Journal articles on the topic 'I-type granite'
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1
Mustafa, Moch Akrom, and Ediar Usman. "ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN GEOKIMIA GRANIT DAN SEDIMEN DASAR LAUT DI PULAU SINGKEP BAGIAN TIMUR, PROVINSI KEPULAUAN RIAU." JURNAL GEOLOGI KELAUTAN 11, no. 3 (February 16, 2016): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/jgk.11.3.2013.237.
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Hasil analisis kimia secara umum menunjukkan kesamaan antara granit dan sedimen permukaan dasar laut. Perbedaan hanya pada dua unsur, yaitu Al2O3 dan Fe2O3; kandungan Al2O3 pada granit antara 12,63 - 15,58% dan Fe2O3 antara 1,26 - 1,78%, sedangkan sedimen permukaan dasar laut Al2O3 berkisar antara 2,10 - 3,29% dan Fe2O3 antara 7,57 - 12,88%. Hasil analisis pada Diagram Harker menunjukkan penyebaran granit dan sedimen dasar laut membentuk pola searah, mengiindikasikan pola ko-magmatik.
Selanjutnya, untuk menentukan tipe granit di P. Singkep dalam kaitannya dengan kandungan timah, dua diagram SiO2 vs FeOtot/MgO dan ACF telah digunakan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa granit Singkep termasuk daerah transisi antara tipe A dan tipe I&S dan tipe S yang kaya ilmenit dan berassosiasi dengan konsentrat timah.
Kata kunci: granit, sedimen dasar laut, kimia, tipe I&S, tipe S, timah, Pulau Singkep
Results of chemical analyses generally show the similarities between the granites and the seafloor sediments. The difference is only in the two elements, namely Al2O3 and Fe2O3; Al2O3 contents. In the granite ranges between 12.63 to 15.58% and the Fe2O3 ranges between 1.26 to 1.78%; while the seafloor sediment shows Al2O3 between 2.10 to 3, 29% and Fe2O3 between 7.57 to 12.88%. Results of the analysis on the Harker Diagram shows the distribution of the granites and the seafloors sediments form the unidirectional pattern, indicates the co-magmatic pattern.
Furthermore, to determine the type of granite in Singkep Island in relation with the tin content two diagram of SiO2 vs FeOtot/MgO and ACF are used. The result shows that the Singkep granite belong to the the transition area between the A and I&S and the S type which rich of ilmenite and associated with tin concentrate.
Keywords: granite, sea floor sediments, chemicals, I&S type, S type, tin, Singkep Island
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Chappell, B. W., and W. E. Stephens. "Origin of infracrustal (I-type) granite magmas." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 79, no. 2-3 (1988): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300014139.
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ABSTRACTI-type granites are produced by partial melting of older igneous rocks that are metaluminous and hence have not undergone any significant amount of chemical weathering. In the Lachlan Fold Belt of southeastern Australia and the Caledonian Fold Belt of Britain and Ireland there was a major magmatic event close to 400 Ma ago involving a massive introduction of heat into the crust. In both areas, that Caledonian-age event produced large volumes of I-type granite and related volcanic rocks. Granites of these two areas are not identical in character but they do show many similarities and are markedly different from many of the granites found in Mesozoic and younger fold belts. These younger, dominantly tonalitic, granites have compositions similar to those of the more felsic volcanic rocks forming at the present time above subduction zones. The Palaeozoic granites show little evidence of such a direct relationship to subduction. Within both the Caledonian and Lachlan belts there are some granites with a composition close to the younger tonalites. A particularly interesting case is that of the Tuross Head Tonalite of the Lachlan Fold Belt, which can be shown to have formed from slightly older source rocks by a process that we refer to as remagmatisation which has caused no significant change in composition. Since remagmatisation has reproduced the former source composition in the younger rocks, the wrong inference would result from the use of that composition to deduce the tectonic conditions at the time of formation of the tonalite. Granites, particularly the more mafic ones, will generally have compositions reflecting the compositions of their source rocks, and attempts to use granite compositions to reconstruct the tectonic environment at the time of formation of the granite may be looking instead at an older event. This is probably also the case for some andesites formed at continental margins.Several arguments can be presented in favour of a general model for the production of I-type granite sources by underplating the crust, so that the source rocks are infracrustal. Such sources may contain a component of subducted sediments with the consequence that some of the compositional characteristics of sedimentary rocks may be present in I-type source rocks and in the granites derived from them. The small bodies of mafic granite and gabbro associated with island arc volcanism have an origin that can be related to the partial melting of subducted oceanic crust or of mantle material overlying such slabs and can be referred to as M-type. These rocks have compositions indistinguishable from those of the related volcanic rocks, except for a small component of cumulative material. The tonalitic I-type granites characteristic of the Cordillera are probably derived from such M-type rocks of basaltic to andesitic composition, which had been underplated beneath the crust. Some of the more mafic tonalites of the Caledonian-age fold belts may also have had a similar origin. More commonly, however, the plutonic rocks of the older belts are granodioritic and these probably represent the products of partial melting of older tonalitic I-type source rocks in the deep crust, these having compositions and origins analogous to the tonalites of the Cordillera. In this way, multiple episodes of partial melting, accompanied by fractionation of the magmas, can produce quite felsic rocks from original source rocks in the mantle or mantle wedge. These are essential processes in the evolution of the crust, since the first stages in this process produce new crust and the later magmatic events redistribute this material vertically without the addition of significant amounts of new crust.
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Blevin, Phillip L., and Bruce W. Chappell. "The role of magma sources, oxidation states and fractionation in determining the granite metallogeny of eastern Australia." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 83, no. 1-2 (1992): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300007987.
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ABSTRACTThe ore-element associations of granite-related ore deposits in the eastern Australian Palaeozoic fold belts can be related to the inferred relative oxidation state, halogen content and degree of fractional crystallisation within the associated granite suites. Sn mineralisation is associated with both S- and I-type granites that are reduced and have undergone fractional crystallisation. Cu and Au are associated with magnetite- and/or sphene-bearing, oxidised, intermediate I-type suites. Mo is associated with similar granites that are more fractionated and oxidised. W is associated with a variety of granite types and shows little dependence on inferred magma redox state. The observed ore deposit-granite type distribution in eastern Australia, and the behaviour of ore elements during fractionation, is consistent with models of ore element sequestering by sulphides and Fe-Ti phases (e.g. pyrrhotite, ilmenite, sphene, magnetite) whose stability is nominally fO2-dependent. Fractional crystallisation acts to amplify this process through the progressive removal of compatible elements and the concentration of incompatible elements into decreasing melt volumes. The halogen content is also important. S-type granites are poorer in Cl than I-types. Cl decreases and F increases in both S- and I-type granites with fractional crystallisation. Low Cl contents combined with low magma fO2 in themselves seem to provide an adequate explanation for the rarity of Mo, Cu, Pb and Zn type mineralisation with S-type granites. Although such properties of granite suites seem adequately to predict the associated ore-element assemblage to be expected in associated mineral deposits, additional factors determine whether or not there is associated economic mineralisation.
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Regelous, Anette, Lars Scharfenberg, and Helga De Wall. "Origin of S-, A- and I-Type Granites: Petrogenetic Evidence from Whole Rock Th/U Ratio Variations." Minerals 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070672.
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The origin and evolution of granites remain a matter of debate and several approaches have been made to distinguish between different granite types. Overall, granite classification schemes based on element concentrations and ratios, tectonic settings or the source rocks (I-, A-, S-type) are widely used, but so far, no systematic large-scale study on Th/U ratio variations in granites based on their source or tectonic setting has been carried out, even though these elements show very similar behavior during melting and subsequent processes. We therefore present a compiled study, demonstrating an easy approach to differentiate between S-, A- and I-type granites using Th and U concentrations and ratios measured with a portable gamma ray spectrometer. Th and U concentrations from 472 measurements in S- and I-type granites from the Variscan West-Bohemian Massif, Germany, and 78 measurements from Neoproterozoic A-type Malani granites, India, are evaluated. Our compendium shows significant differences in the average Th/U ratios of A-, I- and S-type granites and thus gives information about the source rock and can be used as an easy classification scheme. Considering all data from the studied A-, I- and S-type granites, Th/U ratios increase with rising Th concentrations. A-type granites have the highest Th/U ratios and high Th concentrations, followed by I-type granites. Th/U ratios in S- to I-type granites are lower than in A-type and I-type granites, but higher than in S-type granites. The variation of Th/U ratios in all three types of granite cannot be explained by fractional crystallization of monazite, zircon and other Th and U bearing minerals alone, but are mainly due to source heterogeneities and uranium mobilization processes.
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Williams, Ian S., and Kenton S. W. Campbell. "Bruce William Chappell 1936–2012." Historical Records of Australian Science 28, no. 2 (2017): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr17012.
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Bruce Chappell was one of the most distinguished geologists of his generation whose contributions to understanding the origins of granites are both insightful and profound. A pioneer in the application of X-ray fluorescence spectrography to the analysis of geological materials, his radical ideas about magma genesis, still the subject of vigorous debate, have dominated and largely determined the global directions of subsequent research on granites. His restite model, the recognition that most granite magmas move bodily away from their source regions as a mixture of melt and solid residual material, the progressive separation of which determines the magma composition, underlies his tenet that granites are images of their source. His consequent recognition, with Allan White, that there are two fundamentally different types of granite magma, I-type (derived from igneous sources) and S-type (derived from weathered sedimentary sources), each with its distinctive evolutionary path and associated mineralization, continues to underpin research into granites worldwide, and the search for granite-related mineral deposits.
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Nguyen, Tai Minh, Hoa Xuan Tran, Giang Thi Truong Nguyen, Cuong Chi Truong, and Minh Pham. "U-Pb zircon and Hf composition of granite Song Ma block." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 2, no. 4 (August 14, 2019): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v2i4.825.
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The granite of the Song Ma block mainly consists of two types of granite: biotite granite and hornblende-biotite granite. Biotite granites have the percent of plagioclase (35– 45%), K-feldspar (25–35%), quartz (~20%) and biotite (~10%). Biotite-hornblende granite with the content of plagioclase (40–50%), Kfeldspar (10–15%), hornblende (5–10%) and biotite (5%). Zircon crystals were selected from the granite of Song Ma block are V0741, V0856 and V1006 samples with the LA-ICPMS U-Pb analyses gave concordant ages concentrated at 257±4Ma, 262±3Ma and 241±6Ma (weighted mean). Those ages are older than the results of the previous research. The mineral assemblages and geochemical characteristics show the typical of I-type granites. The results of Hf isotope composition analysis give the value of εHf(t) from +7.3 to +13.9, which is proven the sources of the granite Song Ma block similar to the granite of Phan Si Pan zone, NW Viet Nam during the period from late Permian to early Triassic.
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Semblano, Flávio Robson Dias, Moacir José Buenano Macambira, and Marcelo Lacerda Vasquez. "Petrography, geochemistry and Sm-Nd isotopes of the granites from eastern of the Tapajós Domain, Pará state." Brazilian Journal of Geology 46, no. 4 (December 2016): 509–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201620160059.
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ABSTRACT: The Tapajós Domain, located in the southern portion of the Amazonian Craton, is a tectonic domain of the Tapajós-Parima Province, a Paleoproterozoic orogenic belt adjacent to a reworked Archean crust, the Central Amazonian Province. This domain has been interpreted as the product of an assemblage of successive magmatic arcs followed by post-orogenic A-type magmatism formed ca. 1880 Ma-old granites of the Maloquinha Intrusive Suite. The study presented here was carried out in four granitic bodies of this suite (Igarapé Tabuleiro, Dalpaiz, Mamoal and Serra Alta) from the eastern part of the Tapajós Domain, as well as an I-type granite (Igarapé Salustiano) related to the Parauari Intrusive Suite. The A-type granites are syenogranites and monzogranites, and alkali feldspar granites and quartz syenites occur subordinately. These rocks are ferroan, alkalic-calcic to alkalic and dominantly peraluminous, with negative anomalies of Ba, Sr, P and Ti and high rare earth elements (REE) contents with pronounced negative Eu anomaly. This set of features is typical of A-type granites. The Igarapé Salustiano granite encompasses monzogranites and quartz monzonites, which are magnesian, calcic to calc-alkalic, high-K and mainly metaluminous, with high Ba and Sr contents and depleted pattern in high field strength elements (HFSE) and heavy rare earth elements (HREE), characteristic of I-type granites. The source of magma of these A-type granites is similar to post-collisional granites, while the I-type granite keeps syn-collisional signature. Most of the studied granites have εNd (-3.85 to -0.76) and Nd TDM model ages (2.22 to 2.46 Ga) compatible with the Paleoproterozoic crust of the Tapajós Domain. We conclude that the Archean crust source (εNd of -5.01 and Nd TDM of 2.6 Ga) was local for these A-type granites.
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Zhu, Xinxiang, Markus B. Raschke, and Yan Liu. "Tourmaline as a Recorder of Ore-Forming Processes in the Xuebaoding W-Sn-Be Deposit, Sichuan Province, China: Evidence from the Chemical Composition of Tourmaline." Minerals 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10050438.
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The Xuebaoding W-Sn-Be deposit located in the Songpan-Ganze Orogenic Belt (Sichuan Province, China) is a hydrothermal deposit with less developed pegmatite stage. The deposit is famous for the coarse-grained crystals of beryl, scheelite, cassiterite, apatite, fluorite, muscovite, and others. The orebody is spatially associated with the Pankou and Pukouling granites hosted in Triassic marbles and schists. The highly fractionated granites are peraluminous, Li-Rb-Cs-rich, and related to W-Sn-Be mineralization. The mineralization can chiefly be classified based on the wallrock and mineral assemblages as muscovite and beryl in granite (Zone I), then beryl, cassiterite and muscovite at the transition from granite to triassic strata (Zone II), and the main mineralized veins composed of an assemblage of beryl, cassiterite, scheelite, fluorite, and apatite hosted in metasedimentary rock units of marble and schist (Zone III). Due to the stability of tourmaline over a wide range of temperature and pressure conditions, its compositional variability can reflect the evolution of the ore-forming fluids. Tourmaline is an important gangue mineral in the Xuebaoding deposit and occurs in the late-magmatic to early-hydrothermal stage, and can thus be used as a proxy for the fluid evolution. Three types of tourmalines can be distinguished: tourmaline disseminations within the granite (type I), tourmaline clusters at the margin of the granite (type II), and tourmalines occurring in the mineralized veins (type III). Based on their chemical composition, both type I and II tourmalines belong to the alkali group and to the dravite-schorl solid solution. Type III tourmaline which is higher in X-site vacancy corresponds to foitite and schorl. It is proposed that the weakly zoned type I tourmalines result from an immiscible boron-rich aqueous fluid in the latest stage of granite crystallization, that the type II tourmalines showing skeletal texture directly formed from the undercooled melts, and that type III tourmalines occurring in the mineralized veins formed directly from the magmatic hydrothermal fluids. Both type I and type II tourmalines show similar compositional variations reflecting the highly fractionated Pankou and Pukouling granites. The higher Ca, Mg, and Fe contents of type III tourmaline are buffered by the composition of the metasedimentary host rocks. The decreasing Na content (<0.8 atoms per formula unit (apfu)) and increasing Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios of all tourmaline samples suggest that they precipitated from oxidized, low-salinity fluids. The decreasing trend of Al content from type I (5.60–6.36 apfu) and type II (6.01–6.43 apfu) to type III (5.58–5.87 apfu) tourmalines, and associated decrease in Na, may be caused by the crystallization of albite and muscovite. The combined petrographic, mineralogical, and chemical characteristics of the three types of tourmalines thus reflect the late-magmatic to early-hydrothermal evolution of the ore-forming fluids, and could be used as a geochemical fingerprint for prospecting W-Sn-Be mineralization in the Xuebaoding district.
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Sandeman, Hamish A., and John Malpas. "Epizonal I- and A-type granites and associated ash-flow tuffs, Fogo Island, northeast Newfoundland." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1835–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e95-141.
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Magmatic activity of Silurian–Devonian age is widespread in the Appalachian–Caledonian Orogen. A marked characteristic of this magmatism is the composite nature of the igneous suites, which range from peridotite to granodiorite in single plutonic bodies. The origin of these suites is still enigmatic, and the assumption that all are the same not proven. Such a suite of intrusive rocks, ranging in composition from minor peridotite to granodiorite, intrudes an openly folded sequence of Silurian volcanogenic sandstones and ash-flow tuffs on Fogo Island, northeast Newfoundland. Two units, the Rogers Cove and Hare Bay microgranites, consist of fine-grained hastingsite granites with spherulitic and flow-banded textures, and exhibit drusy cavities and microfractures that contain the mineral assemblage hastingsitic hornblende + plagioclase + magnetite + zircon. These rocks are characterized by elevated high field strength element contents (e.g., Zr = 74–672 and Y = 21–103 ppm), very high FeO*/MgO ratios (FeO*/MgO = 2.4–93.5), and 10 000 Ga/Al ratios of 1.67–10.52, indicating an A-type granitoid affinity. A third and the most voluminous granitic unit, the Shoal Bay granite, is an alkali-feldspar-phyric, medium-grained, equigranular biotite–hastingsite granite with hastingsite and annitic biotite interstitial to euhedral plagioclase, anhedral quartz, and perthite crystals. The Shoal Bay granite exhibits mineral parageneses similar to the microgranites, but chemical characteristics more typical of calc-alkaline, I-type granitoids. Volcanic–sedimentary sequences spatially associated with the granitic rocks include dense, welded, high-silica, hastingsite-bearing ash-flow tuffs with compositions that suggest they represent erupted equivalents of fractionated end members of the Shoal Bay granite. The rocks making up the Fogo Island batholith have been directly equated with the bimodal, calc-alkaline Mount Peyton batholith of northeast Newfoundland, but the specialized A-type nature of the Fogo granites suggests differing source conditions for the two suites.
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Clemens, J. D., and G. Stevens. "S- to I- to A-type magmatic cycles in granitic terranes are not globally recurring progressions. The cases of the Cape Granite Suite of Southern Africa and central Victoria in southeastern Australia." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0007.
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Abstract Recurring progression from S- to I- to A-type granites has been proposed for a subset of granitic rocks in eastern Australia. The wider applicability and the validity of this idea is explored using the Cape Granite Suite (CGS) of South Africa and the granitic and silicic volcanic rocks of central Victoria, in southeastern Australia. Within the CGS there is presently little justification for the notion that there is a clear temporal progression from early S-type, through I-type to late A-type magmatism. The I- and S-type rocks are certainly spatially separated. However, apart from a single slightly older pluton (the Hoedjiespunt Granite) there is no indication that the S- and I-type granites are temporally distinct. One dated A-type granitic sample and a syenite have poorly constrained dates that overlap with those of the youngest S-type granites. In central Victoria, the granitic magma types display neither a spatial separation nor a temporal progression from one type to another. All magma varieties are present together and were emplaced within a far narrower time window than in the CGS. Thus, a progression may or may not exist in a particular region, and the occurrence of such a progression does not hold true even in a part of southeastern Australia, which afforded the type example. Thus, the idea that, globally, there should be a progression from S- to I- to A-type magmatism is unjustified. The critical factor in determining the temporal relationship between granitic magmas of different types is probably the compositional structure of the deep crust in a particular region, a reflection of how the individual orogen was assembled. In turn, this must reflect significant differences in the tectonic settings.
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Broska, Igor, and Igor Petrík. "Variscan thrusting in I- and S-type granitic rocks of the Tribeč Mountains, Western Carpathians (Slovakia): evidence from mineral compositions and monazite dating." Geologica Carpathica 66, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 455–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2015-0038.
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AbstractThe Tribeč granitic core (Tatric Superunit, Western Carpathians, Slovakia) is formed by Devonian/Lower Carboniferous, calc-alkaline I- and S-type granitic rocks and their altered equivalents, which provide a rare opportunity to study the Variscan magmatic, post-magmatic and tectonic evolution. The calculatedP-T-Xpath of I-type granitic rocks, based on Fe-Ti oxides, hornblende, titanite and mica-bearing equilibria, illustrates changes in redox evolution. There is a transition from magmatic stage atTca. 800–850 °C and moderate oxygen fugacity (FMQ buffer) to an oxidation event at 600 °C between HM and NNO up to the oxidation peak at 480 °C and HM buffer, to the final reduction at ca. 470 °C at ΔNN= 3.3. Thus, the post-magmatic Variscan history recorded in I-type tonalites shows at early stage pronounced oxidation and low temperature shift back to reduction. The S-type granites originated at temperature 700–750 °C at lower water activity and temperature. TheP-Tconditions of mineral reactions in altered granitoids at Variscan time (both I and S-types) correspond to greenschist facies involving formation of secondary biotite. The Tribeč granite pluton recently shows horizontal and vertical zoning: from the west side toward the east S-type granodiorites replace I-type tonalites and these medium/coarse-grained granitoids are vertically overlain by their altered equivalents in greenschist facies. Along the Tribeč mountain ridge, younger undeformed leucocratic granite dykes in age 342±4.4 Ma cut these metasomatically altered granitic rocks and thus post-date the alteration process. The overlaying sheet of the altered granites is in a low-angle superposition on undeformed granitoids and forms “a granite duplex” within Alpine Tatric Superunit, which resulted from a syn-collisional Variscan thrusting event and melt formation ~340 Ma. The process of alteration may have been responsible for shifting the oxidation trend to the observed partial reduction.
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Adi Nugroho, Kevin Setyo, Iwan Setiawan, and Tri Winarno. "Comparison of Granitoid Characteristics West Kalimantan and Karangsambung Based On Mineralogical And Geochemical Aspects." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 6, no. 3 (September 21, 2021): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2021.6.3.7417.
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Indonesia was included in the ring of fire so that it has various types of tectonic products, one of which is granitoid. Granitoid is very complex rock and many are found in Indonesia. Some of them are found in West Kalimantan and Karangsambung. Basis of the reasearch is there is no research that compares granitoid in two regions. The purpose of this study was to compare rock characteristics and granite petrogenesis of West Kalimantan and Karangsambung. The research method used was collecting data on field, also laboratory analysis of rock samples using a polarization microscope, refraction microscope, and X-Ray Fluorescence analysis. The mineralogical characteristics of each study area tend to be almost the same. The predominant composition of the main minerals is quartz, plagioclase and orthoclase. But specifically the rock samples from West Kalimantan have been altered from phylic-silicification-propylitic. The entire study area contained accessory minerals, namely apatite, zircon, titanite, and for monazite only in the West Kalimantan sample. There was mineralization up to the supergene stage in the presence of the characteristic minerals for the supergene covelite and chalcocytes in the West Kalimantan sample. Geochemical analysis of both regions shows the same magma affinity, namely Calc Alkaline - High K Calc Alkaline. For West Kalimantan, the value of A / CNK <1.1 has a type metaluminious and > 1.1 a type peraluminious. Meanwhile, Karangsambung A / CNK value <1.1 has a type metaluminious. So that West Kalimantan granite has two I-type and S-type. While Karangsambung is I-type. West Kalimantan granite is formed in continental arc granite (CAG) and continental collision granite (CCG). Meanwhile, Karangsambung in Volcanic Arc Granite (VAG). It can be concluded that the granites of the two regions have quite different characteristics even though they belong to a relatively similar tectonic environment.
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Williamson, B. J., H. Downes, and M. F. Thirlwall. "The relationship between crustal magmatic underplating and granite genesis: an example from the Velay granite complex, Massif Central, France." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 83, no. 1-2 (1992): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300007926.
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ABSTRACTThe Velay granite pluton (Massif Central, France) is the youngest (304 ± 5 Ma) and largest (∼6,900 km2) of the major Massif Central monzogranites/granodiorites and was formed nearly 50 Ma after the cessation of Hercynian continental collision (Pin & Duthou 1990). It is a highly heterogeneous pluton consisting of I-type, high-Sr granites (Sr = 500-900 ppm) with low (+35 to +41) and high (-3 to -5), at its centre, grading into S-type and mixed I-S-type heterogeneous granites of more normal Sr content (100–420 ppm) and higher (+40 to +210) and lower (-3·8 to -7.3) at its margins.The metasedimentary lower crust of the Massif Central was underplated/intruded by mafic mantle-derived magmas between 360 Ma and 300 Ma. From 300-280 Ma (Downes et al. 1991) underplating led to partial melting and granulite facies metamorphism of the underplated material (represented by felsic and mafic meta-igneous lower crustal xenoliths, = –11 to +112, = +2·2 to 8·2, Downes et al 1990). The partial melts assimilated mainly schist but also felsic gneiss and older granite country rock material ( = +100 to +300, = - 5 to -9) to produce the heterogeneous granites. Plagioclase and biotite were accumulated at the base of the intrusion which was intruded to high levels to form the high-Sr granites.
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Breiter, Karel, and Hans-Jürgen Förster. "Compositional Variability of Monazite–Cheralite–Huttonite Solid Solutions, Xenotime, and Uraninite in Geochemically Distinct Granites with Special Emphasis to the Strongly Fractionated Peraluminous Li–F–P-Rich Podlesí Granite System (Erzgebirge/Krušné Hory Mts., Central Europe)." Minerals 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020127.
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A comprehensive study of monazite–cheralite–huttonite solid solutions (s.s.) and xenotime from the highly evolved, strongly peraluminous P–F–Li-rich Podlesí granite stock in the Krušné Hory Mts., Czech Republic, indicates that, with the increasing degree of magmatic and high-T early post-magmatic evolution, the content of the cheralite component in monazite increases and the relative dominance of middle rare earth elements (MREE) in xenotime becomes larger. Considering the overall compositional signatures of these two accessory minerals in the late Variscan granites of the Erzgebirge/Krušné Hory Mts., three types of granites can be distinguished: (i) chemically less evolved F-poor S(I)- and A-type granites contain monazite with a smooth, mostly symmetric chondrite-normalized (CN) rare-earth elements (REE) pattern gradually declining from La to Gd; associated xenotime is Y-rich (˃0.8 apfu Y) with a flat MREE–HREE (heavy rare earth elements) pattern; (ii) fractionated A-type granites typically contain La-depleted monazite with Th accommodated as the huttonite component, combined with usually Y-poor (0.4–0.6 apfu Y) xenotime characterized by a smoothly inclining, Yb–Lu-dominant CN-REE pattern; (iii) fractionated peraluminous Li-mica granites host monazite with a flat, asymmetric (kinked at La and Nd) CN-LREE pattern, with associated xenotime distinctly MREE (Gd–Tb–Dy)-dominant. Monazite and xenotime account for the bulk of the REE budgets in all types of granite. In peraluminous S(I)-type granites, which do not bear thorite, almost all Th is accommodated in monazite–cheralite s.s. In contrast, Th budgets in A-type granites are accounted for by monazite–huttonite s.s. together with thorite. The largest portion of U is accommodated in uraninite, if present.
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Liu, Shiyu, Yuping Liu, Lin Ye, Chen Wei, Yi Cai, and Weihong Chen. "Genesis of Dulong Sn-Zn-In Polymetallic Deposit in Yunnan Province, South China: Insights from Cassiterite U-Pb Ages and Trace Element Compositions." Minerals 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020199.
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The Dulong Sn-Zn-In polymetallic deposit in the Yunnan province, SW China, hosts a reserve of 5.0 Mt Zn, 0.4 Mt Sn, and 7 Kt In. It is one of the most important polymetallic tin ore districts in China. Granites at Dulong mining area include mainly the Laojunshan granite (third phase), which occurs as quartz porphyry or granite porphyry dikes in the Southern edge of the Laojunshan intrusive complex. Granites of phases one and two are intersected at drill holes at depth. There are three types of cassiterite mineralization developed in the deposit: cassiterite-magnetite ± sulfide ore (Cst I), cassiterite-sulfide ore (Cst II) within the proximal skarn in contact with the concealed granite (granites of phases one to two and three), and cassiterite-quartz vein ore (Cst III) near porphyritic granite. Field geology and petrographic studies indicate that acid neutralising muscovitization and pyroxene reactions were part of mechanisms for Sn precipitation resulting from fluid-rock interaction. In situ U–Pb dating of cassiterite samples from the ore stages of cassiterite-sulfide (Cst II) and Cassiterite-quartz vein (Cst III) yielded Tera-Wasserburg U–Pb lower intercept ages of 88.5 ± 2.1 Ma and 82.1 ± 6.3 Ma, respectively. The two mineralization ages are consistent with the emplacement age of the Laojunshan granite (75.9–92.9 Ma) within error, suggesting a close temporal link between Sn-Zn(-In) mineralization and granitic magmatism. LA-ICPMS trace element study of cassiterite indicates that tetravalent elements (such as Zr, Hf, Ti, U, W) are incorporated in cassiterite by direct substitution, and the trivalent element (Fe) is replaced by coupled substitution. CL image shows that the fluorescence signal of Cst I–II is greater than that of Cst III, which is caused by differences in contents of activating luminescence elements (Al, Ti, W, etc.) and quenching luminescence element (Fe). Elevated W and Fe but lowered Zr, Hf, Nb, and Ta concentrations of the three type cassiterites from the Dulong Sn-Zn-In polymetallic deposit are distinctly different from those of cassiterites in VMS/SEDEX tin deposits, but similar to those from granite-related tin deposits. From cassiterite-magnetite ± sulfide (Cst I), cassiterite-sulfide ore (Cst II), to cassiterite-quartz vein ore-stage (Cst III), high field strength elements (HFSEs: Zr, Nb, Ta, Hf) decrease. This fact combined with cassiterite crystallization ages, indicates that Cst I–II mainly related to concealed granite (Laojunshan granites of phases one and two) while Cst III is mainly related to porphyritic granite (Laojunshan granites of phase three).
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Gion, Austin M., Philip M. Piccoli, and Philip A. Candela. "Constraints on the Formation of Granite-Related Indium Deposits." Economic Geology 114, no. 5 (August 1, 2019): 993–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4668.
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Abstract The use of indium in modern technologies has grown in recent decades, creating a growth in indium demand; thus, there is a need to constrain the spatial and temporal distribution of indium-bearing, granite-related deposits. Toward this end, a conceptual model and exploration vectors for the formation of granite-related indium deposits have been developed. The magmatic-hydrothermal system is modeled by consideration of crystal-melt and vapor-melt equilibria. The model calculates the efficiency of removal of indium from a melt into a volatile phase, which may serve as a component of an ore-forming fluid. The results of the model suggest that as the proportion of ferromagnesian minerals increases in the associated granites, the probability of indium ore formation decreases. Further, for a given modal proportion of ferromagnesian minerals, as the modal proportion of amphibole increases, the probability of indium ore formation decreases. Lastly, for a given modal proportion of biotite, as the magnesium content of the biotite increases (as would result from increasing oxidation of the magmatic system), the probability of indium ore formation decreases. Granites with the highest probability of being associated with indium ore formation will typically be part of A- or S-type igneous systems and will likely be highly fractionated (e.g., A-type topaz granites). I-type granites will generally have a lower potential of being associated with indium-bearing deposits. However, some I-type granites may be associated with indium-bearing deposits if the deposits contain granites (sensu stricto) or other related rocks (e.g., alaskites) that lack amphibole or other ferromagnesian phases.
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Wang, R. C., G. T. Zhao, J. J. Lu, X. M. Chen, S. J. Xu, and D. Z. Wang. "Chemistry of Hf-rich zircons from the Laoshan I- and A-type granites, Eastern China." Mineralogical Magazine 64, no. 5 (October 2000): 867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646100549850.
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AbstractZircon commonly occurs as one of important accessory HFSE-bearing minerals in A-type granite. A detailed electron microprobe study was carried out on zircon from the Laoshan complex, Eastern China, which is composed of I- and A-type granites. Zircon from the I-type rocks is relatively poor in trace elements (HfO2<2 wt.%, UO2, ThO2 and Y2O3 <1 wt.%), but that from the A-type rocks is richer in Hf, U, Th and Y. Hafnian zircon with a HfO2 content of up to 12.37 wt.% was found in the arfvedsonite granite, which is considered the most evolved facies in the A-type suite. Enrichment in Hf is generally observed at the rims of zircon crystals relative to the cores. The Hf enrichment in zircon, and the association of exotic REE- and HFSE-bearing minerals are linked to hydrothermal activity, suggesting that during the last stage of crystallization of the A-type magma, fluids enriched in REE, HFSE, F−, CO32− and PO43− were released.
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Mughal, Muhammad Saleem, Chengjun Zhang, Amjad Hussain, Hafiz Ur Rehman, Dingding Du, Mirza Shahid Baig, Muhammad Basharat, Jingya Zhang, Qi Zheng, and Syed Asim Hussain. "Petrogenesis and Geochronology of Tianshui Granites from Western Qinling Orogen, Central China: Implications for Caledonian and Indosinian Orogenies on the Asian Plate." Minerals 10, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10060515.
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The precise timing, petrogenesis, and geodynamic significance of three granitoid bodies (Beidao granite, Caochuanpu granite, Yuanlongzhen granite, and the Roche type rock) of the Tianshui area in the Western Qinling Orogen, central China, are poorly constrained. We performed an integrated study of petrology, geochemistry, and zircon U-Pb dating to constrain their genesis and tectonic implication. Petrographic investigation of the granites shows that the rocks are mainly monzogranites. The Al saturation index (A/CNK versus SiO2) of the granitoid samples indicates meta-aluminous to peraluminous I-type granites. Their magmas were likely generated by the partial melting of igneous protoliths during the syn-collisional tectonic regime. Rare-earth-elements data further support their origin from a magma that was formed by the partial melting of lower continental crust. The Beidao, Caochuanpu, and Yuanlongzhen granites yielded U-Pb zircon weighted mean ages of 417 ± 5 Ma, 216 ± 3 Ma, and 219 ± 3 Ma, respectively. This study shows that the Beidao granite possibly formed in syn- to post-collision tectonic settings due to the subduction of the Proto-Tethys under the North China Block, and can be linked to the generally reported Caledonian orogeny (440–400 Ma) in the western segment of the North Qinling belt, whereas Yuanlongzhen and Caochuanpu granites can be linked to the widely known Indosinian orogeny (255–210 Ma). These granitoids formed due to the subduction of the oceanic lithospheres of the Proto-Tethyan Qinling and Paleo-Tethyan Qinling. The Roche type rock, tourmaline-rich, was possibly formed from the hydrothermal fluids as indicated by the higher concentrations of boron leftover during the late-stages of magmatic crystallization of the granites.
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Li, Longxue, Qingye Hou, Dingling Huang, and Xinyu Wang. "Early Permian Granitic Magmatism in Middle Part of the Northern Margin of the North China Craton: Petrogenesis, Source, and Tectonic Setting." Minerals 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020099.
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The late Palaeozoic was an important period of tectonic evolution for the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). The source(s) and tectonic setting of early Permian granitoid rocks emplaced along the northern margin of the NCC are still unclear. These granitoids formed between ~295.4–276.1 Ma (uncertainties ranging from ±1.5 to ±7.8 Ma) according to zircon laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb data. The Dadongou (DDG) pluton is an A1-type granite and the Dananfangzi (DNFZ) pluton is an A2-type granite. The Erdaowa (EDW), Lisicun (LSC), Wuhai (WH) and Gehuasitai (GHST) plutons are I-type granites. The Yuanbaoshan (YBS) dykes are diorite and syenodiorite. All the granitoids are enriched in large ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements, depleted in high field strength elements and have negative εNd(t) and εHf(t) values. The A1-type granite was formed by the melting of the mafic crust. The A2-type granite was derived from partial melting of tonalite gneiss from the NCC crust and mantle materials. The EDW, LSC, WH and GHST granites mainly originated from partially melted granulite, with some mantle input. The YBS dykes are formed by the magma mixing of hot mantle melt and the relatively cold crustal magma. The northern margin of the NCC experienced anorogenic and collision tectonic stages, and the structural setting started to transform to post-collision at the later period of early Permian.
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Chappell, B. W., and A. J. R. White. "I- and S-type granites in the Lachlan Fold Belt." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 83, no. 1-2 (1992): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300007720.
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ABSTRACTGranites and related volcanic rocks of the Lachlan Fold Belt can be grouped into suites using chemical and petrographic data. The distinctive characteristics of suites reflect source-rock features. The first-order subdivision within the suites is between those derived from igneous and from sedimentary source rocks, the I- and S-types. Differences between the two types of source rocks and their derived granites are due to the sedimentary source material having been previously weathered at the Earth's surface. Chemically, the S-type granites are lower in Na, Ca, Sr and Fe3+/Fe2+, and higher in Cr and Ni. As a consequence, the S-types are always peraluminous and contain Al-rich minerals. A little over 50% of the I-type granites are metaluminous and these more mafic rocks contain hornblende. In the absence of associated mafic rocks, the more felsic and slightly peraluminous I-type granites may be difficult to distinguish from felsic S-type granites. This overlap in composition is to be expected and results from the restricted chemical composition of the lowest temperature felsic melts. The compositions of more mafic I- and S-type granites diverge, as a result of the incorporation of more mafic components from the source, either as restite or a component of higher temperature melt. There is no overlap in composition between the most mafic I- and S-type granites, whose compositions are closest to those of their respective source rocks. Likewise, the enclaves present in the more mafic granites have compositions reflecting those of their host rocks, and probably in most cases, the source rocks.S-type granites have higher δ18O values and more evolved Sr and Nd isotopic compositions, although the radiogenic isotope compositions overlap with I-types. Although the isotopic compositions lie close to a mixing curve, it is thought that the amount of mixing in the source rocks was restricted, and occurred prior to partial melting. I-type granites are thought to have been derived from deep crust formed by underplating and thus are infracrustal, in contrast to the supracrustal S-type source rocks.Crystallisation of feldspars from felsic granite melts leads to distinctive changes in the trace element compositions of more evolved I- and S-type granites. Most notably, P increases in abundance with fractionation of crystals from the more strongly peraluminous S-type felsic melts, while it decreases in abundance in the analogous, but weakly peraluminous, I-type melts.
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CHEN, LING, CHANG-QIAN MA, ZHEN-BING SHE, ROGER MASON, JIN-YANG ZHANG, and CHAO ZHANG. "Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of A-type granites in the Dabie orogenic belt, China: geochronological and geochemical constraints." Geological Magazine 146, no. 5 (January 19, 2009): 638–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756808005918.
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AbstractThe Dabie orogenic belt is characterized by the presence of large volumes of intrusive and volcanic rocks that formed in Late Mesozoic times. Most of the intrusive bodies are I-type granites but it is still unclear whether there are contemporary A-type granites. Here, we report the first unambiguous discovery of A-type granite from Baiyashan in the North Dabie tectonic belt. The crystallization age of the body has been fixed as 120.4 ± 1.2 Ma using U–Pb analysis of zircons by LA-ICPMS. The Baiyashan granite is enriched in Si, K, Na, Rb and REE, has elevated FeOtot/(FeOtot + MgO) and Ga/Al ratios, and is depleted in Mg, Ca, Mn, Ba, Sr, P and Ti. The REE composition shows highly fractionated patterns with (La/Yb)N = 6.95–16.68 and Eu*/Eu = 0.33–0.59. Its crystallization age, field relationships, petrographic and geochemical data show beyond doubt that the Baiyashan granite is an Early Cretaceous A-type granite. Sr–Nd isotope systematics are characterized by a high ISr of 0.708–0.714 and a low ɛNd of −7.5 to −19.4, with TDM2 = 1.5–2.5 Ga, and these data indicate that the magmas were dominantly sourced from partial melting of middle to lower crustal intermediate-felsic igneous rocks and mingling with mafic to intermediate magmas, during rift-related magmatism associated with subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate beneath Eastern China in Early Cretaceous times.
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Ferenc, Štefan, Martin Števko, Tomáš Mikuš, Stanislava Milovská, Richard Kopáčik, and Eva Hoppanová. "Primary Minerals and Age of The Hydrothermal Quartz Veins Containing U-Mo-(Pb, Bi, Te) Mineralization in the Majerská Valley near Čučma (Gemeric Unit, Spišsko-Gemerské Rudohorie Mts., Slovak Republic)." Minerals 11, no. 6 (June 13, 2021): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060629.
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An occurrence of vein U-Mo mineralization is located in the Majerská valley near Čučma, about 7 km to the NNE of the district town of Rožňava (Eastern Slovakia). Mineralization is hosted in the acidic metapyroclastics of the Silurian Bystrý Potok Fm. (Gemeric Unit), and originated in the following stages: (I.) quartz I, fluorapatite I; (II.) quartz II, fluorapatite II, zircon, rutile chlorite, tourmaline; (III.) uraninite, molybdenite, U-Ti oxides; (IV.) pyrite I, ullmannite, gersdorffite, cobaltite; (Va.) galena, bismuth, tetradymite, joséite A and B, Bi3(TeS)2 mineral phase, (BiPb)(TeS) mineral phase, ikunolite; (Vb.) minerals of the kobellite–tintinaite series, cosalite; (VI.) pyrite II; (VII.) titanite, chlorite; and (VIII.) supergene mineral phases. The chemical in-situ electron-microprobe U-Pb dating of uraninite from a studied vein yielded an average age of around 265 Ma, corresponding to the Guadalupian Epoch of Permian; the obtained data corresponds with the age of Gemeric S-type granites. The age correlation of uraninite with the Gemeric S-type granites and the spatial connection of the studied mineralization with the Čučma granite allows us to assume that it is a Hercynian, granite-related (perigranitic) mineralization.
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Collins, William J., Hui-Qing Huang, Peter Bowden, and A. I. S. Kemp. "Repeated S–I–A-type granite trilogy in the Lachlan Orogen and geochemical contrasts with A-type granites in Nigeria: implications for petrogenesis and tectonic discrimination." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 491, no. 1 (May 3, 2019): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp491-2018-159.
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AbstractThe classical S–I–A-type granites from the Lachlan Orogen, SE Australia, formed as a tectonic end-member of the accretionary orogenic spectrum, the Paleozoic Tasmanides. The sequence of S- to I- to A-type granite is repeated at least three times. All the granites are syn-extensional, formed in a dominantly back-arc setting behind a single, stepwise-retreating arc system between 530 and 230 Ma. Peralkaline granites are rare. Systematic S–I–A progressions indicate the progressive dilution of an old crustal component as magmatism evolved from arc (S-type) to proximal back-arc (I-type) to distal back-arc (A-type) magmatism. The alkaline and peralkaline A-type Younger granites of Nigeria were generally hotter and drier than the Lachlan A-type granites and were emplaced into an anhydrous Precambrian basement during intermittent intracontinental rifting. This geodynamic environment contrasts with the distal back-arc setting of the Lachlan A-type granites, where magmatism migrated rapidly across the orogen. Tectonic discrimination diagrams are inappropriate for the Lachlan granites, placing them in the wrong settings. Only the peralkaline Narraburra suite of the Lachlan Orogen fits the genuine ‘within-plate’ setting of the Nigerian A-type granites. Such discrimination diagrams require re-evaluation in the light of an improved modern understanding of tectonic processes, particularly the role of extensional tectonism and its geodynamic drivers.
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Duan, Zhen-Peng, Shao-Yong Jiang, Hui-Min Su, Xin-You Zhu, Tao Zou, and Xi-Yin Cheng. "Trace and Rare Earth Elements, and Sr Isotopic Compositions of Fluorite from the Shihuiyao Rare Metal Deposit, Inner Mongolia: Implication for Its Origin." Minerals 10, no. 10 (October 4, 2020): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10100882.
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Abundant fluorites occur in the Shihuiyao rare metal (Nb-Ta-Rb) deposit in Inner Mongolia of NE China, and they can be classified by their occurrence into three types. Type I occurs disseminated in greisen pockets of albitized granite. Type II occurs in the skarn zone between granite and carbonate host rocks, and it can be subdivided into different subtypes according to color, namely dark purple (II-D), magenta (II-M), green (II-G), light purple (II-P), and white (II-W). Type III are the fluorite-bearing veins in the silty mudstones. On the basis of petrography of the fluorites and their high contents of HFSEs (high field strength elements) and LILEs (large ion lithophile elements), strong negative Eu anomalies, and tetrad effects, we suggest that Type I fluorites crystallized in a late-magmatic stage with all the components derived from the granite. The high Y/Ho ratios suggest that the Type II fluorites crystallized in the early- or late-hydrothermal stage. The rare earth elements (REEs) characterized by various Eu anomalies of the Type II fluorites indicate a mixed origin for ore-forming metals from granite-related fluids and limestones, and the oxygen fugacity increased during fluid migration and cooling. Compared to the Type II fluorites, the similar trace element contents of the Type III suggest a similar origin, and remarkable positive Eu anomalies represent a more oxidizing environment. The Sr isotopic composition (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.710861) of the Type I fluorites may represent that of the granite-derived fluids, whereas the (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios of the Type II (0.710168–0.710380) and Type III (0.709018) fluorites are lower than that of the Type I fluorites but higher than those of the Late Permian-Early Triassic seawater, suggesting a binary mixed Sr source, i.e., granite-derived fluids and marine limestones. Nevertheless, the proportion of limestone-derived Sr in the mixture forming the Type III fluorites is much higher than that of Type II. The rare metal Nb and Ta get into the granite-derived F-rich fluids by complexing with F and precipitate in the form of columbite-group minerals after the Type I fluorites crystallize. Most of Nb and Ta may have deposited as columbite-group minerals during the magmatic stage, resulting in no Nb-Ta mineralization in the hydrothermal stage when the Type II and III fluorites formed. Hence, the Type I fluorites in the Shihuiyao mining area can be used as an important exploration tool for the Nb-Ta mineralization.
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Liu, Xue Long, Wen Chang Li, Yan Yang, and Guang Hou Yin. "Tectonic Environment and Geochemical Characteristics of Geza Arc Magmatic Rocks in Sanjiang Orgenic Belt, SW China." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.444.
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Geza island arc located in the southwest Sanjiang tectonic igneous rock belts, it was a products of Ganzi-Litang oceanic crust diving to Zhongdian Landmasses in late Triassic and a important of newly discovered copper polymetallic belts in the recent years in China. The regional strong tectonic-magmatic activity throughout the island-arc orogenesis from beginning to the end, the rich mineralization developed in the different times and different circumstances. Based on the development stage of island arc orogenic,the distribution of intrusive rocks, rocks composition, geochemical characteristics, Geza island arc granit belt can be divided into three belts. Lithogeochemical characteristics show that the porphyry (porphyrite) and island-arc granite rocks have the same rock series (high-K calc-alkaline) and the same genetic type (I-type granite); these rocks trace elements very similar to granite of island arc, which enriched in Ba, La, Hf, Au,chalcophile elements Cu,Pb, siderophile elements Mo, Ni, and depleted in Rb, Nb, P, Ti.
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Steiner, Benedikt M., Gavyn K. Rollinson, and John M. Condron. "An Exploration Study of the Kagenfels and Natzwiller Granites, Northern Vosges Mountains, France: A Combined Approach of Stream Sediment Geochemistry and Automated Mineralogy." Minerals 9, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9120750.
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Following a regional reconnaissance stream sediment survey that was carried out in the northern Vosges Mountains in 1983, a total of 20 stream sediment samples were collected with the aim of assessing the regional prospectivity for the granite-hosted base and rare metal mineralisation of the northern Vosges magmatic suite near Schirmeck. A particular focus of the investigation was the suspected presence of W, Nb and Ta geochemical occurrences in S-type (Kagenfels) and I-S-type (Natzwiller) granites outlined in public domain data. Multi-element geochemical assays revealed the presence of fault-controlled Sn, W, Nb mineralisation assemblages along the margins of the Natzwiller and Kagenfels granites. Characteristic geochemical fractionation and principal component analysis (PCA) trends along with mineralogical evidence in the form of cassiterite, wolframite, ilmenorutile and columbite phases and muscovite–chlorite–tourmaline hydrothermal alteration association assemblages in stream sediments demonstrate that, in the northern Vosges, S-type and fractionated hybrid I-S-type granites are enriched in incompatible, late-stage magmatic elements. This is attributed to magmatic fractionation and hydrothermal alteration trends and the presence of fluxing elements in late-stage granitic melts. This study shows that the fractionated granite suites in the northern Vosges Mountains contain rare metal mineralisation indicators and therefore represent possible targets for follow-up mineral exploration. The application of automated mineralogy (QEMSCAN®) in regional stream sediment sampling added significant value by linking geochemistry and mineralogy.
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Hasalová, Pavlína, Karel Schulmann, Anne Sophie Tabaud, and Emilien Oliot. "Microstructural evidences for mineralogical inheritance in partially molten rocks: example from the Vosges Mts." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 186, no. 2-3 (2015): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.186.2-3.131.
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Abstract During orogenic processes continental crust experiences significant partial melting. Repeated thermal pulses or fluctuation in fluid content can even cause multiple anatectic events that result in complex intrusion suits. In the Vosges mountains, France, two main generations of magmatic rocks are recorded. The first magmatic event occurred at ca. 340 Ma, and is represented by extensive K-Mg granitoids magmatism. The second magmatic event occurred at ca. 325 Ma and produced large quantity of felsic anatectic melts which further pervasively intruded and compositionally and texturally reworked previously formed granitoids. Detailed field and microstructural observations revealed continuous transitions from porphyritic granite with large euhedral Kfs and Pl phenocrysts (Type I granite) via intermediate granite (Type II) to fine-grained apparently isotropic granite (Type III) dominated by the neo-crystallized melt. The Type I granite preserves the original magmatic assemblage and has only incipient amount of the newly crystallized melt. The new melt-crystallized material forms narrow, fine-grained pathways along grain boundaries or cuts across pre-existing magmatic grains and forms an interlinked network. With increasing amount of the newly crystallized material the original magmatic grains are resorbed and show highly corroded shapes. The early formed feldspars grains have strong compositional zoning, with oscillatory zoned cores reflecting range of original magmatic compositions and rims showing later melt overgrowths. Original magmatic feldspars have different composition from the new phases crystallizing in the partially molten granite. We interpret the fine-grained microscopic corridors as melt pathways that were exploited by the new magma. We suggest that this melt pervasively migrated through the older granitoids resulting in mixture of inherited “xenocrysts” and of new melt-derived crystals. The interaction between the new melt and previously crystallized granitoids results in variety of granite textures and fabrics. These reflect different degrees of equilibration between the bulk rock and the passing melt. Finally, Type III granite carries mixed isotopic signature intermediate between the type I granite and the surrounding metasediments and granulites, suggesting mixing of the original granite with new later magma with source in these rocks.
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LIU, CHANGFENG, ZHIGUANG ZHOU, YONGJU TANG, CHEN WU, HONGYING LI, YAN ZHU, TIAN JIANG, WENCAN LIU, and BAOYING YE. "Geochronology and tectonic settings of Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks in the Ulanhot region, central and southern Da Xingan Range." Geological Magazine 154, no. 5 (June 24, 2016): 923–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756816000418.
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AbstractZircon U–Pb dating and whole-rock geochemical analysis have been performed on Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks of the Ulanhot area, NE China, with the aim of constraining the tectonic evolution of the central and southern Da Xingan Range. Zircon U–Pb dating indicates that Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous magmatic events experienced four stages at:c.155 Ma;c.144 Ma; 135–130 Ma; andc.126 Ma. Thec.155 Ma magmatic event consists of quartz diorite and granite-porphyryp with the geochemical characteristic of high Sr and Sr/Y or high A/CNK (1.38), implying the primary magma was derived from partial melting of a thickened lower crust which induced the closure of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean. Thec.144 Ma magmatic event consists of quartz monzodiorite with the geochemical characteristics of alkaline series, and indicates the delamination of a thickened crust. The 135–130 Ma magmatic event consists of syenogranite and granite-porphyry with characteristics of both I-type and A-type granites, which induced both the subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific oceanic plate and the post-orogenic extension of the Mongol–Okhotsk Orogenic Belt. Thec.126 Ma magmatic event consisted of highly fractionated I-type biotite granite and alkaline series gabbro, marking the end of the Mongol–Okhotsk Orogen, and implying that the study area was controlled by the circum-Pacific tectonic system during this stage.
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Tian, Li, Deyou Sun, Jun Gou, Shan Jiang, Zhao Feng, Duo Zhang, and Yujie Hao. "Petrogenesis of the Newly Discovered Early Cretaceous Peralkaline Granitic Dikes in Baerzhe Area of Jarud Banner, Inner Mongolia: Implications for Deciphering Magma Evolution." Minerals 12, no. 12 (November 29, 2022): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12121532.
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The super-large Baerzhe Be–Nb–Zr–REE deposit in NE China is hosted in the Early Cretaceous peralkaline granites. In this work, the newly discovered granitic dikes developed around the Baerzhe deposit were studied for the first time, focusing on their genesis and genetic relationships with the Baerzhe peralkaline granites. Zircon U-Pb dating of these granitic rocks (including the granite porphyry, rhyolite and miarolitic granite) yielded Early Cretaceous ages of 125–121 Ma. Their mineral assemblages and geochemical features suggest that they share similar features with the peralkaline A-type granites. Their geochemical data and zircon Hf isotopic compositions (εHf(t) = +3.4 to +10.5) indicate that the peralkaline granitic rocks were formed by the partial melting of dehydrated charnockite with extensive plagioclase crystal fractionation, which resulted in a peralkaline affinity. There are two types of distinct zircons in the studied samples: the type I zircon with a bright rim and dark core, which may represent a cumulate mineral phase captured together with aggregates during eruption, and the type II zircon with a higher evolution degree crystallized in the residual melts. Combined with the simulation results using whole-rock trace elements, we proposed that the peralkaline granitic dikes represent more evolved interstitial melts than the Baerzhe granitic magma. In the Early Cretaceous extensional tectonic settings, mantle-derived magma upwelled, which induced the melting of the lower crust and prolonged the evolutionary process of the magma crystal mush.
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Qiao, Xuetao, Peng Wang, Cunfu Yan, Fang Li, and Long Wu. "Effect of Modified Deformed Steel Fiber on Mechanical Properties of Artificial Granite." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (April 2, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8864753.
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In order to explore the influence of the shape and surface treatment of steel fiber on the mechanical properties of artificial granite matrix, the drawing models of W-type, L-type, V-type, and I-type steel fiber are established, the pull-out force of different shapes of steel fiber is calculated theoretically, and a large number of experimental specimens are made for the pull-out test of steel fiber and material strength test. Both theory and experiment show that W-type steel fiber has the greatest influence in artificial granite. The steel fibers with different shapes were treated with KH-550 silane coupling agent. Then the steel fibers with different shapes before and after treatment were put into the artificial granite matrix for pull-out test and material strength test. The results showed that, compared with L-type, V-type, and I-type steel fibers before and after KH-550 silane coupling agent treatment, W-type steel fibers after KH-550 silane coupling agent treatment have the best strength enhancement effect in artificial granite matrix.
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Sarangua, Nergui, Yasushi Watanabe, Takuya Echigo, and Mihoko Hoshino. "Chemical Characteristics of Zircon from Khaldzan Burgedei Peralkaline Complex, Western Mongolia." Minerals 9, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9010010.
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The Khaldzan Burgedei peralkaline complex is one of the potential rare metal (Zr–Nb–REE) deposits in Mongolia. The complex consists mainly of quartz syenite and granite, and zircon is the most common accessory mineral in the rocks. Based on texture and mineral paragenesis, zircon is classified into three types. Type-I zircons in the quartz syenite and granite are generally isolated and euhedral to subhedral, 25–100 μm in size, enclosed by albite, K-feldspar, and quartz. Type-II zircons occur as subhedral to euhedral 20–150 μm grains, with quartz, and fluorite in the metasomatized zone in the quartz syenite as well as an upper part of the granite near the contact with the quartz syenite. These zircons contain porous core parts (Type-I) or remnants of corroded xenotime-(Y) and synchysite-(Ce). Type-III zircons are observed in the hydrothermally altered zone in quartz syenite and pegmatite. These zircons are anhedral, fine-grained, 10–30 μm in size, and occur in amphibole pseudomorphs which were replaced by quartz, fluorite, chlorite, and hematite. Laser Raman spectra show that Type-I and Type-II zircons contain high amounts of water. Among these, three types of zircons, Type-II zircons are most enriched in REE, Nb, and Th. The texture and composition of the three types of zircons indicate that Type-I, Type-II, and Type-III zircons are magmatic, metasomatic and late hydrothermal in origin, respectively, and they experienced remobilization and recrystallization during the transition from a magmatic to a hydrothermal system.
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Puffer, J. H., and M. L. Gorring. "The Edison magnetite deposits in the context of pre-, syn-, and post-orogenic metallogenesis in the Grenville Highlands of New Jersey." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-082.
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Most of the magnetite deposits of the eastern Grenville Province have been described as precipitates from hydrothermal solutions derived from metamorphic processes, from early, late, or post-Grenville granites, or as metasediments. Granites host many of these deposits, but others, including the historic Edison iron mines of New Jersey, are hosted by potassium-feldspar gneiss, commonly interpreted as meta-arkose. Our new geochemical data indicate, however, that the protolith of the potassium-feldspar gneiss is rhyolite, not arkose. Supporting evidence includes (i) the absence of an underlying potassic provenance for arkosic sediment, (ii) potassium and sodium contents among host rocks that exceed the range of arkose but are consistent with A-type rhyolite, and (iii) a close chemical resemblance of the potassium-feldspar gneiss to an A-type granite (Byram granite) that is closely associated in time and space. As the ore zone through the Edison mines is approached, the K/Na ratio of the host rocks undergoes a distinct increase, consistent with extensive diagenetic alteration of rhyolitic pyroclastics in a hypersaline environment. This alteration provided a local ligand source for subsequent hydrothermal iron mineralization derived from the nearby pre-orogenic Byram granite. These iron concentrations were then remobilized and recrystallized during subsequent Grenville metamorphism. Although some of the magnetite deposits of the New Jersey Highlands display evidence of post-orogenic replacement and an association with undeformed pegmatites, the banded magnetite ore and related pegmatites of the Edison mines are conformable to the foliation of the host rock and are interpreted as metamorphic products of pre-orogenic, granite-derived, hydrothermal iron concentrates.
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Broska, Igor, and Igor Petrík. "Genesis and stability of accessory phosphates in silicic magmatic rocks: a Western Carpathian case study." Mineralogia 39, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2008): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10002-008-0004-6.
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Genesis and stability of accessory phosphates in silicic magmatic rocks: a Western Carpathian case studyThe formation of accessory phosphates in granites reflects many chemical and physical factors, including magma composition, oxidation state, concentrations of volatiles and degree of differentiation. The geotectonic setting of granites can be judged from the distribution and character of their phosphates. Robust apatite crystallization is typical of the early magmatic crystallization of I-type granitoids, and of late magmatic stages when increased Ca activity may occur due to the release of anorthite from plagioclase. Although S-type granites also accumulate apatite in the early stages, increasing phosphorus in late differentiates is common due to their high ASI. The apatite from the S-types is enriched in Mn compared to that in I-type granites. A-type granites characteristically contain minor amounts of apatite due to low P concentrations in their magmas. Monazite is typical of S-type granites but it can also become stable in late I-type differentiates. Huttonite contents in monazite correlate roughly positively with temperature. The cheralite molecule seems to be highest in monazite from the most evolved granites enriched in B and F. Magmatic xenotime is common mainly in the S-type granites, but crystallization of secondary xenotime is not uncommon. The formation of the berlinite molecule in feldspars in peraluminous melts may suppress phosphate precipitation and lead to distributional inhomogeneities. Phosphate mobility commonly leads to the formation of phosphate veinlets in and outside granite bodies. The stability of phosphates in the superimposed, metamorphic processes is restricted. Both monazite-(Ce) and xenotime-(Y) are unstable during fluid-activated overprinting. REE accessories, especially monazite and allanite, show complex replacement patterns culminating in late allanite and epidote formation.
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Cui, Xing, Min Sun, and Guochun Zhao. "Syn-orogenic A-type granites and post-collisional I-type granites in the southern Chinese Altai: Petrogenesis and implications for granite classification." Gondwana Research 111 (November 2022): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2022.07.007.
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Sun, Xing Li, Xiao Huang Liu, Jiu Feng Liu, and Bai Nian Sun. "The Age and Origin of the Jinfosi Biotite Granite, North Qilian, NW China: Evidence from U–Pb Zircon Age Data, Geochemistry, and Nd–Sr–Pb Isotopes." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.3.
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New geochemistry, Nd–Sr–Pb isotopes and U–Pb zircon data from the Jinfosi Biotite granite provide important constraints on the evolution of the crust in this part of the North Qilian, NW China. The Jinfosi Biotite granite have the following properties: SiO2 > 65%, A/CNK(Molar Al2O3/(CaO + Na2O + K2O) ratios generally > 1.1, Na2O generally < 3.2%, Sm/Nd values between 0.17 and 0.27, and high Rb/Sr values. A chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) pattern shows negative Eu anomalies and depletion in heavy REEs. 143Nd/144Nd values are relatively low, and values of εNd(t) and εSr(t) are indicative of continental lithosphere. (87Sr/86Sr)i values are between 0.69952 and 0.70962, corresponding to continental crust mixed with a minor component of mantle material. Values of 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb are 18.9–19.0, 15.59–15.85, and 38.00–and 39.00, respectively, corresponding to S-type collision-related granites. The Jinfosi Biotite granite yield a SHRIMP zircon U–Pb age of 416.7 ± 4.1 Ma. R1–R2 and Rb versus (Yb + Nb) discrimination diagrams indicate that the Jinfosi biotite granite was produced during continental collision following closure of the paleo-North Qilian Ocean.
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Stephens, W. E. "Spatial, compositional and rheological constraints on the origin of zoning in the Criffell pluton, Scotland." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 83, no. 1-2 (1992): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300007884.
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ABSTRACTThe Criffell pluton in southwestern Scotland (397 Ma, a Newer Granite of late Caledonian age) is concentrically zoned with outer granodiorites of typically I-type aspect passing into inner granite with more evolved characteristics. The zonation is examined in terms of the compositional surfaces of bulk parameters such as SiO2 and Rb/Sr and compositional variation is best modelled as multi-pulse, there being greater variation in bulk composition between pulses than within pulse. Published variations in Sr, Nd and O isotopes reflect the derivation of the pulses from separate and isotopically distinct sources. Other evidence for open-system behaviour includes mingling with mafic magmas to form enclaves, whereas closed-system behaviour is indicated by restite separation in the early granodiorites, and fractional crystallisation in the late granites. A dominant infracrustal I-type magma formed the first pulse followed by magma derived from more evolved crustal rocks (mainly metasediments of varying ages and maturities). Experimental fluid-absent melting of amphibolite and metapelite at about 900°C has shown that significant quantities of melt can be generated, respectively with I-type and S-type characteristics. Despite having similar bulk compositions, these melts have very different viscosities and densities for the same H2O contents (ηS-type>ηI-type and ρS-type≤ρI-type). It is argued that the rheological controls on magma escape from the source region along complex and tortuous pathways favour the more fluid I-type melts over the more viscous (and only slightly less dense) S-type melts. This constraint could have the effect of reversing the expected buoyancy-driven emplacement sequence, and may represent an alternative rheological differentiation mechanism for the formation of some zoned plutons.
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Chen, Wei, Xinbiao Lü, Xiaofeng Cao, and Wenjia Ai. "Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Dapingliang Late Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks in the eastern Kuluketage Block: geochronological, geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic implications." Geological Magazine 157, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 173–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756819000530.
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AbstractIn the past ten years, a great deal of geological study has been reported on the magmatic rocks exposed in the central and western region of the Kuluketage Block, while similar research in the eastern region has rarely been reported. In this paper, we report zircon U–Pb geochronological, zircon Lu–Hf isotopic, whole-rock elemental and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data for the Dapingliang intermediate-acid intrusive rocks in the eastern Kuluketage Block, in order to evaluate its petrogenesis and tectonic significance. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb dating provided a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 735 ± 3 Ma for the albitophyre (D1), 717 ± 2 Ma for the granite porphyry (D2) and 721 ± 1 Ma for the diorite porphyrite (D3). Geochemical analyses reveal that D1 and D2 belong to Na-rich alkaline A-type granites, and D3 shows the features of high-K calc-alkaline I-type granite. D1 and D2 are characterized by light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment and relative depletion of high field strength element (HFSE), with relatively flat heavy rare earth element (HREE) patterns and obviously negative Eu anomalies. D3 is characterized by the enrichment of LREE and depletion of HFSE, with negative slope HREE patterns and slightly negative Eu anomalies. In tectonic discrimination diagrams, D1 and D2 fall in the within-plate granite (WPG) field, indicating a rift setting. Although D3 falls within the volcanic arc granite (VAG) field, it most likely formed in a rift setting, as inferred from its petrology, Sr–Nd–Hf isotopes and regional tectonic evolution. Based on pronounced εNd(t), εHf(t), Pb isotopic data, TDM2 and high (87Sr/86Sr)i and elemental compositions, D1 was derived from the partial melting of basement amphibolites of the old lower crust. D2 originated from a mixture of the old lower crust and depleted mantle-derived magmas and was dominated by partial melting of the basement amphibolites of the lower crust. D3 could have been formed by partial melting of K-rich hornblende in the lower crust. Combining previous studies, we think that the c. 745–710 Ma magmatic rocks were formed in a continental rift setting. A partial melting scheme, triggered by underplating of mantle plume-derived magmas, is proposed to interpret the formation of c. 745–710 Ma A-type and I-type granitoids, mantle-derived mafic dykes, bimodal intrusive rocks, adakitic granites and volcanic rocks. These magmatic activities were probably a reflection of the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent.Highlights(1)Circa 720 Ma magmatism in the eastern Kuluketage Block.(2)Na-rich granite was derived from partial melting of basement amphibolites.(3)The c. 745–710 Ma magmatic rocks were formed in a continental rift setting.(4)The underplating of mantle plume-derived magmas is proposed.
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Bayasgalan, Tsogoo, Baatar Munkhtsengel, Sodnom Khishigsuren, and Battur Khurelbaatar. "Geochemistry and geochronology of granitoid rocks of the Taatsiin Gol pluton of the Khangai Complex, Central Mongolia." Mongolian Geoscientist 26, no. 53 (December 30, 2021): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mgs.v26i53.1788.
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The Taatsiin Gol pluton is one of the major constitute the intrusive body of the Khangai Complex, and is composed the first phase of diorite, the second phase of porphyritic granite, biotite-hornblende granite, and granodiorite, and the third phase of biotite granite and alkali granite. This paper presents new geochemical and U-Pb zircon age data from intrusive rocks of the Taatsiin Gol pluton. Geochemical analyses show that the granitoid rocks of the pluton are high-K calc-alkaline, and metaluminous to weakly peraluminous I-type granites, depleted in HFSE such as Nb, Ta, Ti and Y and enriched in LILE such as Rb, Cs, Th, K and LREE, where some variations from early to later phases rock. Zircon U-Pb dating on the biotite granite of the third phase yielded weighted mean ages of 241.4±1.2 Ma and 236.7±1.4 Ma. Based on the new and previous researchers’ age results, the age of the Taatsiin Gol pluton of the Khangai Complex is 256-230 Ma consistent with the late Permian to mid-Triassic time. Although showing variated geochemical features, the rocks of the three phases are all suggested to form at an active continental margin setting, probably related to the southwestward subduction of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean plate during the late Permian to mid-Triassic period.
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Świerczyńska, Anna Maria. "Studia nad domieszką mineralną w ceramice naczyniowej kultury amfor kulistych z terenu Kujaw." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 24 (December 15, 2019): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2019.24.18.
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This article relates to the question, „what exactly is a mineral admixture in Globular Amphora Culture?”. My studies prove that only the granites fulfill the criteria. I designed the experiment. One of the goals was to examine which stone is the easiest to process. It was a rapakivi granite. Its minerals are pink or grey after processing. The admixture found in GAC ceramics has the same color and the same size of minerals. There was another type of admixture which was not recognizable.
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Ponomarenko, O., O. Zaiats, A. Samchuk, I. Shvaika, and L. Proskurka. "Distribution of rare earth elements in Ruska Poliana granites and accessory fluorites." Мінеральні ресурси України, no. 4 (January 14, 2020): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31996/mru.2019.4.3-8.
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Fluorite is one of the main concentrators of rare earth elements (REE) in the granites of the Ruska Polіana massif of the Korsun-Novomyrhorod pluton of the Ukrainian Shield. Despite its distribution in the granites of the massif, the geochemical features of the fluorites have not yet been investigated. The aim of this work was to determine the content of REE in the fluorites, the granites and to study the distribution of REE in the fluorites and granites containing this mineral. The content of REE in 4 samples of the granites and 4 monofraction the fluorites from these granites (well № 8568) was determined by the ICP MS method on the Element-2 device at M. P. Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation of the NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv). The well № 8568 was drilled in the southeastern part of the Ruska Polіana granite massif of the Korsun-Novomyrhorod pluton of the Ukrainian Shield (Ruska Polіana Village). In this part, the researchers revealed granites with rare metal mineralization. The investigated granites of well are represented by 3 types: the gray-pink fine-medium-grained granites (type I) (156,1–158,0 m), the gray-pink porphyriform granites (type II) (174,6–176,5 m), the gray medium-coarse-grained granites (type III) (225,0–227,0 m) and the pink-gray medium- coarse granites (type III) (239,6–242,0 m). According to the results of the ICP MS analysis, the highest content of lanthanides (26933 ppm) and yttrium (11 705 ppm) was observed in fluorites from the gray-pink fine-medium granites of the upper part of the well. But the gray-pink fine-medium granites have the lowest total lanthanide content (218 ppm). The lowest levels of lanthanides (692 ppm) and yttrium (831 ppm) were determined in the fluorites of the pink-gray medium-coarse grained granites of the deepest part of the well. The pink-gray medium-coarse granites are characterized by high lanthanide content (797 ppm). The fluorites from Ruska Poliana of the gray-pink fine-medium grained granites can be compared with the fluorite from Perga granite by the total content of lanthanides. Among the rock-bearing minerals in biotites from the Ruska Poliana granites of different depths of the well, there is a high content of REE, almost at the level of the granites themselves. Such a high level indicates the presence of inclusions of accessory minerals enriched with REE in the biotites, especially fluorites.
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Zhang, Xiang-xin, Yong-feng Gao, and Shi-he Lei. "Petrogenesis of early Permian granitic dykes in the Wulanhuduge area, central Inner Mongolia, North China: constraints from geochronology, geochemistry, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, no. 6 (June 2020): 747–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0112.
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Early Permian granitic dykes are well developed in the Wulanhuduge area, central Inner Mongolia, North China. In this study, we investigated the petrography, geochronology, and whole-rock geochemistry of the granite porphyry dykes in the Wulanhuduge area. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry zircon U–Pb dating yielded 206Pb/238U ages of 289–288 Ma for these granite porphyry dykes, indicating they were emplaced in the early Permian. These granitic dykes are high in silica and alkali contents, and low in total Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, and P2O5 contents. They show enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements such as Rb, Ba, Th, U and K, and depletion in high field strength elements such as Nb, Ta, and Ti, typical of arc-like magma. Their Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions indicate low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70306–0.70564), positive εNd(t) values (+3.3 to +3.9), and radiogenic Pb isotopes with (206Pb/204Pb)i of 18.080–18.616, (207Pb/204Pb)i of 15.497–15.555, and (208Pb/204Pb)i of 37.713–38.175. These geochemical data, along with petrological characteristics, suggest that they belong to high K calc-alkaline I-type granites and were generated by the partial melting of the mafic rocks from the pre-existing juvenile arc crust in a post-subduction extensional setting caused by slab breakoff. Therefore, the emplacement of these granite porphyry dykes in the Wulanhuduge area may represent the end stage of the subduction–accretion process in central Inner Mongolia.
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Weaver, S. D., C. J. Adams, R. J. Pankhurst, and I. L. Gibson. "Granites of Edward VII Peninsula, Marie Byrd Land: anorogenic magmatism related to Antarctic-New Zealand rifting." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 83, no. 1-2 (1992): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300007963.
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ABSTRACTSyenogranites and monzogranites of Edward VII Peninsula, Marie Byrd Land, represent magmatism associated with continental rifting and the separation of New Zealand from W Antarctica in the mid-Cretaceous. These coarse-grained, leucocratic, subsolvus biotite granites occur as five small plutons cutting Lower Palaeozoic metasediments. Petrographic features include the predominance of microcline perthite over albite, bipyramidal smoky quartz, red-brown biotite and accessory ilmenite, zircon, apatite, monazite and fluorite. Enclaves are absent and miarolitic cavites are rare.The granites are a weakly peraluminous, potassic, and highly fractionated suite with high concentrations of Rb, Nb, Y, HREE and F in the most evolved compositions. REE patterns vary from LREE-enriched (CeN/YbN = 8·4), to flat REE patterns (CeN/YbN = 1·1) with large negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0·02). Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios are 0·7116-0·7206 and initial εNd values are −5·5 to −7·7. Generalised fractionation trends for the suite are explicable in terms of the modal mineralogy. Monazite crystallisation exerted a predominant control on LREE concentrations.The geochemistry of the Edward VII Peninsula granites suggests an infracrustal I-type source, and regionally available Devonian-Carboniferous I-type granodiorites and tonalites satisfy the isotopic constraints. The granites classify as A-type (preferred term A-subtype) and Within-Plate Granites on standard diagrams, but the least fractionated rocks clearly indicate the I-type, Volcanic Arc Granite geochemical signatures of their inferred crustal sources.
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Shardakova, G. Yu, S. V. Pribavkin, A. A. Krasnobaev, N. S. Borodina, and M. V. Chervyakovskaya. "ZIRCONS FROM ROCKS OF THE MURZINKA-ADUI METAMORPHIC COMPLEX: GEOCHEMISTRY, THERMOMETRY, POLYCHRONISM, AND GENETIC CONSEQUENCES." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 12, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 332–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2021-12-2-0527.
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Transformation of the oceanic crust into the continental one in orogenic belts is an important problem in petrological studies. In the paleocontinental sector of the Urals, a key object for tracing the stages of metamorphism and investigating the origin of anatectic granites is the Murzinka-Adui metamorphic complex. We have analyzed trace elements in zircons and established their genesis, sources, crystallization conditions, and stages of metamorphic events and granite generation in this complex. Zircons compositions were determined by the LA-ICP-MS method. Temperatures were calculated from Ti contents in the zircons. We distinguish three geochemical types of zircons, which differ in the ratios of light and heavy REE, U, Th, Ti, Y and show different values of Ce- and Eu-anomalies and Zr/Hf ratios, which are indicative of different crystallization conditions, as follows. Type I: minimal total LREE content; clear negative Eu- and Ce- anomalies; features of magmatic genesis; crystallization temperatures from 629 to 782 °C. Type II: higher contents of Ti, La, and LREE; low Ce-anomaly; assumed crystallization from highly fluidized melts or solutions. Type III: low positive Eu-anomaly; high REE content; low Th/U-ratio; zircons are assumed to originate from a specific fluidized melt with a high Eu-concentration. Ancient relict zircons (2300–330 Ma) in gneisses and granites show features of magma genesis and belong to types I and II. Such grains were possibly inherited from granitoid sources with different SiO2 contents and different degrees of metamorphism. Based on the geological and petrogeochemical features and zircon geochemistry of the Murzinka-Adui complex, there are grounds to conclude that the material composing this complex was generated from the sialic crust. The main stages of metamorphism and/or granite generation, which are traceable from the changes in types and compositions of the zircons, are dated at 1639, 380–370, 330, and 276–246 Ma. Thus, transformation of the oceanic crust into the continental one was a long-term and complicated process, and, as a result, the thickness of the sialic crust is increased in the study area.
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Aspiotis, S., S. Jung, F. Hauff, and R. L. Romer. "Petrogenesis of a late-stage calc-alkaline granite in a giant S-type batholith: geochronology and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes from the Nomatsaus granite (Donkerhoek batholith), Namibia." International Journal of Earth Sciences 110, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 1453–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-02024-w.
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AbstractThe late-tectonic 511.4 ± 0.6 Ma-old Nomatsaus intrusion (Donkerhoek batholith, Damara orogen, Namibia) consists of moderately peraluminous, magnesian, calc-alkalic to calcic granites similar to I-type granites worldwide. Major and trace-element variations and LREE and HREE concentrations in evolved rocks imply that the fractionated mineral assemblage includes biotite, Fe–Ti oxides, zircon, plagioclase and monazite. Increasing K2O abundance with increasing SiO2 suggests accumulation of K-feldspar; compatible with a small positive Eu anomaly in the most evolved rocks. In comparison with experimental data, the Nomatsaus granite was likely generated from meta-igneous sources of possibly dacitic composition that melted under water-undersaturated conditions (X H2O: 0.25–0.50) and at temperatures between 800 and 850 °C, compatible with the zircon and monazite saturation temperatures of 812 and 852 °C, respectively. The Nomatsaus granite has moderately radiogenic initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7067–0.7082), relatively radiogenic initial εNd values (− 2.9 to − 4.8) and moderately evolved Pb isotope ratios. Although initial Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of the granite do not vary with SiO2 or MgO contents, fSm/Nd and initial εNd values are negatively correlated indicating limited assimilation of crustal components during monazite-dominated fractional crystallization. The preferred petrogenetic model for the generation of the Nomatsaus granite involves a continent–continent collisional setting with stacking of crustal slices that in combination with high radioactive heat production rates heated the thickened crust, leading to the medium-P/high-T environment characteristic of the southern Central Zone of the Damara orogen. Such a setting promoted partial melting of metasedimentary sources during the initial stages of crustal heating, followed by the partial melting of meta-igneous rocks at mid-crustal levels at higher P–T conditions and relatively late in the orogenic evolution.
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Förster, H. J. "The chemical composition of uraninite in Variscan granites of the Erzgebirge, Germany." Mineralogical Magazine 63, no. 2 (April 1999): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646199548466.
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AbstractUraninite is widespread as an accessory mineral in the Erzgebirge granites. It occurs throughout the entire comagmatic series of strongly peraluminous S-type Li-mica granites and has been discovered in more evolved transitional I-S type biotite and two-mica granites, but is rare in those of A-type affinity. Textural relationships and chemical ages imply that uraninite is of magmatic origin. Its composition is variable with a proportion of U plus radiogenic Pb between 71 and 99 mol.%. Uraninite has incorporated Th, Y, and the REE in total amounts between 1 and 29 mol.%. Elements such as P, Si, Al, Ca, and Fe are subordinate. Uraninite from two-mica and Li-mica granites is low in ThO2 (0.8–6.5 wt.%), Y2O3 (0–0.8 wt.%) and REE2O3 (0.1–0.6 wt.%). In contrast, biotite granites from the Kirchberg pluton contain uraninite which is enriched in these components (in wt.%) (ThO2 = 5.6–11.0, Y2O3 = 0.6–5.5, Ce2O3 = 0.1–0.6, Dy2O3 = 0.2–1.1). Commonly, the lanthanide and actinide contents in uraninite correlate poorly with those in the host granite. In S-type Li-mica granites as well as fractionated two-mica and biotite granites, uraninite is the dominant contributor to the bulk-rock U content. Here the proportion of U approaches 80–90%.
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Zhao, Chuntao, Jinggui Sun, Yang Liu, Xiaolei Chu, Zhikai Xu, Jilong Han, Wenqing Li, Liang Ren, and Chenglin Bai. "Constraints of magmatism on the Ergu Fe–Zn polymetallic metallogenic system in the central Lesser Xing’an Range, NE China: evidence from geochronology, geochemistry and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopes." Geological Magazine 158, no. 10 (July 23, 2021): 1862–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756821000479.
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AbstractThe medium-sized Ergu Fe–Zn polymetallic skarn deposit is located in the central Lesser Xing’an Range, NE China. The ore bodies are mainly hosted in the contact zone between granodiorite intrusions and lower Cambrian dolomitic crystalline limestones or skarns. To reveal the magmatic influence on the mineralization, resource potential and metallogenic geodynamic process of this deposit, a systematic study of the geology, petrology, zircon U–Pb dating, element geochemistry, amphibole geochemistry and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopes of the Ergu deposit intrusives was conducted. The results show the following: (1) The major rock types in the mine area are medium-grained granodiorite and porphyritic granite, and the rock related to mineralization is medium-grained granodiorite. Zircon U–Pb dating suggests that the granodiorite and porphyritic granite formed at 181.9–183.8 Ma and 182.7 Ma, respectively. Thus, an Early Jurassic magmatic event led to the formation of the Ergu deposit. (2) The granodiorite and porphyritic granite are high-K calc-alkaline I-type granites that formed by comagmatic evolution with varying degrees of fractional crystallization and were likely derived from partial melting of the lower crust. The Ergu deposit occurred in an active continental-margin tectonic setting. (3) The high water content (5.69 wt % H2O), high oxygen fugacity (ΔFMQ = +1.75 to +1.82) and intermediate-plutonic emplacement (3.13 km) of the granodioritic magma are key factors in the formation of the Ergu deposit. The porphyry granite is characterized by high water content (>4 wt % H2O), reduced oxygen fugacity (ΔFMQ = −0.47) and shallow emplacement (<3 km).
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Wang, Song-Jie, Hans-Peter Schertl, and Yu-Mao Pang. "Geochemistry, geochronology and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopes of two types of Early Cretaceous granite porphyry dykes in the Sulu orogenic belt, eastern China." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, no. 2 (February 2020): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0003.
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Late Mesozoic granitic rocks are widely distributed in the Sulu orogenic belt, but the source, tectonic affinity, and associated geodynamic setting that produced the respective magmas remain controversial. To provide insights into these issues, we present field-based petrological, whole-rock major and trace element and Sr–Nd isotope geochemical, zircon U–Pb dating, and Lu–Hf isotope studies on two types of granite porphyry dykes that are newly recognized from the central Sulu belt. U–Pb dating of magmatic zircons from both types yields consistent ages that vary between 124 ± 2 and 118 ± 2 Ma, constraining the timing of intrusion as Early Cretaceous. The granitic rocks have high-K calc-alkaline peraluminous compositions with low Mg# values and are characterized by fractionated rare earth element patterns with strong depletion in high field strength elements. Compared with type I of the granite porphyry dykes, type II exhibits higher SiO2 but slightly lower Na2O and K2O abundances, contains higher Rb/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and shows more pronounced negative Eu, Sr, and Ba anomalies. Both types I and II have high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.709–0.711 and negative εNd(t) values of −19.8 to −18.4. The magmatic zircons possess negative εHf(t) values of −29.1 to −20.8, with mostly Neoarchean Hf model ages of 3001–2478 Ma. These features, together with the presence of Neoproterozoic inherited zircons, indicate that the two types of granite porphyries successively crystallized from a joint granite magma that derived from partial melting of the continental crust of the Yangtze Craton. Therefore, an interrelationship between the granite porphyry dykes and massive magmatic granitoids from adjacent regions in the Sulu belt may be documented, recording evidence of a joint ancient crustal reworking and recycling in a fossilized continental subduction zone during the Early Cretaceous.
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Liu, Xue Long, Na Zhang, Peng Wang, and Fu Cheng Yang. "Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis Discussion with Rock Metallogenic Belt of Geza Island Arc, Yunnan." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 2015–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.2015.
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Geza island arc located in the southwest Sanjiang tectonic igneous rock belts which was a products of Ganzi-Litang oceanic crust diving to Zhongdian Landmasses in late Triassic. Lithogeochemical characteristics shown that the porphyry(porphyrite) and island-arc granite rocks have the same rock series (high-K calc-alkaline) and the same genetic type (I-type granite); these rocks trace elements similar to the granite of island arc,which enriched in Ba, La, Hf, Au,chalcophile elements Cu,Pb, siderophile elements Mo, Ni, and depleted in Rb, Nb, P, Ti. In this region, the similarities of porphyry and local acidic volcanic rocks in the main elements, REE and other trace elements and the composition suggest that they both have the same or similar magmatic source rocks. It is shown that the characteristics of the rock with the island arc granite partial melting of source rock, that may come from the arc type volcano rock or island arc volcano rock cognate magma evolution.
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Macey, P. H., R. J. Thomas, H. P. Smith, D. Frei, and P. J. le Roux. "Lithostratigraphy of the Naros Granite (Komsberg Suite), South Africa and Namibia." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0040.
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Abstract The Naros Granite occurs as a large, northwest-trending ovoid batholith roughly 30 km long and 15 km wide straddling the Orange River border between South Africa and Namibia, 25 km northeast of Onseepkans. It consists mainly of a leucocratic to mesocratic grey, coarse-grained equigranular hornblende-biotite granite-granodiorite that is locally mildly feldspar porphyritic. Small, ovoid mafic autoliths are common and characteristic of the Naros Granite. The composition of the unit varies from granite to granodiorite with a minor leucogranitic phase observed along the southern margin of the batholith. Hornblende and biotite are ubiquitous mafic minerals but small amounts of orthopyroxene occur locally. The Naros Granite has yielded tightly-constrained U-Pb zircon ages between 1 114 Ma and 1 101 Ma. The Naros Granite is generally unfoliated to weakly deformed with only localised shearing along contacts with the surrounding country rocks giving rise to orthogneissic fabrics. It has an intermediate to felsic composition (mean SiO2: 63.9 ± 2.2 wt.%) and is strongly metaluminous. This, together with its biotite-hornblende ± orthopyroxene mineral assemblage and the abundance of mafic autoliths, suggests it is an I-type granitoid, with the source magma produced by partial melting of older igneous rocks that had not undergone any significant chemical weathering. The Naros Granite is the youngest and most evolved member of the ~1.11 Ga Komsberg Suite, a collection of late- to post-tectonic I-type metaluminous, intermediate to felsic, biotite ± hornblende granitoids and their charnockitic equivalents that have intruded the older pre-tectonic gneisses of the Kakamas Domain of the Namaqua Metamorphic Sector.
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Yang, Wu, Min Zhang, Jun Yan, and Xiaocui Chen. "Zircon U-Pb Ages and Geochemistry of the Granite in the Xintianling Tungsten Deposit, SE China: Implications for Geodynamic Settings of the Regional Tungsten Mineralization." Minerals 12, no. 8 (July 28, 2022): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12080952.
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The Xintianling tungsten deposit is a super-large deposit in the Nanling tungsten–tin mineralization belt, which is genetically associated with the early-stage hornblende-biotite monzonitic granite of Qitianling pluton. The orebodies predominantly occur as veins and lenses within skarn rocks between Xintianling granite and limestone (Shidengzi group). In this work, whole-rock major and trace elements and zircon U–Pb ages of the Xintianling granite were studied in an attempt to investigate the geochronological framework, petrogenesis, tectonism, and metallogenesis with regard to the deposit. The petrographic and geochemical analyses indicated that the Xintianling granite consists of three intrusive units of medium- and coarse-grained biotite granite, fine-grained biotite granite, and granite porphyry, of which the biotite granite was strongly associated with mineralization. Biotite granite rocks are highly K-calc-alkaline and weakly peraluminous, with A/CNK ratios ranging from 0.99 to 1.05. Late-granite porphyry is aluminum-supersaturated with a high evolution degree, whose geochemical characteristics suggest that it is either an I- or S-type granite. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating revealed that medium- and coarse-grained biotite granite (162.3 ± 1.2 Ma, MSWD = 1.3), fine-grained biotite granite (161.8 ± 1.3 Ma, MSWD = 1.8), and granite porphyry (154.3 ± 1.6 Ma, MSWD = 2.4) formed in the late Jurassic. The emplacement of the Qitianling A-type granite and associated tungsten-tin polymetallic mineralization is a continuous evolution process, and they are products of the large-scale mineralization of the Nanling in the middle–late Jurassic (150–160 Ma). Under the tectonic setting of the Mesozoic lithospheric extension, asthenosphere upwelling along deep-fault, intensive mantle–crust interaction processes probably provide not only the high heat flow, but also partly mantle-derived material for large-scale W-Sn-polymetallic mineralization in this area.