the proposed IA illustrates a high-pass corner of 73.9 mHz, and the change of its high-pass corner with temperature is 0.05 mHz/°C. With the variation in the PVT corners, the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the high-pass corner of the proposed capacitively coupled IA is only 0.06 Hz. The design was implemented in a 130 nm standard CMOS process. The AFE with the proposed capacitively coupled IA achieves a 53.9 dB signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) and 69.5 dB total harmonic distortion (THD).
27
Abdullah, Hesham, A. V. Senthil Kumar, Ammar Qasem Ahmed, and Mohammed Saeed Mosleh. "Hybrid Optimization Based on Spectrum Aware Opportunistic Routing for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks." Informatics and Automation 22, no. 4 (July 6, 2023): 880–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/ia.22.4.7.
Abstract:
Opportunistic routing has increased the efficiency and reliability of Cognitive Radio Ad-Hoc Networks (CRAHN). Many researchers have developed opportunistic routing models, among them the Spectrum Map-empowered Opportunistic Routing (SMOR) model, which is considered a more efficient model in this field. However, there are certain limitations in SMOR, which require attention and resolution. The issue of delay and degradation of packet delivery ratio due to non-consideration of network bandwidth and throughput are addressed in this paper. In order to resolve these issues, a hybrid optimization algorithm comprising firefly optimization and grey wolf optimization algorithms are used in the basic SMOR routing model. Thus, developed Hybrid Firefly and Grey-Wolf Optimization-based SMOR (HFGWOSMOR) routing model improves the performance by high local as well as global search optimization. Initially, the relationship between the delay and throughput is analyzed and then the cooperative multipath communication is established. The proposed routing model also computes the energy values of the received signals within the bandwidth threshold and time; hence, the performance issues found in SMOR are resolved. To evaluate its efficiency, the proposed model is compared with SMOR and other existing opportunistic routing models, which show that the proposed HFGWOSMOR performs better than other models.
28
Ploy, Marie-Cécile, François Denis, Patrice Courvalin, and Thierry Lambert. "Molecular Characterization of Integrons inAcinetobacter baumannii: Description of a Hybrid Class 2 Integron." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 2684–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.10.2684-2688.2000.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT Twenty Acinetobacter baumannii strains resistant to various antibiotics were analyzed for integron content and sequences of the amplification products. Sixteen clinical isolates had a class 1 integron, 2 contained an additional class 1 or class 2 integron, but no class 3 integron was detected. Thirteen strains had integrons with a single cassette: aac(3)-Ia (9 strains), ant(2")-Ia (2 strains), or aac(6′)-Ib (2 strains); 1 hadaac(6′)-Ib and oxa20cassettes and an unknown gene; and 1 had an integron containingant(2")-Ia and an oxa3cassette truncated by IS6100. The remaining strains harbored class 1 integrons with gene cassettes previously found inEnterobacteriaceae. One integron had a hybrid structure composed of intI2 and the 3′ conserved segment of class 1 integrons. These data indicate that integrons play a major role in multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter.
29
St-Pierre, Y., N. Nabavi, Z. Ghogawala, L. H. Glimcher, and T. H. Watts. "A functional role for signal transduction via the cytoplasmic domains of MHC class II proteins." Journal of Immunology 143, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.143.3.808.
Abstract:
Abstract B cell transfectants expressing MHC class II (Ia) molecules with truncated cytoplasmic domains are defective in both antigen presentation and in anti-Ia induced intracellular signaling. In this report we show that the Ag presentation defect in a truncated-Ia expressing transfectant can be overcome by providing the second messenger for the Ia-mediated signaling event. Preincubation with dibutyryl-cAMP restored the ability of the truncated Ia expressing-transfectant to stimulate IL-2 release by otherwise nonresponsive T hybrids. This provides direct functional evidence that signaling via the cytoplasmic domains of MHC class II proteins leads to the generation of accessory signals in the B cell that are important in T cell activation. The dibutyryl-cAMP induced signal must be on the same cell as the restricting element, does not bypass the requirement for occupancy of the T cell receptor with its normal ligand, and is lost upon fixation of the cells. Thus T cell-B cell interaction involves a two way communication in which both cells sense and respond to the formation of the antigen/MHC/TCR complex.
30
Zhang, Qun, and Rui Yan. "Stochastic Demand Vehicle Routing Problem on Immune and Genetic Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 452-453 (January 2012): 823–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.452-453.823.
Abstract:
In this paper, stochastic demand vehicle routing problem and model are studied. Hybrid algorithm based on immune algorithm and genetic algorithm is proposed in order to gain solution. IA-GA use basic principles and processes of genetic algorithm, and includes the promotion-inhibition function and memory function of immune algorithm. The premature convergence problem of genetic algorithm is conquered, and we can get different offspring with improved crossover. Comparing experiment shows that IA-GA has better computing performance.
31
&NA;. "IDENTIFICATION OF THE IA HYBRID MOLECULE AFFECTING ANTI-Thy-1 RESPONSIVENESS1." Transplantation 43, no. 6 (June 1987): 925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-198706000-00037.
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&NA;. "IDENTIFICATION OF THE IA HYBRID MOLECULE AFFECTING ANTI-Thy-1 RESPONSIVENESS1." Transplantation 43, no. 6 (June 1987): 925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-198743060-00037.
33
Meng, Xiangcun, and Philipp Podsiadlowski. "THE BIRTH RATE OF SNe Ia FROM HYBRID CONe WHITE DWARFS." Astrophysical Journal 789, no. 2 (June 27, 2014): L45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/789/2/l45.
34
Ma, J. Z. G., A. Hirose, J. P. St -Maurice, and W. Liu. "Nonlinear electrostatic ion-acoustic "oscilliton" waves driven by charge non-neutrality effects." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 1 (January 11, 2011): 123–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-123-2011.
Abstract:
Abstract. Nonlinear "oscilliton" structures features a low-frequency (LF) solitary envelope, the amplitude of which is modulated violently by superimposed high-frequency (HF) oscillations. We have studied the charge non-neutrality effects on the excitation of electrostatic ion-acoustic (IA) oscillitons. A two-fluid, warm plasma model is employed, and a set of nonlinear self-similar equations is solved in a cylindrical geometry. Under charge-neutrality conditions, three conventional IA structures (namely, sinusoidal, sawtooth, and spicky/bipolar) are obtained. By contrast, under charge non-neutrality conditions, oscilliton structures are excited, where the LF envelope is in the sound-wave (SW) mode, while the HF ingredients include the IA mode and the ion-Langmiur (IL) mode. The amplitudes of the SW wave are violently modulated by the IA oscillations, whereas the upward sides of the IA amplitudes are modulated by the IL oscillations of smaller amplitudes, and the downward sides are modulated by hybrid IA/IL oscillations. The nonlinear oscillitons are found to be dependent not only upon the input parameters (e.g., the Mach number, the Debye length, and the initial temperature of particles), but on initial conditions as well.
35
Scollo, Rocco A., Antonio G. Spampinato, Georgia Fargetta, Vincenzo Cutello, and Mario Pavone. "Discovering Entities Similarities in Biological Networks Using a Hybrid Immune Algorithm." Informatics 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/informatics10010018.
Abstract:
Disease phenotypes are generally caused by the failure of gene modules which often have similar biological roles. Through the study of biological networks, it is possible to identify the intrinsic structure of molecular interactions in order to identify the so-called “disease modules”. Community detection is an interesting and valuable approach to discovering the structure of the community in a complex network, revealing the internal organization of the nodes, and has become a leading research topic in the analysis of complex networks. This work investigates the link between biological modules and network communities in test-case biological networks that are commonly used as a reference point and which include Protein–Protein Interaction Networks, Metabolic Networks and Transcriptional Regulation Networks. In order to identify small and structurally well-defined communities in the biological context, a hybrid immune metaheuristic algorithm Hybrid-IA is proposed and compared with several metaheuristics, hyper-heuristics, and the well-known greedy algorithm Louvain, with respect to modularity maximization. Considering the limitation of modularity optimization, which can fail to identify smaller communities, the reliability of Hybrid-IA was also analyzed with respect to three well-known sensitivity analysis measures (NMI, ARI and NVI) that assess how similar the detected communities are to real ones. By inspecting all outcomes and the performed comparisons, we will see that on one hand Hybrid-IA finds slightly lower modularity values than Louvain, but outperforms all other metaheuristics, while on the other hand, it can detect communities more similar to the real ones when compared to those detected by Louvain.
36
Glimcher, L. H., B. S. Polla, A. Poljak, C. C. Morton, and D. J. McKean. "Murine class II (Ia) molecules associate with human invariant chain." Journal of Immunology 138, no. 5 (March 1, 1987): 1519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.138.5.1519.
Abstract:
Abstract Polymorphic class II (Ia) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene products associate intracytoplasmically with a third nonpolymorphic class II molecule, the invariant chain (Ii), which is encoded by gene(s) unlinked to the MHC. Although the role of the Ii chain in the expression of cell surface Ia molecules is unclear, it has been suggested that the Ii chain helps in the assembly and intracellular transport of class II antigens. In this study, we demonstrate that the murine polymorphic class II antigens of an interspecies mouse-human hybrid, which has segregated the murine invariant chain gene, associates with the human invariant chain gene intracytoplasmically. The murine Ia antigens are expressed on the cell surface and can function as restriction elements in antigen presentation to T cells. The biochemical analysis demonstrates that the regions of the Ii gene that are critical to its interaction with Ia molecules are conserved between species.
37
Antoniadis, J., S. Chanlaridis, G. Gräfener, and N. Langer. "Type Ia supernovae from non-accreting progenitors." Astronomy & Astrophysics 635 (March 2020): A72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936991.
Abstract:
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are manifestations of stars that are deficient in hydrogen and helium, and disrupt in a thermonuclear runaway. While explosions of carbon-oxygen white dwarfs are thought to account for the majority of events, part of the observed diversity may be due to varied progenitor channels. We demonstrate that helium stars with masses between ∼1.8 and 2.5 M⊙ may evolve into highly degenerate cores with near-Chandrasekhar mass and helium-free envelopes that subsequently ignite carbon and oxygen explosively at densities of ∼(1.8−5.9) × 109 g cm−3. This occurs either due to core growth from shell burning (when the core has a hybrid CO/NeO composition), or following ignition of residual carbon triggered by exothermic electron captures on 24Mg (for a NeOMg-dominated composition). We argue that the resulting thermonuclear runaway is likely to prevent core collapse, leading to the complete disruption of the star. The available nuclear energy at the onset of explosive oxygen burning suffices to create ejecta with a kinetic energy of ∼1051 erg, as in typical SNe Ia. Conversely, if these runaways result in partial disruptions, the corresponding transients would resemble SN Iax events similar to SN 2002cx. If helium stars in this mass range indeed explode as SNe Ia, then the frequency of events would be comparable to the observed SN Ib/c rates, thereby sufficing to account for the majority of SNe Ia in star-forming galaxies.
38
Devaux, C., D. Moinier, G. Mazza, X. J. Guo, S. Marchetto, M. Fougereau, and M. Pierres. "Preferential expression of VK21E light chains on IdX Ia.7 positive monoclonal anti-I-E antibodies." Journal of Immunology 134, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 4024–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.134.6.4024.
Abstract:
Abstract We previously characterized major (IdX Ia.7) and minor (IdI) idiotopes in a collection of monoclonal alloantibodies reactive with monomorphic (i.e., Ia.7-like) determinants in the structural domain I of the murine class II I-E molecules. In this report, preliminary structural characterization of this antibody family is presented. First, the contribution of isolated H and L chains of the anti-Ia.7 cluster I mAb 41.A to IdX Ia.7 and IdI 41.A idiotope expression was evaluated by testing the capacity of these chains, either isolated or reassociated in homologous or heterologous hybrid Ig, to inhibit the binding of rat or mouse anti-idiotope mAb to IdX Ia.7+ mAb coated plates. It was found that the IdI 41.A idiotope defined by the mouse anti-idiotopic mAb H90-21.1 required the presence of both 41.A H and L chains for complete expression, while the rat mAb-defined IdX Ia.7 idiotope could be detected on isolated and on reassociated 41.A L chain. To evaluate further the structural correlates of the IdX Ia.7 idiotope, H, L, or both H and L chains of 5 A.BY, 4 A.TH and 1 C3H.SW IdX+ anti-Ia.7 mAb, as well as that of 3 A.TH IdX- anti-I-E or anti-I-A and -I-E mAb were subjected to NH2-terminal amino acid sequencing. These analyses demonstrated a) that different H chains corresponding to different subgroups (at least to the VHII and VHIII) could be expressed without apparent modification of IdX Ia.7 idiotope expression and b) that 9 of 11 IdX+ anti-Ia.7 mAb utilized highly homologous L chains of the VK21E subgroup. The relevance of these findings to the genetic control of the idiotypic markers identified in the Ia.7 system is discussed.
39
Wilén, Nina. "The impact of security force assistance in Niger: meddling with borders." International Affairs 98, no. 4 (July 4, 2022): 1405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac119.
Abstract:
Abstract How does Security Force Assistance (SFA) impact Niger's security sector and beyond? I draw on extensive fieldwork in Niger and identify and analyse two developments taking place in Niger's security sector: the development of an expanded Special Forces Command and the elaboration of multiple mobile hybrid units. I build upon, and contribute to, existing studies related to the politicization and securitization of borders in the Sahel and research discussing the blurring of borders between internal and external security forces. The aim is twofold: first, to unpack SFA efforts and effects through a focus on both geopolitical borders in Niger, and borders between and within corps and units in the security sector; and second, to contextualize and compare the developments in Niger's security sector with broader, global security trends. I find that both of the SFA projects constitute and feed into institutional games and inter-agency rivalry regarding task division, equipment and training. The overuse of the newly created Special Forces Command mirrors global trends of the latter as an ‘easy button to push’, while the multiplication of hybrid units to secure geopolitical borders reinforces the status and power of intermediary agencies that are at the interface between internal and external security forces. On an overarching level, the two trends of meddling with borders are found to be co-constituted by external and local actors who decide which developments that should be considered threats and how they should be addressed, questions that are deeply intertwined with power and control.
40
Tholens, Simone. "Border management in an era of ‘statebuilding lite’: security assistance and Lebanon's hybrid sovereignty." International Affairs 93, no. 4 (July 2017): 865–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix069.
41
Wigell, Mikael. "Hybrid interference as a wedge strategy: a theory of external interference in liberal democracy." International Affairs 95, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 255–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz018.
42
Wigell, Mikael. "Hybrid interference as a wedge strategy: a theory of external interference in liberal democracy." International Affairs 95, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz096.
43
Shabestari Khiabani, Saeid, Tayebeh Zivari-Ghader, Marziyeh Aghazadeh, Peyman Keyhanvar, Pourya Gholizadeh, Zahra Shabestari Khiabani, M. R. M. Asyraf, and Soodabeh Davaran. "Application of Novel VEGF-Loaded PCL-P Based Hybrid Copolymer Scaffold for Bone Regeneration." ImmunoAnalysis 3 (May 6, 2023): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ia.2023.03.
Abstract:
Background: Polymeric materials are widely known as versatile materials, particularly for biomedical applications. The bioavailability, low toxicity, solubility, and permeability of this material play an essential role in biomedical implants, such as joint replacements, bone plates, ligaments, vascular grafts, intraocular lenses, heart valves, sutures, and dental implants. These materials can be formed as either biodegradable or other naturally bioactive polymers, which are composed of nano-sized particles in the composition of other materials. For example, PCL-P (HEMA-NIPAAm) is a thermosensitive, biodegradable, and biocompatible hydrogel for biomedical applications. In this study, we aimed to create a VEGF-loaded PCL-P (HEMA-NIPAAm) hybrid copolymer and analyze VEGF gene expression in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) that adhere to the copolymer. Methods: VEGF (0.1 Â g/mL) was loaded onto synthesized PCL-P (HEMA-NIPAAm), and hDPSCs were seeded into the scaffolds. To describe the hDPSC changes, VEGF mRNA, VEGF protein, and calcific deposition were examined. Results: VEGF-loaded PCL-P (HEMA-NIPAAm) increased VEGF mRNA and protein expression in hDPSCs compared to PCL-P (HEMA-NIPAAm) and cells with any scaffold (P>0.05). After 21 days of culture, the color intensity of alizarin red was significantly higher in VEGF-loaded PCL-P (HEMA-NIPAAm) cells than in those with any scaffold (P<0.05) and PCL-P (HEMA-NIPAAm) cells (P<0.05). Conclusion: Finally, thermosensitive and injectable PCL-P (HEMA-NIPAAM), including VEGF, enhanced the expression of genes associated with osteogenesis and angiogenesis in hDPSCs. Thus, these results imply that the thermo-sensitive PCL-P (HEMA-NIPAAm) scaffold may be a good option for future use as a VEGF carrier for hDPSC implantation.
44
Yamamoto, K., N. Koch, M. Steinmetz, and G. J. Hämmerling. "One gene encodes two distinct Ia-associated invariant chains." Journal of Immunology 134, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 3461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.134.5.3461.
Abstract:
Abstract Murine immune response region-encoded Ia antigens are associated not only with invariant (Ii) chain but also with several other polypeptides, most notably a 41K protein. The present report demonstrates a striking similarity between Ii and 41K. These polypeptides were found to be serologically cross-reactive, and they also display a similar peptide composition on partial enzymatic digestion. Both polypeptides are derived from distinct unglycosylated precursors, as demonstrated by tunicamycin treatment and cellfree translation. Hybrid selection of mRNA, as well as Northern blotting with an Ii cDNA, shows the presence of two mRNA coding for the Ii chain and the 41K protein. Rat fibroblasts transfected with a mouse genomic Ii clone synthesize both the murine Ii chain and the 41K protein. These observations demonstrate that a single Ii gene encodes two distinct but closely related proteins.
45
Tang, Liwei, Huaixi Chen, Yu Ma, Yi Liu, Lina Hua, Lei Lu, Beibei Wang, Shiguo Han, Zhihua Sun, and Junhua Luo. "A bilayered two-dimensional hybrid perovskite with a cage-templated secondary cation for high efficiency photodetection." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 9, no. 4 (2022): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qi01326b.
Abstract:
A novel two-dimensional hybrid perovskite (IA)2(DMA)Pb2Br7 was obtained by introducing a large secondary cation DMA+ into the PbBr6 framework. A highly efficient array photodetector has been assembled using its crystal.
46
Maulana, Lutfi. "PENERAPAN KONSEP HYBRID CONTRACT DALAM PEMBIAYAAN RAHN DI PEGADAIAN SYARI’AH." AKSY: Jurnal Ilmu Akuntansi dan Bisnis Syariah 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/aksy.v2i1.7860.
Abstract:
Sejalan dengan perkembangan ekonomi dan teknologi, bank syariah dituntut untuk selalu berinovasi supaya produk-produk yang ditawarkan dapat menarik minat para nasabah, juga dapat bersaing dengan bank konvensional Salah satu pilar penting untuk menciptakan produk keuangan syari’ah dalam memenuhi tuntutan kebutuhan masyarakat modern adalah pengembangan hybrid conctract (multi akad). Praktik gadai di Pegadaian syariah sering menuai keraguaan mengenai kesyariahan produknya tersebut. Keraguan ini muncul karena adanya pemberlakuan hybrid contract atau multi akad. Begitu juga penggunaan multi akad dan penghitungan biaya sewa penyimpanan (ijarah) yang dilakukan oleh Pegadaian Syariah menimbulkan keraguan mengenai kesyariahan dari akad gadai syariah tersebut. Oleh karenanya penelitian ini mencoba mengkaji lebih mendalam tentang konsep hybrd contract dalam praktik rahn di pegadaian syariah untuk memperoleh gambaran yang lebih mendalam mengenai konsep hybrid contract dalam akad gadai yang diterapkan oleh Pegadaian Syariah. Analisis data dalam tulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan fiqh juga menggunakan pendekatan substantive normatif dalam pemikiran hukum Islam. Hasil temuan sementara menunjukkan bahwa produk rahn di pegadaian syari’ah masih dipertanyakan kesyari’ahannya. Jika dikaji lebih mendalam berdasarkan kriteria hybrid contract yang dibolehkan, maka produk ini bisa termasuk ke dalam hybrid contract yang dilarang, karena ia termasuk ke dalam penggabungan jual beli dengan hutang-piutang yang dilarang oleh hadits dan ulama, karena ia menggabungkan dua akad yang bertentangan karakter dan sifatnya. Keywords: Hybrid contract, rahn , ijârah, ardl, pegadaian syari’ah
47
Schlauder, G. G., M. P. Bell, B. N. Beck, A. Nilson, and D. J. McKean. "The structure-function relationship of I-A molecules: a biochemical analysis of I-A polypeptides from mutant antigen-presenting cells and evidence of preferential association of allelic forms." Journal of Immunology 135, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 1945–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.135.3.1945.
Abstract:
Abstract Chemically induced mutants of an I-Ak,d-expressing, antigen-presenting B cell-B lymphoma hybridoma have recently been generated by immunoselection in vitro with I-Ak-specific monoclonal antibodies, and were found to possess alterations in some of the I-Ak region-dependent functions. The mutants were categorized as alpha-polypeptide mutants or beta-polypeptide mutants on the basis of the patterns of reactivity with anti I-Ak alpha and anti I-Ak beta monoclonal antibodies. To delineate the structural alterations underlying the differences in serologic and functional properties of these mutants, I-A molecules from several of these mutant hybridomas were compared biochemically with wild type I-Ak polypeptides by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) tryptic peptide analyses. These results suggest that the marked alterations in antibody reactivity and T cell-activating functions of the beta-polypeptide mutants G1, K2, and LD3, as well as the Ia alpha-polypeptide mutant JE50, may be due to very limited alterations in the Ia polypeptides. The functional deficiencies of the alpha-polypeptide mutant JE67 could be attributed to the change in net charge exhibited by its Ak alpha polypeptide. HPLC tryptic peptide analysis of I-A molecules isolated from the alpha-polypeptide mutant J4 indicates that the functional deficiencies exhibited by this mutant are due to a complete loss of expression of the Ak alpha polypeptide. The inability to detect significant amounts of Ad alpha Ak beta and Ak alpha Ad beta hybrid molecules in immunoprecipitates from some of these cell lines suggests that some hybrid molecules may be expressed at low levels due to preferential Ia polypeptide chain association. Together, these results indicate that most serologically defined epitopes are localized on either one or the other Ia polypeptide, whereas T cell-defined epitopes are determined by a combination of both Ia polypeptides. The results of these analyses also enable us to evaluate different immunoselection strategies for the most efficient production of mutants expressing limited alterations in Ia polypeptides.
48
German, Tracey. "The lands in between: Russia vs. the West and the new politics of hybrid war." International Affairs 96, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 543–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa029.
49
Miron, Marina. "Russian ‘hybrid warfare’ and the annexation of Crimea: the modern application of Soviet political warfare." International Affairs 99, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 397–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac279.
50
Sobel, R. A., and R. B. Colvin. "The immunopathology of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). III. Differential in situ expression of strain 13 Ia on endothelial and inflammatory cells of (strain 2 x strain 13)F1 guinea pigs with EAE." Journal of Immunology 134, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 2333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.134.4.2333.
Abstract:
Abstract This study was undertaken to determine if there is differential expression of the relevant strain-specific Ia antigen on endothelial and parenchymal inflammatory cells in the central nervous systems (CNS) of guinea pigs (GP) with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Adult inbred GP were sensitized with GP spinal cord homogenate and complete Freund's adjuvant. Strain 13 GP and (2 x 13)F1 hybrids developed clinical disease within 2 to 3 wk after sensitization, whereas strain 2 GP did not, although all sensitized GP had CNS mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates. By using monoclonal antibodies to strain-specific and framework Ia epitopes with an immunoperoxidase technique, the distribution and amount of the strain 2 and strain 13 Ia were analyzed. Equivalent strain 2 and strain 13 Ia expression was found in normal tissues from F1 animals. Strain 2 and strain 13 GP sensitized for EAE had increased strain-specific Ia staining of CNS vessels and inflammatory cells over controls. However, F1 GP with EAE had markedly increased strain 13, but not strain 2, Ia on CNS parenchymal vessels and mononuclear inflammatory cells (p less than 0.001, for both). These results suggest for the first time that specific major histocompatibility complex gene products are selectively expressed on endothelial and inflammatory cells in situ in immune reactions in the target organ of individuals of heterogeneous immunogenetic composition.