Journal articles: 'Hypothetic necessity'

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Maksimova, T. P. "Paradoxical Emergence of the Food Security Problem in Times of Current Challenges: from the General to the Particular." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics 20, no. 2 (April 13, 2023): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2023-2-5-15.

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Complete satisfaction of essential needs of the population is a key factor of any economic system sustainability.The article studies specific features of the food security problem, identifies paradoxes of its emergence, focuses on attaining quality parameters in resolving problems of food security. The author carries out comparative analysis of certain aspects of global and national food security and investigates implementation of the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation. The multi-aspect character of the food security problem was grounded and the necessity of its systematic study was underlined. Apart from that, the article provides hypothetic forecasts that current trends of dominance of big economic forms in the structure of agricultural produce output could cause serious structural changes in the whole economic system, reduce the importance of market mechanisms and result in decreasing biodiversity in food supply.

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Ratto, Carlo, Angelo Alessandro Marra, Angelo Parello, Veronica De Simone, Paola Campennì, and Francesco Litta. "Would Surgeons Like to Be Submitted to Anal Fistulotomy? An International Web-Based Survey." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12030825.

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Traditional fistulotomy is the most performed surgical procedure in anal fistula surgery. We conducted an international online survey to explore colorectal surgeons’ opinions and preferences on fistulotomy. Considering the healing and continence impairment rates reported in the literature, surgeons were invited to answer as a hypothetic patient susceptible to being submitted to fistulotomy for low and high anal fistula. A total of 767 surgeons completed the survey from 72 countries. The majority of respondents were consultants, having treated more than 20 anal fistulas in the last year. Most of them declared that anal fistula would be able to negatively affect quality of life and would be worried/anxious about it. Taking into account all aspects, 87.5% and 37.8% of respondents would agree to be treated with a fistulotomy in case of a low and high fistula, respectively, with an acceptance rate that varied worldwide. At multivariate analysis, factors correlated to the acceptance of anal fistulotomy were male gender (p = 0.003), practice of less than 20 fistula operations during last year (p = 0.020), and low fistula (p < 0.001). Surgeons recognized the extreme complexity of this approach. This study highlighted the necessity of an accurate patients’ selection and the adoption of alternative strategy to reduce the risk of anal continence impairment.

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Smolentsev, Dmitry, Ashot Sarkisov, and Sergey Antipov. "Safe development of nuclear power technologies in the Arctic: prospects and approaches." Nuclear Energy and Technology 4, no. 4 (December 13, 2018): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.4.31870.

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The demands for nuclear power technologies in the Arctic for solving social and economic problems of the state can only be satisfied if adequate strategies of their safe handling at all stages from design to decommissioning are defined, methodological approaches and mathematical models for predicting and minimizing adverse environmental impacts of potential emergency situations at such facilities are developed, and scientifically-based results yielded within a decision-making support system for the elimination of such emergencies are applied. Special relevance of these requirements is determined by unique features of the Arctic nature and its role in the generation of climatic and hydrological processes in the World Ocean. Main results and generalized conclusions based on the analysis of radiological consequences of the large-scale application of nuclear power industry for the benefit of economic development of the Arctic region are provided in the present paper. The analysis was performed within the framework of the complex research project “Development of the methodological approaches and mathematical models to access the environmental impact of the possible accidents at the floating nuclear power objects, model calculations of the radiation propagation in the Arctic aquatic territories in case of emergency situations”. The increasing demand for the low-power nuclear power plants for the benefit of development of remote areas, the technological and economic advantages of such power plants as well as minimal possible environmental consequences of the hypothetic accidents resulted in the qualitative changes in the attitude towards their usage. Estimation was made of the scale of application of nuclear power and results were obtained of numerical modeling of distribution of reactivity in case of accidents. The conclusion was drawn on the necessity to adhere to the low-power nuclear energy generation development strategy based on the modular design concept.

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Stein, Nathanael. "Explanation and Hypothetical Necessity in Aristotle." Ancient Philosophy 36, no. 2 (2016): 353–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ancientphil201636224.

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Charles, David. "ARISTOTLE ON HYPOTHETICAL NECESSITY AND IRREDUCIBILITY." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 69, no. 1 (March 1988): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0114.1988.tb00300.x.

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Langer, Ullrich. "Hypothetical Necessity and Fiction in the Early Renaissance." MLN 102, no. 1 (January 1987): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2905566.

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Pécharman, Martine. "Hobbes’s De Corpore on Modalities and Its Contemporary Critiques." Hobbes Studies 30, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 28–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750257-03001003.

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Hobbes considered as unambiguous and unproblematic his demonstration in De Corpore that every effect past, present or future is necessary, since it always requires a sufficient cause that cannot be sufficient without being necessary, so that nothing is possible which will not be actual at some time. Now, this approach to necessity and possibility was received by his contemporary readers as missing its aim. Two immediate criticisms of De Corpore by Moranus and Ward exhibit from this viewpoint an interesting difference as to their common argument that only hypothetical necessity can result from Hobbes’s premises. My essay relates this argumentative difference to the absence (Moranus) or presence (Ward) in the background of the free-will dispute between Hobbes and Bramhall. From there, I examine also different interpretations of the ‘hypothetical necessity-argument’ in the indirect critical reception of De Corpore, when the target is Hobbes’s necessitarianism in the controversy with Bramhall, based on significant material from his De Corpore project. Remarkably, although Leibniz agrees with Bramhall that Hobbes only proves a hypothetical necessity, Leibniz’s understanding of hypothetical necessity is not that of Bramhall. Another striking difference is displayed in the use of the ‘hypothetical necessity-argument’ by More, which as it were blurs the connection of the free-will issue with Hobbes’s general doctrine of causality.

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Birks, H. J. B. "Is the hypothesis of survival on glacial nunataks necessary to explain the present-day distributions of Norwegian mountain plants?" Phytocoenologia 23, no. 1-4 (December 15, 1993): 399–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/23/1993/399.

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9

Barkauskaitė, Marijona, and Daiva Karužaitė. "Problems of (Self-) education Substantiated by Scientific Research." Pedagogika 118, no. 2 (June 10, 2015): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2015.018.

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The scientific community members tend to acknowledge that scientific achievements in educational sciences are much slower compared to other areas. However, it is encouraging that in 2014 responding to the challenges relevant to the system of education, the young researchers of Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences searched for and substantiated solutions to a number of problems employing their original scientific research. In the Committee of Joint Doctoral Studies (Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, Kaunas University of Technology, Šiauliai University and Lithuanian Sports University) Kęstutis Trakšelys defended his doctoral thesis on the theme: “Education accessibility within the context of the transformation of Lithuanian society (1990–2010)”. The Committee of the Defence Council consisted of the representatives-researchers from the Joint Doctoral Committee and Prof. Dr. Habil. Alicja Šerlong, Director of the Institute of Pedagogy of Wroclaw University (Poland). All the members of the Doctoral Defence Council unanimously emphasized that the emerging processes of transformations in the global world impose specific tasks on the system of education and oblige the school to organize the process of (self-) education in such a way, which satisfies needs of learners, modern society and the epoch. Therefore, the author of the thesis analyzed an urgent research problem identifying links between social transformations and changes in the system of education from the perspective of accessibility, while solving the problem of accessibility of education in the context of social transformations during the period, which was particularly challenging to the system of education in Lithuania (1990–2010). All the members of the Dissertation Defence Council and opponents considered the doctoral thesis “The development of creative writing skills of primary school pupils using interactive whiteboard” by Agnė Saylik as one of the first works in Lithuania, which focuses on development of primary learners’ creative writing skills employing information and communication technologies. The members of the Committee highly evaluated the creativity of the author, i.e., her ability to create original ideas, make insights, manage the collected information, to employ a variety of methods, to cope with a big sample of respondents, to process the data in a reliable way, etc. The members of the Dissertation Defence Council and opponents of the doctoral thesis “Expression and development of the learning to learn competence of the adults improving their qualification” written by Vilija Lukošūnienė unanimously recognized the relevance and particular innovative character of the thesis, which is said to be timely and answering the urgent challenges of today: ability to approach the competence of learning to learn through the prism of multidimensionality, autonomous learning is analyzed, internal and external factors are singled out, which result in the competence of learning to learn, the hypothetic model for development of the adults’ competence of learning to learn was designed. Analyzing the theme “Developing entrepreneurial capacities of pupils in 9th–12th forms applying coaching in technology lessons” and being a professional teacher-practitioner, Oksana Kietavičienė perceived technological education as a continuous process and understood the necessity to integrate teacher’s and learner’s creation as well as their creative ideas and to apply them in practical pedagogical activities. The thesis was evaluated as a timely, relevant and significant scientific study, which enriches educational powers of all the social sciences and educational science in particular, targeting at nurturance of an initiator and a responsible personality, who is capable of creation, rather than on development of an executor. Kristina Viršulienė used the time of her doctoral studies for scientifi research on pedagogical communication and her efforts were finalized by the written doctoral thesis “Student-teachers’ instructional communication skills and their development”. The Chairperson of the Dissertation Defence Council pointed out that the relevance of the theme is obvious as education is a focused development of individual’s powers on the basis of the created interaction. Pedagogical communication is a basic component of the latter and an essential area of teacher’s professional activity. Empirical testing of efficiency of the programme of educational project is one of the main advantages of this doctoral thesis and this is a new contribution to the treasure trove of the educational science. In his defended doctoral thesis “Pedagogical substantiation of social educator’s educational environment enriched with information and communication technologies”, Rokas Gulbinas theoretically and empirically substantiated the educational environment of a special needs teacher enriched with information and communication technologies (ICT) as a prerequisite for fulfilment of special needs teacher’s functions at new quality level. This is a particularly significant empiric study, which contributed to designing of the hypothetic model of special needs teacher’s activity in the educational environment enriched with ICT, which is relevant not only as the construct of development of methodology of quantitative research but also as a model for improvement of special needs teacher’s activity under changing technological conditions. Giedrė Misiūnienė wrote the doctoral thesis “Modelling of socio-educational activities of multifunctional center in rural (territorial) community”, which aimed to substantiate the hypothetic model of socio-educational activity of multifunctional center in rural territorial community. The Dissertation Defence Council highly evaluated the capability and commitment of the young researcher to addressing severe problems of our time, whereof scientific research, substantiation, forecasting as well as strengthening of positive socio-educational activities in rural communities and their dissemination may not only help an individual and the society but also eliminate illiteracy, exclusion and decline in value-based principles. The initiative of the author of the thesis and her academic supervisor to implement one of the fundamental goals of Dr. M. Lukšienė, i.e, to expand the network of rural and basic schools (10 forms), their activity and, thus, to enhance the national identity, culture and the image of the state, is of particular value. This objective is also outlined in the National Education Strategy for 2013–2022; therefore, the scientific interest of the young researcher to model the emerging multifunctional centers is particularly timely and significant. This is the first unique research of such kind in the country. All the doctoral theses discussed above were defended in Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences in 2014 and their authors were conferred the degree of doctor of Social Sciences (Educational Science (07S)).

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10

Csordas, George, and Richard S. Varga. "Necessary and sufficient conditions and the Riemann hypothesis." Advances in Applied Mathematics 11, no. 3 (September 1990): 328–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8858(90)90013-o.

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11

O'Brien, David P., and George M. Davidson. "Evaluation of Evidence for Sufficiency, for Necessity, and for Necessity-and-Sufficiency." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 41, no. 3 (August 1989): 531–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748908402381.

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We report two experiments with 120 undergraduate subjects. The tasks presented clearly articulated hypotheses concerning necessity, sufficiency, and necessity-and-sufficiency, together with possible combinations of treatment conditions, and required subjects to judge whether, according to the hypotheses, the relevant outcomes will occur, will not occur, or might occur. The patterns of responses reveal how subjects understand the extensions of the concepts, i.e. what each hypothesis permits, requires, and excludes. Only necessity-and-sufficiency hypotheses generally led to logically adequate responses, and the most typical error for both necessity hypotheses and sufficiency hypotheses was to treat them as extensionally equivalent to necessity-and-sufficiency. This error tendency was more evident for necessity than for sufficiency hypotheses. Further, although responses to both necessity hypotheses and sufficiency hypotheses were affected by the complexity of the hypothesized conditions, responses to necessity-and-sufficiency hypotheses were not. We argue that the results are not a function of a response bias but reflect differences in the way the hypotheses are understood. Implications for the causal attribution literature are discussed.

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12

Grund, Charlotte, Christof Neumann, Klaus Zuberbühler, and Thibaud Gruber. "Necessity creates opportunities for chimpanzee tool use." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (May 8, 2019): 1136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz062.

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AbstractAlthough social transmission mechanisms of animal cultures are well studied, little is known about the origins of behavioral innovations, even in established tool users such as chimpanzees. Previous work has suggested that wild chimpanzees are especially prone to engaging with tools during extended periods of low food availability and after long travel, supporting the hypothesis that cultural innovation is facilitated by necessity revealing opportunities. Here, we tested this hypothesis with a field experiment that directly compared subjects’ immediate variation in measures of current energy balance with their interest in a novel foraging problem, liquid honey enclosed in an apparatus accessible by tool use. We found that the previous distance traveled directly predicted subjects’ manipulations of both the apparatus and the tool, whereas previous feeding time was negatively correlated to manipulation time. We conclude that “necessity” augments chimpanzees’ likelihood of engaging with ecological “opportunities,” suggesting that both factors are scaffolding foraging innovation in this and potentially other species.

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13

Mattsson, Lars. "The Minimal Astration Hypothesis—a Necessity for Solving the Dust Budget Crisis?" Research Notes of the AAS 5, no. 12 (December 27, 2021): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/ac460d.

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Abstract Assuming that gas and dust separate in the interstellar medium (ISM) so that high-density regions, where stars can form, are almost devoid of dust, the amount of metals being removed from the ISM can be significantly reduced (minimized astration). Here, it is shown by simple analytical models that this may increase the total metal budget of a galaxy considerably. It is suggested that these extra metals may increase the mass of dust such that the “dust budget crisis”, i.e., the fact that there seems to be more dust at high redshifts than can be accounted for, can be ameliorated. Reducing the amount of astration, the metal budget can be more than doubled, in particular for systems that evolve under continuous gas accretion.

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14

Oliver, Jeffrey C., and Kathleen L. Prudic. "Are mimics monophyletic? The necessity of phylogenetic hypothesis tests in character evolution." BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, no. 1 (2010): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-239.

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15

Soboleva, Maja E. "Necessity and Fate." Koinon 3, no. 1 (2022): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/koinon.2022.03.1.001.

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The article focuses on the problem of necessity in the social sphere. The concept of necessity is, first, introduced as a derivative of cause-and-effect and logical relations. Then the author emhisezes the peculiarity of the sphere of social interactions which consists of the fact that social reality is constituted by language and can therefore be considered as a discursive universe. Due to this peculiarity, the necessity in the sphere of social relations has not a causal but a quasi-causal character. The latter means that the relationship between individual phenomena has the character of “events” that are formed in a certain narrative context. Here, reality loses the role of the ground for events and performs only the function of reference. In this case, necessity functions as the attribution of the role of cause to certain events. To demonstrate how these theoretical positions work in practice, the author considers the political doctrine of K. P. Pobedonostsev (1827–1907), a jurist, lawyer and prominent political figure of his time, who shares the views of Russian conservative nationalists. This analysis allows us to confirm the hypothesis that there is always a gap between political action and real processes. From this, in turn, it follows that the necessity of political actions is caused not by the logic of the mere fact but by the logic of the interpretation of the facts within the framework of a certain political program. After that, the author argues that, in the field of social, two scenarios for justifying necessity are possible — mythical and argumentative. He analyzes and compares these two types of scenarios as well as the ideas of necessity formed within them. The last part of the work examines the concept of fate as a subjective side of the question of necessity. The author also argues that the place of unfolding fate is a discursive universe. From this, it follows that fate is intertwined with events that are quasi-causal; therefore it has a probabilistic character. Thus, the connection between fate and necessity is broken.

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Kuskov, Andrey. "The Accidental Hypothesis." Integral Transpersonal Journal 8, no. 8 (June 2016): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32031/itibte_itj_8-ka4.

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The modification of consciousness and the possibility of using its results for the purpose of cognition. At the heart of the article lies the story of how events in the author’s life led him to the necessity of work with his own conciousness and later to unexpected independent research in a professsional field far from his expertise. The conclusion of the work is the emergence of the hypothesis about the physical rationale of the origin and presence of life in the Universe, which relates to cosmic anthropoecology. The result of the hypothesis confirms the necessity of developing a global information strategy of ecology. KEY WORDS Anthropic, anthropoecology, consciousness, ecosystem, universe.

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17

Horton, Peter. "Hypothesis: Are grana necessary for regulation of light harvesting?" Functional Plant Biology 26, no. 7 (1999): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99095.

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The importance of the functional flexibility of the light-harvesting complexes of photo-system II (LHCII) in accommodating the fluctuation in the balance between light input and metabolic capacity in plants is emphasised. This flexibility is provided for by a relatively complex assembly of protein subunits, the interactions between them being controlled by protonation, xanthophyll de-epoxidation and phosphorylation. It is suggested that the 3-dimensional order imposed upon this assembly of proteins by the grana is a vital aspect of the modulation of LHCII function. Grana establish the LHCII conformation needed for efficient light harvesting and help prevent the dense array of proteins from collapsing into a highly dissipative state. The grana then allow a controlled development of non-photochemical quenching under the driving force of violaxanthin de-epoxidation and protonation. In plants grown under different irradiances the different grana content and xanthophyll cycle pool size together allow maximum quantum yield in limiting light and an appropriate level of non-photochemical quenching in excess light.

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18

Davankov, Vadim A. "Chance and Necessity in the Evolution of Matter to Life: A Comprehensive Hypothesis." Symmetry 13, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 1918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13101918.

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Specialists in several branches of life sciences are trying to solve, piece by piece, the immensely complex puzzle of the origin of life. Some parts of the puzzle seem to appear with a rather high degree of clarity, while others remain totally obscure. We cannot be sure that life emerged only on our Earth, but we believe that the presence of large amounts of water in its liquid state is absolutely essential for the emergence and evolution of living matter. We can also assume that the latter exploits everywhere the same light elements, mainly C, H, O, N, S, and P, and somehow manipulates the same simple monomeric and polymeric organic compounds, such as alpha-amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic bases, and surface-active carboxylic acids. The author contributes to the field by stating that all fundamental particles of our matter are “homochiral” and predominantly produce in an absolute asymmetric synthesis amino acids of L-configuration and carbohydrates of D-series. Another important point is that free atmospheric oxygen mainly stems from the photolysis of water molecules by cosmic irradiation and is not necessarily bound to living organisms on the planet.

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Davankov, Vadim A. "Chance and Necessity in the Evolution of Matter to Life: A Comprehensive Hypothesis." Symmetry 13, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 1918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13101918.

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Specialists in several branches of life sciences are trying to solve, piece by piece, the immensely complex puzzle of the origin of life. Some parts of the puzzle seem to appear with a rather high degree of clarity, while others remain totally obscure. We cannot be sure that life emerged only on our Earth, but we believe that the presence of large amounts of water in its liquid state is absolutely essential for the emergence and evolution of living matter. We can also assume that the latter exploits everywhere the same light elements, mainly C, H, O, N, S, and P, and somehow manipulates the same simple monomeric and polymeric organic compounds, such as alpha-amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic bases, and surface-active carboxylic acids. The author contributes to the field by stating that all fundamental particles of our matter are “homochiral” and predominantly produce in an absolute asymmetric synthesis amino acids of L-configuration and carbohydrates of D-series. Another important point is that free atmospheric oxygen mainly stems from the photolysis of water molecules by cosmic irradiation and is not necessarily bound to living organisms on the planet.

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20

Gibson, Martha I. "A Revolution in Method, Kant's “Copernican Hypothesis”, and the Necessity of Natural Laws." Kant-Studien 102, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kant.2011.001.

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Li, Lin, Ben Slater, Yan Yan, Chuanming Wang, Yi Li, and Jihong Yu. "Necessity of Heteroatoms for Realizing Hypothetical Aluminophosphate Zeolites: A High-Throughput Computational Approach." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 10, no. 6 (March 11, 2019): 1411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00136.

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Kaneko-Ishino, T., T. Kohda, R. Ono, and F. Ishino. "Complementation hypothesis: the necessity of a monoallelic gene expression mechanism in mammalian development." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 113, no. 1-4 (2006): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000090811.

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23

Callanan, John. "Kant on Nativism, Scepticism and Necessity." Kantian Review 18, no. 1 (February 4, 2013): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136941541200026x.

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AbstractKant criticizes the so-called ‘preformation’ hypothesis – a nativist account of the origin of the categories – at the end of the B-Deduction on the ground that it entails scepticism. I examine the historical context of Kant's criticism, and identify the targets as both Crusius and Leibniz. There are two claims argued for in this paper: first, that attending to the context of the opposition to certain forms of nativism affords a way of understanding Kant's commitment to the so-called ‘discursivity thesis’, by contrasting the possession conditions for the categories with those for innate ideas; secondly, it provides an insight with regard to Kant's understanding of the dialectic with scepticism. Kant's claim is that a certain explanatory lacuna that attaches to Humean empiricism can be seen to apply equally to any nativist theory. The lacuna concerns the explanation of the modal purport ofa priorinecessity, i.e. how it is that our consciousness can even distinguish contents that are representedasnecessary features of objects.

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Takeuchi, Tomonori, Adrian J. Duszkiewicz, and Richard G. M. Morris. "The synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis: encoding, storage and persistence." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1633 (January 5, 2014): 20130288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0288.

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The synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis asserts that activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is induced at appropriate synapses during memory formation and is both necessary and sufficient for the encoding and trace storage of the type of memory mediated by the brain area in which it is observed. Criteria for establishing the necessity and sufficiency of such plasticity in mediating trace storage have been identified and are here reviewed in relation to new work using some of the diverse techniques of contemporary neuroscience. Evidence derived using optical imaging, molecular-genetic and optogenetic techniques in conjunction with appropriate behavioural analyses continues to offer support for the idea that changing the strength of connections between neurons is one of the major mechanisms by which engrams are stored in the brain.

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E. Havens, Nicholas G. Aumen, Karl. "Hypothesis-Driven Experimental Research Is Necessary for Natural Resource Management." Environmental Management 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002679910001.

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Jianqing, Wu, and Zha Ping. "Clinical trials cannot provide sufficient accuracy for studying weak factors necessary for curing chronic diseases." Global Journal of Cancer Therapy 8, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 021–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2581-5407.000044.

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Chronic diseases are still known as incurable diseases, and we suspect that the medical research model is unfit for characterizing chronic diseases. In this study, we examined accuracy and reliability required for characterizing chronic diseases, reviewed implied presumptions in clinical trials and assumptions used in statistical analysis, examined sources of variances normally encountered in clinical trials, and conducted numeric simulations by using hypothetical data for several theoretical and hypothetical models. We found that the sources of variances attributable to personal differences in clinical trials can distort hypothesis test outcomes, that clinical trials introduce too many errors and too many inaccuracies that tend to hide weak and slow-delivering effects of treatments, and that the means of treatments used in statistical analysis have little or no relevance to specific patients. We further found that a large number of uncontrolled co-causal or interfering factors normally seen in human beings can greatly enlarge the means and the variances or experimental errors, and the use of high rejection criteria (e.g., small p values) further raises the chances of failing to find treatment effects. As a whole, we concluded that the research model using clinical trials is wrong on multiple grounds under any of our realistic theoretical and hypothetical models, and that misuse of statistical analysis is most probably responsible for failure to identify treatment effects for chronic diseases and failure to detect harmful effects of toxic substances in the environment. We proposed alternative experimental models involving the use of single-person or mini optimization trials for studying low-risk weak treatments.

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Stump, Simon Maccracken, and Peter Chesson. "Distance-responsive predation is not necessary for the Janzen–Connell hypothesis." Theoretical Population Biology 106 (December 2015): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2015.10.006.

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Shrader-Frechette, Kristin. "Statistical Significance in Biology: Neither Necessary Nor Sufficient for Hypothesis Acceptance." Biological Theory 3, no. 1 (March 2008): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/biot.2008.3.1.12.

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Tokić, Saša, Berislav Bolfek, and Anita Radman Peša. "Testing efficient market hypothesis in developing Eastern European countries." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 15, no. 2 (June 19, 2018): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.15(2).2018.25.

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This paper analyzes financial markets in four developing countries (Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia) using daily returns of their respective stock market indices from January 1, 2006 till December 31, 2016, timeframe which was rarely analyzed. Analysis was conducted by various statistical tests, more precisely serial correlation test, runs test, Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, unit root test, variance ratio test and test of January effect. Results suggest that all analyzed indices, except BelexLine (Serbia), confirm weak form of efficient market hypothesis, while the results on the index BelexLine are mixed and it can be concluded that it does not follow weak form of efficient market hypothesis. Given these results, it can be said that not only passive approach to portfolio management is more appropriate on all indices, except BelexLine, but also additional test and more complex models are necessary in order to confirm this conclusion.

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Dul, Jan, Erwin van der Laan, and Roelof Kuik. "A Statistical Significance Test for Necessary Condition Analysis." Organizational Research Methods 23, no. 2 (August 23, 2018): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094428118795272.

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In this article, we present a statistical significance test for necessary conditions. This is an elaboration of necessary condition analysis (NCA), which is a data analysis approach that estimates the necessity effect size of a condition X for an outcome Y. NCA puts a ceiling on the data, representing the level of X that is necessary (but not sufficient) for a given level of Y. The empty space above the ceiling relative to the total empirical space characterizes the necessity effect size. We propose a statistical significance test that evaluates the evidence against the null hypothesis of an effect being due to chance. Such a randomness test helps protect researchers from making Type 1 errors and drawing false positive conclusions. The test is an “approximate permutation test.” The test is available in NCA software for R. We provide suggestions for further statistical development of NCA.

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Nautiyal, Katherine M., Heather McKellar, Ann-Judith Silverman, and Rae Silver. "Mast cells are necessary for the hypothermic response to LPS-induced sepsis." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 296, no. 3 (March 2009): R595—R602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90888.2008.

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As central nervous system residents, mast cells contain many cytokines and are localized primarily near large blood vessels in the diencephalon and within the leptomeninges, making them candidates for immune to neural “cross talk.” Using mast cell-deficient KitW-sh/W-sh mice, we assessed the role of these cells in the thermoregulatory component of the immune response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). KitW-sh/W-sh and wild-type (WT) mice differed in several respects in response to injection of a high dose of LPS (1 mg/kg ip). Core temperature (Tc) of WT mice decreased by ∼3°C, whereas KitW-sh/W-sh mice did not become hypothermic but instead exhibited pronounced low-frequency Tc oscillations around their baseline temperature. In addition, KitW-sh/W-sh mice had lower levels of whole brain TNF-α but no differences in IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, or histamine compared with WT mice following injection of the high dose of LPS, consistent with the role of TNF-α in sepsis. KitW-sh/W-sh mice had increased resistance to LPS, and some survived a dose of LPS that was lethal in littermate controls. In contrast, KitW-sh/W-sh and WT mice were similar in other aspects, namely, in the hyperthermia following injection of TNF-α (1.5 μg icv), reduced nighttime Tc and locomotor activity (to 1 mg/kg LPS), response to a low dose of LPS (10 μg/kg ip), and response to subcutaneous turpentine injection. These results indicate that mast cells play a role in the regulation of thermoregulatory responses and survival following sepsis induction and suggest a brain site of action.

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French, Robert M., and Elizabeth Thomas. "The dynamical hypothesis: One battle behind." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 5 (October 1998): 640–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98361737.

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What new implications does the dynamical hypothesis have for cognitive science? The short answer is: none. The target article is basically an attack on traditional symbolic artificial intelligence (AI) and differs very little from prior connectionist criticisms of it. For the past 10 years, the connectionist community has been well aware of the necessity of using (and understanding) dynamically evolving, recurrent network models of cognition.

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Sekatskii, Sergey. "The Quantum Homeostasis Hypothesis and Divine Providence." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 27, no. 1 (2015): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis2015271/26.

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The idea that a human being may select at will outcomes of certain quantum events, and that this is free will, has been put forward long ago. But how can such a possibility to control quantum randomness be recombined with the necessity to obey the known statistical distributions of the laws of nature? Antoine Suarez proposes a Quantum Homeostasis Hypothesis (QHH), where this may happen during sleep or dreams. Divine providence may also be placed exactly here without violating the free will of a human being, and in accordance with the necessity to follow the statistical laws of nature. God may instruct one during sleep and dreams. Apart from the Bible, this is attested to by sources in many ancient civilizations. This essay addresses this aspect of QHH in an attempt to answer the question whether data may show that our “acts of will” during dreams differ from such during a fully conscious state of mind.

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Powell, Jonathan M., Emanuel Ebin, Steven Borzak, Anastasios Lymperopoulos, and Charles H. Hennekens. "Hypothesis." Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 22, no. 1 (July 8, 2016): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1074248416644350.

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The hypothesis that paroxetine decreases morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure (HF) is plausible but unproven. Basic research demonstrates that inhibition of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) both in vitro and in vivo in the myocardium may be beneficial. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 antagonism is purported to exert cardioprotective effects immediately following myocardial injury by blunting toxic overstimulation on a recently injured heart. In addition, chronic overexpression of GRK2 inhibits catecholamine induction of vital positive chronotropic and ionotropic effects required to preserve cardiac output leading to worsening of congestive HF. In cardiac-specific GRK2 conditional knockout mice, there is significant improvement in left ventricular wall thickness, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and ejection fraction (EF) compared to controls. Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor which was recently shown to have the ability to directly inhibit GRK2 both in vitro and in vivo. At physiologic temperatures, paroxetine inhibits GRK2-dependent phosphorylation of an activated G-protein-coupled receptor with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 35 micromoles, a substantially greater affinity than for other G protein-coupled receptor kinases. In a randomized trial in mice with systolic HF and depressed EF postmyocardial infarction, those treated with paroxetine had a 30% increase in EF, improved contractility, and LVEDD and wall thickness compared to those treated with medical therapy alone. While further basic research may continue to elucidate plausible mechanisms of benefit and observational studies will contribute important relevant information, large scale randomized trials designed a priori to do so are necessary to test the hypothesis.

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Jowitt, Joshua. "Legal rights for animals: aspiration or logical necessity?" Journal of Human Rights and the Environment 11, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 173–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2020.02.02.

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Whereas regulation relating to minimum standards of animal welfare is increasingly uncontroversial in contemporary popular discourse, the same cannot be said of viewing animals as legal persons possessing legally enforceable rights in and of themselves. The purpose of this article will be to explore this reticence and ask whether the continued anthropocentricity of legally enforceable rights is compatible with the very concept of law itself. The article will draw heavily on the moral writing of Alan Gewirth, engaging with his justification for why human beings themselves can make philosophically valid claims to be rightsholders. Taking Gewirthian ethical rationalism as providing a universally applicable hypothetical imperative which binds all agents to comply with its requirements, the article will move on to discuss the implications of the theory on our understanding of legal normativity. If we accept that the purpose of law is to guide action, and that legal normativity therefore operates at the level of practical rationality, the Gewirthian project necessarily limits the content of law to those norms which are compliant with the moral underpinning of all normative reasons for action. A necessary connection between law and morality can therefore be established which requires equal respect for all agents. By creating this necessary connection, it is possible to move beyond an anthropocentric conception of legal normativity to one that necessarily must instead respect the basic rights possessed by all agents – regardless of species. Legal rights for animals that are capable of acting within Gewirth's conception of agency must therefore be seen not to be a mere aspiration for a well-meaning society, but a logical necessity within any legal system.

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SWINBURNE, RICHARD. "Necessary Moral Principles." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 1, no. 4 (2015): 617–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2015.6.

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ABSTRACT:Moral realism entails that there are metaphysically necessary moral principles of the form ‘all actions of nonmoral kind Z are morally good’; being discoverable a priori, these must be (in a wide sense) logically necessary. This article seeks to justify this apparently puzzling consequence. A sentence expresses a logically necessary proposition iff its negation entails a contradiction. The method of reflective equilibrium assumes that the simplest account of the apparently correct use of sentences of some type in paradigm examples is probably logically necessary. An account is simple insofar as it uses few predicates designating properties easily recognizable in many different kinds of paradigm examples. I illustrate how reflective equilibrium uses these criteria to discover logically necessary nonmoral propositions such as ‘if S remembers doing X, S believes that he did X’ and ‘if it is scarlet, it is red’. I then illustrate how exactly the same procedures can lead us from paradigm examples of apparently true sentences asserting that actions of some kind are good to discovering moral principles. I advance the contingent hypothesis that most contemporary humans, although they initially disagree about moral issues, have derived from different paradigm examples the same concept of moral goodness, which will ensure that the use of reflective equilibrium will lead to eventual agreement about moral issues. That strongly suggests that the moral principles eventually reached by reflective equilibrium are logically necessary ones.

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Mareschal, Denis, and Jordy Kaufman. "The dual route hypothesis in visual cognition: Why a developmental approach is necessary." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 1 (February 2002): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02380026.

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Norman presents intriguing arguments in support of a mapping between ecological and constructivist visual cognition, on the one hand, onto the dorsal ventral dual route processing hypothesis, on the other hand. Unfortunately, his account is incompatible with developmental data on the functional emergence of the dorsal and ventral routes. We argue that it is essential for theories of adult visual cognition to take constraints from development seriously.

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KEILLOR, JOCELYN M., ANNA M. BARRETT, GREGORY P. CRUCIAN, SARAH KORTENKAMP,, and KENNETH M. HEILMAN. "Emotional experience and perception in the absence of facial feedback." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 8, no. 1 (January 2002): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617701020136.

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The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions are either necessary or sufficient to produce emotional experience. Researchers have noted that the ideal test of the necessity aspect of this hypothesis would be an evaluation of emotional experience in a patient suffering from a bilateral facial paralysis; however, this condition is rare and no such report has been documented. We examined the role of facial expressions in the determination of emotion by studying a patient (F.P.) suffering from a bilateral facial paralysis. Despite her inability to convey emotions through facial expressions, F.P. reported normal emotional experience. When F.P. viewed emotionally evocative slides her reactions were not dampened relative to the normative sample. F.P. retained her ability to detect, discriminate, and image emotional expressions. These findings are not consistent with theories stating that feedback from an active face is necessary to experience emotion, or to process emotional facial expressions. (JINS, 2002, 8, 130–135.)

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Tessier, Anne-Michelle, and Karen Jesney. "Learning in Harmonic Serialism and the necessity of a richer base." Phonology 31, no. 1 (May 2014): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675714000062.

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This paper reassesses the hypothesis that early phonotactic learning of constraint-based grammars relies on the Identity Map – i.e. it uses observed surface forms as the inputs which cause errors and drive learning via constraint reranking. We argue that this approach's success is closely tied to Optimality Theory's fully parallel grammatical evaluation. In the constraint-based derivational framework of Harmonic Serialism (HS; McCarthy 2000, 2007b), reliance on observed surface forms as inputs can block the discovery of ‘hidden rankings’ between markedness constraints, preventing the learner from discovering a restrictive grammar. This paper illustrates the problem, using a pattern of positional vowel restrictions in Punu (Kwenzi Mikala 1980), and considers the role of various learning assumptions. We conclude that hidden rankings are a fundamental obstacle to restrictive error-driven learning in any HS-like framework, and that learning in such frameworks inevitably requires consideration of some unattested surface forms as inputs, even at the earliest learning stages.

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Perret, Patrick. "Logical Necessity in Class Inclusion Development and the Ability to Process Transformations." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 4, no. 2 (January 2004): 220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/194589504787382758.

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The use of Markman’s modification task in the study of class inclusion development revealed a developmental gap between the ability to compare the extensions of classes and subclasses and the understanding that the superiority of the class extension is a logical necessity. Barrouillet and Poirier (1997) have proposed that the main difficulty in Markman’s task lies in its demand for the processing of transformations. Indeed, necessity arises from the impossibility of transforming facts. The present study explores this hypothesis by comparing children’s performances on a task of logical necessity and a task that requires them to process transformations of class extension. The results, consistent with Barrouillet and Poirier’s view, are discussed with reference to Piaget’s morphism theory and Halford’s relational complexity theory.

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Krivka, Algirdas. "On the concept of market concentration, the minimum Herfindahl‒Hirschman index, and its practical application." Panoeconomicus 63, no. 5 (2016): 525–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan140407025k.

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The paper analyses the phenomenon of market concentration in the context of the most popular industrial organization approaches: the structure- conduct-performance (SCP) approach and the efficiency hypothesis (EH). The theory of market concentration evaluation is briefly presented, followed by an analysis of the main concentration indicators and their application in recent empirical research. The main problem in the practical application of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) - the necessity to incorporate the market shares of all the enterprises in the market - is further addressed and the issue of calculating the minimum value of the HHI is analysed from the theoretical point of view and by modelling hypothetical markets.

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Roth, Erich, and Rudolf Oehler. "Hypothesis: Muscular glutamine deficiency in sepsis—A necessary step for a hibernation-like state?" Nutrition 26, no. 5 (May 2010): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2009.08.007.

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Sandroni, Alvaro. "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Convergence to Nash Equilibrium: The Almost Absolute Continuity Hypothesis." Games and Economic Behavior 22, no. 1 (January 1998): 121–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/game.1997.0572.

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Garwicz, Martin, and Gert Andersson. "Is the tidal wave necessary? Is it likely?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 2 (June 1997): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x97281434.

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The main assumptions on which the tidal wave hypothesis rests will be questioned. First, since focal synchronous mossy fibre input is sufficient to ensure spread of activity along the parallel fibres, the tidal wave is redundant. Second, spatial and temporal characteristics of mossy fibre input make spatio-temporal sequences appropriate for setting up a tidal wave unlikely in the behaving animal.

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Murray, David J. "A “presence/absence hypothesis” concerning hippocampal function." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 3 (June 1999): 462–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99392037.

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According to a “presence/absence hypothesis,” the hippocampus is not necessary for the formation of learned associations between currently present stimuli and responses (as in classical conditioning), but is necessary whenever a stimulus, if it is to activate a particular response, must first activate a memory-representation of something not present in the here-and-now. The distinction between responses made to present stimuli as opposed to (memories of) absent stimuli was first stressed by Romanes (1889), but we find evidence in the target article that supports the relevance of this distinction to our understanding of hippocampal functioning.

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Marshall, Barry. "Commentary: A unifying mathematical hypothesis for the epidemiology of Helicobacter-associated diseases—plurality should not be assumed without necessity." International Journal of Epidemiology 35, no. 4 (July 17, 2006): 1097–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyl159.

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Slabach, B. L., T. B. Corey, J. R. Aprille, P. T. Starks, and B. Dane. "Geophagic behavior in the mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus): support for meeting metabolic demands." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 8 (August 2015): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0067.

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Geophagy, the intentional consumption of earth or earth matter, occurs across taxa. Nutrient and mineral supplementation is most commonly cited to explain its adaptive benefits; yet many specific hypotheses exist. Previous research on mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus (Blainville, 1816)) broadly supports nutrient supplementation as the adaptive benefit of geophagy. Here, we use data from an undisturbed population of mountain goats inhabiting a geologically distinct coastal mountain range in southwestern British Columbia to test the hypothesis that geophagic behavior is a proximate mechanism for nutrient supplementation to meet metabolic demands. Our population, observed for over 30 consecutive years, returned each year with high fidelity to the same geophagic lick sites. Logistic regression demonstrated an overall effect of sodium and phosphorus, but not magnesium and calcium, on lick preferences. These data, in conjunction with field observations, provide support for the hypothesis that geophagy provides nutrient supplementation and that geophagy may be an obligate behavior to meet necessary metabolic demands within this population. The implications of our results suggest the necessity to preserve historically important habitats that may be necessary for population health.

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Hadianti, Siti, Benny Nugraha, and Ika Tri Yunianika. "NECESSARY OR COMPULSORY: STUDENTS' PERCEPTION ON SCIENTIFIC WRITING AND EVERYTHING IN BETWEEN." English Review: Journal of English Education 11, no. 2 (June 24, 2023): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v11i2.7718.

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The presence of scientific writing as a new compulsory course attracts educational institutions, including Universitas Terbuka. Not only because the course is a new course, which means many possible and valuable reactions to it, but also due to the puzzling condition surrounding it. Like two sides of a coin, scientific writing is hoped to bring essential value. Therefore, students will perceive it positively, yet it also generates anxiety because the difficulty of the lesson itself needs to be digested through an online platform. This research is constructed to explore the issue. To make it easier to follow, we limit our concern to two research questions and one hypothesis. The first question is on how students perceive scientific writing courses and the second do students consider the course as necessary or compulsory. On the other side, we promote a hypothesis that argues that students will perceive the scientific course as necessary yet fail to internalize the skill from the course. This study uses a mixed method which can be utilized to answer the research question as well as the hypothesis. The sample is 47 participants that enroll in a scientific writing class using a nested sampling design. Based on quantitative analysis, it is found that the hypothesis is accepted and there are 3 levels of perception that can also answer the research question such as high, moderate, and low perception.

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Uzun, V. "Russian Policy of Agriculture Support and the Necessity of Its Modification after WTO Accession." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 10 (October 20, 2012): 132–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2012-10-132-149.

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The article deals with the features of the Russian policy of agriculture support in comparison with the EU and the US policies. Comparative analysis is held considering the scales and levels of collective agriculture support, sources of supporting means, levels and mechanisms of support of agricultural production manufacturers, its consumers, agrarian infrastructure establishments, manufacturers and consumers of each of the principal types of agriculture production. The author makes an attempt to estimate the consequences of Russia’s accession to the World Trade Organization based on a hypothesis that this will result in unification of the manufacturers and consumers’ protection levels in Russia with the countries that have long been WTO members.

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BURTON-ROBERTS, NOEL, and GEOFFREY POOLE. "‘Virtual conceptual necessity’, feature-dissociation and the Saussurian legacy in generative grammar." Journal of Linguistics 42, no. 3 (October 13, 2006): 575–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226706004208.

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This paper is a critique of two foundational assumptions of generative work culminating in the Minimalist Program: the assumption that, as a matter of conceptual necessity, language has a ‘double-interface property’ and the related assumption that phonology has a realizational function with respect to syntax-semantics. The issues are broached through a critique of Holmberg's (2000) analysis of Stylistic Fronting in Icelandic. We show that, although empirically motivated, and although based on the double-interface assumption, this analysis is incompatible with that assumption and with the notion of (phonological) realization. Independently of Stylistic Fronting, we argue that the double-interface assumption is a problematic legacy of Saussure's conception of the linguistic sign and that, conceptually, it is neither explanatory nor necessary. The Representational Hypothesis (e.g. Burton-Roberts 2000) develops a Peircian conception of the relation between sound and meaning that breaks with the Saussurian tradition, though in a way consistent with minimalist goals. Other superficially similar approaches (Lexeme–Morpheme Base Morphology, Distributed Morphology, Jackendoff's Parallel Architecture) are discussed; it is argued that they, too, perpetuate aspects of Saussurian thought.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hypothetic necessity'

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