Journal articles on the topic 'I.s.m. architecten'

The article offers insights in the design practice of Maria Auböck and János Kárász, landscape architects in Vienna, Austria. The purpose of this text is to mark the occasion of us being awarded honorary professorships at MATE University. The selected methods describe the mission of Landscape Urbanism by presenting a variety of projects, each of them has a history and story of its own. The chosen design methods described include selected inspirations, for instance sketching on site, the choice of plant material and constructive challenges. The main methods applied offer varied aspects of team building, following questions for work cooperation. How can clients be motivated to consider time as a building material that extends beyond their decision-making horizon? How can affordable and attractive landscapes be created based on the insight that within these we are able to provide even added value in economic sense? How can sophisticated empty spaces be introduced in urban sites, and get public acceptance without overstaging them? To summarize the presented project palette the title “Open Spaces – Dynamic Places: S M L XL” was chosen as the article includes selected works in different scales. The projects include aspects of inner city renovation by example of a baroque monastery’s courtyard and art in public spaces (a memorial of a destroyed synagogue), explaining landscape designs for subsidized housing quarters and the urban greening of Baku- in four steps. The main aspects of the conclusion deals with landscape urbanism, a new field of planning in the challenging time of Climate Change.

Iwahiko Tsumanuma (also known as Thomas S. Rockrise) was among the earliest immigrants from Japan to come to the United States to study architecture, and in the early twentieth century he established a successful practice, first in New York City and later in Asia. However, despite his training at Syracuse University in the conventional Beaux-Arts architectural vocabulary of the period, Tsumanuma found that the expectations of white patrons required that he design objects and spaces around Orientalist themes in the language of Japonisme. In Practicing Architecture under the Bamboo Ceiling: The Life and Work of Iwahiko Tsumanuma (Thomas S. Rockrise), 1878–1936, Gail Dubrow and collaborators Christina M. Rockrise, Alyssa Gregory, and Sarah Pawlicki make use of a previously unavailable archive of Tsumanuma's family papers to document the architect's life and career, presenting an in-depth case study of the multiple ways in which racism shaped the lives and experiences of Japanese immigrant architects in the United States in the early twentieth century. The methods used for this investigation, which included consulting family papers and collaborating with family descendants, provide a model for scholars seeking to better understand racism's formative role in shaping the history of the architectural profession.

A set of five vessel loading conditions was developed for exposed-waters towing vessels in support of compliance with applicable stability regulations invoked under the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 46, Subchapter M. These loading conditions are envisioned as a starting framework for the naval architect or third-party organization when pursuing a U.S. Coast Guard stability letter with the fewest operational restrictions. These conditions do not represent required operational scenarios. For each loading condition, variable loads based on both tank location and tank contents were specified with the goal of encouraging conservative stability evaluations, while maintaining a level of realism to the resulting vessel attitude at each condition. Use of these developed loading conditions as a replacement for the nearly forty-year-old McGowan and Meyer conditions is anticipated. Using 3D models and General HydroStatics stability software, three vessels representative of modern exposed-waters towing vessels, but designed before the enactment of Subchapter M, were tested against 46 CFR Subchapter S stability criteria at each loading condition. Results of the analysis are presented for each vessel and for each applicable Subchapter S criterion. As expected, vessels not designed for Subchapter M/Subchapter S stability regulations can have trouble passing using the proposed loading conditions. The authors experimented with simple changes to the tank geometry of these pre-Subchapter M vessels, creating compliance with nearly all stability criteria for all loading conditions. Based on relevant literature and the results of this work, it is recommended that, for conservatism, the free-to-trim method be used for stability analysis regardless of the loading conditions applied. It is recommended that if an exposed-waters towing vessel passes the applicable Subchapter S stability criteria using the loading conditions developed in this work, then the vessel should be considered for a stability letter with minimal operational restrictions.

The Festival “Zodchestvo of Eastern Siberia” was founded at the turn of the millennium. The first Festival was held in 2001 at Irkutsk Sibexpocenter and caused a massive outcry among the architectural community in Siberia and throughout the country. Later the Festival “Zodchestvo of Eastern Siberia” became one of the most important annual architectural events in Russia. The first participants of the Festival were the architects from Eastern Siberia (such cities as Irkutsk, Angarsk, Bratsk, Chita and Krasnoyarsk, republics of Buryatia, Tyva, Khakassia, as well as Ust-Ordynsky and Aginsky national districts of Buryatia). Since 2007 architects from Western Siberia (Omsk and Barnaul) have also participated in the Festival. The Festival becomes open. The most topical issues are discussed at the Discussion Club of the Festival. Among the most prominent experts are A. Rappaport, O. Vendina, L. Kogan, A. Vysokovsky, A. Gimelstein, A.Kaftanov, M. Rozhansky, V. Dyatlov, A. Ivanov, D. Fesenko, A. Sirina, A. Finogenov. Prominent Russian architects give master classes, which enjoy great popularity. Thanks to the Festival, within twenty years, Siberian architects have met with masters from the capitals: Y. Gnedovsky, A. Asadov, S. Kiselev, A. Skokan, A. Bavykin, V. Plotkin, A. Savin, A. Cheltsov, A. Pavlova, S. Skuratov, N. Yavein, T. Kuzembaev, M. Mamoshin, Yu. Zemtsov, A. Bokov, T. Bashkaev, S. Gnedovsky, A. Chernikhov, V. Kuzmin, foreign architects M. Drahovsky, D. Dendra, G. Stanishev, as well as Siberian experts I. Popovsky, A. Myakota, P. Anisiforov, A. Dering and many other colleagues. The organizers consider the Festival to be a preparation stage for the International Festival “Zodchestvo” in Moscow. “Zodchestvo of Eastern Siberia” is traditionally held in Irkutsk. In 2014 it was first held in Krasnoyarsk, and in 2017 Krasnoyarsk housed the Festival for the second time. In the same year, Altai architects proposed to hold the next Festival in Barnaul. Thus, the Festival went beyond the borders of Eastern Siberia. We decided to maintain the name of the Festival, filling it with a new geographical meaning: “Zodchestvo in Siberia”. In 2018 the Festival was held in Barnaul, the capital of Altai, and in 2019 it was held in Tomsk. The twentieth-anniversary event took place on the native land, the city of Irkutsk. This year, Kemerovo celebrates the 300th anniversary of Kuzbass and hospitably hosts the Festival “Zodchestvo in Siberia 2021”.

The Festival “Zodchestvo of Eastern Siberia” was founded at the turn of the millennium. The first Festival was held in 2001 at Irkutsk Sibexpocenter and caused a massive outcry among the architectural community in Siberia and throughout the country. Later the Festival “Zodchestvo of Eastern Siberia” became one of the most important annual architectural events in Russia. The first participants of the Festival were the architects from Eastern Siberia (such cities as Irkutsk, Angarsk, Bratsk, Chita and Krasnoyarsk, republics of Buryatia, Tyva, Khakassia, as well as Ust-Ordynsky and Aginsky national districts of Buryatia). Since 2007 architects from Western Siberia (Omsk and Barnaul) have also participated in the Festival. The Festival becomes open. The most topical issues are discussed at the Discussion Club of the Festival. Among the most prominent experts are A. Rappaport, O. Vendina, L. Kogan, A. Vysokovsky, A. Gimelstein, A.Kaftanov, M. Rozhansky, V. Dyatlov, A. Ivanov, D. Fesenko, A. Sirina, A. Finogenov. Prominent Russian architects give master classes, which enjoy great popularity. Thanks to the Festival, within twenty years, Siberian architects have met with masters from the capitals: Y. Gnedovsky, A. Asadov, S. Kiselev, A. Skokan, A. Bavykin, V. Plotkin, A. Savin, A. Cheltsov, A. Pavlova, S. Skuratov, N. Yavein, T. Kuzembaev, M. Mamoshin, Yu. Zemtsov, A. Bokov, T. Bashkaev, S. Gnedovsky, N. Shumakov A. Chernikhov, V. Kuzmin, foreign architects M. Drahovsky, D. Dendra, G. Stanishev, as well as Siberian experts I. Popovsky, A. Myakota, P. Anisiforov, A. Dering and many other colleagues. The organizers consider the Festival to be a preparation stage for the International Festival “Zodchestvo” in Moscow.“Zodchestvo of Eastern Siberia” is traditionally held in Irkutsk. However, in 2014 it was first held in Krasnoyarsk, and in 2017 Krasnoyarsk housed the Festival for the second time. In the same year, Altai architects proposed to hold the next Festival in Barnaul. Thus, the Festival went beyond the borders of Eastern Siberia. We decided to maintain the name of the Festival, filling it with a new geographical meaning: “Zodchestvo in Siberia”. In 2018 the Festival was held in Barnaul, the capital of Altai, and in 2019 it was held in Tomsk. The twentieth event took place on the native land, the city of Irkutsk. . In 2021, the year of the 300th anniversary of Kuzbass, it was held in Kemerovo. This year, “Zodchestvo in Siberia 2022” is warmly hosted by Novosibirsk, the capital of the Siberian Federal District.

Abstract The article considers the architectural works designed and realized in contemporary Serbian architectural practice in the context of questions and thinking about local-global but also of visible tendencies and dilemmas, that the architects deal with in smaller local environments like in Serbia, from the position of architectural historians, theoreticians and critics. The multi-layered, often vague double meaning and nuanced ties and interpretations of the mentioned relationships will be traced in the works of such important Serbian architects as I. Antić, M. Jovanović, B. Petrović, D. and M. Marušić, S. Krunić, I. Marić, B. Mitrović, I. Rašković, who were chosen in order to trace the line of development of the relationship between the local and global during 1950 ‒ 2000, the period which was also marked by turbulent social and political changes.

By using the low loading of the conductor filler to achieve high conductivity is a challenge associated with electrically conductive adhesion. In this study, we show an assembling of nickel-coated polystyrene (Ni@PS) microspheres into 3-dimensional network within the epoxy resin with the assistance of an electric field. The morphology evolution of the microspheres was observed with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The response speed of Ni@PS microsphere to the electric field were investigated by measuring the viscosity and shear stress variation of the suspension at a low shear rate with an electrorheological instrument. The SEM results revealed that the Ni@PS microspheres aligned into a pearl-alike structure. The AC impedance spectroscopy confirmed that the conductivity of this pearl-alike alignment was significantly enhanced when compared to the pristine one. The maximum enhancement in conductivity is achieved at 15 wt. % of Ni@PS microspheres with the aligned composites about 3 orders of magnitude as much as unaligned one, typically from ~10−5 S/m to ~10−2 S/m.

The article highlights various aspects of the development of the architectural network of theater buildings and spaces in Lviv before the construction of the Count S. Skarbko Theater in 1842, as well as all the legendary and real events related to its design, construction, and operation against the background of theatrical and architectural artistic, cultural, and political events in the city and Europe from the early nineteenth to the early twenty-first century. For 180 years since the beginning of its creative activity, the S. Skarbko/M. Zankovetska Theater and its building have been the subject and object of research not only by scholars from Ukraine, Poland, and Austria-historians, art historians, architects, and playwrights-but also have become the source of many legends that are still of interest to its fans around the world in the twenty-first century. The purpose of the article is to highlight the phenomenon of the S. Skarbko / M. Zankovetska Theater in such a way as to confirm or refute some of the legends that have accumulated since its construction and until the beginning of the twenty-first century and to highlight the theater as an architectural and cultural phenomenon of the city of Lviv and Europe. According to the authors, theater is probably the most powerful manifestation of the level of culture in society. Today we are witnessing and participating in the revival and defense of the Ukrainian nation, its memory, faith, spirit and culture in the bloody war unleashed by Russia. And this is also impossible without theatrical activities, and in particular, such institutions as the S. Skarbko/M. Zankovetska Theater, which has been a true temple of true art for 180 years and is an important cultural center for all nationalities and religions in Lviv. It is a prominent cultural coordinate in Europe, just like its architectural forerunners, the La Scala and Dresden Opera houses. Such an architectural treasure requires proper care, which, of course, will never be possible to accomplish solely through the efforts of the theater's management and company.

Ключові слова: Чорне море, геополітика, М. Грушевський, С. Рудницький, політична арена, Українськареволюція 1917-1921 рр. У статті показано основні політико-ідеологічні засади геополітичного проєкту «Чорноморськоїфедерації», що був створений в працях українського історика М. Грушевського та його учня С. Рудницького вперіод Національно-визвольних змагань та Інтербелума, а також похідні ідеї цього проєкту що існують в XXIстолітті. Проаналізовано передумови, які викликали необхідність розробки концепції співпраці різних країнБалтійсько-Чорноморського регіону на початку ХХ ст. Окреслено основні перспективи імовірності розвиткуспівпраці в межах регіону у майбутньому. Зроблено висновок про те, що щоб бути міцною та незалежноюдержавою, Україна повинна міцно триматися за ті геополітичні переваги, які має, а винайдення новогоформату співробітництва між європейськими державами означеного регіону не може відбуватися безосвоєння досвіду попередників. Посилання Vynar, 1995 – Vynar L. Mykhaylo Hrushevsʹkyy: istoryk i budivnychyy natsiyi: statti i materiyaly [MykhailoHrushevskyi: historian and nation builder: articles and materials]. Kyyiv; Nʹyu-York; Toronto: Fundatsiya im. O.Olʹzhycha. 1995. 302 s. [in Ukrainian].Hrushevsʹkyy, 1920 – Hrushevsʹkyy M. V pershiy delehatsiyi Ukrayinsʹkoyi partiyi sots. revolyutsioneriv (kvitenʹ 1919r. – lyutyy 1920 r.) [In the first delegation of the Ukrainian Socialist Party. revolutionaries (April 1919 - February1920)] // Boritesya – poborete! Videnʹ. 1920. №3. S. 47–60. [in Ukrainian].Hrushevsʹkyy, 1918 – Hrushevsʹkyy M. Na porozi novoyi Ukrayiny: hadki i mriyi [On the threshold of a new Ukraine:ugliness and dreams]. Kyyiv: Druk. akts. t-va «Petro Barsʹkyy u Kyyivi», 1918. 120 s. [in Ukrainian].Hrushevsʹkyy, 2007 – Hrushevsʹkyy M. Na porozi Novoyi Ukrayiny. Hadky ta mriyi [On the threshold of New Ukraine.Abominations and dreams] // Tvory u 50 tomakh. – T.4 (1). Lʹviv. 2007. S. 225–267. [in Ukrainian].Hrushevsʹkyy, 1917 – Hrushevsʹkyy M. Khto taki ukrayintsi i choho vony khochutʹ [Who are Ukrainians and what dothey want]. Kyyiv. T-vo «Znannya» Ukrayiny. 1991. 240 s. [in Ukrainian].Hrushevsʹkyy, 2005 – Hrushevsʹkyy M. Ukrayina, Bilorusʹ, Lytva. [Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania]. Tvory: u 50 t.;redkol.: P. Sokhanʹ, YA. Dashkevych, I. Hyrych ta in.. Lʹviv. Vydavnytstvo «Svit». T 3. S. 65–68. [in Ukrainian].Dashkevych, 1997 – Dashkevych YA. Chornomorsʹki problemy v mynulomu i suchasnomu [Black Sea problems in thepast and present] // Shlyakh peremohy. K., Myunkhen, Nʹyu-York, 1997. − 26 chervnya (№ 26), S. 6. [in Ukrainian].Domashchenko, 2008 – Domashchenko L. M. Kontseptsiyi chornomorsʹkoyi oriyentatsiyi Ukrayiny u vitchyznyaniypolitychniy dumtsi pershoyi polovyny ХХ stolittya [Concepts of Ukraine's Black Sea Orientation in the NationalPolitical Thought of the First Half of the 20th Century]. Kyyiv. 2008. 204 s. [in Ukrainian].Kovalevsʹka, 2017 – Kovalevsʹka O. Stepan Rudnytsʹkyy ta yoho naukovyy dorobok // Stepan Rudnytsʹkyy (1877–1937). Istoriya. Heopolityka. Heohrafiya [Stepan Rudnytskyi and his scientific achievements // Stepan Rudnytskyi(1877–1937). History. Geopolitics. Geography]. T. 1. Kyyiv. 2017. S. 7–69. [in Ukrainian].Korolʹov, 2011 – Korolʹov H. Ukrayinsʹkyy piruet nad Baltiysʹko-Chornomorsʹkym Mizhmor'yam [Ukrainian pirouetteover the Baltic-Black Sea]. URL: https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2011/06/8/6247374/ [in Ukrainian].Levenetsʹ, 2001 – Levenetsʹ YU. A. Teoretyko-metodolohichni zasady ukrayinsʹkoyi suspilʹno-politychnoyi dumky:problemy stanovlennya ta rozvytku (druha polovyna ХІХ – pochatok ХХ stolittya) [Theoretical and methodologicalfoundations of Ukrainian social and political thought: problems of formation and development (second half of the 19th -beginning of the 20th century)].Kyyiv. Styslos. 2001. 285 s. [in Ukrainian].Novikova, Trybus, 2016 – Novikova K., Trybus V. Arkhitektory Mizhmorʺya [Architects of the Mediterranean]// Ukrayinsʹkyy tyzhdenʹ. 2016. № 36 (460). URL: https://tyzhden.ua/History/173436 [in Ukrainian].Potulʹnytsʹkyy, 1992 – Potulʹnytsʹkyy V. A. Istoriya ukrayinsʹkoyi politolohiyi (kontseptsiyi derzhavnosti v ukrayinsʹkiyzarubizhniy istoryko-politychniy nautsi) [History of Ukrainian political science (concepts of statehood in Ukrainian andforeign historical and political science).]. Kyyiv. Lybidʹ, 1992. 232 s. [in Ukrainian].Rudnytsʹkyy, 2017 – Rudnytsʹkyy S. Istoriya. Heopolityka. Heohrafiya [History. Geopolitics. Geography]. V 5-kh kn.Kn. 2. Kyyiv: Tempora. 736 s. [in Ukrainian].

In this research work, an experimental investigation of wind effect on pentagonal cylinders was carried out. The study was performed on the single cylinder in an open circuit wind tunnel at a Reynolds number of 4.22 x 104 based on the face width of the cylinder across the flow direction in a uniform flow velocity of 13.5 m/s. The test was carried out at various angles of attack from 0° to 63° at a step of 9°. The surface static pressures at the different locations of the cylinder were measured with the help of inclined multi-manometers. The wind velocity was kept constant at 13.5 m/s. The pressure coefficients were calculated from the measured values of the surface static pressure distribution on the cylinder. Later the drag and lift coefficients were obtained from the pressure coefficients by the numerical integration method. The results will enable the engineers and architects to design buildings more efficiently. Since the results will be expressed in the nondimensional form they may be applied for the prototype building. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v44i1.19499

An investigation on vertical motion characteristics of a ship towing system incorporated with symmetrical bridle towline configuration set a real challenge for the naval architect engineer. This paper presents a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) approach to analyse heave and pitch motion performances in waves. Several towing parameters such as various towline length and towing’s velocity have been taken into account. Here, 1B (barge) is employed in the simulation; and designated as a towed ship. The results revealed that the subsequent increase of the towline lengths has been basically proportional with the increase of her heave motion; while inversely decrease in pitch motions. In addition, the effect of the extending towline length = 1.0 to 3.0 resulted in insignificant effect to the towline tension. However, the increase of the towing’s velocity from 0.509 m/s to 0.728 m/s has led to significantly increase her heave motion and the towline tension by 40.46% and 24%, respectively; meanwhile, the pitch motion barge has sufficiently decreased by 35.94%. This simulation has been beneficial for the towing operator to ensure a higher level of the safety navigation of ship towing system.

One of the major aims when researching some problems in architectural design of buildings is to fully understand and adequately apply the underlying scientific foundations that architects use in their projects. In this paper we analyze the application possibilities of the Weber?s focal-directorial curves in the approximation of ground-base contour line of architectural objects i.e. buildings. Thus, a Weber?s curve with m foci and n directrices was defined. Furthermore, particular qualifiers were introduced in order to estimate the level of adequacy of the conducted approximation. The importance of the research can be sought in the fact that the exact procedure has been created with its applicability in architectural-urban design of contemporary forms as well as in the domain of the historical heritage and conservation in the sense of the creating proper geometrical models for further computer aided use.

During the 19th century, the most renowned architects considered a permanent presence on the site of their larger construction projects necessary. Some of them even maintained several on-site offices close to their construction sites, where architects and designers were contracted for the duration of the construction. This study presents two on-site offices in detail (office of the Palace of Justice and the Parliament Building) while outlining a further four examples in Budapest (office of the Parish Church of Lipótváros, the Ministry of Agriculture, the enlargement of the Royal Palace and the Technical University).There were three practices used to settle these offices: I. using an older building, before its demolition, near the site; II. in a temporary building set up for this purpose; III. in rented rooms in the surrounding buildings. Examples for the use of existing buildings are the building of the Palace of Justice (A. Hauszmann), the extension of the Royal Palace (A. Hauszmann) and the building of the campus of the Royal Joseph University (A. Hauszmann, Gy. Czigler, S. Pecz). St. Stephen's Basilica (M. Ybl), the Parliament (I. Steindl) and the Krisztinaváros wing of the Royal Palace (M. Ybl, A. Hauszmann) are examples where newly constructed buildings were used, and we assume rented apartments as on-site offices in the case of the Opera House (M. Ybl) and the Museum of Applied Arts (Ödön Lechner). The large public building's on-site offices have great significance in architectural history as well as being theoretical and practical workshops.

We have developed a novel, facile and architecturally versatile fabrication method for specially designed cellular graphene lattices using additively manufactured polymer-based gyroidal triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) as the initial sacrificial scaffold. Three-dimensional (3D)-printed templates of the polymeric gyroid lattices were coated with a mixture of graphene oxide (GO) and hydrazine solution via the hydrothermal process, followed by drying and thermal etching of the polymer scaffold, which resulted in a neat reduced GO (rGO) lattice of the gyroidal TPMS structure. Scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography were used to evaluate the morphology and size of the 3D rGO architectures, while a Raman response at 1360[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] (D peak), 1589[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] (G peak) and 2696[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] (2D peak) verified the presence of rGO. Thermo–electro–mechanical properties of rGO gyroid lattices of different densities were characterized where the highest Young’s modulus recorded was 351[Formula: see text]kPa for a sample with a density of 45.9[Formula: see text]mg[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]. The rGO gyroid lattice exhibits an electrical conductivity of 1.07[Formula: see text]S[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text] and high thermal insulation property with a thermal conductivity of 0.102[Formula: see text]W[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]K[Formula: see text]. It is demonstrated that the hydrothermal-assisted fabrication process is adaptable for different lattice architectures based on 3D-printed scaffolds and thus has wide functional applications.

<p>As part of the efforts to examine the elastic and engineering properties of the subsurface sequence at a proposed new power plant site in Edo State, a geophysical survey involving Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) was carried out. The MASW was adopted to determine the vertical and lateral variations in velocity beneath each seismic line. The MASW was carried out on two seismic lines each trending NE-SW. A geophone interval of 3 m was used, and the length of the seismic lines ranged from 60 – 90 m. The ES-3000 seismograph was used for the surface wave data acquisition and the Shear-Wave velocity structures of the area were obtained through the inversion of the acquired surface wave data. The one dimensional (1D) S-Wave velocity profiles along the lines were diagnostic of generally low velocity lithologies that suggest sand, clayey sand and sandy clay formations with relatively varying thicknesses. The subsurface layers delineated had shear-wave velocity values in the range of 63-400 m/s. They were classified using the NEHRP Seismic Site Classification, and all of them were in the range of stiff soil to soft clay soil. The bulk moduli (k) for these soils were in the range of 3.22-3.98 GPa. This depicts relatively low strength of the subsurface materials. The shear moduli (μ) values range from 7.15-7.43 MPa, which is indicative of low to moderate strength. The information provided in this study will aid the structural engineer or architect in foundation design of the proposed power plant. From the results of this study, it is concluded that although the subsurface layers are of relatively low strength, with the right intervention of the civil engineer, a suitable foundation can be designed for the gas plant.</p>

The wind microclimate plays an important role in architectural design, and computational fluid dynamics is a method commonly used for analyzing the issue. However, due to its high technical difficulty and time-consuming nature, it limits the interaction and exploration between designers and environment performance analyses. To address the issue, scholars have proposed a series of approximation models based on machine learning that have partially improved computational efficiency. However, these methods face challenges in terms of balancing applicability, prediction accuracy, and sample size. In this paper, we propose a method based on the classic Vggnet deep convolutional neural network as the backbone to construct an approximate model for predicting steady-state flow fields in urban areas. The method is trained on a small amount of sample data and can be extended to calculate the wind environment performance. Furthermore, we investigated the differences between geometric representation methods, such as the Boolean network representation and signed distance function, as well as different structure models, such as Vgg-CFD-11, Vgg-CFD-13, Vgg-CFD-16, and Vgg-CFD-19. The results indicate that the model can be trained using a small amount of sample data, and all models generally possess the ability to predict the wind environment. The best performance on the validation set and test set was achieved with an RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) of 0.7966 m/s and 2.2345 m/s, respectively, and an R-Squared score of 0.9776 and 0.8455. Finally, we embedded the best-performing model into an architect-friendly urban comprehensive analysis platform, URBAN NEURAL-CFD.

Arsitektur vernakular adalah arsitektur yang memiliki respon yang baik terhadap iklim setempat. Hal ini juga berpengaruh terhadap kenyamanan termal dalam bangunan. Sebagai kota yang memiliki iklim tropis lembab, kenyamanan termal bangunan di Kota Pontianak banyak ditentukan oleh pergerakan angin yang terjadi di dalam bangunan. Adaptasi terhadap iklim pada rumah vernakular melayu Pontianak tidak hanya pada penggunaan elemen bangunan seperti bukaan dan bahan bangunan, juga pada tata ruang yang khas, di antaranya terdapat teras, ruang tengah serta pelataran belakang yang memisahkan rumah induk dengan rumah anak. Tujuan penelitian adalah melihat apakah tata ruang ini berpengaruh terhadap penghawaan alami di ruang dalam. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pengukuran di lapangan terhadap variabel kenyamanan termal, terutama temperatur dan kelajuan angin. Kemudian hasil pengukuran dianalisis secara deskriptif kuantitatif dan dilihat hubungan antara variabel dengan tata ruang, yaitu bagaimana temperatur dan kelajuan angin yang berbeda terjadi di setiap ruang, sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tata ruang di rumah vernakular melayu Pontianak, yaitu hadirnya teras dan pelataran belakang turut berperan dalam penghawaan alami yang terjadi di ruang dalam. Teras berperan dalam menurunkan temperatur luar yang masuk ke dalam bangunan (30,74 °C di ruang luar, lalu 29,84 °C di teras depan, dan 29,09 °C di ruang dalam). Pelataran belakang serta tata ruang dalam memberikan pergerakan angin yang lebih baik, ditunjukkan dengan selisih yang kecil antara kelajuan angin di ruang dalam dengan ruang luar pada rumah dengan pelataran belakang (0,51 m/s) dibandingkan dengan rumah tanpa pelataran belakang (0,77 m/s).Kata-kata Kunci: penghawaan alami, vernakular, tata ruangEFFECT OF SPACE LAYOUT TO NATURAL VENTILATION IN MELAYU PONTIANAK VERNACULAR HOUSEVernacular architecture is architecture that has good response to local climate. This also affects the thermal comfort in the building. As a city that has a humid tropical climate, the thermal comfort of buildings in Kota Pontianak is largely determined by the movement of the wind that occurs inside the building. Adaptation to climate in Pontianak's melayu vernacular house is not only on the use of building elements such as openings and building materials, but also on the typical spatial layout, including a terrace, a central room and a back veranda that separates the main house from the secondary house. The aim of the study was to see whether this spatial arrangement has an effect on natural ventilation in the indoor space. The study was conducted with measurements of thermal comfort variables, especially temperature and wind speed. Then the measurement results were analyzed descriptively quantitatively and viewed the relationship between variables and spatial arrangement – i.e. how the temperatures and wind speed differ in each rooms – so that conclusions could be drawn. The results showed that the layout in Pontianak's melayu vernacular house, namely the presence of terraces and back veranda, played a role in the natural ventilation that occurred in the indoor space. The terrace plays a role in reducing the outside temperature that enters the building (30.74 °C in the outdoor, then 29.84 °C on the front terrace, and 29.09 °C in the indoor). Back veranda and spatial layout provide better wind movement, indicated by small difference between the speed of wind in the indoor and the outdoor space of the house with back veranda (0.51 m/s) compared to the house without back veranda (0.77 m/s).Keywords: natural ventilation, vernacular, spatial layoutREFERENCESBoutet, Terry S. (1987) Controlling Air Movement: A Manual for Architects and Builders. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.Caesariadi, Tri Wibowo; Kalsum, Emilya (2011) Climatic Responsive Space in Melayu Pontianak House: A Preliminary Study. The CIB Inter-national Conference: Enhancing the Locality in Architecture, Housing and Urban Environment. January 22, 2011. Yogyakarta.Engin, N.; Vural, N.; Vural, S.; Sumerkan, M.R. (2005) “Climatic Effect in the Formation of Vernacular Houses in the Eastern Black Sea Region”. Building and Environment, Vol. 42. www. sciencedirect.comGutierrez, Jorge (2004) “Notes On the Seismic Adequacy of Vernacular Buildings”. Paper No. 5011. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver.Koenigsberger, O.H.; Ingersoll, T.G.; Mayhew, Alan; Szokolay, S.V., (1973) Manual of Tropical Housing and Building, Part One: Climatic Design, London: Longman Group Limited.Lechner, Norbert (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Design Methods for Architects. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Lippsmeier, Georg (1997) Bangunan Tropis. Jakarta: Erlangga.Sozen, Mujgan S.; Gedik, Gulay Z. (2006) “Evaluation of Traditional Architecture in Terms of Building Physics : Old Diyarbakir Houses”. Build and Environment, Vol. 42. www.elsevier.com.Szokolay, Steven V. (2008) Introduction to Archi-tectural Science: The Basis of Sustainable Design, 2nd ed.. Oxford: Architectural Press Elsevier.

<p>Victor Gruen is the pioneer of the regional shopping centre, he is the “Mall Maker”, which, is also the title of a book by M. Jeffrey Hartwick about this Austrian-born architect. Well known for his first commercial projects, which have been copied and analysed worldwide, mostly negatively influencing the structure of cities and societies, Gruen had focused his attention on the importance of the environmental crisis in his both theoretical writings and projects as early as the 1960s. How can Gruen be personified as both the “Mall Maker” and the “Architect of the Environment’? In the early 1970s Gruen presented Die Charta von Wien, as an attempt to readapt the CIAM`s Charte d`Athenes to the contemporary conditions, with a brand new emphasis on the ecological environment as well. This paper will deal mainly with these contradictions and synergies between “consumeristic” architecture and its role in the city in relation to the environmental issues posed by its inventor. The complexity of the connections between consumerism and ecology and the references to CIAM and Gruen, appear to be important themes for a discussion on public space and our contemporary urban condition.</p>

This paper presents the results of a study that developed improved inverse models to accurately predict the annual daylighting performance (sDA and lighting energy use) of various window configurations. This inverse model is an improvement over previous inverse models because it can be applied to variable room geometries at different weather locations in the US. The room geometries can be varied from 3 m × 3 m × 2.5 m to 15 m × 15 m × 10 m (length × width × height). The other variables used in the model include orientation (N, E, S, W), window-to-floor ratio, window location in the exterior wall, glazing visible transmittance, ceiling visible reflectance, wall visible reflectance, shade type (overhangs, fins), shade visible reflectance, lighting power density (LPD) (W/m2), and lighting dimming setpoint (lux). Such models can quickly advise architects during the preliminary design phase about which daylighting design options provide useful daylighting, while minimizing the annual auxiliary lighting energy use. The inverse models tested and developed were multi-linear regression (MLR) models, which were trained and tested against Radiance-based annual daylighting simulation results. In the analysis, 482 cases with different model conditions were simulated, to develop and validate the inverse models. This study used 75% of the data to train the model and 25% of the data to validate the model. The results showed that the new inverse models had a high accuracy in the annual daylighting performance predictions, with an R2 of 0.99 and an CV(RMSE) of 15.19% (RMSE of 58.91) for the lighting energy (LE) prediction, and an R2 of 0.95 and an CV(RMSE) of 14.38% (RMSE of 8.02) for the sDA prediction. In addition, the validation results showed that the LE MLR model and sDA MLR model had an R2 of 0.96 and 0.85, and RASE of 121.89 and 8.54, respectively, which indicate that the inverse models could accurately predict daylighting results for sDA and lighting energy use.

This paper gives an account of the emergence and existence of the architectural ensemble named “Saint Theodore” in Tsarskoe Selo as an example of the retrospective and national romantic tendencies of the Russian culture of the beginning of the 20th century. This architectural complex, centred in the Cathedral of the Mother of God Saint Theodore (the regimental and household church of the last Romanovs) unfortunately was not finished. Nevertheless it became the project of returning Russian art to the 17th century. This architectural ensemble was conceived by architects : S. Kričinskij, V. Pokrovskij, V. Maksimov, A. Ščusev, it was decorated by painters I. Bilibin, fathers Vasnecov, M. Nesterov, N. Rerix and others got a number of stylistic characteristics typical of both retrospectivism and neo-Russian style. This complex was not only the depository of works of art and historical objects but at the same time — the centre of the Society for the renaissance of Russian art.

The process of design, build and eventual commissioning of the towing tank on the Boldrewood Innovation Campus is described. The design brief required a facility that would have a capability to test models at a commercial scale but that would be effective as teaching environment for the next generation of Naval Architects as well as providing a flexible space for future fundamental research. Each of these provided their own challenges but the eventual solution of a 138 m long, 3.5 m deep, 6 m wide facility has more than met the initial aspirations. Equipped with 12 independent 0.5 m wavemaking flaps at the West end, a passive beach at the East end, a deployable side beach along the South wall for post run wave absorption and a monocoque Aluminium alloy carriage, the Boldrewood towing tank has now been successfully operating for more than a year. The carriage position and speed are controlled by a twin winch arrangement using a laser positioning system and low embodied energy composite cables. The carriage can reach a maximum speed of 10 m/s with controllable acceleration rates and can have up to four constant speed phases per run. Initial commissioning results and comparisons with benchmark data for the KCS hull confirm the accuracy and repeatability of the facility. In particular, the position and speed of the carriage are known to a high level of precision. To date research and consultancy work has spanned the performance of high speed vessels, uncrewed underwater and surface vessels, wave energy and tidal current systems, floating platforms for wind turbines, performance sport work for sailing, kayaking, rowing and swimming, open water propeller tests as well as conventional displacement vessel testing for self-propulsion and resistance. All ship science and maritime engineering students use the facility as part of their taught modules in every year of their programme as well as for individual, MSc and group projects as appropriate. It has also made a strong impact on the many thousands of visitors a year to the campus for science and engineering open days.

In the Shadows of Dresden: Modernism and the War Landscape focuses on British-American test complexes and lithographs devised to understand German and Japanese military targets of World War II. Project sites stretched from England and Scotland to Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Utah, and Florida. Vignettes of Axis-built environments featured only those forms and details that were deemed essential, complemented by the abstracted target maps. Together these models and maps inaugurated a new way of looking at cities and built environments as war landscapes. In this article Karen J. Weitze studies the roles of the participating architects, engineers, artists, and art historians—Marc Peter Jr., John Burchard, Henry Elder, Gerald K. Geerlings, Eric Mendelsohn, Antonin Raymond, Walter Gropius, Konrad Wachsmann, Arthur Korn, Felix James Samuely, E. S. Richter, Paul Zucker, Hans Knoll, Albert Kahn, Ludwig Hilberseimer, George Hartmueller, I. M. Pei, Erwin Panofsky, Paul Frankl, and Kurt Weitzmann—within the setting of the modern movement, and evaluates the historic obscurity of the wartime landscapes against the collective human moment that was Dresden.

In the study of wind loads in buildings, the aerodynamics of roofs with parabolic shapes, which cause complex pressure distributions due to their sensitivity to wind, are often omitted and neglected by several codes and norms. In this way, computer simulations are a viable and reliable alternative. Here, wind action was considered in an innovative project composed of parabolic and circumferential generatrices: the Church of Saint Francis of Assisi. Designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, two paraboloid vaults and three circular arches of reinforced concrete composed its structure. This work generated great international recognition for the architect after 1943, as the design of the roofs did not require walls. For geometry modeling, Autodesk AutoCAD software was adopted, and the models were considered in a control volume. The simulations were performed using Ansys Workbench software and the RNG K-Epsilon turbulence model. The wind speed at different heights was calculated using the Power-law approximation. A basic wind speed of 30 m/s was adopted, and the mesh used was composed of tetrahedrons. To validate the methodology, different models with hyperbolic-paraboloid roofs from the literature were considered. In addition, the visualization of the flow around the geometry from the streamlines, the wind profile, and the analysis of the isobaric lines of the external pressure coefficients for different directions of incidence and architectural elements that make up the building were presented.

Currently, one of the most important tasks of research activity is the task of collecting information, identifying and publishing the names of architects, sculptors and artists who are still unknown, the circumstances of their life and work, which will allow more objective presenting of Russian art of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. In particular, this concerns a study of the field of construction of industrial facilities, where the names of most project authors still remain unknown. This paper is to study the work of one of such architects and engineers — Nikolai Alexandrovich Poturaev. To this end the authors explore some of the construction activities of the Brothers A. and N. Poturaev Trading House in Moscow, as well as identify a number of addresses related to the placement of workshop, technical office and other services of this Trading House. Addressing to archival documents made it possible to establish that the Trading House of brothers A. and N. Poturaev actively collaborated with the M. S. Kuznetsov Partnership and carried out construction work at the Riga Porcelain-Faience Factory, Dulevsky Porcelain Factory, Tver Porcelain Factory in the village of Kuznetsovo. The factory buildings under construction included carefully elaborate heating system as well as the first ventilation and air humidification system installed. The most modern technical solutions and materials were used for construction. It should be noted that the merits of buildings of purely utilitarian purpose are due in no small part to elements of decor, generally characteristic of Russian industrial architecture of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The authors analyze Poturaev's architectural projects, considering stylistic features of neoclassical buildings with the introduction of Art Nouveau elements, as well as other historical styles. Poturaev's architecture is distinguished by rationality, the desire to develop interesting layouts, convenient and practical. In the composition of the building, he always highlights its structural basis, as a rule, emphasized by decorative elements. The surviving buildings of N. A. Poturaev provide additional connotations to the characteristic of development of a domestic architecture of the late 19th – early 20th centuries.

IntroductionThe reduction of vitamin D (VitD) has often been associated with pathological cognitive processes and in general with various mental illnesses2,3. More frequent reports of reduced concentrations of VitD concern patients with schizophrenia, however it has not been clarified whether this concerns the pathology itself of the disorder or if nutritional factors are involved1.ObjectivesThe measurement of VitD in the serum of hospitalized patients with mental illness (schizophrenia) compared to the levels of people without mental illness.MethodsThe serum levels of VitD were measured in the serum of 45 psychiatric patients of psychiatric hospital “Dromokaiteion” (22 men and 23 women) mean age 59 ±14 years. The control group consisted of 49 healthy subjects (24 men and 25 women) with a mean age of 57 ±14 years (Table 1). Serum VitD levels were measured on the Architect ci4100 immunobiochemical analyzer, Abbott Laboratories Ltd, by the chemiluminescent microparticle immune assay (CMIA) method and according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The statistical analysis of the data was done with the software program SPSS V.25.ResultsMean values of Vit D (ng/ml) were 15.8±10.7 and 15.3±12.5 in male and female patients, respectively. For the control group the mean values were 22.4±7.9 in men and 26.4±13.9 in women. Vit D values in the psychiatric patients of both groups compared to the control group were statistically significantly different (men p=0.021 and women p=0.006). (Table2, 3).Image:Image 2:Image 3:ConclusionsThe findings of the study are consistent with those of similar studies confirming low concentrations of VitD in the serum of patients with mental illness. This parameter should be taken into account as its measurement is not included in the routine laboratory control to date. Further future studies should correlate VitD deficiency with specific demographic and clinical characteristics.1. Belvederi Murri M, Respino M, Masotti M, et al. Vitamin D and psychosis: mini meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2013;150(1):235-239. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.0172. Kalueff A, Minasyan A, Keisala T, Kuuslahti M, Miettinen S, Tuohimaa P. The vitamin D neuroendocrine system as a target for novel neurotropic drugs. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. (2006) 5:363–71. doi: 10.2174/1871527067841115063. Oudshoorn C, Mattace-Raso FU, van der Velde N, Colin EM, van der Cammen TJ. Higher serum vitamin D3 levels are associated with better cognitive test performance in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. (2008) 25:539–43. doi: 10.1159/000134382Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

B a c k g r o u n d . Deng Xiaoping is considered the main architect of socialist reforms and the founder of China's modernization theory. He mastered and developed the socialist system, trying to adjust it to the national conditions of China. Deng Xiaoping believed that it was by following the course of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" that China would transform from a poor country into a highly developed one. The article provides a theoretical reconstruction of the main content of Deng Xiaoping's concept of "socialism with Chinese characteristics." The main philosophical and socio-political aspects of the concept of building socialism with Chinese characteristics are presented in a systematic form in the context of the foundations of Chineseization of Marxism. M e t h o d s . In the article, a historical-logical approach was used to reveal the specified research topic, which allowed us to determine the socio-political prerequisites for the emergence of Chineseized Marxism. An interdisciplinary approach made it possible to carry out a theoretical analysis of social, economic, and political changes in modern China, which were caused by the proposed theory of Deng Xiaoping's "socialism with Chinese characteristics". Systemic, structural-functional, and constructivist methods, as well as methods of synthesis and generalization, were also applied. R e s u l t s . Because of the above, the purpose of this study was to carry out a theoretical reconstruction of Deng Xiaoping's theory of building "socialism with Chinese characteristics" and to find out how his ideas influenced the development of modern China after the completion of the "Great Leap Forward" and the "Cultural Revolution" of Mao Zedong. The key features of Deng Xiaoping's proposed theory of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" were established, including the idea of democratization of society and implementation of the legal basis of state functioning; the beginning of a new period of "reforms and openness"; determining the course for socialist modernization; following Marxism-Leninism and the ideas of Mao Zedong. C o n c l u s i o n s . In conclusion, it can be noted that the main feature of Deng Xiaoping's ideas was that they were inextricably linked with the national and cultural traditions of Chinese civilization, starting from Confucianism and the gradual synthesis with Marxist ideology. Evaluating the theory of Deng Xiaoping, it can be defined as a relatively complete scientific system that covers the fields of philosophy, political economy, and scientific socialism, it contains the doctrine of socialist ideology, and the doctrine of the essence and ways of socialist development, theories of the reform of socialist political and economic systems, the theory of building a socialist country.

The article is devoted to the history of the formation and features of three residential complexes: Chervonyi Promyslovets (1929–1931, architect S. Kravets), Budynok Spetsialistiv (1934–1936, architect L. Lemish), Novyi Pobut (1930–1932, architect M. Pokornyi), located near the new administrative centre of then the capital of Soviet Ukraine—Kharkiv. These complexes were created in the late 1920s and early 1930s and reflected the architectural and urban planning ideas, explorations, and concepts relevant in the early twentieth century. These include the idea of the garden city and the concepts of the commune house and the housing factory. The residential complexes Chervonyi Promyslovets and Budynok Spetsialistiv are a direct embodiment of the concept of a housing estate, and Novyi Pobut is a partial embodiment of the concept of socialisation of everyday life through the elements of a communal house. Looking at the overall structure of the complex of the capital’s administrative centre of Kharkiv, with its residential quarters separated from the administration and business centre by a broad green boulevard, we can note that this urban structure embodies the idea of a garden city. The article contains a compositional characterisation of all three complexes and describes their functional content and transformations through time. The article documents significant changes in the spatial planning schemes and approaches to the design of urban living environments, from perimeter development to free planning of neighbourhoods. The description focuses on documenting the monuments of modernist architecture in the capital city of Kharkiv, which is extremely important for consolidating its pivotal role in the world history of the Modern Movement. Since the preservation of architectural heritage is an integral part of the strategy of the modern European state and a prerequisite for understanding the value of the historic urban landscape and individual architectural objects, it is of utmost necessity and importance to document the architectural and urban heritage of metropolitan Kharkiv. The collected and structured material on the history of the construction and formation of residential complexes belonging to the administrative centre of the metropolitan Kharkiv, their spatial, compositional, and functional features will become the basis for preserving the historical character of the buildings and further development of the district. Keywords: Kharkiv, residential complex, house-quarter, Derzhprom.

In 1927, when the United States and Canada established their first relatively unpretentious legations in Ottawa and Washington, no one imagined how quickly they would become functionally and symbolically obsolete. By the end of World War II, both countries were seeking to expand their office space, and by the late 1960s, they were looking for ways to build new buildings. Each understood that the challenge was how most effectively to enhance the building's diplomatic presence. At the same time, planners in both capitals saw these projects as means of reinforcing the city's governmental core and promoting urbanity and civic identity. They encouraged the two governments to choose conspicuous downtown locations of great symbolic significance. Arthur Erickson designed the Canadian Embassy (1981-89), which stands on Pennsylvania Avenue at the foot of Capitol Hill, and David M. Childs headed the team at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill that designed the U. S. Embassy (1994-99) for an equally prominent site across from Ottawa's Parliament. Both architects faced daunting challenges: how to create a multipurpose structure to accommodate an array of different government offices; how to make a bold statement of national identity while showing respect for the host city and its urban design; and how to reconcile openness and accessibility with ever-increasing demands for security. This study examines architecture's role in public diplomacy and uses the two chanceries to explore the process through which design becomes purposeful civic achievement.

The problem of population aging in China is becoming increasingly serious. Increasing outdoor space can increase the frequency of outdoor activities for the elderly and effectively improve their quality of life. In this study, we examined the thermal comfort of outdoor activity spaces for older adults in summer using a subjective questionnaire in Guangzhou City, calculated and analyzed the perception and comfort range of microclimatic factors for older adults in hot and humid areas, and explored gender differences. The specific results were as follows: (1) The neutral physiological equivalent temperature (PET) for the overall respondents was 30.4 °C, compared to an acceptable PET of 33.8 °C. The neutral wind speed and acceptable wind speed for the overall respondents were both 0.4 m/s. The neutral relative humidity for the overall respondents was 56.49%, whereas the acceptable relative humidity was 64.94%. (2) Gender differences were observed among older respondents regarding PET and relative humidity, while no significant gender differences were found among older respondents regarding wind speed. (3) Summer thermal sensation voting for older adults in hot and humid areas were mainly centered on “hot” (30.2%), and “not too hot nor cold” (38.7%). The wind sensation voting was centered on “not high or low” (44.6%). Humidity sensation voting was mainly concentrated on “not wet nor dry” (69.4%). This study provides guidance to urban planners and architects to help them create urban environments that are more comfortable and responsive to the needs of the aging population.

In around 1912 Gabriel Jouveau-Dubreuil, a young science teacher from French colonial Pondicherry in South India, visited the nearby town of Cuddalore in order to inspect the construction of a new Hindu temple. Since arriving in South India in 1909 he had been travelling to many temples and archaeological sites in order to understand the history of South Indian art. The modern temple that he visited in a suburb of Cuddalore at Tiruppappuliyur was not in fact new but a wholesale renovation of a nine-hundred-year-old shrine on a site sacred to Tamil Shaivas. This was just one of the many temples substantially rebuilt from the 1890s to the 1930s under the patronage of a wealthy merchant community, the Nattukkottai Chettiars, at a time of religious revival and growing Tamil cultural nationalism. The Nattukkottai Chettiars came from the villages and towns of Chettinadu, an arid region in southern Madras Presidency. This region was significant not only for being the provenance of the most prolific patrons of South Indian temple architecture in colonial Madras Presidency but also their builders, for many of the architects and craftsmen working on the temple at Tiruppappuliyur were from villages in Chettinadu. One of these men, M. S. Swaminathan of Pillaiyarpatti, was Jouveau-Dubreuil’s chief informant, one of the many ‘natives’ who were a critical and inextricable element of colonial knowledge production. The understanding of formal composition and terminology that Jouveau-Dubreuil learnt from contemporary architects and craftsmen and his observations of the evolution of architectural design contributed towards the first study of the Tamil temple for both a scholarly and wider public audience from the very earliest monuments of the seventh century through to those currently under construction. This article explores this architectural ‘renaissance’ in colonial Madras Presidency under Chettiar patronage and evaluates modern temple design through the pioneering scholarship of Jouveau-Dubreuil and his contemporaries.

Les &#201;tats-Unis, architectes du syst&#232;me commercial de l&#8217;apr&#232;s-guerre, sont devenus aujourd&#8217;hui son transgresseur le plus visible. L&#8217;administration Biden n&#8217;a montr&#233; aucun int&#233;r&#234;t pour de nouveaux accords commerciaux de quelque nature que ce soit. Les &#201;tats-Unis refusent de renouveler le mandat des juges de l&#8217;Organe d&#8217;appel de l&#8217;OMC, rendant inapplicables les r&#232;gles de l&#8217;OMC, &#224; moins que les &#201;tats-Unis (ou tout autre membre) ne choisissent de s&#8217;y conformer. Dans cet article, sur la base d&#8217;une perspective historique, nous examinons les causes du repli (sur soi) de la politique commerciale am&#233;ricaine tout en nous interrogeant sur son &#233;volution future. Aujourd&#8217;hui encore, l&#8217;&#233;conomie am&#233;ricaine reste parmi les plus ouvertes au monde, l&#8217;opinion publique soutient le commerce et les partisans du retrait des march&#233;s mondiaux sont difficiles &#224; trouver. Il semble donc difficile de voir dans le changement de politique commerciale des &#201;tats-Unis une adh&#233;sion aux valeurs du protectionnisme. Une interpr&#233;tation plus convaincante r&#233;side dans le fait que la politique commerciale am&#233;ricaine &#233;volue, pouss&#233;e &#8211; comme elle l&#8217;a &#233;t&#233; depuis la naissance de la nation &#8211; par des forces sous-jacentes, comme la mont&#233;e de la Chine, l&#8217;in&#233;galit&#233; des revenus et le changement climatique. Cela nous aide &#224; comprendre la politique de Biden, mais sans pour autant la justifier car la politique actuelle n&#8217;est pas la bonne r&#233;ponse &#224; ces d&#233;fis. En effet, si l&#8217;histoire est un guide, elle nous sugg&#232;re alors qu&#8217;une autre refonte de la politique commerciale am&#233;ricaine est possible et m&#234;me probable. Malheureusement, un retour au leadership commercial des &#201;tats-Unis n&#8217;est pas envisageable de sit&#244;t, et quand il arrivera, il sera peut-&#234;tre trop tard pour sauver le syst&#232;me commercial fond&#233; sur des r&#232;gles.

Abstract The effect of wind load is one of the very significant factors in building and structure design. An investigation has been carried out into the wind effect on a Pentagonal cross-section with an open circuit wind tunnel. The experiment was conducted at a constant flow velocity of 13.2 m/s and a Reynolds number of 4.22 x 104. The test was carried out on a single cylinder positioned facing across the flow direction at various angles of attack from 0° to 72° at a step of 9°. Each face of a pentagonal cylindrical model was divided into five tapping points and connected with inclined multi-manometers using copper capillary and plastic tubes to measure the surface static pressure on the cylinder surface. Pressure coefficients were calculated from the measured surface static pressure, which was then used to estimate the drag and lift coefficients. A significant drop of 0.52 in the drag coefficient values has been observed for the single pentagonal cylinder in comparison to that of the single square cylinder. The overall lift coefficient values of the single pentagonal cylinder are found to be lower than that of a single square cylinder except at 90. The fluctuation of the lift coefficient curve has a 90 phase shift than that of the square cylinder; however, the pattern of their variations has shown a similar trend except for the angle of attack of 00. The stagnation point was identified on the front face of the pentagonal cylinder. These findings will assist engineers and architects in designing much safer buildings.

Статья посвящена участию зарубежных архитекторов в Первом съезде советских архитекторов в 1937 г. Задачами публикации поставлены, во-первых, реконструкция подготовки и участия иностранных делегатов в форуме, во-вторых, анализ оценки зарубежными мастерами советской архитектуры 1930-х гг., представленной в их докладах, и, в-третьих, выявление специфики медийной интерпретации докладов иностранных специалистов. Публикация основана, прежде всего, на анализе документов Союза советских архитекторов и Всесоюзного общества культурной связи с заграницей (ВОКС), хранящихся в российских архивах. Для реализации этих задач в статье рассмотрена несколько ключевых аспектов. В первой части публикации показана специфика международных связей Союза советских архитекторов, цели и формы международных контактов. Рассмотрены принципы подбора потенциальных зарубежных делегатов съезда и показана ключевая задача - демонстрация интереса к съезду первых лиц мировой архитектуры и громкий международный резонанс. Реконструирован сам процесс отбора и приглашения иностранных специалистов и его результаты. Во второй части статьи проанализированы доклады иностранных гостей и выявлены те проблемы, которые видели зарубежные специалисты в советской архитектуре. Показано, как доклады иностранных гостей подвергались цензуре при освещении их в советской профессиональной прессе. В качестве итога представлен тезис, что ни съезд, ни участие в нем иностранных гостей не получили широкого резонанса за рубежом. Участие небольшого числа зарубежных архитекторов в съезде не принесло желаемого результата - утверждения СССР как мирового архитектурного центра. Профессиональный взгляд зарубежных специалистов на проблемы советской архитектуры не был воспринят и оценен, а их участие рассматривалось организаторами исключительно с точки зрения укрепления международного имиджа советской архитектуры. The article is focused on the participation of foreign architects in the First Congress of the Soviet Architects in 1937. The objectives of the publication are, at first, the reconstruction of the preparation and participation of foreign delegates in the forum, secondly, the analysis of the evaluation by foreign masters of Soviet architecture of the 1930s, presented in their reports, and, thirdly, the specificity of the media interpretation of foreign experts’ reports. The publication is based, primarily, on the analysis of documents of the Union of Soviet Architects and the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (VOKS) stored in Russian archives. They are compared with official documents, publications in the Soviet and foreign professional periodicals, and with sources of personal origin. The first part of the publication considers the specifics of the international relations of the Union of Soviet Architects, the goals and types of international contacts. It is alleged that the Soviet architecture of the 1930s was not isolated and there was a mutual interest and desire to maintain professional ties between the Western and Soviet architectural communities. At the same time, in the international activities of the Union of Architects, there were two key aspects: first, the study of Western practice and exchange of experience; second, the propaganda of achievements of Soviet architecture abroad, and it was the later aspect, which played a dominant role. In this context, the principles of selection of potential foreign delegates to the Congress are considered and the key task is shown - demonstration of interest to the Congress of the premier persons of world architecture and loud international resonance. The process of selection and invitation of foreign specialists and its results have been reconstructed. It was demonstrated that the Union of Soviet Architects focused its attention on inviting “the most outstanding masters”, regardless of their views, and this approach opposed the anti-modernist discourse within the Soviet professional field. Among the preferable persons for participation at the Soviet congress, there were such leaders of modernism architecture as Le Corbusier, J. J.P. Oud, W. Gropius, L. Mies van der Rohe, L. Hilberseimer, B. Taut, and others. At the same time, a tribute was given to F. L.Wright, H. van de Velde, P. Behrens, H. Poelzig and other representatives of a wide range of architectural trends. The article also considers other motives of the leaders of the Union of Soviet Architects, which determined the choice for a particular candidate. The final list of foreign participants of 28 persons was approved by the supreme power - the Politburo of the Central Committee of the AUCP(b), but only 18 foreign architects took part in the Congress, among whom were F. L. Wright, A. Lurcat, F. Jourdain, and others. The second part of the article analyzes reports of foreign guests (F. L. Wright, F. Jourdain, A. Lurcat, S. Breines, M. Lods, and others) and identifies problems that foreign experts saw in Soviet architecture. First of all, they spoke about the "formalism" of the new Soviet architecture, the eclecticism and irrelevance of its language. They saw the reason for this in the primacy of the artistic and aesthetic principle in Soviet architecture, generated by the separation of the profession of an architect from the engineering profession, design from construction and industry, and artistic imagination from functional feasibility and technical capability. In turn, Soviet architects in their reports criticized Western architecture for the priority of function and technology over the “architectural image”. The article shows in detail how the critical reports of foreign guests were censored when translated into Russian and entered into publications of the professional literature. Finally, the author presents the thesis that neither the Congress nor the participation of foreign guests in it has received wide resonance abroad. The participation of a small number of foreign architects at the Congress did not bring the desired result - the establishment of the USSR as a world architectural center. The professional opinion of foreign specialists on the problems of Soviet architecture was not received and appreciated, and their participation was considered solely from the point of view of strengthening the international image of Soviet architecture.

Combining the unprecedented design freedom in microscale additive manufacturing (AM) with the ability to control the chemical nature of each printed voxel could unlock unique possibilities for tailoring mechanical, chemical, electrical, optical and magnetic properties of metal microstructures. A variety of techniques for micro- and nanoscale AM has been proposed for the fabrication of device-grade metals and alloys [1]. Electrochemical approaches to small-scale AM generally lead to superior microstructures (in terms of porosity and contamination) compared with techniques that transfer pre-synthesized materials [2]. The deposition of alloys with controlled composition, however, remains a challenge with electrochemical small scale AM techniques. In this talk, we will present our work on additive manufacturing of alloyed structures using electrohydrodynamic redox (EHD-RP) 3D printing [3]. EHD-RP is based on the deposition of solvent droplets containing metal ions onto a conductive substrate, where the solvent evaporates and the ions are reduced. In general, this technique allows the direct deposition of polycrystalline 3D metal structures with a resolution of approx. 250 nm and a feature size down to 100 nm. We will present our work in expanding the materials range of EHD-RP from the limited range reported previously to a wide range of metals and subsequently discuss in detail the direct deposition of alloys. As it will be shown, the approach of spatially confining electrodeposition enables the fabrication of multi-metal and alloyed structures with a chemical voxel size <400 nm, hence making a step towards chemically architected materials. We will show how we can control the composition of the deposited material and the challenges involved in its characterization. In summary, we present a novel approach to the bottom-up manufacturing of locally alloyed microstructures, adding an additional parameter in the design of novel nano- and microstructured inorganic materials. [1] L. Hirt, A. Reiser, R. Spolenak & T. Zambelli. Additive Manufacturing of Metal Structures at the Micrometer Scale. Adv. Mater., 29(17), 2017. [2] A. Reiser, R. Spolenak et al. Metals by Micro-scale Additive Manufacturing: Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties. Adv. Funct. Mater., 30, 1910491, 2020 [3] A. Reiser, M. Lindén, P. Rohner, A. Marchand, H. Galinski, A. S. Sologubenko, J. M. Wheeler, R. Zenobi, D. Poulikakos & R. Spolenak. Multi-metal electrohydrodynamic redox 3D printing at the submicron scale. Nat. Comm., 10(1):1-8, 2019. Figure 1

Purpose Accra, the capital city of Ghana, is seeing high-rise buildings springing up with extensive glazing. Given the challenges of the country concerning energy provision, guaranteeing comfort in buildings and sustainability aspects, this trend is questionable and worrying in this pandemic era. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate how glazing types and their properties could reduce cooling loads and provide comfort by following the recommendations set by the Ghana Green Building Council (GHGBC) after the Green Star of South Africa, as well as other references found in literature. Design/methodology/approach Indoor thermal conditions were monitored to evaluate prevailing indoor conditions. Using a simulation application, various options were probed based on the Green recommendations and others found in literature to improve thermal comfort within the structure. Moreover, a questionnaire survey with observation was undertaken with 250 architects to understand the basis of decisions taken when specifying glazing for buildings. Findings The results indicate that cooling loads increased by 2% when the GHGBC after the Green Star of South Africa recommendations were applied. However, the use of the recommendations of previous research conducted in Ghana could reduce cooling loads by 38% to save energy. Suggested strategies of air velocity up to 1.0 m/s as well as thermal mass, comfort ventilation, conventional dehumidification and air-conditioning were found to be means to improve indoor comfort. Furthermore, the architects revealed that around 40% of multi-storey buildings are 70%–100% glazed. Of all the buildings, 62.4% was found to be glazed with single pane windows, making them use so much energy in cooling. Additionally, the survey underlined the client’s preference, cost and functionality as the three main bases for the choice of glazing in multi-storey office buildings. Originality/value A significant contribution of this study to the body of knowledge is the provision of empirical evidence to support the fact that due to climate difference, each country needs to undertake more experimental research works to be able to come out with standards that work. Thus, the GHGBC after the Green Star of South Africa does not necessarily work within the climatic context of Ghana.

Aunque la arqueología de Al-Andalus no se constituyó como disciplina propia hasta hace unos cuarenta años, el interés hacia las fortalezas llamadas por entonces “hispano-musulmanas” se manifestó mucho antes, centrado esencialmente en los aspectos arquitectónicos y de poliorcética. Más recientemente, la aproximación al proceso de la fortificación medieval se ha ido diversificando. No son pocos los trabajos que buscan en él unas respuestas a preguntas más ambiciosas, relativas a la organización de la sociedad campesina, a las estructuras de poblamiento y a la ordenación del territorio, o a las formas adoptadas por el control estatal.Después de unas breves observaciones introductorias sobre el cambio metodológico experimentado a finales de los años 1970, el artículo hace hincapié en la polisemia de los términos árabes referidos a la arquitectura defensiva. A continuación, se centra en las polémicas surgidas a propósito de uno de estos términos, el ḥiṣn (en el ámbito rural) y en las hipótesis avanzadas al respecto. Finalmente, plantea la cuestión de la existencia en al-Andalus de graneros colectivos fortificados y de ribāṭ-s, estructuras mejor documentadas en África del Norte. Palabras claves: fortificación, estructura social islámica, ordenación del espacioTopónimos: al-AndalusPeriodo: siglos VIII-XV ABSTRACTUntil about forty years ago, the archeology of al-Andalus was not regarded as a discipline in itself. However, interest in the so-called “Moorish” fortresses had been expressed much earlier, focused primarily on architectural and polyorcetic aspects. More recently, the approach to the process of medieval fortification has become more diverse: today many scholars seek within it answers to more ambitious questions, related to the organization of peasant society, settlement structures, land-use planning, or formulae of state control.After some preliminary remarks on the methodological change that occurred in the late 1970s, this paper emphasizes the polysemy of Arabic terms referring to defensive architecture. It then focuses on the debates that arose with regard to one of these terms, the ḥiṣn (in rural areas), and on the hypotheses proposed in this respect. Finally, the paper raises the question of the existence in al-Andalus of ribāṭ-s and fortified collective granaries, structures long considered to be specific to North Africa. Keywords: fortification, Islamic social structure, spatial planningPlace names: al-AndalusPeriod: 8th-15th centuries REFERENCIASAcién Almansa, M. 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RESUMENLos balnearios-sauna castreños del noroeste peninsular son monumentos con horno con una arquitectura muy original, posiblemente asociada a los diversos modelos termales. Se conocen cerca de tres decenas, distribuidos por el noroeste peninsular. La arquitectura compleja de estos monumentos se organiza estructuralmente hacia posibilitar baños de sauna y baños de agua fría. Las dos áreas son divididas por una estela, monolítica, normalmente ornamentada – la pedra formosa. El papel simbólico que tendrían en el seno de la sociedad castreña de la Edad del Hierro del noroeste peninsular permanece por aclarar y envuelto en gran misticismo, fruto de una posible sacralidad. Este entorno, referido por diversos autores a lo largo de los tiempos, está posiblemente asociado al culto de los dioses de las aguas y a la sacralidad del baño purificador, medicinal, que se refleja en las decoraciones frontales de las pedras formosas, cuya maestría de los escultores que las insculpieran, tipología decorativa, interpretación simbólica y semiótica estudiamos, como objetivos primordiales, a lo largo de este trabajo de investigación.PALABRAS CLAVE: Protohistoria, monumentos con horno, decoración pétrea, interpretación simbólica / semiótica.ABSTRACTThe Iron Age sauna-baths of the northwest peninsular are monuments with an oven with very original architecture, possibly associated with the diverse thermal models. There are about three dozen known sauna-baths spread over the northwest peninsular. The complex architecture of thesemonuments is structurally organized to allow for cold water baths and sauna baths. The two areas are divided by a tectiforme stele, monolithic, usually ornamented, known as pedra formosa (beautiful stone). The symbolic role that they would have had in the heart of the Iron Age “castreña” society in the northwest peninsular remains unclear and shrouded in mysticism, the fruit of a possible sacredness. This environment, referred to by various authors throughout the ages, is possibly associated with the worship of the water gods and the sacredness of the medicinal and purifying bath, which is reflected in the frontal decorations of the pedras formosas, whose masterful sculpting, decorative typology, symbolic interpretation and semiotics we studied as primary objectives of this research work.KEYWORDS: Protohistory, monuments with oven, stone decoration, symbolic / semiotic interpretation. BIBLIOGRAFIAAlmagro-Gorbea, M. e Álvarez Sanchís, J. R. 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The rising growth of smart and autonomous microelectronic devices in the IoT (Internet of Things) era urges the development of advanced microscale energy sources with tailor-made features and customized energy/power requirements [1]. Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) emerged as potential energy storage devices complementing micro-batteries to power ubiquitous sensor networks needed to foster the development of IoT. However, the low cell voltage and low energy density remain major bottleneck that prevents their application at a large scale in real devices. To mitigate this issue, several studies have been devoted to the engineering of MSC electrode materials and structural architecting of current collectors to enhance the surface area and areal energy density by considering the limited available footprint area [2]. This approach however has associated challenges such as complex synthesis route, the deleterious interfacial and mechanical stability of the electrode, and compatibility issues with the electrolyte and the current collector underneath [3]. Another important challenge to solve for reaching high energy density values in MSCs is the limited electrochemical stability window (ESW) of the electrolytes used as energy stored is directly related to the square of the cell voltage [4]. The electrolytes play a major role in deciding the ESW and liquid-state electrolytes currently employed are troublesome for the microfabrication process due to leakage, evaporation, and safety issues. Therefore, it’s imperative to develop alternative electrolytes including solid-state electrolytes reconcilable to the target application of MSCs. To address the low energy density challenge of current MSCs, we have developed interdigitated MSCs using hydrous ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) electrodes in combination with novel protic ionic liquid (PIL)-based electrolytes able to provide pseudocapacitance while affording a higher ESWs as compared to conventional aqueous electrolytes. As a state-of-the-art pseudocapacitive electrode material, RuO2 owns the key merits of excellent conductivity, high electrochemical reversibility, and cycling stability [5], whereas PILs could help alleviate issues facing currently used electrolytes such as evaporation and encapsulation problems pertaining to aqueous-based and flammability of common organic electrolytes [6], [7], [8]. In the next step, the slow proton transport kinetics of PILs were addressed by the doping of silicotungstic acid (SiWa, H4SiW12O40) with the PIL, which further boosted the pseudocapacitive current response with enlarged cell voltage. The real MSC device was realized by the use of RuO2 deposited on interdigitated porous Au current collectors having a high area enlargement factor (AEF) in combination with triethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TEAH-TFSI)-based PIL. The resultant 3D MSC rendered a cell voltage exceeding 2V with areal capacitance as high as 86 mF cm-2 at 5 mV s-1 on par with the performance of 3D MSC tested using 0.5 M H2SO4 (cell voltage of 0.9 V and areal capacitance of 85 mF cm-2 at 5 mV s-1) but higher energy density performance (more than 4 times) using similar number of RuO2 deposition cycles. To demonstrate the potential integration in real on-chip device application, ionogel-based all-solid-state MSC is developed that showed performance comparable to liquid-state electrolyte with superior long-term cycling stability. This study gives a new perspective to develop all-solid-state micro-supercapacitors using pseudocapacitive active materials that can operate in ionic-liquid-based non-aqueous electrolytes compatible with on-chip IoT-based device applications seeking high areal energy/ power performance. References [1] N. A. Kyeremateng, T. Brousse, D. Pech, Nat Nanotechnol 2017, 12, 7. [2] C. Lethien, J. Le Bideau, T. Brousse, Energ Environ Sci 2019, 12, 96. [3] A. Ferris, D. Bourrier, S. Garbarino, D. Guay, D. Pech, Small 2019, 15, e1901224. [4] C. Zhong, Y. Deng, W. Hu, J. Qiao, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, Chem Soc Rev 2015, 44, 7484. [5] A. Ferris, S. Garbarino, D. Guay, D. Pech, Adv Mater 2015, 27, 6625. [6] M. Yoshizawa, W. Xu, C. A. Angell, J Am Chem Soc 2003, 125, 15411. [7] J. P. Belieres, C. A. Angell, J Phys Chem B 2007, 111, 4926. [8] D. Rochefort, A. L. Pont, Electrochem Commun 2006, 8, 1539.

Problem statement. In this study, attention is focused on the Kharkiv theatre development in the 1940–1960’s, the activities of the theatrical entrepreneur Liudvih Mlotkovskyi and the directors of the Kharkov Theatre: Hendrikov, Alferaki, Petrovskyi, Lvov and Shcherbyna. The theatre directors served as intermediaries between the entrepreneur and the Provincial Offices authorities, while addressing issues of organization and contract negotiation with actors, maintenance of theatre premises. They played an important role on repertoire policies controlled with the censorship committee of the Tsar Russia. Research and publications. The subject of Kharkiv theatre as a part of Ukrainian theatre history development in noted period was highlighted in XIX century by the famous writer, literary critic, culture and public activist Hrigoriy Kvitka-Osnovianenko and by Mykola Cherniaiev – a journalist, literary and theatre critic, reviewer of the newspaper “Yuzhnyi krai” (one of the largest provincial newspapers of the XIX century), where his articles about history of theatre organization in Kharkiv was published. In the XX century this period is covered by famous theatre critics: Alexander Klinchin (in the monographs about the Ukrainian theatre prominent figures Mykhailo Shchepkin, Mykola Rybakov, Liubov Mlotkovska), Arkadii Pletniov (in the study “At the origin of the Kharkiv theatre”), Rostyslav Pylypchuk (in “Materials about the Ukrainian theatre history. From the foundation to the beginning of the twentieth century”), Yu. Polyakova (in numerous publications and the preface to M. Cherniaiev’s book “From Kharkiv’s theatrical antiquity”); ethnographers Andrii Paramonov, Volodymyr Titar (in “The materials for the Kharkiv Theatre history of 1780–1934”). The objective of this study is to attempt to supplement the scientific research of famous theatrical scholars (primarily A. Pletnov and M. Cherniaiev) with materials that were found in the Kharkiv region State Archives. The main material. Entrepreneur Liudvig Mlotkovskyi, who headed the Kharkiv theatre from the autumn of 1834 to the spring of 1843, played a significant role in the theatre history of above mentioned period. In 1839 Mlotkovskyi was allocated a piece of land in Kharkiv free of charge to build a theatre. The first stone building of the theater for 1020 seats was opened in 1841. Furthermore, the land was allocated to Mlotkovskyi’s ownership, he was obliged to comply with some terms among which was compulsory that the theatre director was appointed by the governor. As the first director of the new theatre the Count Hendrikov Oleksandr Ivanovych (1806–1881) was elected and approved. Unfortunately, no materials or documents about Hendrikov’s activity in the theatre were found. However, it is known that during the time of his directorship, due to difficulties and debts, the entrepreneur Mlotkovskyi left Kharkiv. The theatre’s premises were first leased to touring troupes (companies), and in 1853, Mlotkovsky donated it to his daughter, the dramatic actress Vera Liudvygovna Mlotkovska-Diukova. Thus, further theatrical activities in Kharkiv were connected with the Diukov’s entrepreneurial family and the managers of the theatre: Alferaki, Petrovskyi, Lviv and Shcherbyna. They faced the difficult task of theatre revival and getting back its fame. Mykola Dmytrovych Alferaki (1815–1860), Collegia Advisor, a nobleman, held the post from 1845 to 1849. As the director, he paid the debts and additionally invested his own money for the theatre development and improvement. From 1849 to 1856 Engineer-Lieutenant Colonel Petrovskyi was the director of the theater. Archival materials describing Petrovskyi’s directorship were located. He tried to save the situation by means of more democratic drama repertoire that was interesting for general public. Mykhailo PavlovychLvov (1819–1867) was the next theatre director appointed. He was an architect, the member of St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, the professor of Kharkiv University. Lvov purchased costumes, scenery, and library; he spent some money to restore the theatre premises. In addition to being in charge of the Kharkiv Theatre, Lvov rented Poltava Theatre and the railway station for 8 years. What his administration was like is not definitely known, but he served as the director to 1857. At the end of 1850’s and beginning of 1860’s the post of the theatre director was taken up by an experienced entrepreneur Ivan Oleksandrovych Shcherbyna (1821–1869). He had the theatre boxes reconstructed, started a permanent ballet company that worked in the theater for 3 years, alternating ballet performances with spectacles of touring companies and the permanent drama troupe stage enters. The time of Shcherbyna directorship at the Kharkiv Drama Theatre appeared to be the most favourable for the Ukrainian repertoire, when along with Russian drama products the plays by Ukrainian authors were staged, such as I. P. Kotliarevskyi, H. F. Kvitka-Osnovianenko, D. Dmytrenko etc. Conclusions. Basing on previously published studies of famous theatre critics and ethnographers and attempting to combine the results of their research with the materials found in Kharkiv State regional archive we conclude: Kharkiv was one of the provincial theatre art centers in the XIX century. Not only theatrical entrepreneurs, but also provincial authorities took part in theatre formation and development. The latters tried to control the repertoire policy through the theatre directors appointed by them. Despite the discouraging conditions connected with the difficulties and censorship oppression some progressive theatre directors, such as Petrovskyi and Shcherbyna, ignored the bans and staged prohibited by censorship dramas. It happened not only for the sake of commercial benefits, but also because the banned drama pieces were the most interesting for the general population, it were modern, democratic and satisfied the needs of the audience. This study does not claim to be complete. Its objectives are to combine some historical finds with modern researches about Kharkiv theatre development, and partly fill in the gaps relating to the activity of the entrepreneurs and directors who headed the Kharkiv theatre in 1840–1860s; the work in this direction will continued.