Journal articles: 'I-B. Abortus'

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El-Boshy, M., H. Abbas, S. El-Khodery, and S. Osman. "Cytokine response and clinicopathological findings in Brucella infected camels (Camelus dromedarius)." Veterinární Medicína 54, No. 1 (February 11, 2009): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3044-vetmed.

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The present study had the aim of assessing the cytokine response and selected clinicopathological findings associated with brucellosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius). 340 dromedary camels were examined for brucellosis using agglutination and Complement Fixation tests (CFT). Twenty-five camels (7.35%) were positive by both tests; 14 (4.12%) for B. abortus and 11 (3.23%) for B. melitensis. IL-1β and IL-10 interleukin levels in both B. abortus and B. melitensis infected camels showed significant elevations (P < 0.05) compared with controls. Moreover, there was significantly larger increase in IL-1β interleukins in camels infected with B. abortus compared with B. melitensis. TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-1α levels showed significant decreases (P < 0.05) in Brucella infected camels compared with non-infected ones; however, there was non-significant changes in IL-6 levels in Brucella infected camels compared with controls. Lymphopenia was recorded in infected camels but not in controls. However, normocytic normochromic anemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypoglycemia were recorded in the B. abortus group only. Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SD), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) showed significant increases (P < 0.05) in infected camels compared with controls, and in B. abortus infected camels compared with B. melitensis infected animals. This is the first report that describes changes in selected cytokines and various haematological and biochemical parameters associated with brucellosios in dromedary camels. Emphasis should be placed on multidisciplinary research to elucidate the immunomodulatory features of camel brucellosis.

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Arriola Benitez, Paula Constanza, Ayelén Ivana Pesce Viglietti, María Mercedes Elizalde, Guillermo Hernán Giambartolomei, Jorge Fabián Quarleri, and María Victoria Delpino. "Hepatic Stellate Cells and Hepatocytes as Liver Antigen-Presenting Cells during B. abortus Infection." Pathogens 9, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070527.

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In Brucellosis, the role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the induction of liver fibrosis has been elucidated recently. Here, we study how the infection modulates the antigen-presenting capacity of LX-2 cells. Brucella abortus infection induces the upregulation of class II transactivator protein (CIITA) with concomitant MHC-I and -II expression in LX-2 cells in a manner that is independent from the expression of the type 4 secretion system (T4SS). In concordance, B. abortus infection increases the phagocytic ability of LX-2 cells and induces MHC-II-restricted antigen processing and presentation. In view of the ability of B. abortus-infected LX-2 cells to produce monocyte-attracting factors, we tested the capacity of culture supernatants from B. abortus-infected monocytes on MHC-I and –II expression in LX-2 cells. Culture supernatants from B. abortus-infected monocytes do not induce MHC-I and -II expression. However, these supernatants inhibit MHC-II expression induced by IFN-γ in an IL-10 dependent mechanism. Since hepatocytes constitute the most abundant epithelial cell in the liver, experiments were conducted to determine the contribution of these cells in antigen presentation in the context of B. abortus infection. Our results indicated that B. abortus-infected hepatocytes have an increased MHC-I expression, but MHC-II levels remain at basal levels. Overall, B. abortus infection induces MHC-I and -II expression in LX-2 cells, increasing the antigen presentation. Nevertheless, this response could be modulated by resident or infiltrating monocytes/macrophages.

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Balakhonov, S. V., V. I. Dubrovina, V. V. Voitkova, K. M. Korytov, N. L. Barannikova, V. B. Nikolaev, and T. T. Shkaruba. "Immunophenotyping of blood cells of experimental animals immunized with Brucella abortus thermoextracts." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 4 (September 2, 2019): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2019-4-25-31.

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Aim. To study the subpopulational structure of blood cells of the experimental animals immunized with thermoextracts (TE) of Brucella abortus in L- and S-form. Materials and methods. Total 100 certified («Vector», Novosibirsk) outbred mice were immunized with B. abortus I-206 TE in L- and S-form in 20 μg protein dose. After 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days of observation the phenotypes (CD45, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD69) of blood cells were detected. Results. General regularities were revealed after injection of the experimental preparations. So, B. abortus TE in L- and S-form caused the immune response that increased granulocyte number and expression of early activation marker CD69 by T- and B-lymphocytes of blood in early period of observation (1-3 days), decrease in general B-lymphocyte content in late periods of observation (7-21 days). Thus, mice received B. abortus ТE in L-form demonstrated authentically higher CD69 expression of blood lymphocyte subpopulations than mice received B. abortus ТE in S-form. Distinctions in formation of humoral immune response were revealed that probably was connected with alteration of Brucella chemical composition in the course of L-transformation. Conclusion. The investigation established that B. abortus TE in L- or S-form caused immunological reorganization in the experimental animal organisms. On the basis of the fin

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Astarina, Dhevie Kenny, Eko Sugeng Pribadi, and Fachriyan Hasmi Pasaribu. "Penggunaan Imunostik sebagai Uji Serologi untuk Deteksi Brucella abortus pada Sapi (APPLICATION IMMUNOSTICK ASSAY FOR SEROLOGICAL TEST BRUCELLA ABORTUS IN BOVINE)." Jurnal Veteriner 19, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2018.19.2.169.

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Serological test is one of diagnostic method to detect pathogenicity brucella. Several methods are being improving such as Rose Bengal Test (RBT), Complement Fixation Test (CFT) dan Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Immunostick has an accuracy equivalent to ELISA and is easy to apply in the field so it is possible to be applied as a rapid test for brucellosis detection. The study aim was to know sensitivity and specificity of immunostick that were used to detecte antibody Brucella abortus using commercial antigens of B. abortus Strain 19 (S19) and B. abortus Strain 99 (S99). The test have compared with ELISA. The tests were conducted in two stages, namely (i) immunostick ability to detect antibodies in seropositive and seronegative serum, and (ii) the immunostick result were compared with ELISA result in serum grup that were be know and unknown status. A total of 250 serums were examined and result indicated that immunostick can be detect B. abortus antibodies in cattle serum with sensitivity 100%. Immunostick specifity were 45,45% for B. abortus S99(1) antigen; 78,79% for B. abortus S99(2) antigen and 51,52% for B. abortus S19 antigen. When the test compared with ELISA, the sensitivity 82,86% and the spesifity were 52,31% for B. abortus S99(1) antigen; 93,54% and 79,71 for B. abortus S99(2) antigen and 82,86% and 58,46% for B. abortus S19 antigen.

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Gee, Jason M., Michelle Wright Valderas, Michael E. Kovach, Vanessa K. Grippe, Gregory T. Robertson, Wai-Leung Ng, John M. Richardson, Malcolm E. Winkler, and R. Martin Roop. "The Brucella abortus Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase Is Required for Optimal Resistance to Oxidative Killing by Murine Macrophages and Wild-Type Virulence in Experimentally Infected Mice." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 5 (May 2005): 2873–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.5.2873-2880.2005.

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ABSTRACT Two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of cell lysates from Brucella abortus 2308 and the isogenic hfq mutant Hfq3 revealed that the RNA binding protein Hfq (also known as host factor I or HF-I) is required for the optimal stationary phase production of the periplasmic Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase SodC. An isogenic sodC mutant, designated MEK2, was constructed from B. abortus 2308 by gene replacement, and the sodC mutant exhibited much greater susceptibility to killing by O2 − generated by pyrogallol and the xanthine oxidase reaction than the parental 2308 strain supporting a role for SodC in protecting this bacterium from O2 − of exogenous origin. The B. abortus sodC mutant was also found to be much more sensitive to killing by cultured resident peritoneal macrophages from C57BL6J mice than 2308, and the attenuation displayed by MEK2 in cultured murine macrophages was enhanced when these phagocytes were treated with gamma interferon (IFN-γ). The attenuation displayed by the B. abortus sodC mutant in both resting and IFN-γ-activated macrophages was alleviated, however, when these host cells were treated with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. Consistent with its increased susceptibility to killing by cultured murine macrophages, the B. abortus sodC mutant also displayed significant attenuation in experimentally infected C57BL6J mice compared to the parental strain. These experimental findings indicate that SodC protects B. abortus 2308 from the respiratory burst of host macrophages. They also suggest that reduced SodC levels may contribute to the attenuation displayed by the B. abortus hfq mutant Hfq3 in the mouse model.

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Van Lent, Sarah, Heather Huot Creasy, Garry S. A. Myers, and Daisy Vanrompay. "The Number, Organization, and Size of Polymorphic Membrane Protein Coding Sequences as well as the Most Conserved Pmp Protein Differ within and across Chlamydia Species." Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 26, no. 5 (2016): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447092.

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Variation is a central trait of the polymorphic membrane protein (Pmp) family. The number of pmp coding sequences differs between Chlamydia species, but it is unknown whether the number of pmp coding sequences is constant within a Chlamydia species. The level of conservation of the Pmp proteins has previously only been determined for Chlamydia trachomatis. As different Pmp proteins might be indispensible for the pathogenesis of different Chlamydia species, this study investigated the conservation of Pmp proteins both within and across C. trachomatis,C. pneumoniae,C. abortus, and C. psittaci. The pmp coding sequences were annotated in 16 C. trachomatis, 6 C. pneumoniae, 2 C. abortus, and 16 C. psittaci genomes. The number and organization of polymorphic membrane coding sequences differed within and across the analyzed Chlamydia species. The length of coding sequences of pmpA,pmpB, and pmpH was conserved among all analyzed genomes, while the length of pmpE/F and pmpG, and remarkably also of the subtype pmpD, differed among the analyzed genomes. PmpD, PmpA, PmpH, and PmpA were the most conserved Pmp in C. trachomatis,C. pneumoniae,C. abortus, and C. psittaci, respectively. PmpB was the most conserved Pmp across the 4 analyzed Chlamydia species.

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Mikhailov, L. M., N. L. Barannikova, L. E. Tokareva, S. A. Vityazeva, T. P. Starovoytova, V. I. Dubrovina, and S. V. Balakhonov. "Studying of S- and L- form Brucella’s Thermo-Extracts Immunogenic Characteristics at Cavies Guinea Pigs." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 15, no. 4 (August 20, 2016): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2016-15-4-82-86.

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Relevance. In the Russian Federation is noted the negative dynamics of epizootic process of brucellosis among epidemiologically important species of farm animals (cattle and small ruminants), which represents a threat to the population. Used in Russia live vaccine based on a strain of Brucella abortus 19 the BA has reduced virulence, but capable at high doses (108 -2 109 m.c.) cause a generalized infection in guinea pigs and humans, and in violation of the rules cause post-vaccination complications. Goal. Assess possibility of the thermo-extract derived from the S- and L-forms of Brucella, get an immune response in guinea pigs, and reduce the risk of infection with virulent brucella. Materials and methods. Two series of experiments were carried out on guinea pigs. Immunized guinea pigs thermo-extracts (TE) from a strain of B. abortus I-206 in the S- and L-forms, and live brucellosis vaccine (Scientific and Production Association for Immunological Preparations «Microgen», Russia). To infect guinea pigs using virulent B. abortus 544 (Reference) and B. melitensis I-203 from the museum of living cultures of the Irkutsk Scientific Research Anti-Plague Institute. Results. In the first and second experiment after immunization L TE in dose 5 mg and 10 mg after infection with B. abortus and B. melitensis 5441-203 were approximately similar results. Immunization of Brucella in TE S-form or complex of L + S TE either of two doses (5 mg or 10 mg) cultures after infection B. abortus and B. melitensis 5441-203 gave the same result as a vaccine B. abortus 19VA. Conclusions. The results indicate the prospects of further study of experimental steps for using immunizing agents TE S, L TE and TE S + L on the laboratory animals.

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Velasco, J., J. A. Bengoechea, K. Brandenburg, B. Lindner, U. Seydel, D. González, U. Zähringer, E. Moreno, and I. Moriyón. "Brucella abortus and Its Closest Phylogenetic Relative, Ochrobactrum spp., Differ in Outer Membrane Permeability and Cationic Peptide Resistance." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 3210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.6.3210-3218.2000.

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ABSTRACT The outer membrane (OM) of the intracellular parasiteBrucella abortus is permeable to hydrophobic probes and resistant to destabilization by polycationic peptides and EDTA. The significance of these unusual properties was investigated in a comparative study with the opportunistic pathogens of the genusOchrobactrum, the closest known Brucellarelative. Ochrobactrum spp. OMs were impermeable to hydrophobic probes and sensitive to polymyxin B but resistant to EDTA. These properties were traced to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) because (i) insertion of B. abortus LPS, but not of Escherichia coli LPS, into Ochrobactrum OM increased its permeability; (ii) permeability and polymyxin B binding measured with LPS aggregates paralleled the results with live bacteria; and (iii) the predicted intermediate results were obtained with B. abortus-Ochrobactrum anthropi and E. coli-O. anthropiLPS hybrid aggregates. Although Ochrobactrum was sensitive to polymyxin, self-promoted uptake and bacterial lysis occurred without OM morphological changes, suggesting an unusual OM structural rigidity.Ochrobactrum and B. abortus LPSs showed no differences in phosphate, qualitative fatty acid composition, or acyl chain fluidity. However, Ochrobactrum LPS, but not B. abortus LPS, contained galacturonic acid. B. abortusand Ochrobactrum smooth LPS aggregates had similar size and zeta potential (−12 to −15 mV). Upon saturation with polymyxin, zeta potential became positive (1 mV) for Ochrobactrum smooth LPS while remaining negative (−5 mV) for B. abortus smooth LPS, suggesting hindered access to inner targets. These results show that although Ochrobactrum and Brucella share a basic OM pattern, subtle modifications in LPS core cause markedly different OM properties, possibly reflecting the adaptive evolution ofB. abortus to pathogenicity.

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Seco-Mediavilla, Patricia, Jean-Michel Verger, Maggy Grayon, Axel Cloeckaert, Clara M. Marín, Michel S. Zygmunt, Luis Fernández-Lago, and Nieves Vizcaíno. "Epitope Mapping of the Brucella melitensis BP26 Immunogenic Protein: Usefulness for Diagnosis of Sheep Brucellosis." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10, no. 4 (July 2003): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.10.4.647-651.2003.

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ABSTRACT Sequencing of bp26, the gene encoding the Brucella sp. immunogenic BP26 periplasmic protein, was performed in the reference strains of Brucella abortus, B. suis, and B. ovis. The three bp26 sequences were almost identical to that published for B. melitensis 16M bp26, and only minor nucleotide substitutions, without modifying the amino acid sequence, were observed between species. The bp26 genes of the seven B. abortus biovar reference strains and B. abortus S19 and RB51 vaccine strains were also sequenced. Again, only minor differences were found. Surprisingly, the bp26 nucleotide sequence for B. abortus S19 was almost identical to that found for B. melitensis 16M and differed from the sequence described previously by others (O. L. Rossetti, A. I. Arese, M. L. Boschiroli, and S. L. Cravero, J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:165-169, 1996) for the same B. abortus strain. The epitope mapping of BP26, performed by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and recombinant DNA techniques, allowed the identification of an immunodominant region of the protein interesting for the diagnosis of B. melitensis and B. ovis infection in sheep. A recombinant fusion protein containing this region of BP26 reacted indeed, in Western blotting, as the entire recombinant BP26 against sera from B. melitensis- or B. ovis-infected sheep while it avoided false-positive reactions observed with sera from Brucella-free sheep when using the entire recombinant BP26. Thus, use of this recombinant fusion protein instead the entire recombinant BP26 could improve the specific serological diagnosis of B. melitensis or B. ovis infection in sheep.

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Ciocchini, Andrés E., Mara S. Roset, Nora Iñón de Iannino, and Rodolfo A. Ugalde. "Membrane Topology Analysis of Cyclic Glucan Synthase, a Virulence Determinant of Brucella abortus." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 21 (November 1, 2004): 7205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.21.7205-7213.2004.

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ABSTRACT Brucella abortus cyclic glucan synthase (Cgs) is a 316-kDa (2,831-amino-acid) integral inner membrane protein that is responsible for the synthesis of cyclic β-1,2-glucan by a novel mechanism in which the enzyme itself acts as a protein intermediate. B. abortus Cgs uses UDP-glucose as a sugar donor and has the three enzymatic activities necessary for synthesis of the cyclic polysaccharide (i.e., initiation, elongation, and cyclization). Cyclic glucan is required in B. abortus for effective host interaction and complete expression of virulence. To gain further insight into the structure and mechanism of action of B. abortus Cgs, we studied the membrane topology of the protein using a combination of in silico predictions, a genetic approach involving the construction of fusions between the cgs gene and the genes encoding alkaline phosphatase (phoA) and β-galactosidase (lacZ), and site-directed chemical labeling of lysine residues. We found that B. abortus Cgs is a polytopic membrane protein with the amino and carboxyl termini located in the cytoplasm and with six transmembrane segments, transmembrane segments I (residues 419 to 441), II (residues 452 to 474), III (residues 819 to 841), IV (residues 847 to 869), V (residues 939 to 961), and VI (residues 968 to 990). The six transmembrane segments determine four large cytoplasmic domains and three very small periplasmic regions.

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Angel, Martha Olivera, Paula Ristow, Albert Icksang Ko, and Cecilia Di–Lorenzo. "Serological trail of Brucella infection in an urban slum population in Brazil." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 6, no. 09 (September 17, 2012): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2347.

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Introduction: Brucellosis is a re-emerging zoonosis with new cases reported each year in many Latin American countries, but it is mostly under-recognized. This study presents a serological investigation of infection with Brucella abortus and Brucella canis in a poor urban community in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Methodology: Human sera (n = 180) were randomly selected from 3,171 samples taken from healthy individuals during 2003-2004 and tested with C-ELISA for B. abortus and I-ELISA for B. canis. Results: Thirteen percent (24/180) of the individuals were positive for B. abortus and 4.6 % (8/174) were positive for B. canis. Among the variables studied only age (older than 45 years) appeared to be a risk factor for the detection of Brucella antibodies. Conclusion: These results indicate the presence of Brucella infection in this settlement and highlight the need to understand the epidemiology of infection under these circumstances to establish the necessary measures for surveillance and control.

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Dubrovina, V. I., T. P. Starovoitova, S. A. Vityazeva, N. L. Barannikova, T. A. Ivanova, T. T. Shkaruba, and S. V. Balakhonov. "INFLUENCE OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS I-206 THERMOEXTRACTS IN L- AND S-FORM ON MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATE OF WHITE MICE ADRENAL GLANDS." Acta Biomedica Scientifica 3, no. 4 (July 28, 2018): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29413/abs.2018-3.4.15.

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Live vaccines are used for specific brucellosis prophylaxis in the Russian Federation. These vaccines in addition to a number of positive properties have some limitations including high agglutinogenicity, reactogenicity, sensitizing activity. In this connection, the development of subunit vaccines without adverse reactions is a perspective direction in modern vaccinology. Complex morphological research of the adrenal glands and comparative analysis of peripheral blood (leukogram, leukocytic index and index of allergization) of white mice immunized with thermoextracts (ТE) of Brucella abortus I-206 in L- and S-form and inactivated vaccine B. abortus 19 ВА were conducted. It was shown that ТE unlike B. abortus 19 ВА caused minor alterations in peripheral blood of the experimental animals in early periods of observation (increase of allergization index, changes in leukogram) with the subsequent levelling to the values in control. Expositions of the adrenal gland zoning were determined and cellular structure was estimated in consideration of morphometry. Changes in architectonics of the mice organ immunized with B. abortus 19 ВА were revealed. These alterations could indicate the stress-reaction development. In case of ТE application the given changes were insignificant and were developed in early periods. The revealed morphological changes in adrenal glands of laboratory animals permit to prove the necessity of realization the further experimental researches to ТE application as the components for development of a subcellular brucellosis vaccine.

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Fernandez-Prada, Carmen M., Mikeljon Nikolich, Ramesh Vemulapalli, Nammalwar Sriranganathan, Stephen M. Boyle, Gerhardt G. Schurig, Ted L. Hadfield, and David L. Hoover. "Deletion of wboA Enhances Activation of the Lectin Pathway of Complement in Brucella abortus andBrucella melitensis." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 4407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.7.4407-4416.2001.

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ABSTRACT Brucella spp. are gram-negative intracellular pathogens that survive and multiply within phagocytic cells of their hosts. Smooth organisms present O polysaccharides (OPS) on their surface. These OPS help the bacteria avoid the bactericidal action of serum. ThewboA gene, coding for the enzyme glycosyltransferase, is essential for the synthesis of O chain in Brucella. In this study, the sensitivity to serum of smooth, virulent Brucella melitensis 16M and B. abortus 2308, roughwboA mutants VTRM1, RA1, and WRR51 derived from these twoBrucella species, and the B. abortus vaccine strain RB51 was assayed using normal nonimmune human serum (NHS). The deposition of complement components and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) on the bacterial surface was detected by flow cytometry. Rough B. abortus mutants were more sensitive to the bactericidal action of NHS than were rough B. melitensis mutants. Complement components were deposited on smooth strains at a slower rate compared to rough strains. Deposition of iC3b and C5b-9 and bacterial killing occurred when bacteria were treated with C1q-depleted, but not with C2-depleted serum or NHS in the presence of Mg-EGTA. These results indicate that (i) OPS-deficient strains derived from B. melitensis 16M are more resistant to the bactericidal action of NHS than OPS-deficient strains derived from B. abortus2308, (ii) both the classical and the MBL-mediated pathways are involved in complement deposition and complement-mediated killing ofBrucella, and (iii) the alternative pathway is not activated by smooth or rough brucellae.

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Nagalingam, Mohandoss, Thaslim J. Basheer, Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan, Rajeswari Shome, S. Sowjanya Kumari, G. B. Manjunatha Reddy, Bibek Ranjan Shome, et al. "Comparative evaluation of the immunodominant proteins of Brucella abortus for the diagnosis of cattle brucellosis." March-2021 14, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.803-812.

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Background and Aim: The present serodiagnosis of brucellosis in livestock is based on the whole cell or smooth lipopolysaccharide of the Brucella organism in which specificity is hampered by the cross-reactivity, especially with the antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 organism. The problem can be addressed by screening for better immunodominant antigens. Hence, the present study was undertaken to screen protein antigens of Brucella abortus for their diagnostic potential in cattle brucellosis. Materials and Methods: Protein antigens of B. abortus (n=10) non-reactive to antibodies against Y. enterocolitica O:9 were selected, expressed in Escherichia coli, assessed the reactivity of expressed recombinant proteins by Western blot, standardized indirect-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting Brucella antibodies in cattle serum, and comparative evaluation was done. Results: All the selected protein antigens were expressed and in the Western blot with Brucella antibodies positive cattle serum, six recombinant (Brucella protein 26 [BP26], Cu-Zn Superoxide dismutase [SodC], B. abortus I-1885, Serine protease, Bacterioferritin, and Brucella Lumazine Synthase [BLS]) proteins showed reaction whereas none of the proteins showed reactivity with Brucella negative cattle serum. ELISA has been done using known Brucella positive and negative cattle sera samples (n=113 each) in which the performance of recombinant proteins in diagnosing brucellosis was in the order of BP26 > BLS > SodC followed by rest of the proteins. BP26 based ELISA was found to be better with area under the curve as 0.953, and diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity, and Youden's index of 90.27%, 95.58%, and 0.8584, respectively, with the excellent agreement (k=0.85). Conclusion: BP26 could be a potential diagnostic antigen among the immunodominant proteins of B. abortus in ruling out Y. enterocolitica O:9 infection while diagnosing brucellosis in cattle herds.

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Canali, Susanna, Amanda B. Core, Kimberly B. Zumbrennen-Bullough, Maria Merkulova, Chia-Yu Wang, Alan L. Schneyer, Antonello Pietrangelo, and Jodie L. Babitt. "Activin B Induces Noncanonical SMAD1/5/8 Signaling via BMP Type I Receptors in Hepatocytes: Evidence for a Role in Hepcidin Induction by Inflammation in Male Mice." Endocrinology 157, no. 3 (January 6, 2016): 1146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1747.

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Abstract Induction of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin contributes to the anemia of inflammation. Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) signaling is a central regulator of hepcidin expression in the liver. Recently, the TGF-β/BMP superfamily member activin B was implicated in hepcidin induction by inflammation via noncanonical SMAD1/5/8 signaling, but its mechanism of action and functional significance in vivo remain uncertain. Here, we show that low concentrations of activin B, but not activin A, stimulate prolonged SMAD1/5/8 signaling and hepcidin expression in liver cells to a similar degree as canonical SMAD2/3 signaling, and with similar or modestly reduced potency compared with BMP6. Activin B stimulates hepcidin via classical activin type II receptors ACVR2A and ACVR2B, noncanonical BMP type I receptors activin receptor-like kinase 2 and activin receptor-like kinase 3, and SMAD5. The coreceptor hemojuvelin binds to activin B and facilitates activin B-SMAD1/5/8 signaling. Activin B-SMAD1/5/8 signaling has some selectivity for hepatocyte-derived cells and is not enabled by hemojuvelin in other cell types. Liver activin B mRNA expression is up-regulated in multiple mouse models of inflammation associated with increased hepcidin and hypoferremia, including lipopolysaccharide, turpentine, and heat-killed Brucella abortus models. Finally, the activin inhibitor follistatin-315 blunts hepcidin induction by lipopolysaccharide or B. abortus in mice. Our data elucidate a novel mechanism for noncanonical SMAD activation and support a likely functional role for activin B in hepcidin stimulation during inflammation in vivo.

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Newby, D. T., T. L. Hadfield, and F. F. Roberto. "Real-Time PCR Detection of Brucella abortus: a Comparative Study of SYBR Green I, 5′-Exonuclease, and Hybridization Probe Assays." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 8 (August 2003): 4753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.8.4753-4759.2003.

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ABSTRACT Real-time PCR provides a means of detecting and quantifying DNA targets by monitoring PCR product accumulation during cycling as indicated by increased fluorescence. A number of different approaches can be used to generate the fluorescence signal. Three approaches—SYBR Green I (a double-stranded DNA intercalating dye), 5′-exonuclease (enzymatically released fluors), and hybridization probes (fluorescence resonance energy transfer)—were evaluated for use in a real-time PCR assay to detect Brucella abortus. The three assays utilized the same amplification primers to produce an identical amplicon. This amplicon spans a region of the B. abortus genome that includes portions of the alkB gene and the IS711 insertion element. All three assays were of comparable sensitivity, providing a linear assay over 7 orders of magnitude (from 7.5 ng down to 7.5 fg). However, the greatest specificity was achieved with the hybridization probe assay.

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Dubrovina, V. I., O. V. Yuryeva, A. B. Pyatidesyatnikova, T. P. Starovoytova, Zh A. Konovalova, N. L. Barannikova, V. B. Nikolayev, and S. V. Balakhonov. "Prospects for the Use of Thermal Extracts of Brucella abortusI-206 in S-and L-Forms in the Diagnosis and Prevention of Brucellosis." Acta Biomedica Scientifica 4, no. 3 (July 17, 2019): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29413/abs.2019-4.3.12.

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Currently, one of the topical areas of research is the development of new antigen preparations for the specific diagnosis and prevention of brucellosis, since indication of the pathogen and prevention of the disease is complicated by the ability of brucella to dissociate, and live vaccines used for specific prevention of brucellosis have residual virulence. Thermal extracts (TE) obtained from Brucella abortus I-206 in the L- and S-form can be used as such promising antigens. It is known that TE in the L- and S-forms have immunogenic properties, as well as a modulating effect on the proliferation of immunocompetent cells, morphological changes in the immunocompetent organs of experimental animals.The aimof the work is to study the effect of Brucella abortus thermal extracts in L- and S-forms on the functional state of the cells of experimental animals.Materials and methods. The study was performed on 100 certified white mice. As objects of study, we used the B. abortus I-206 TE in L- and S-forms. Evaluation of the effect of antigenic drugs on the functional state of phagocytes of laboratory animals in vitro was performed on peritoneal macrophages. The total activity of the respiratory chain enzymes in the NBT-test and superoxide dismutase was determined. Cells of intact animals served as controls. As a positive control, a commercial antigenic LPS preparation Escherichia coli was used. The content of cyclic nucleotides in homogenates of immunocompetent organs was determined using ELISA.Results.This study presents materials on the study of the effect of TE on the bactericidal activity of phagocytes and the level of cyclic nucleotides in immunocompetent organs. It has been established that TEs activate oxygen-dependent bactericidal systems of phagocytes. When studying the effect of TE on the content of cyclic nucleotides in immunocompetent organs of white mice, an increase in their concentration was revealed, indicating an increase in the functional activity of the cells.Conclusion.The obtained data make it possible to substantiate the need for a further detailed study of the immunogenic properties of B. abortus TE in the L- or S-form on the organism of experimental animals.

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Caro-Hernández, Paola, Luis Fernández-Lago, María-Jesús de Miguel, Ana I. Martín-Martín, Axel Cloeckaert, María-Jesús Grilló, and Nieves Vizcaíno. "Role of the Omp25/Omp31 Family in Outer Membrane Properties and Virulence of Brucella ovis." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 8 (June 11, 2007): 4050–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00486-07.

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ABSTRACT The genes coding for the five outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of the Omp25/Omp31 family expected to be located in the outer membrane (OM) of rough virulent Brucella ovis PA were inactivated to evaluate their role in virulence and OM properties. The OM properties of the mutant strains and of the mutants complemented with the corresponding wild-type genes were analyzed, in comparison with the parental strain and rough B. abortus RB51, in several tests: (i) binding of anti-Omp25 and anti-Omp31 monoclonal antibodies, (ii) autoagglutination of bacterial suspensions, and (iii) assessment of susceptibility to polymyxin B, sodium deoxycholate, hydrogen peroxide, and nonimmune ram serum. A tight balance of the members of the Omp25/Omp31 family was seen to be essential for the stability of the B. ovis OM, and important differences between the OMs of B. ovis PA and B. abortus RB51 rough strains were observed. Regarding virulence, the absence of Omp25d and Omp22 from the OM of B. ovis PA led to a drastic reduction in spleen colonization in mice. While the greater susceptibility of the Δomp22 mutant to nonimmune serum and its difficulty in surviving in the stationary phase might be on the basis of its dramatic attenuation, no defects in the OM able to explain the attenuation of the Δomp25d mutant were found, especially considering that the fully virulent Δomp25c mutant displayed more important OM defects. Accordingly, Omp25d, and perhaps Omp22, could be directly involved in the penetration and/or survival of B. ovis inside host cells. This aspect, together with the role of Omp25d and Omp22 in the virulence both of B. ovis in rams and of other Brucella species, should be thoroughly evaluated in future studies.

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Falcão, M. V. D., V. L. A. Santana, F. N. Corrêa, J. A. B. Tenório, and R. A. Mota. "Development and standardization of a western blotting test for detection of antibodies against B. abortus." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 71, no. 1 (February 2019): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-10290.

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ABSTRACT Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella spp. with diagnosis based on use of serological techniques. The present study aimed to develop and standardize a western blotting (WB) test for detection of antibodies against B. abortus. Samples from two groups of cattle were analyzed: group I: 60 serum samples from true positive and true negative vaccinated animals (30 positive samples from infected animals according to rose bengal test (RBT), 2-mercaptoethanol, serum agglutination test (SAT) and complement fixation test (CFT) and 30 RBT negatives samples); group II: 383 field samples (90 positive and 293 CFT negative sera). The most reactive band in the western blotting, which properly identified and separated infected from non - infected had a molecular weight of ≤ 20kDa. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the WB compared to RBT was 93%, 99%, 98%, respectively and k= 0.938. When compared to CFT, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the WB was 97%, 98% and 97%, respectively and k= 0.929. The WB developed and standardized in the present study is a serological test with potential use as a confirmatory test for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis.

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Hölzer, Martin, Lisa-Marie Barf, Kevin Lamkiewicz, Fabien Vorimore, Marie Lataretu, Alison Favaroni, Christiane Schnee, Karine Laroucau, Manja Marz, and Konrad Sachse. "Comparative Genome Analysis of 33 Chlamydia Strains Reveals Characteristic Features of Chlamydia Psittaci and Closely Related Species." Pathogens 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110899.

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To identify genome-based features characteristic of the avian and human pathogen Chlamydia (C.) psittaci and related chlamydiae, we analyzed whole-genome sequences of 33 strains belonging to 12 species. Using a novel genome analysis tool termed Roary ILP Bacterial Annotation Pipeline (RIBAP), this panel of strains was shown to share a large core genome comprising 784 genes and representing approximately 80% of individual genomes. Analyzing the most variable genomic sites, we identified a set of features of C. psittaci that in its entirety is characteristic of this species: (i) a relatively short plasticity zone of less than 30,000 nt without a tryptophan operon (also in C. abortus, C. avium, C. gallinacea, C. pneumoniae), (ii) a characteristic set of of Inc proteins comprising IncA, B, C, V, X, Y (with homologs in C. abortus, C. caviae and C. felis as closest relatives), (iii) a 502-aa SinC protein, the largest among Chlamydia spp., and (iv) an elevated number of Pmp proteins of subtype G (14 in C. psittaci, 14 in Cand. C. ibidis). In combination with future functional studies, the common and distinctive criteria revealed in this study provide important clues for understanding the complexity of host-specific behavior of individual Chlamydia spp.

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Sieira, Rodrigo, Gastón M. Arocena, Lucas Bukata, Diego J. Comerci, and Rodolfo A. Ugalde. "Metabolic Control of Virulence Genes in Brucella abortus: HutC Coordinates virB Expression and the Histidine Utilization Pathway by Direct Binding to Both Promoters." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 1 (October 23, 2009): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01124-09.

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ABSTRACT Type IV secretion systems (T4SS) are multicomponent machineries involved in the translocation of effector molecules across the bacterial cell envelope. The virB operon of Brucella abortus codes for a T4SS that is essential for virulence and intracellular multiplication of the bacterium in the host. Previous studies showed that the virB operon of B. abortus is tightly regulated within the host cells. In order to identify factors implicated in the control of virB expression, we searched for proteins of Brucella that directly bind to the virB promoter (P virB ). Using different procedures, we isolated a 27-kDa protein that binds specifically to P virB . This protein was identified as HutC, the transcriptional repressor of the histidine utilization (hut) genes. Analyses of virB and hut promoter activity revealed that HutC exerts two different roles: it acts as a coactivator of transcription of the virB operon, whereas it represses the hut genes. Such activities were observed both intracellularly and in bacteria incubated under conditions that resemble the intracellular environment. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays (EMSA) and DNase I footprinting experiments revealed the structure, affinity, and localization of the HutC-binding sites and supported the regulatory role of HutC in both hut and virB promoters. Taken together, these results indicate that Brucella coopted the function of HutC to coordinate the Hut pathway with transcriptional regulation of the virB genes, probably as a way to sense its own metabolic state and develop adaptive responses to overcome intracellular host defenses.

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Milillo, M. Ayelén, Lis N. Velásquez, Aldana Trotta, M. Victoria Delpino, Fábio V. Marinho, Luciana Balboa, Mónica Vermeulen, et al. "B. abortus RNA is the component involved in the down-modulation of MHC-I expression on human monocytes via TLR8 and the EGFR pathway." PLOS Pathogens 13, no. 8 (August 2, 2017): e1006527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006527.

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Paulsen, Ian T., Sylvie Chauvaux, Peter Choi, and Milton H. Saier. "Characterization of Glucose-Specific Catabolite Repression-Resistant Mutants of Bacillus subtilis: Identification of a Novel Hexose:H+ Symporter." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 3 (February 1, 1998): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.3.498-504.1998.

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ABSTRACT Insertional mutagenesis was conducted on Bacillus subtilis cells to screen for mutants resistant to catabolite repression. Three classes of mutants that were resistant to glucose-promoted but not mannitol-promoted catabolite repression were identified. Cloning and sequencing of the mutated genes revealed that the mutations occurred in the structural genes for (i) enzyme II of the phosphoenolpyruvate-glucose phosphotransferase (PtsG), (ii) antiterminator GlcT, which controls PtsG synthesis, and (iii) a previously uncharacterized carrier of the major facilitator superfamily, which we have designated GlcP. The last protein exhibits greatest sequence similarity to the fucose:H+ symporter ofEscherichia coli and the glucose/galactose:H+symporter of Brucella abortus. In a wild-type B. subtilis genetic background, theglcP::Tn10 mutation (i) partially but specifically relieved glucose- and sucrose-promoted catabolite repression, (ii) reduced the growth rate in minimal glucose medium, and (iii) reduced rates of [14C]glucose and [14C]methyl α-glucoside uptake. In a Δptsgenetic background no phenotype was observed, suggesting that expression of the glcP gene required a functional phosphotransferase system. When overproduced in a Δptsmutant of E. coli, GlcP could be shown to specifically transport glucose, mannose, 2-deoxyglucose and methyl α-glucoside with low micromolar affinities. Accumulation of the nonmetabolizable glucose analogs was demonstrated, and inhibitor studies suggested a dependency on the proton motive force. We conclude that B. subtilis possesses at least two distinct routes of glucose entry, both of which contribute to the phenomenon of catabolite repression.

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Hisham, Yasmin, and Yaqoub Ashhab. "Identification of Cross-Protective Potential Antigens against PathogenicBrucellaspp. through Combining Pan-Genome Analysis with Reverse Vaccinology." Journal of Immunology Research 2018 (December 9, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1474517.

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Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genusBrucella.Brucella melitensis,Brucella abortus, andBrucella suisare the most pathogenic species of this genus causing the majority of human and domestic animal brucellosis. There is a need to develop a safe and potent subunit vaccine to overcome the serious drawbacks of the live attenuatedBrucellavaccines. The aim of this work was to discover antigen candidates conserved among the three pathogenic species. In this study, we employed a reverse vaccinology strategy to compute the core proteome of 90 completed genomes: 55B. melitensis, 17B. abortus, and 18B. suis. The core proteome was analyzed by a metasubcellular localization prediction pipeline to identify surface-associated proteins. The identified proteins were thoroughly analyzed using variousin silicotools to obtain the most potential protective antigens. The number of core proteins obtained from analyzing the 90 proteomes was 1939 proteins. The surface-associated proteins were 177. The number of potential antigens was 87; those with adhesion score ≥ 0.5 were considered antigen with “high potential,” while those with a score of 0.4–0.5 were considered antigens with “intermediate potential.” According to a cumulative score derived from protein antigenicity, density of MHC-I and MHC-II epitopes, MHC allele coverage, and B-cell epitope density scores, a final list of 34 potential antigens was obtained. Remarkably, most of the 34 proteins are associated with bacterial adhesion, invasion, evasion, and adaptation to the hostile intracellular environment of macrophages which is adjusted to depriveBrucellaof required nutrients. Our results provide a manageable list of potential protective antigens for developing a potent vaccine against brucellosis. Moreover, our elaborated analysis can provide further insights into novelBrucellavirulence factors. Our next step is to test some of these antigens using an appropriate antigen delivery system.

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Baddour, Manal M., and Dalal H. Alkhalifa. "Evaluation of three polymerase chain reaction techniques for detection ofBrucellaDNA in peripheral human blood." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 54, no. 5 (May 2008): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w08-017.

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Brucellosis is a widespread zoonosis. Currently the diagnosis of this zoonosis is based on microbiological and serological laboratory tests. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used to detect DNA from Brucella . Different target genes, primer pairs, PCR techniques, and extraction procedures have previously been published for Brucella detection. But only a few of these primers have been used in human samples, and only one study has been carried out to compare sensitivity between them. In the present study, 3 sets of primers and 3 different PCR protocols amplifying 3 different regions of the Brucella genome were compared for detection of Brucella DNA in a peripheral-blood PCR assay to conclude which is most suitable for the clinical diagnostic laboratory. These 3 pairs of primers amplify 3 different fragments included in (i) a gene encoding a 31 kDa Brucella abortus antigen (B4/B5), (ii) a sequence 16S rRNA of B. abortus (F4/R2), and (iii) a gene encoding an outer membrane protein (omp-2) (JPF/JPR). Some modifications on the reported techniques were applied during the present work to improve the outcome. The results showed that the B4/B5 primer pair had the highest sensitivity for detection of positive samples (98%), the JPF/JPR primer pair detected 88.4% of positive samples, whereas F4/R2 primer pair was the least sensitive, being able to detect only 53.1% of positive samples. The specificity of the 3 techniques was 100%. The B4/B5 primer pair was also able to detect the smallest number of bacteria (700 cfu/mL), whereas JPF/JPR was able to detect 7 × 105 cfu/mL and F4/R2 was able to detect 7 × 107cfu/mL. It is thus concluded that using the B4/B5 primer PCR with the suggested modifications is a robust assay, which meets the sensitivity requirements to be used for testing of human blood samples for brucellosis in the diagnostic laboratory.

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Bulashev, A. K., A. S. Syzdykova, Zh A. Suranshiyev, K. A. Tursunov, and S. Z. Eskendirova. "ANTIGENICITY OF BRUCELLA PROTEINS BY THE ELISA TEST." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2019-50-1-92-100.

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Lifetime diagnostics of animal brucellosis is mainly based on serological reactions as SAT, RBPT and CFT. The tests determine antibodies by means of antigen produced from Brucella S-cells that mainly contain lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The LPS may cause cross-reactions with other clinically significant gram-negative bacteria; this leads to false-positive results. Due to this fact, the researchers involved in improving. The paper highlights the research results on antigenicity of 5 recombinant Brucella proteins (rOMP19, rOMP25, rOMP31, rBP26 and rSOD) and soluble protein preparations (CSP) of B. abortus and/or B. melitensis by indirect ELISA using cattle and sheep serum samples positive for brucellosis by classical serological tests. CSP appeared to be the most antigenic among the protein specimens; it determined antibodies in 94.8% of the cattle and 69% of sheep. Antibodies which were specific to rOMP19, rOMP25 and rOMP31 were detected in 39%; 50.6 and 76.6% of antibody-positive cows. Periplasmic proteins (rBP26 and rSOD) were observed as less antigenic than outer membrane proteins and revealed anti-Brucella antibodies in 29.9 and 14.3% of the cattle. Recombinant proteins were not detected by antibodies of sheep positive for brucellosis. Antibodies to recombinant proteins by i-ELISA were detected in the small number of the cattle kept at brucellosis free farm (from 2.1 to 12.5%). The results obtained outline the necessity to carry out experimental infection of animals in order to assess properly the capacities of recombinant proteins when diagnosing brucellosis.

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Anderson, T. D., V. P. Meador, and N. F. Cheville. "Pathogenesis of Placentitis in the Goat Inoculated with Brucella abortus. I. Gross and Histologic Lesions." Veterinary Pathology 23, no. 3 (May 1986): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588602300301.

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Pregnant goats were given Brucella abortus intravenously or in uterine arteries, and tissues from the uterus and placentae were examined at various post-inoculation intervals to study mechanisms of placental infection. Placentitis was present by 5 days post-inoculation and abortions occurred within 11 days. B. abortus was identified in placentae by light microscopy and immunoperoxidase techniques. B. abortus was first seen in erythrophagocytic trophoblasts of the placentome. Subsequently, high numbers of B. abortus were seen in periplacentomal chorioallantoic trophoblasts. Trophoblast necrosis, chorioallantoic ulceration, and large numbers of B. abortus in chorionic villi were present in later stages of infection. These results suggest that entry and replication of B. abortus in trophoblasts precede placentome and fetal infection and that trophoblasts are the source of B. abortus for these tissues. Experimental caprine brucellosis closely resembles bovine and ovine brucellosis and it provides a model to study the intracellular development of B. abortus in trophoblasts.

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Hernández-Mora, Gabriela, Charles A. Manire, Rocío González-Barrientos, Elías Barquero-Calvo, Caterina Guzmán-Verri, Lydia Staggs, Rachel Thompson, Esteban Chaves-Olarte, and Edgardo Moreno. "Serological Diagnosis of Brucella Infections in Odontocetes." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 6 (April 22, 2009): 906–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00413-08.

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ABSTRACT Brucella ceti causes disease in Odontoceti. The absence of control serum collections and the diversity of cetaceans have hampered the standardization of serological tests for the diagnosis of cetacean brucellosis. Without a “gold” standard for sensitivity and specificity determination, an alternative approach was followed. We designed an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) that recognizes immunoglobulins G (IgGs) from 17 odontocete species as a single group. For the standardization, we used Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharides, serum samples from seven resident odontocetes with no history of infectious disease displaying negative rose bengal test (RBT) reactions, and serum samples from seven dolphins infected with B. ceti. We compared the performance of the iELISA with those of the protein G ELISA (gELISA), the competitive ELISA (cELISA), and the immunofluorescence (IF) and dot blot (DB) tests, using 179 odontocete serum samples and RBT as the reference. The diagnostic potential based on sensitivity and specificity of the iELISA was superior to that of gELISA and cELISA. The correlation and agreement between the iELISA and the gELISA were relatively good (R i/g 2 = 0.65 and κi/g = 0.66, respectively), while the correlation and agreement of these two ELISAs with cELISA were low (R i/c 2 = 0.46, R g/c 2 = 0.37 and κi/c = 0.62, κg/c = 0.42). In spite of using the same anti-odontocete IgG antibody, the iELISA was more specific than were the IF and DB tests. An association between high antibody titers and the presence of neurological symptoms in dolphins was observed. The prediction is that iELISA based on broadly cross-reacting anti-dolphin IgG antibody would be a reliable test for the diagnosis of brucellosis in odontocetes, including families not covered in this study.

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Tschopp, Rea, Ashenafi Gebregiorgis, Yayehyirad Tassachew, Henok Andualem, Mahlet Osman, Mulugeta Waji Waqjira, Jan Hattendorf, et al. "Integrated human-animal sero-surveillance of Brucellosis in the pastoral Afar and Somali regions of Ethiopia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): e0009593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009593.

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Background Brucellosis is widespread in Ethiopia with variable reported prevalence depending on the geographical area, husbandry practices and animal species. However, there is limited information on the disease prevalence amongst pastoral communities, whose life is intricately linked with their livestock. Methodology We conducted an integrated human-animal brucellosis sero-surveillance study in two adjacent pastoral regions, Afar and Somali region (SRS). This cross-sectional study included 13 woredas (districts) and 650 households. Blood samples were collected from people and livestock species (cattle, camel, goats and sheep). Sera were analyzed with C-ELISA for camels and shoats (sheep and goats), with I-ELISA for cattle and IgG ELISA for humans. Descriptive and inferential statistics analyses were performed. Results A total of 5469 sera were tested by ELISA. Prevalence of livestock was 9.0% in Afar and 8.6% in SRS (ranging from 0.6 to 20.2% at woreda level). In humans, prevalence was 48.3% in Afar and 34.9% in SRS (ranging from 0.0 to 74.5% at woreda level). 68.4% of all households in Afar and 57.5% of households in SRS had at least one animal reactor. Overall, 4.1% of animals had a history of abortion. The proportion of animals with abortion history was higher in seropositive animals than in seronegative animals. Risk factor analysis showed that female animals were significantly at higher risk of being reactors (p = 0.013). Among the species, cattle had the least risk of being reactors (p = 0.014). In humans, there was a clear regional association of disease prevalence (p = 0.002). The older the people, the highest the odds of being seropositive. Conclusion Brucellosis is widespread in humans and animals in pastoral communities of Afar and SRS with the existence of geographical hotspots. No clear association was seen between human and particular livestock species prevalence, hence there was no indication as whether B. abortus or B. melitensis are circulating in these areas, which warrants further molecular research prior to embarking on a national control programs. Such programs will need to be tailored to the pastoral context.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Some Immunologic Evaluations of Toxoplasmosis in Iraqi Aborted Females." Baghdad Science Journal 4, no. 3 (September 2, 2007): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.4.3.444-451.

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Forty-eight aborted women (Iraqi Arab Muslims) at the first trimester with a serological evidence of toxoplasmosis were investigated. Two age- and ethnic-matched control groups were included: 40 aborted women due to accidental events (Control I), and 40 unmarried (virgin) women (Control II). The subjects were evaluated for the following parameters: HLA-class I antigens (A, B and Cw), blood groups, total and differential counts of leukocytes, lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+ and CD20+ cells), phagocytosis of heat-killed yeast (phagocytic index and NBT index), and total serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG and IgM) and complement components (C3 and C4). The HLA-A2 and -Cw8 antigens were significantly increased in the patients, while A3 antigen was significantly decreased. Blood group phenotypes in patients and controls also showed significant variations. The total and differential counts of leukocytes showed no significant differences between patients and controls, with the exception of lymphocytes, which showed a significant decreased count in the patients compared to control II. However, the lymphocyte subpopulations showed a significant increased percentage in patients. The phagocytic index was approximated in patients and controls, while NBT index was significantly decreased. Total serum level of IgG was significantly increased in the patients, while IgA, IgM, C3 and C4 levels did not maintain such variation.

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Tabassum, Sobia, Arshia Sabir, Hafiz Muhammad Anwar ul Haq, and Hafiz Muhammad Ejaz ul Haq. "2ND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 04 (April 10, 2018): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.04.350.

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Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of prostaglandin F2á by extra amnioticroute and I/V oxytocin infusion for induction of labor in 24 hours. Study Design: This wasa randomized control study. Place and Duration of the Study: This study was conductedat the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Civil Hospital, Bahawalpur from March 2017to October 2017. Materials and Methods: A total number of 104 patients (52 given PGF2áand 52 increasing infusion rate of I/V oxytocin) between 13 to 26 weeks of gestation wereenrolled using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Two groups ‘A’ and ‘B’ wereformed having patients of comparable age, parity and gestational age to minimize the effectof confounders. Both the groups were compared for induction delivery interval (hours), andcomplications. Chi square test was used as test of significance and any value <0.05 was takenas statistically significant. Results: The ages of patients ranged from 16-45 years (28.93 + 8years). Gestational ages were between 13-26 weeks (mean 16.48 + 6.43 weeks). The parityranged from 0-9 (mean 3.9 + 2.87). Missed abortion was the major reason for TOP, seen in 71(68.3%). In Gorup-A, all patients aborted / delivered within 28 hours from the start of the infusionso got successful induction in 100% patients whereas 5 (9.6%) patients failed in Group B. InGroup A, successful induction of delivery was done in significantly less interval (11.27+6.2hours) as compared to Group B (18.4+10.8 hours) with a statistically significant p value of0.016.There were 3 (5.8%) patients in Group A and 10 (19.2%) in Group B who developed oneor more complications and this difference turned out to be statistically significant (p=0.038).No major complications developed in any of the groups. Conclusion: Extra amniotic PGF2á ismore effective than I/V Oxytocin for termination of pregnancy.

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Singh, R. J., K. P. Kollipara, and T. Hymowitz. "Further data on the genomic relationships among wild perennial species (2n = 40) of the genus Glycine Willd." Genome 30, no. 2 (April 1, 1988): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-029.

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The present study furnishes information about the current status of knowledge concerning the genomic relationships among 9 of the 12 wild perennial species (2n = 40) of the subgenus Glycine. Crossability rate, hybrid inviability, and meiotic pairing in intra- and inter-specific F1 hybrids revealed that genomically similar species, though morphologically distinct, crossed readily to produce hybrid progeny that were vigorous, fertile, and normal in meiotic pairing (20 bivalents at metaphase I). However, a chromatin bridge and acentric fragment were recorded in certain hybrid combinations, suggesting that the evolutionary divergence in genomically similar species occurred because of paracentric inversions. In contrast, crosses between genomically dissimilar species set pods that often aborted, showed hybrid weakness, seedling and vegetative lethality, seed inviability, and complete sterility. The sterility was attributed to disturbed meiotic pairing. It is obvious from this study that A-genome species such as G. canescens (AA) G. clandestina (intermediate pod, A1A1, and long pod, A2A2), and G. argyrea (A3A3), and B-genome species such as G. microphylla (BB), G. latifolia (B1B1), and G. tabacina (B2B2) predominate in the subgenus Glycine. Glycine cyrtoloba (CC) showed stronger genome homology to B-genome species than to A-genome species. Likewise, G. tomentella (DD) appeared to be more closely associated with A-genome species than to B-genome species. Although tomentellas with 38 and 40 chromosomes were indistinguishable morphologically, they differed genomically. Therefore, genome symbol EE was assigned to the 38-chromosome G. tomentella. Glycine falcata (FF) was found to be the most unusual species because it showed negligible chromosome homology with A- and B-genome species and did not set pods when cross-pollinated by C-, D-, and E-genome species.Key words: Glycine spp., genome, hybridization.

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Huang, Changjiang, Shixi Zhu, Junda Lin, and Qiaoxiang Dong. "Imposex of Mauritia arabica on the south-eastern coast of China." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, no. 7 (October 29, 2008): 1451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408002075.

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Imposex, the development of male sexual organs in female gastropods, is mainly induced by organotin compounds used as biocides in antifouling paints. As part of our continued efforts to report the occurrence of imposex gastropods along the coast of mainland China, this study investigates the imposex prevalence in Mauritia arabica (Mesogastropod: Cypraeidae). A total of 529 adults were collected from 11 sites in south-eastern China between March 2001 and June 2005. Of these, 303 were females and 226 were males. Imposex is classified into six stages representing the sequence from the initial appearance of the seminal groove or small penis (S1) to the point when this duct blocks the pallial oviduct and aborted egg capsules appear (S6). All six stages of imposex were found in M. arabica with three different types (a, b and c) of expression in stages 1 and 3, two types (a and b) in stage 2, and one type in stages 4, 5, and 6. Imposex development was also measured by various indices such as the vas deferens sequence index (VDS), female penis length (FPL), percentage of affected females (%I), the relative penis length (RPL), and relative penis size (RPS—the cubed form of RPL). Imposex individuals were found in all 11 sites with %I ranged from 26% to 100%. Excluding the data from site 3 (with only one female and one male), VDS scores ranged from 1.05 to 4.07, with an average of 2.86, and the RPL ranged from 0.9 to 56.8. High correlations were observed among VDS, FPL, %I, RPL, and the RPS. Our findings suggest that M. arabica is an ideal bioindicator for organotin pollution along the south-eastern coast of China, and can be used in conjunction with the rock shell, Thais clavigera, a well-established bioindicator of tributyltin and triphenyltin contamination. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed report of imposex in M. arabica.

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Silva-Frade, C., A. Martins Jr, A. C. Borsanelli, M. C. Frade, and T. C. Cardoso. "191 IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF BLASTOCYSTS CONTINUES AFTER ARTIFICIAL INFECTION WITH BOVINE HERPESVIRUS TYPE 5." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab191.

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Bovine herpesvirus-5 (BoHV-5), which is the second most important infectious brain disease affecting livestock in Latin America, has been detected in bull semen and aborted fetus; however, no reports are found regarding its presence in bovine embryos. Because it has 90% genomic similarity to BoHV-1, it is possible that BHV-5 can infect the genital system after viral reactivation, leading to reproductive disorders. This study was designed to investigate the effects of infection of bovine blastocysts (B) by BoHV-5. Hormones and fetal calf serum were tested by PCR and considered free of virus. Selected oocytes, obtained from ovaries at a local slaughterhouse, were washed in PBS with 10% fetal calf serum (Nutricell®, Campinas, Brazil). The oocytes were transferred to 100-μL drops of maturation medium consisting of TCM 199 (Gibco®, Grand Island, NY, USA), 0.5 μg mL-1 of FSH (Pluset®, Calier, Spain), and 50 μg mL-1 of LH (Lutropin®-V, Bioniche Inc., Belleville, Ontario, Canada) for 24 h at 39°C and 5% CO2 in air. Afterward, frozen semen (500 μL) was thawed and placed on a Percoll gradient (45 and 90%) and centrifuged at 700 × g for 30 min. The resultant pellet was centrifuged (200 × g for 5 min) in TALP medium and the sperm pellet was then diluted in TALP plus phenylalanine (PHE) and heparin. After an 18-h fertilization period, presumptive zygotes were transferred to culture in CR2 medium up to Day 7 post-fertilization. The procedures were carried out under the same conditions previously reported for IVM. A total of 150 intact B were assigned into 2 experimental groups: I (free of virus) and II (with virus; 102 TCID50/mL for a 1-h period). Then, B of both groups were washed and re-cultured for 72 h in drops of CR2 without virus. The percentage of embryos reaching the hatched blastocyst (HB) stage was observed and analyzed by the chi-square test. At this time, HB were fixed to investigate the presence of virus, degree of apoptosis, and oxidative stress. The virus detection was performed by using an in situ hybridization assay with a specific probe to the glycoprotein C gene of BoHV-5 labeled to biotin. The apoptosis was determined by the annexin V, 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI), and propidium iodide (PI) markers, using immunofluorescence technique. The oxidative stress was realized by using monoclonal anti-AOP1 (antioxidant-like protein 1; Sigma®, St. Louis, MO, USA) through immunoassay. More HB (P > 0.05) were found in group II (75.0%) than for group I (55.0%). In both groups, positive signs for the presence of the apoptosis and oxidative stress markers were observed. The mechanism of apoptosis was initiated independently of virus presence, as evidenced by positive signs also observed in group I. However, oxidative stress was intense in group II, suggesting an evident viral effect on the host cell without compromising embryonic development. These findings might indicate that BoHV-5 uses some mechanisms that keep the cell viable to allow its replication, as seen by the greater hatching rate of infected embryos (75%) compared with the control (55%). FAPESP 07/57774-7 and BRASFRIGO (Birigui-SP).

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Sauter, Craig S., Isabelle Riviere, Yvette J. Bernal, Xiuyan Wang, Terence J. Purdon, Sarah Yoo, Craig H. Moskowitz, et al. "Interim Safety Analysis: a Phase I Trial of High Dose Therapy and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation Followed By Infusion of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Modified T-Cells (19-28z CAR-T) Directed Against CD19+ B-Cells for Relapsed and Refractory Aggressive B Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (B-NHL)." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.677.677.

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Abstract Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common aggressive B-NHL. While 50-80% of patients with DLBCL are cured with standard induction therapy, a large fraction of patients either relapse or have primary refractory (rel/ref) disease. High-dose therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (HDT-ASCT) is the established standard of care for these patients. Despite this, approximately half of all rel/ref patients that are chemosensitive to salvage therapy are cured with this approach. Relapse is the major cause of treatment failure, and ultimately death, in these patients. Our group has demonstrated encouraging activity with 19-28z chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells (19-28z CAR-T) directed against CD19 in rel/ref ALL. We hypothesize that biologic optimization of cellular therapy with 19-28z CAR-T can be met immediately post-HDT-ASCT given: lymphoproliferative cytokine availability through lymphodepletion post-HDT, depletion of prohibitive regulatory cellular elements post-HDT and achievement of minimal residual disease prior to 19-28z CAR-T consolidation. Herein, we report safety data on the first 6 patients of the phase I MSKCC #12-117: 19-28z CAR-T post HDT-ASCT for poor-risk rel/ref aggressive B-NHL. Methods: Eligibility for this study includes rel/ref aggressive B-NHL appropriate for HDT-ASCT as defined by chemosensitivity to salvage therapy and poor risk features including: 1) FDG-PET positivity following 2 cycles of salvage therapy or 2) bone marrow involvement of B-NHL at the time of rel/ref clinical restaging. Patients underwent separate apheresis for CD34+ progenitor cells and CD3+ T cells. T cells were transduced with a retrovirus encoding a CAR construct composed of anti-CD19 scFV linked to CD28 and CD3ζ signaling domains (19-28z). Patients were admitted for BEAM conditioned HDT and ASCT occurred day 0. Pegfilgrastim was administered on day+1 and 19-28z CAR-T dose per phase I study was split on days +2 and +3. Results: This analysis includes the first six patients, all male, on the phase I study. The median age is 61 (range 34-68) years at the time of HDT-ASCT. Diagnoses included: n=2 relapsed and transformed follicular lymphoma (one with double-hit biology), n=3 relapsed DLBCL (one CD5+) and one subject with relapsed and transformed marginal zone lymphoma involving the bone marrow. Five patients were treated at dose level #1 (5 x106 19-28z CAR-T/kg) with no dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) observed. Four of the five patients at dose level #1 experienced grade 3 febrile neutropenia and one patient met-criterion for non-severe cytokine-release syndrome (nCRS) effectively treated with tocilizumab 4 mg/kg x1. One patient was treated at dose-level #2, 1 x107 CAR-T/kg, and experienced a DLT of grade 4 severe CRS (sCRS) manifested with acute kidney injury, hypotension and mental status changes effectively treated and fully recovered with tocilizumab in combination with dexamethasone. Peak CRP in all patients was observed at a median of 3.5 days (range 3-4 days) post-19-28z CAR-T infusion (median peak CRP= 17 mg/dL, range: 5-43.1 mg/dL), with CRP >20 mg/dL identified in the two patients that experienced CRS (nCRS=27 mg/dL, sCRS=43 mg/dL). Previously associated serum cytokine elevations (Davila et al Sci Trans Med, 2014) were observed in the two patients that experienced CRS (Figure). All patients engrafted neutrophils at a median of 10 days (range: 9-10 days) post-ASCT, and achieved a complete remission at first post-HDT-ASCT restaging. No sequelae of autoimmune phenomenon were observed. At a median follow-up of six months, with 2 patients >one year post HDT-ASCT, all patients remain alive and in remission. Conclusions: This is the first report of 19-28z CAR-T cells in conjunction with consolidative HDT-ASCT for poor-risk rel/ref aggressive B-NHL. No DLTs have been observed at dose level #1, 5 x106 19-28z CAR-T/kg, while sCRS was observed in n=1 at 1 x107 CAR-T/kg resulting in a DLT. CRS was associated with pro-inflammatory serum cytokine elevation. CRS was aborted with tocilizumab with (sCRS=1) or without (nCRS=1) dexamethasone. All patients engrafted neutrophils at the expected time point. The use of 19-28z CAR T cells is a promising approach in this small group of poor-risk PET+ NHL patients undergoing autologous transplant. This is an ongoing trial and updated data will be presented. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Riviere: Juno Therapeutics: Consultancy, scientific co-founders Other. Sadelain:Juno Therapeutics: Consultancy, Scientific co-founder and Stock holder Other. Brentjens:Juno Therapeutics: Consultancy, scientific co-founder Other.

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Villalobos, W., L. Moreira, C. Rivera, K. D. Bottner, and I. M. Lee. "First Report of an Aster Yellows Subgroup 16SrI-B Phytoplasma Infecting Chayote in Costa Rica." Plant Disease 86, no. 3 (March 2002): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.3.330c.

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An outbreak of a witches' broom disease affected approximately 20% of plants in several chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Schwartz) fields in the commercial production area of the Ujarrás Valley, Cartago Province, Costa Rica during 2000 and 2001. Affected chayote plants exhibited symptoms, including basal proliferation with severe foliage reduction, aborted flowers, and deformed fruits, suggestive of phytoplasmal infection. Two other symptomatic cucurbit species growing near the chayote fields were also identified. These species were tacaco plants (S. tacaco (Pitt.) C. Jeffrey), an edible cucurbit for domestic marketing in Costa Rica, showing severe size reduction of leaves and fruits, and Rytidostylis carthaginensis (Jacq.) Kuntze, a weed in chayote and tacaco fields, exhibiting abnormal tendril proliferation. Plants were analyzed for phytoplasma infection by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, using the universal rRNA primer pair P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 (2). Phytoplasmas were detected in all symptomatic samples (18 chayote, 6 tacaco, and 3 weed) tested but were undetectable in all asymptomatic samples (10 chayote, 6 tacaco, and 2 weed). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR products (16S rDNA sequences) by separate digestion with eight restriction enzymes (RsaI, HhaI, KpnI, BfaI, HaeIII, HpaII, AluI, MseI) revealed that a phytoplasma belonging to subgroup 16SrI-B in the aster yellows phytoplasma group (16SrI) was associated with chayote witches' broom (CWB). The same or very similar phytoplasmas were found in both symptomatic tacaco and R. carthaginensis plants. Phylogenetic analysis of 16SrDNA sequences also confirmed the CWB phytoplasma to be most similar to members of subgroup 16SrI-B. Similar diseases in chayote and other cucurbits have been reported in Brazil (3), Taiwan (1), and Mexico (4). The CWB phytoplasma differs from the phytoplasma (16SrIII-J subgroup) associated with chayote in Brazil. The identities of phytoplasmas associated with cucurbits in Taiwan and Mexico are unknown. The occurrence of an aster yellows group phytoplasma in chayote may pose a potential threat to continued production and exportation of this cash crop. To our knowledge, this is the first report of 16SrI-B subgroup phytoplasmas in naturally infected cucurbits in Costa Rica. References: (1) T. G. Chou et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 60:378, 1976. (2) I.-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:1153, 1998. (3) H. G. Montano et al. Plant Dis. 84:429, 2000. (4) E. Olivas. Rev. Fitopatol. (Lima) 13:14, 1978.

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von Herrath, Matthias G., and Michael B. A. Oldstone. "Interferon-γ Is Essential for Destruction of β Cells and Development of Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus." Journal of Experimental Medicine 185, no. 3 (February 3, 1997): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.185.3.531.

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Autoimmune mediated destruction of β cells of the islets of Langerhans leads to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Rat insulin promoter (RIP) lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) transgenic mice that express the nucleoprotein (NP) or glycoprotein (GP) of LCMV under control of the RIP in their β cells develop IDDM after infection with LCMV and serve as a model for virus-induced IDDM. Recently, Kagi et al. (Kagi, D., B. Odermatt, P. Ohashi, R.M. Zinkernagel, and H. Hengartner. 1996. J. Exp. Med. 183:2143–2149) showed, using RIP LCMV perforin-deficient mice, that IDDM does not occur in the absence of perforin. They concluded that perforin-mediated killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is the main factor needed for β cell injury and destruction. Here we provide evidence that killing of β cells is more complex and multifactorial. By the use of our RIP LCMV model, we show that in perforin competent but interferon-γ (IFN-γ)–deficient mice, β cell injury is limited and IDDM does not occur. For these studies, double transgenic mice were generated that were genetically deficient in the production of IFN-γ and express LCMV NP or GP in their β cells. In such mice, IDDM was aborted despite the generation of LCMV-specific antiself CTLs that displayed normal cytolytic activity in vitro and in vivo and entered the pancreas. However, mononuclear infiltration into the islets did not occur, and upregulation of class I and II molecules usually found in islets of RIP LCMV single transgenic mice after LCMV infection preceding the onset of clinical IDDM was not present in these bigenic mice. Our findings indicate that in addition to perforin, β cell destruction, development of insulitis, and IDDM also depend on the cytokine INF-γ, presumably through enhancement of major histocompatibility complex expression and antigen presentation.

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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 66, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1992): 101–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002009.

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-Selwyn R. Cudjoe, John Thieme, The web of tradition: uses of allusion in V.S. Naipaul's fiction,-A. James Arnold, Josaphat B. Kubayanda, The poet's Africa: Africanness in the poetry of Nicolás Guillèn and Aimé Césaire. Westport CT: Greenwood, 1990. xiv + 176 pp.-Peter Mason, Robin F.A. Fabel, Shipwreck and adventures of Monsieur Pierre Viaud, translated by Robin F.A. Fabel. Pensacola: University of West Florida Press, 1990. viii + 141 pp.-Alma H. Young, Robert B. Potter, Urbanization, planning and development in the Caribbean, London: Mansell Publishing, 1989. vi + 327 pp.-Hymie Rubinstein, Raymond T. Smith, Kinship and class in the West Indies: a genealogical study of Jamaica and Guyana, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. xiv + 205 pp.-Shepard Krech III, Richard Price, Alabi's world, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. xx + 445 pp.-Graham Hodges, Sandra T. Barnes, Africa's Ogun: Old world and new, Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1989. xi + 274 pp.-Pamela Wright, Philippe I. Bourgois, Ethnicity at work: divided labor on a Central American banana plantation, Baltimore MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1989. xviii + 311 pp.-Idsa E. Alegría-Ortega, Andrés Serbin, El Caribe zona de paz? geopolítica, integración, y seguridad, Caracas: Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 1989. 188 pp. (Paper n.p.) [Editor's note. This book is also available in English: Caribbean geopolitics: towards security through peace? Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner, 1990.-Gary R. Mormino, C. Neale Ronning, José Martí and the émigré colony in Key West: leadership and state formation, New York; Praeger, 1990. 175 pp.-Gary R. Mormino, Gerald E. Poyo, 'With all, and for the good of all': the emergence of popular nationalism in the Cuban communities of the United States, 1848-1898, Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1989. xvii + 182 pp.-Fernando Picó, Raul Gomez Treto, The church and socialism in Cuba, translated from the Spanish by Phillip Berryman. Maryknoll NY: Orbis, 1988. xii + 151 pp.-Fernando Picó, John M. Kirk, Between God and the party: religion and politics in revolutionary Cuba. Tampa FL: University of South Florida Press, 1989. xxi + 231 pp.-Andrés Serbin, Carmen Gautier Mayoral ,Puerto Rico en la economía política del Caribe, Río Piedras PR; Ediciones Huracán, 1990. 204 pp., Angel I. Rivera Ortiz, Idsa E. Alegría Ortega (eds)-Andrés Serbin, Carmen Gautier Mayoral ,Puerto Rico en las relaciones internacionales del Caribe, Río Piedras PR: Ediciones Huracán, 1990. 195 pp., Angel I. Rivera Ortiz, Idsa E. Alegría Ortega (eds)-Jay R. Mandle, Jorge Heine, A revolution aborted : the lessons of Grenada, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990. x + 351 pp.-Douglas Midgett, Rhoda Reddock, Elma Francois: the NWCSA and the workers' struggle for change in the Caribbean in the 1930's, London: New Beacon Books, 1988. vii + 60 pp.-Douglas Midgett, Susan Craig, Smiles and blood: the ruling class response to the workers' rebellion of 1937 in Trinidad and Tobago, London: New Beacon Books, 1988. vii + 70 pp.-Ken Post, Carlene J. Edie, Democracy by default: dependency and clientelism in Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers, and Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1991. xiv + 170 pp.-Ken Post, Trevor Munroe, Jamaican politics: a Marxist perspective in transition, Kingston, Jamaica: Heinemann Publishers (Caribbean) and Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1991. 322 pp.-Wendell Bell, Darrell E. Levi, Michael Manley: the making of a leader, Athens GA: University of Georgia Press, 1990, 349 pp.-Wim Hoogbergen, Mavis C. Campbell, The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655-1796: a history of resistance, collaboration and betrayal, Granby MA Bergin & Garvey, 1988. vi + 296 pp.-Kenneth M. Bilby, Rebekah Michele Mulvaney, Rastafari and reggae: a dictionary and sourcebook, Westport CT: Greenwood, 1990. xvi + 253 pp.-Robert Dirks, Jerome S. Handler ,Searching for a slave cemetery in Barbados, West Indies: a bioarcheological and ethnohistorical investigation, Carbondale IL: Center for archaeological investigations, Southern Illinois University, 1989. xviii + 125 pp., Michael D. Conner, Keith P. Jacobi (eds)-Gert Oostindie, Cornelis Ch. Goslinga, The Dutch in the Caribbean and in Surinam 1791/1942, Assen, Maastricht: Van Gorcum, 1990. xii + 812 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Alfons Martinus Gerardus Rutten, Apothekers en chirurgijns: gezondheidszorg op de Benedenwindse eilanden van de Nederlandse Antillen in de negentiende eeuw, Assen/Maastricht: Van Gorcum, 1989. xx + 330 pp.-Rene A. Römer, Luc Alofs ,Ken ta Arubiano? sociale integratie en natievorming op Aruba, Leiden: Department of Caribbean studies, Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology, 1990. xi + 232 pp., Leontine Merkies (eds)-Michiel van Kempen, Benny Ooft et al., De nacht op de Courage - Caraïbische vertellingen, Vreeland, the Netherlands: Basispers, 1990.-M. Stevens, F.E.R. Derveld ,Winti-religie: een Afro-Surinaamse godsdienst in Nederland, Amersfoort, the Netherlands: Academische Uitgeverij Amersfoort, 1988. 188 pp., H. Noordegraaf (eds)-Dirk H. van der Elst, H.U.E. Thoden van Velzen ,The great Father and the danger: religious cults, material forces, and collective fantasies in the world of the Surinamese Maroons, Dordrecht, the Netherlands and Providence RI: Foris Publications, 1988. xiv + 451 pp. [Second printing, Leiden: KITLV Press, 1991], W. van Wetering (eds)-Johannes M. Postma, Gert Oostindie, Roosenburg en Mon Bijou: twee Surinaamse plantages, 1720-1870, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Foris Publications, 1989. x + 548 pp.-Elizabeth Ann Schneider, John W. Nunley ,Caribbean festival arts: each and every bit of difference, Seattle/St. Louis: University of Washington Press / Saint Louis Art Museum, 1989. 217 pp., Judith Bettelheim (eds)-Bridget Brereton, Howard S. Pactor, Colonial British Caribbean newspapers: a bibliography and directory, Westport CT: Greenwood, 1990. xiii + 144 pp.-Marian Goslinga, Annotated bibliography of Puerto Rican bibliographies, compiled by Fay Fowlie-Flores. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1990. xxvi + 167 pp.

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Warncke, Max, Maike Buchner, Cristina Bertinetti, and Hendrik Veelken. "Coimmunization with Antigens Shared between Neoplastic and Normal B Cells Suppresses Induction of Strictly Tumor-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells through In Situ Activation of Regulatory T Cells." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.2491.2491.

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Abstract CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) recognize autoantigens and inhibit autoreactive immune responses in a cell contact-dependent manner. In cancer-bearing patients, expansion and functional aberrations of Treg may inhibit immune responses against the tumor. The available evidence suggests that such Treg recognize self antigens expressed by the tumor and argues that induction of anti-tumor T cell responses might be more successful if true tumor-specific rather than lineage-restricted or shared antigens are used for active immunotherapy. Indeed, we have observed a preferential recognition of tumor-individual over shared epitopes by vaccination-induced T cells after immunization of B-NHL patients with recombinant lymphoma idiotype (Bertinetti et al., Cancer Res. 2006). To study this phenomenon in an exemplary fashion, we immunized BALB/c mice with dendritic cells loaded with H-2K-restricted peptides of the immunoglobulin of the A20 lymphoma. A J region-derived peptide served as a model for a shared antigen; a heteroclitic peptide from the CDR3 region represented a tumor-specific antigen. Both peptides bind H-2Kd with similar affinity. Compared to a highly immunogenic influenza HA peptide, the CDR3 peptide was similarly efficient in inducing specific cytotoxic T cells as analyzed by tetramer staining, IFNγ release to peptide stimulation, and in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity assays with CFSE-labelled, peptide-loaded splenocytes. In contrast, no effector cells were detected with any assay after J immunization. After in vitro restimulation with peptide, however, antigen-specific IFNγ-secreting effector populations were demonstrated for each vaccination, suggesting in vivo inhibition, possibly mediated by Treg, rather than total absence of J-specific T cells. No difference in numbers and the TCR repertoire of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells in the draining lymph node could be detected. However, activation of Treg by J immunization was indicated by potent suppression of antigen-specific splenic effectors compared to CDR3-immunized animals, and by a 4fold higher spontaneous proliferation of FoxP3+ cells from the draining lymph node in vitro. In contrast to CDR3-derived Treg, the addition of J-induced Treg to effector cells resulted in a dose-dependent production of IL-10 in mixed cultures, independently of the antigen specificity of the effectors. Finally, coimmunization with HA and J peptides led to inhibition of the proliferation of HA-specific CD8+ effectors in vivo as demonstrated by adoptive transfer and subsequent flow cytometry analysis of CFSE-labelled TCR-transgenic T cells. This inhibition was absent after coimmunization with HA and CDR3 peptides and could be largely abolished by prior in vivo depletion of Treg with an αCD25 antibody. These data demonstrate in a non-transgenic model that coimmunization with shared and individual, strictly MHC I-restricted tumor antigens leads to a potent inhibition of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells through rapid in situ activation of CD4+FoxP3+ Treg elicited by the shared tumor antigen. It is postulated that these Treg recognize MHC II-restricted self antigens presumably derived from non-neoplastic cells as a consequence of an aborted immune response to the shared antigen. These experiments provide direct evidence that active immunotherapy of malignant tumors exclusively with true tumor-specific antigens has a greater chance of success since the presence of shared antigens will prevent tumor-specific immune responses through Treg activation.

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Gergis, Usama, Gail J. Roboz, Ellen Ritchie, Joseph M. Scandura, Karen-Sue B. Carlson, Tsiporah B. Shore, Sebastian Mayer, et al. "A Novel Sequential Treatment Utilizing CPX-351 As Salvage Chemotherapy Followed by a Reduced Intensity Conditioning Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Patients with Refractory Leukemia." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.3030.3030.

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Abstract Abstract 3030 Introduction: Allogeneic Hematopoeitic Stem cell Transplantation (HSCT) using standard ablative or reduced intensity conditioning regimens is often ineffective in patients with primary refractory and relapsed acute leukemia. Sequential administration of cytoreductive chemotherapy followed by a Reduced Intensity Conditioning (RIC) regimen may lead to improved results (Schmid et al Blood 2006). CPX-351 is a novel liposomal formulation that encapsulates the combination of cytarabine and daunorubicin in a fixed 5: 1 ratio. In vitro, it selectively concentrates in the marrow compared to other organs. Clinically, CPX-351 is well tolerated, with a favorable extramedullary toxicity profile, making it an appropriate cytoreductive agent prior to conditioning for HSCT. Patients and Methods: In a 3+3 phase I trial, patients with relapsed or primary refractory acute leukemia were treated with escalating doses of CPX-351 starting at 60 mg/m2 on days - 28, -26 and -24 followed by RIC with IV busulfan 3.2 mg/kg/day on days -6 to -3 and fludarabine 30 mg /m2/day on days -6 to -3 (Bu/Flu). GVHD prophylaxis consisted of tacrolimus starting on day -3, at a starting dose of 0.03 mg/kg/24 hours as a continuous infusion and adjusted to achieve a trough level between 10 and 15 ng/ml. and methotrexate 10 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 3, 6 and 11 (Methotrexate dose was reduced to 5 mg/m2 after observing grade 3 mucositis in the first 3 patients). The protocol was amended to include a phase 1B in addition to the above mentioned phase 1A. In phase 1B, patients were treated with escalating doses of CPX-351 starting at 60 mg/m2 on days - 21, -19 and -17 followed by IV Bu/Flu conditioning. Thirty two patients (AML-27, ALL-2, CML in blast crisis-1, high risk MDS-2) have been enrolled to date. Nine patients are in-evaluable due to short follow up (2), sepsis resulting in aborted transplant plans (4), appendicitis (1), early death at day +12 due to sepsis prior to engraftment (1) and donor's unavailability after receiving one dose of CPX-351 (1). Twenty three patients who underwent HSCT are evaluable (AML-19, ALL-2, high risk MDS-2). We calculated the transplant co-morbidity index as well as the prognostic score identified by the CIBMTR in patients with refractory leukemia undergoing HSCT (Duval et al. JCO 2010). The twenty three evaluable patients have a median age of 58 (range 33–72), co- morbidity index 2 (range 0–6) and CIBMTR score 3 (range (2–5). All patients received HLA compatible grafts (MUD-15, MRD-8). Results: Nineteen patients achieved complete hematologic remission by day 30 post transplant. All nineteen patients had adequate donor's engraftment for neutrophils and platelets at a median time of 15 days (range 12–35) and 16.5 days (range 10–90) respectively. Four patients continued to have active disease by day 30. Five more patients had a disease relapse before or shortly after day 100 and one patient had a relapse 22 months post transplant for a total of 10 relapsed patients (43%). Three patients died of acute GI GVHD 2, 6 and 9 months after transplant (all were in remission). One patient died of a pre existing brain tumor progression and one patient died of liver cirrhosis due to iron overload one year after transplant for a total non relapse mortality of 21%. At a median follow up of 6 months, eight patients are alive without evidence of leukemia (35%). Acute GVHD grade II-IV occurred in 8 patients (35%) and was the cause of death in 3 patients. Chronic GVHD occurred in 3 patients (13%). Grade 2 mucosal injury as defined by Bearman toxicity criteria was the most common toxicity developing in 15 patients (65%). Conclusion: The maximum tolerated (MTD) dose of CPX-351 followed by RIC HSCT was not found after a series of 4 treatment cohorts on Arm A and 2 treatment cohorts on arm B. Further dose escalation to define MTD is ongoing in both arms. Remission status is not a prerequisite for a successful outcome in selected patients who otherwise are candidates for transplantation. Disclosures: Off Label Use: CPX is not FDA approved. Feldman:celator: Consultancy.

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Rahman, M. M., M. S. Rahman, A. K. M. A. Rahman, A. A. Maruf, M. M. Hossain, M. S. Rana, and H. Neubauer. "HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE IN CROSS-BRED HEIFERS IMMUNIZED WITH BRUCELLA ABORTUS STRAIN RB51 VACCINE IN MILITARY DAIRY FARM OF BANGLADESH." Journal of Veterinary Medical and One Health Research 2, no. 2 (December 19, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.36111/jvmohr.2020.2(2).0024.

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Background: Brucellosis is a chronic zoonotic disease with negligible mortality rate that might be the reason not to attract the concerned authority to prevent and eradicate it in low income endemic countries. Recently, it has been recognized as a re-emerging zoonotic disease not only in low income countries but also its eradicated developed world. Objective: The main objective was to determine the humoral immune response (HIR) in crossbred dairy heifers immunized with Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine by using indirect ELISA Materials and Methods: Each of the 20 randomly selected B. abortus sero-negative crossbred (Holstein-Friesian  Local) dairy heifers aged between 4 to 8 months old at the Military Dairy Farm received 2.0 ml imported commercial B. abortus SRB51 strain vaccine subcutaneously in the neck region at day 0 and then booster dose at 60 days after first vaccination with similar dose and route during the period from June to October 2020. Each of the collected serum samples of 20 heifers at day 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60, 90, 120 and 150 was tested to detect the antibody status by using commercial indirect ELISA kit. Results: The humoral immune response (HIR) in terms of antibody levels detected by OD values in the serum of immunized cross-bred dairy heifers by using B. abortus strain RB51 commercial vaccine resulted 0.097  0.0032 (mean  SE) OD value at 0 day (i.e. pre-immunization) and 0.108 ± 0.0032 at 7th day. After that, the OD value started to rise from day 14 (OD value 0.124 ± 0.0032) and reached to a peak level at 60 days (OD value 0.223  0.0032) with the initial vaccination. Booster vaccination inoculated at 60 days resulted peak antibody level in terms of OD value (0.313  0.0032) at the day 90 and then the antibody level started to decline from 120 days (OD value 0.242  0.0032) to 150 days (OD value 0.199 0.0032) in cross-bred dairy heifers. Conclusions: This study suggests that the commercial B. abortus RB51 strain vaccine has induced satisfactory HIR with initial inoculation and significantly higher HIR produced with a booster dose in crossbred heifers by using commercial I-ELISA. The presence of Brucella antibodies have importance on sero-diagnosis whereas the cell mediated immunity (CMI) plays major role in protection against brucellosis which needs further investigation in cross-bred heifers in Bangladesh. Keywords: Brucellosis, SRB51 vaccine, Humoral immune response, I-ELISA, Cross-bred heifers, Bangladesh

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Mohamud, A. I., A. A. Mohamud, M. S. Rahman, M. A. Ehsan, A. A. Maruf, F. Yasmin, F. Karim, and H. Neubauer. "COMPARISON OF HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES BETWEEN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES IMMUNIZED WITH COMMERCIAL BRUCELLA ABORTUS STRAIN RB51 VACCINE IN BANGLADESH." Journal of Veterinary Medical and One Health Research 2, no. 2 (December 19, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.36111/jvmohr.2020.2(2).0022.

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Background: The effective control and eradication of brucellosis can be achieved by rapid and accurate diagnosis and effective vaccination but both have limitations. Therefore, brucellosis research is currently focused on the improvement of the diagnosis and vaccine induced prophylaxis. Moreover, diagnostic tests and immunization have not been thoroughly studied in buffaloes and even not compared with cattle. Therefore, the comparative evaluation of the immunological responses of Brucella vaccinated cattle and buffaloes would be required for both the diagnosis and vaccine induced efficacy. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to compare the humoral immune response (HIR) between cattle and buffalo cows immunized with B. abortus RB51 vaccine by using indirect ELISA Materials and Methods: Each of the three randomly selected B. abortus sero-negative native cows and three buffaloes received 2.0 ml imported commercial B. abortus SRB51 vaccine subcutaneously in the neck region at day 0 and then booster dose at 60 days after first vaccination with similar dose and route. Each of the collected serum samples of both the cattle and buffaloes was tested to detect the antibody status by using commercial indirect ELISA kit. Results: The results showed that the OD value of the serum of cows and buffalos before inoculation of RB51 B. abortus vaccine was 0.088 ± 0.009 and 0.096  0.011 at 0 week and 0.124 ± 0.018 and 0.111  0.010 at 1st week, near about the negative control OD value (0.106). After that, the OD value started to rise from the 2nd week (OD value (0.144 ± 0.023 and 0.1333  0.007) and reached to a peak level at 90 days (OD value 0.376  0.0080 and 0.316  0.219) and then started to decline from 120 days (OD value 0.2963  0.0416 and 0.2863  0.070) to 180 days (OD value 0.1943 0.073 and 0.176 0.172) in cows and buffalos respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests that the RB51 vaccination has induced satisfactory HIR with initial inoculation but significantly higher immune responses with booster immunization which enhancing immunity against both in the cattle and buffaloes. The CMI plays major role in protection against brucellosis needs further investigation in both cattle and buffaloes in Bangladesh. Keywords: Brucellosis, SRB51 vaccine, Humoral immune response (HIR), I-ELISA, Cattle and Buffaloes

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Aulanni’am, Aulanni’am, Wiwiek Tyasningsih, Dyah Kinasih Wuragil, and Fedik Abdul Rantam. "Development of Brucellosis Vaccine Based on Determinant Antigenic of Outer Membrane Protein (OMP) 36 kDa From Brucella abortus Local Isolate." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, no. 3 (March 25, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijpcr.v9i3.8318.

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Brucellosis is a disease that can be prevented through vaccination. Yet, the effectiveness of the vaccination to fight this disease is considered weak. Fortunately, attempts to modify brucellosis vaccine is still keep going. Some brucellosis vaccines have been found and developed in the past time such as the vaccine B.abortus strain 19-BA and 104M which was made from weakened microbes which had been widely used in Uni Soviet and China. The other brucellosis vaccine that were used in the past were the phenolinsoluble peptidoglycan vaccine which was made in France and polysaccharideprotein vaccine which was used in Russia. This research attempted to see the determinant of antigenic Outer Membrane Protein (OM) 36 kDa Brucella abortus local isolation which has immunogenic character to be developed as an advanced brucellosis vaccine. The method used in this research was the Omp2 gene of Brucella abortus of local isolate employed the PCR technique. The result of the PCR was then sequenced to analyze the determinant antigenic and the bounding prediction of either the T cell or the B cell which were responsible for immune response. The result of this study showed that the gen Omp2 which encoded the OMP 36 kDa Brucella abortus of local isolation with primary JPF 5’ GCG CTC AGG CTG CCG ACG CAA 3’ and JPR 5’ CAT TGC GGT CGG TAC CGG AG 3’ targeted the gene 162 bp, was then translated into amino acids to be later undergo the in silico test using Kolaskar and Tongaonkar Antigenicity Prediction method. The epitope prediction resulted were MSRVCDAYGAGYFYI and TETCLRVHGYVRYD. The result of the epitope prediction of MSRVCDAYGAGYFYI showed that there was a bond with MHC I in YGAGYFYI of the 8th amino acid series to the 15th series, while the epitope prediction of TETCLRVHGYVRYD showed that there was a bond to the ETCLRVHGY of the series of amino acids number 2 to 10. Bond with MHC II existed in the amino acid series of MSRVCDAYGAGYFYI, while the bond with the B cells existed in BCSAYGA and CLRVHG amino acid series. This research has been successful in predicting the epitope of the OMP 36 kDa Brucella abortus of local isolate which had immunogenic characteristic for its ability to bond with the MHC I, MHC II and B cells.

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Bulashev, Aitbay K., Bakytkali K. Ingirbay, Kanatbek N. Mukantayev, and Alfiya S. Syzdykova. "Evaluation of chimeric proteins for serological diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle." Veterinary World, August 24, 2021, 2187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.2187-2196.

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Background and Aim: An accurate diagnosis of Brucella-infected animals is one of the critical measures in eradication programs. Conventional serological tests based on whole-cell (WC) antigens and detecting antibodies against pathogen-associated lipopolysaccharide might give false-positive results due to the cross-reactivity with other closely related bacteria. This study evaluated the serological potential of Brucella spp. chimeric outer membrane proteins (Omps) as antigens in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA). Materials and Methods: The chimeric gene constructs of the most immunodominant regions of Brucella Omps 25+31, 25+19, and 19+31 were cloned into the pET28a expression vectors and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The serological potential of chimeric proteins compared with single recombinant Omps (rOmps)19, 25, and/or 31 were studied on blood serum samples of (i) a rabbit immunized with killed Brucella abortus 19WC, (ii) mice immunized with single rOmps, (iii) cows seropositive for brucellosis by rose Bengal test, and (iv) cattle naturally and/or experimentally infected with brucellosis. Results: E. coli BL21 actively produced Brucella chimeric rOmps, the concentration of which reached a maximum level at 6 h after isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside stimulation. Target proteins were antigenic and expressed in an active state, as recognized by rabbit anti-B. abortus antibodies in an i-ELISA and western blotting. Murine antibodies against the single rOmps reacted with chimeric antigens, and conversely, antichimeric antibodies found their epitopes in single proteins. Brucella chimeric rOmps showed higher antigenicity in blood sera of seropositive cattle kept in the hotbed of the infection and/or experimentally challenged with brucellosis than single proteins. Conclusion: Brucella chimeric recombinant outer membrane proteins could be a potential antigen candidate for developing an ELISA test for accurate diagnosis of bovine brucellosis.

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Guimarães, Gabriela, Marco Túlio R. Gomes, Priscila C. Campos, Fabio V. Marinho, Natan R. G. de Assis, Tatiana N. Silveira, and Sergio C. Oliveira. "Immunoproteasome Subunits Are Required for CD8+T Cell Function and Host Resistance toBrucella abortusInfection in Mice." Infection and Immunity 86, no. 3 (December 20, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00615-17.

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ABSTRACTThe immunoproteasome is a specific proteasome isoform composed of three subunits, termed β1i, β2i, and β5i. Its proteolytic activity enhances the quantity and quality of peptides to be presented by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules to CD8+T cells. However, the role of the combined deficiency of the three immunoproteasome subunits in protective immunity against bacterial pathogens has not been investigated. In this study, we addressed the role of the immunoproteasome during infection byBrucella abortus, an intracellular bacterium that requires CD8+T cell responses for the control of infection. Here, we demonstrate that immunoproteasome triple-knockout (TKO) mice were more susceptible toBrucellainfection. This observed susceptibility was accompanied by reduced interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production by mouse CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes. Moreover, the absence of the immunoproteasome had an impact on MHC-I surface expression and antigen presentation by dendritic cells. CD8+T cell function, which plays a pivotal role inB. abortusimmunity, also presented a partial impairment of granzyme B expression and, consequently, reduced cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, these results strongly suggest that immunoproteasome subunits are important components in host resistance toB. abortusinfection by impacting both the magnitude and quality of CD8+T cell responses.

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Zai, Xiaodong, Ying Yin, Fengyu Guo, Qiaoling Yang, Ruihua Li, Yaohui Li, Jun Zhang, Junjie Xu, and Wei Chen. "Screening of potential vaccine candidates against pathogenic Brucella spp. using compositive reverse vaccinology." Veterinary Research 52, no. 1 (June 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13567-021-00939-5.

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AbstractBrucella spp. are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria that cause brucellosis in humans and various animals. The threat of brucellosis has increased, yet currently available live attenuated vaccines still have drawbacks. Therefore, subunit vaccines, produced using protein antigens and having the advantage of being safe, cost-effective and efficacious, are urgently needed. In this study, we used core proteome analysis and a compositive RV methodology to screen potential broad-spectrum antigens against 213 pathogenic strains of Brucella spp. with worldwide geographic distribution. Candidate proteins were scored according to six biological features: subcellular localization, antigen similarity, antigenicity, mature epitope density, virulence, and adhesion probability. In the RV analysis, a total 32 candidate antigens were picked out. Of these, three proteins were selected for assessment of immunogenicity and preliminary protection in a mouse model: outer membrane protein Omp19 (used as a positive control), type IV secretion system (T4SS) protein VirB8, and type I secretion system (T1SS) protein HlyD. These three antigens with a high degree of conservation could induce specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Omp19, VirB8 and HlyD could substantially reduce the organ bacterial load of B. abortus S19 in mice and provide varying degrees of protection. In this study, we demonstrated the effectiveness of this unique strategy for the screening of potential broad-spectrum antigens against Brucella. Further evaluation is needed to identify the levels of protection conferred by the vaccine antigens against wild-type pathogenic Brucella species challenge.

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Gomo, Calvin, Shuvai Musari, Michel De Garine-Wichatitsky, Alexandre Caron, Davies M. Pfukenyi, and Henriette Van Heerden. "Detection of Brucella abortus in Chiredzi district in Zimbabwe." Onderstepoort J Vet Res 79, no. 1 (February 2, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v79i1.417.

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Brucellosis is an endemic disease in Zimbabwe caused by the genus Brucella. Brucella seroprevalence was recently reported to be high in the wildlife-livestock interface in the Chiredzi district and the neighbouring Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) in Zimbabwe, and higher amongst communal cattle with an abortion history and access to grazing in GNP than amongst communal cattle with no abortion history or access to grazing in GNP. The aim of this study was to investigate Brucella species in brucellosis seropositive cattle in the Chiredzi district with access to GNP using isolation and identification. Isolation of Brucella species from whole blood (n = 18) and milk samples (n = 10) from seropositive animals with an abortion history was based on the rose Bengal test (RBT) and enzyme-linked immunoassays (enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]; indirect ELISA and complement ELISA), using microbiology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Brucella abortus was cultured and identified from blood and milk collected from seropositive cows in both communal areas. The Brucella-specific 16-23S intergenic spacer (ITS) PCR and multiplex AMOS-PCR assays verified the identification of the cultures. Our results confirmed that B. abortus is present in cattle on communal farms in the Chiredzi district in Zimbabwe and might cause cattle abortions. The need for implementing control measures and raising public awareness on zoonotic transmission of brucellosis are recommended.

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Simpson, Gregory J. G., Tanguy Marcotty, Elodie Rouille, Abel Chilundo, Jean-Jacques Letteson, and Jacques Godfroid. "Immunological response to Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccination of cattle in a communal area in South Africa." Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 89 (March 29, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v89i0.1527.

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Brucellosis is of worldwide economic and public health importance. Heifer vaccination with live attenuated Brucella abortus strain 19 (S19) is the cornerstone of control in low- and middle-income countries. Antibody persistence induced by S19 is directly correlated with the number of colony-forming units (CFU) per dose. There are two vaccination methods: a ‘high’ dose (5–8 × 1010 CFU) subcutaneously injected or one or two ‘low’ doses (5 × 109 CFU) through the conjunctival route. This study aimed to evaluate serological reactions to the ‘high’ dose and possible implications of the serological findings on disease control. This study included 58 female cases, vaccinated at Day 0, and 29 male controls. Serum was drawn repeatedly and tested for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). The cases showed a rapid antibody response with peak RBT positivity (98%) at 2 weeks and iELISA (95%) at 8 weeks, then decreased in an inverse logistic curve to 14% RBT and 32% iELISA positive at 59 weeks and at 4.5 years 57% (4/7 cases) demonstrated a persistent immune response (RBT, iELISA or Brucellin skin test) to Brucella spp. Our study is the first of its kind documenting the persistence of antibodies in an African communal farming setting for over a year to years after ‘high’ dose S19 vaccination, which can be difficult to differentiate from a response to infection with wild-type B. abortus. A recommendation could be using a ‘low’ dose or different route of vaccination.

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Schiano, Concetta, Maria D’Armiento, Monica Franzese, Rossana Castaldo, Gabriele Saccone, Filomena de Nigris, Vincenzo Grimaldi, et al. "DNA Methylation Profile of the SREBF2 Gene in Human Fetal Aortas." Journal of Vascular Research, September 14, 2021, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000518513.

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Increasing evidence suggests that maternal cholesterol represents an important risk factor for atherosclerotic disease in offspring already during pregnancy, although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Eighteen human fetal aorta samples were collected from the spontaneously aborted fetuses of normal cholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic mothers. Maternal total cholesterol levels were assessed during hospitalization. DNA methylation profiling of the whole SREBF2 gene CpG island was performed (p value <0.05). The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between the 2 groups. For the first time, our study revealed that in fetal aortas obtained from hypercholesterolemic mothers, the SREBF2 gene shows 4 significant differentially hypermethylated sites in the 5′UTR-CpG island. This finding indicates that more effective long-term primary cardiovascular prevention programs need to be designed for the offspring of mothers with hypercholesterolemia. Further studies should be conducted to clarify the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the association between early atherogenesis and maternal hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy.

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Chinyoka, Simbarashe, Solomon Dhliwayo, Lisa Marabini, Keith Dutlow, Gift Matope, and Davies M. Pfukenyi. "Serological survey of Brucella canis in dogs in urban Harare and selected rural communities in Zimbabwe." Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 85, no. 1 (February 24, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v85i1.1087.

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A cross-sectional study was conducted in order to detect antibodies for Brucella canis (B. canis) in dogs from urban Harare and five selected rural communities in Zimbabwe. Sera from randomly selected dogs were tested for antibodies to B. canis using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Overall, 17.6% of sera samples tested (57/324, 95% CI: 13.5–21.7) were positive for B. canis antibodies. For rural dogs, seroprevalence varied from 11.7% – 37.9%. Rural dogs recorded a higher seroprevalence (20.7%, 95% CI: 15.0–26.4) compared with Harare urban dogs (12.7%, 95% CI: 6.9–18.5) but the difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Female dogs from both sectors had a higher seroprevalence compared with males, but the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Five and two of the positive rural dogs had titres of 1:800 and 1:1600, respectively, whilst none of the positive urban dogs had a titre above 1:400. This study showed that brucellosis was present and could be considered a risk to dogs from the studied areas. Further studies are recommended in order to give insight into the epidemiology of brucellosis in dogs and its possible zoonotic consequences in Zimbabwe. Screening for other Brucella spp. (Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis) other than B. canis is also recommended.

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Journal articles on the topic 'I-B. Abortus'

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