Academic literature on the topic 'Hypothetic necessity'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hypothetic necessity"
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Maksimova, T. P. "Paradoxical Emergence of the Food Security Problem in Times of Current Challenges: from the General to the Particular." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics 20, no. 2 (2023): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2023-2-5-15.
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Complete satisfaction of essential needs of the population is a key factor of any economic system sustainability.The article studies specific features of the food security problem, identifies paradoxes of its emergence, focuses on attaining quality parameters in resolving problems of food security. The author carries out comparative analysis of certain aspects of global and national food security and investigates implementation of the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation. The multi-aspect character of the food security problem was grounded and the necessity of its systematic study was underlined. Apart from that, the article provides hypothetic forecasts that current trends of dominance of big economic forms in the structure of agricultural produce output could cause serious structural changes in the whole economic system, reduce the importance of market mechanisms and result in decreasing biodiversity in food supply.
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Ratto, Carlo, Angelo Alessandro Marra, Angelo Parello, Veronica De Simone, Paola Campennì, and Francesco Litta. "Would Surgeons Like to Be Submitted to Anal Fistulotomy? An International Web-Based Survey." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 3 (2023): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12030825.
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Traditional fistulotomy is the most performed surgical procedure in anal fistula surgery. We conducted an international online survey to explore colorectal surgeons’ opinions and preferences on fistulotomy. Considering the healing and continence impairment rates reported in the literature, surgeons were invited to answer as a hypothetic patient susceptible to being submitted to fistulotomy for low and high anal fistula. A total of 767 surgeons completed the survey from 72 countries. The majority of respondents were consultants, having treated more than 20 anal fistulas in the last year. Most of them declared that anal fistula would be able to negatively affect quality of life and would be worried/anxious about it. Taking into account all aspects, 87.5% and 37.8% of respondents would agree to be treated with a fistulotomy in case of a low and high fistula, respectively, with an acceptance rate that varied worldwide. At multivariate analysis, factors correlated to the acceptance of anal fistulotomy were male gender (p = 0.003), practice of less than 20 fistula operations during last year (p = 0.020), and low fistula (p < 0.001). Surgeons recognized the extreme complexity of this approach. This study highlighted the necessity of an accurate patients’ selection and the adoption of alternative strategy to reduce the risk of anal continence impairment.
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Smolentsev, Dmitry, Ashot Sarkisov, and Sergey Antipov. "Safe development of nuclear power technologies in the Arctic: prospects and approaches." Nuclear Energy and Technology 4, no. 4 (2018): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.4.31870.
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The demands for nuclear power technologies in the Arctic for solving social and economic problems of the state can only be satisfied if adequate strategies of their safe handling at all stages from design to decommissioning are defined, methodological approaches and mathematical models for predicting and minimizing adverse environmental impacts of potential emergency situations at such facilities are developed, and scientifically-based results yielded within a decision-making support system for the elimination of such emergencies are applied. Special relevance of these requirements is determined by unique features of the Arctic nature and its role in the generation of climatic and hydrological processes in the World Ocean. Main results and generalized conclusions based on the analysis of radiological consequences of the large-scale application of nuclear power industry for the benefit of economic development of the Arctic region are provided in the present paper. The analysis was performed within the framework of the complex research project “Development of the methodological approaches and mathematical models to access the environmental impact of the possible accidents at the floating nuclear power objects, model calculations of the radiation propagation in the Arctic aquatic territories in case of emergency situations”. The increasing demand for the low-power nuclear power plants for the benefit of development of remote areas, the technological and economic advantages of such power plants as well as minimal possible environmental consequences of the hypothetic accidents resulted in the qualitative changes in the attitude towards their usage. Estimation was made of the scale of application of nuclear power and results were obtained of numerical modeling of distribution of reactivity in case of accidents. The conclusion was drawn on the necessity to adhere to the low-power nuclear energy generation development strategy based on the modular design concept.
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Stein, Nathanael. "Explanation and Hypothetical Necessity in Aristotle." Ancient Philosophy 36, no. 2 (2016): 353–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ancientphil201636224.
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Charles, David. "ARISTOTLE ON HYPOTHETICAL NECESSITY AND IRREDUCIBILITY." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 69, no. 1 (1988): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0114.1988.tb00300.x.
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Langer, Ullrich. "Hypothetical Necessity and Fiction in the Early Renaissance." MLN 102, no. 1 (1987): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2905566.
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Pécharman, Martine. "Hobbes’s De Corpore on Modalities and Its Contemporary Critiques." Hobbes Studies 30, no. 1 (2017): 28–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750257-03001003.
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Hobbes considered as unambiguous and unproblematic his demonstration in De Corpore that every effect past, present or future is necessary, since it always requires a sufficient cause that cannot be sufficient without being necessary, so that nothing is possible which will not be actual at some time. Now, this approach to necessity and possibility was received by his contemporary readers as missing its aim. Two immediate criticisms of De Corpore by Moranus and Ward exhibit from this viewpoint an interesting difference as to their common argument that only hypothetical necessity can result from Hobbes’s premises. My essay relates this argumentative difference to the absence (Moranus) or presence (Ward) in the background of the free-will dispute between Hobbes and Bramhall. From there, I examine also different interpretations of the ‘hypothetical necessity-argument’ in the indirect critical reception of De Corpore, when the target is Hobbes’s necessitarianism in the controversy with Bramhall, based on significant material from his De Corpore project. Remarkably, although Leibniz agrees with Bramhall that Hobbes only proves a hypothetical necessity, Leibniz’s understanding of hypothetical necessity is not that of Bramhall. Another striking difference is displayed in the use of the ‘hypothetical necessity-argument’ by More, which as it were blurs the connection of the free-will issue with Hobbes’s general doctrine of causality.
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Birks, H. J. B. "Is the hypothesis of survival on glacial nunataks necessary to explain the present-day distributions of Norwegian mountain plants?" Phytocoenologia 23, no. 1-4 (1993): 399–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/23/1993/399.
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Barkauskaitė, Marijona, and Daiva Karužaitė. "Problems of (Self-) education Substantiated by Scientific Research." Pedagogika 118, no. 2 (2015): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2015.018.
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The scientific community members tend to acknowledge that scientific achievements in educational sciences are much slower compared to other areas. However, it is encouraging that in 2014 responding to the challenges relevant to the system of education, the young researchers of Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences searched for and substantiated solutions to a number of problems employing their original scientific research.
 In the Committee of Joint Doctoral Studies (Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, Kaunas University of Technology, Šiauliai University and Lithuanian Sports University) Kęstutis Trakšelys defended his doctoral thesis on the theme: “Education accessibility within the context of the transformation of Lithuanian society (1990–2010)”. The Committee of the Defence Council consisted of the representatives-researchers from the Joint Doctoral Committee and Prof. Dr. Habil. Alicja Šerlong, Director of the Institute of Pedagogy of Wroclaw University (Poland). All the members of the Doctoral Defence Council unanimously emphasized that the emerging processes of transformations in the global world impose specific tasks on the system of education and oblige the school to organize the process of (self-) education in such a way, which satisfies needs of learners, modern society and the epoch. Therefore, the author of the thesis analyzed an urgent research problem identifying links between social transformations and changes in the system of education from the perspective of accessibility, while solving the problem of accessibility of education in the context of social transformations during the period, which was particularly challenging to the system of education in Lithuania (1990–2010).
 All the members of the Dissertation Defence Council and opponents considered the doctoral thesis “The development of creative writing skills of primary school pupils using interactive whiteboard” by Agnė Saylik as one of the first works in Lithuania, which focuses on development of primary learners’ creative writing skills employing information and communication technologies. The members of the Committee highly evaluated the creativity of the author, i.e., her ability to create original ideas, make insights, manage the collected information, to employ a variety of methods, to cope with a big sample of respondents, to process the data in a reliable way, etc.
 The members of the Dissertation Defence Council and opponents of the doctoral thesis “Expression and development of the learning to learn competence of the adults improving their qualification” written by Vilija Lukošūnienė unanimously recognized the relevance and particular innovative character of the thesis, which is said to be timely and answering the urgent challenges of today: ability to approach the competence of learning to learn through the prism of multidimensionality, autonomous learning is analyzed, internal and external factors are singled out, which result in the competence of learning to learn, the hypothetic model for development of the adults’ competence of learning to learn was designed.
 Analyzing the theme “Developing entrepreneurial capacities of pupils in 9th–12th forms applying coaching in technology lessons” and being a professional teacher-practitioner, Oksana Kietavičienė perceived technological education as a continuous process and understood the necessity to integrate teacher’s and learner’s creation as well as their creative ideas and to apply them in practical pedagogical activities. The thesis was evaluated as a timely, relevant and significant scientific study, which enriches educational powers of all the social sciences and educational science in particular, targeting at nurturance of an initiator and a responsible personality, who is capable of creation, rather than on development of an executor.
 Kristina Viršulienė used the time of her doctoral studies for scientifi research on pedagogical communication and her efforts were finalized by the written doctoral thesis “Student-teachers’ instructional communication skills and their development”. The Chairperson of the Dissertation Defence Council pointed out that the relevance of the theme is obvious as education is a focused development of individual’s powers on the basis of the created interaction. Pedagogical communication is a basic component of the latter and an essential area of teacher’s professional activity. Empirical testing of efficiency of the programme of educational project is one of the main advantages of this doctoral thesis and this is a new contribution to the treasure trove of the educational science.
 In his defended doctoral thesis “Pedagogical substantiation of social educator’s educational environment enriched with information and communication technologies”, Rokas Gulbinas theoretically and empirically substantiated the educational environment of a special needs teacher enriched with information and communication technologies (ICT) as a prerequisite for fulfilment of special needs teacher’s functions at new quality level. This is a particularly significant empiric study, which contributed to designing of the hypothetic model of special needs teacher’s activity in the educational environment enriched with ICT, which is relevant not only as the construct of development of methodology of quantitative research but also as a model for improvement of special needs teacher’s activity under changing technological conditions.
 Giedrė Misiūnienė wrote the doctoral thesis “Modelling of socio-educational activities of multifunctional center in rural (territorial) community”, which aimed to substantiate the hypothetic model of socio-educational activity of multifunctional center in rural territorial community. The Dissertation Defence Council highly evaluated the capability and commitment of the young researcher to addressing severe problems of our time, whereof scientific research, substantiation, forecasting as well as strengthening of positive socio-educational activities in rural communities and their dissemination may not only help an individual and the society but also eliminate illiteracy, exclusion and decline in value-based principles. The initiative of the author of the thesis and her academic supervisor to implement one of the fundamental goals of Dr. M. Lukšienė, i.e, to expand the network of rural and basic schools (10 forms), their activity and, thus, to enhance the national identity, culture and the image of the state, is of particular value. This objective is also outlined in the National Education Strategy for 2013–2022; therefore, the scientific interest of the young researcher to model the emerging multifunctional centers is particularly timely and significant. This is the first unique research of such kind in the country.
 All the doctoral theses discussed above were defended in Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences in 2014 and their authors were conferred the degree of doctor of Social Sciences (Educational Science (07S)).
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Csordas, George, and Richard S. Varga. "Necessary and sufficient conditions and the Riemann hypothesis." Advances in Applied Mathematics 11, no. 3 (1990): 328–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8858(90)90013-o.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Hypothetic necessity"
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Li, Yuyao. "L'ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ dans la philosophie naturelle d'Aristote". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA01H207.
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La science naturelle porte sur certains êtres qui sont soumis à la génération et au changement. Or, selon la définition aristotélicienne de la science, il n’y a pas de science de ce qui peut être autrement qu’il est. Comment, donc, la science naturelle peut-elle exister en tant que science chez Aristote ? En outre, si la science a pour fin de connaitre les principes et les causes de son objet, et que les êtres périssables ont les mêmes principes et causes que les êtres éternels, pourquoi ne sont-ils pas eux-mêmes éternels ? Ainsi, une science naturelle en tant que telle doit chercher des principes qui, à la fois, sont nécessaires, mais propres aux êtres périssables et soumis au changement. Le présent travail, en examinant la notion de l’ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ qui met en relief la distinction modale spécifique à ces êtres distincts à la fois des êtres éternels et des produits du hasard, montre qu’il y a un autre type de nécessité, la nécessité hypothétique, qui permet de construire une démonstration portant sur les êtres sublunaires. Le statut modal propre à ces êtres permet également de comprendre de manière cohérente les dispositifs de la philosophie naturelle d’Aristote ou comment la téléologie peut laisser place à l’étude des variations<br>Natural philosophy, if any, deals with natural beings that are subject to generation and change. However, according to the definition of science, there is no science for what is perishable. Then, how can the science of naturals beings exist as a science ? On the other hand, if the task of the science is to find the principles and the causes of what we are studying, and the perishable has the same principles and causes as the immortal, why aren’t they immortal as well ? Thus, a natural science as such should seek for the principles which are both necessary and appropriate to the perishable and changeable. The present work, by examining the notion of the “ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ” which manifests the modal distinction between these specific beings with respect to both the eternals and the coincidental, shows that there is another type of necessity, i.e. the conditional necessity, which allows us to construct a demonstration for the sublunary beings. And, it is by this specific modality of these beings, that the dispositions of Aristotle’s natural philosophy can be understood in a coherent way
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Balla-Johnson, William R. "The Pluperfect First Hypothesis: The compound pluperfect as a necessary precondition of the perfect-to-perfective shift in Romance." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587492835330817.
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Carvalho, Rodrigo Romão de. "O papel do Hilemorfismo nos príncipios do exame da constituição do ser vivo em Aristóteles." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-18122012-124855/.
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A presente pesquisa tem o objetivo de estudar os princípios de investigação dos seres vivos tendo como parâmetro a concepção hilemórfica dos entes naturais em Aristóteles. Para tanto, em primeiro lugar, analisaremos o hilemorfismo tal como exposto no Livro II da Física, a fim de investigarmos a doutrina da matéria e forma, no contexto em que ela desempenha um papel fundamental para a elaboração de uma concepção que é capaz de mostrar os modos pelos quais os entes se constituem na natureza. Em segundo lugar, examinaremos os princípios de investigação dos seres vivos no Livro I das Partes dos Animais, de modo a identificar os fundamentos conceituais nos quais ele se sustenta. Assim, veremos em que medida a doutrina da matéria e forma desempenha uma função determinante na análise relativa aos organismos vivos.<br>The present research aims to study the principles of investigation of living beings, from hylemorphic conception as a parameter of explanation of natural beings in Aristotle. To do so, first, well analyze the hylemorphism as set out in Book II of Physics in order to investigate the doctrine of matter and form, in which it plays a key role in the development of a conception that is able to show the ways in which beings are formed in nature. Second, well examine the principles of living beings in Book I of the Part of Animals, in order to identify the conceptual foundations on which it holds. So we\'ll see how far the doctrine of matter and form plays a decisive role in the analysis relating to living organisms.
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Hildebrandt, Frauke. "Unterstellungen." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15594.
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Der Unterstellungsbegriff ist ein zentraler Begriff innerhalb transzendentaler Argumente. Transzendentale Argumente sind Versuche, empirische Erkenntnis stabiler zu sichern als durch empirische Erkenntnis selbst. Dabei müssten, heißt es immer wieder, bestimmte grundlegende Sachverhalte unterstellt werden. Was genau bedeutet hier „unterstellen“? Exemplarisch wird in dieser Arbeit Habermas’ Verwendung des Unterstellungsbegriffs und des eng verwandten Voraussetzungsbegriffs nachvollzogen und interpretiertHabermas verwendet seinen Kernbegriff nicht einheitlich, insbesondere unterscheidet er nicht zwischen semantischem und epistemischem Voraussetzungsbegriff. Im Gegensatz zum semantischen Voraussetzungsbegriff, der eine Relation zwischen Sachverhalten beschreibt, kennzeichnet der epistemische Voraussetzungsbegriff eine Relation zwischen einem epistemischen Subjekt und einem Sachverhalt. Mit der Verwendung des Ausdrucks Unterstellung konstruiert Habermas einen internen, konstitutiven Zusammenhang zwischen unserer Kommunikationsfähigkeit und grundlegend verschiedenen propositionalen, epistemischen Einstellungen, ohne dass diese terminologisch voneinander abgegrenzt werden. Handelt es sich um Fiktionen, Hypothesen oder um handfeste Überzeugungen? Der rekonstruierte Zusammenhang erweist sich in Abhängigkeit von der durch das Verb unterstellen jeweils ausgedrückten propositionalen Einstellung – doxastisch-affirmativ, doxastisch-negierende oder nicht-doxastisch - entweder als unverständlich oder als trivial. Die als notwendige Voraussetzungen benannten Unterstellungen haben aufgrund der Semantik des Ausdrucks unterstellen hinsichtlich ihres epistemischen Status’ also keinen klaren Sinn. Damit scheitert a fortiori auch Habermas’ Versuch, notwendige Unterstellungen als schwach transzendentale Grundlage kommunikativen Handelns zu bestimmen. Die Inakzeptanz transzendentaler Argumente – auch in ihrer nicht-metaphysischen, von Habermas favorisierten „schwachen“ Lesart – wird durch die Formulierung „unterstellen müssen“ als Bestandteil des Schlussprinzips oder einer Prämisse transzendentaler Argumente systematisch verschleiert.<br>The concept of presuppositions is central for transcendental arguments. Transcendental arguments are efforts to validate empirical knowledge more effectively than through empirical knowledge itself. According to widely held views some fundamental propositions have to be presupposed for that purpose. But what – precisely – does “to presuppose something” mean? This paper will exemplarily reconstruct and interpret the use of the concept of presupposition in Jürgen Habermas’ work: Habermas doesn’t use this central concept in a homogeneous, standardized way: In particular he does not distinguish between the semantic and the epistemological concept. In contrast to the semantic concept, which describes a relationship between propositions, the epistemological concept characterizes a relationship between an epistemological subject and a proposition. Moreover, using the term “presupposition”, Habermas constructs an internal, constitutive connection between our ability to communicate and fundamentally different propositional, epistemological attitudes, without distinguishing them from each other. Is it a matter of fictions, hypotheses or beliefs? The reconstructed connection appears to be either incomprehensible or trivial given its dependence on the verb “to presuppose”, which can imply the propositional attitude of doxastic-affirmative, doxastic-negating or non-doxastic. The presuppositions claimed to be essential are not clearly defined in terms of their epistemological status because of the semantics of the term to presuppose. Therefore, Habermas’ attempt to determine essential presuppositions as a transcendental basis for communication also fails a fortiori. The non-acceptance of transcendental arguments – even in their non-metaphysic interpretation favoured by Habermas – is disguised as constituent of the premise of the corpus by the phrase “to have to presuppose”.
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Dzialowski, Louis. "Sideshadow views : narrative possibilities in Charles Dickens's late novels." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19287.
Full textBooks on the topic "Hypothetic necessity"
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Lemeshko, Boris, and Pavel Blinov. Criteria for checking deviations from the exponential law. Application manual. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1097477.
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The monograph is intended for specialists who are more or less faced with the issues of statistical data analysis, processing of experimental results, and using statistical methods to analyze various aspects and trends of the surrounding reality. The guide discusses the application of statistical criteria aimed at testing the hypothesis that the analyzed sample belongs to the exponential (exponential) distribution law. The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are indicated. Estimates of the power of the criteria and results of comparative analysis of the criteria are given, as well as tables containing percentage points and statistical distribution models necessary for applying the criteria. Following the recommendations will ensure the correctness and validity of statistical conclusions when analyzing data. It will be useful for engineers, researchers, specialists in various fields (doctors, biologists, sociologists, economists, etc.) who are faced with the need for statistical analysis of experimental results, as well as University teachers, graduate students and students.
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Lemeshko, Boris, Aleksandr Popov, and Vadim Seleznev. Criteria for checking the deviation of the distribution from the normal law. Application Guide. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1896110.
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The monograph discusses the application of statistical criteria aimed at testing the hypothesis that the analyzed data belongs to the normal law of probability distribution. Special criteria, nonparametric criteria of agreement and criteria of type χ2 are considered and compared. The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are indicated. Tables containing percentage points and statistical distribution models necessary for the correct application of criteria are given.
 In comparison with the first edition, the set of considered special criteria of normality has been significantly expanded. The entire set of criteria is ranked by power relative to a number of closely competing hypotheses, which facilitates the selection of the most preferred criteria. It is shown that in applications, the properties of criteria can change significantly due to the presence of rounding errors and this must be taken into account when forming statistical conclusions.
 Following the recommendations when analyzing data will ensure the correctness of statistical conclusions and increase their validity. 
 It is designed for specialists who, in one way or another, encounter in their activities issues of statistical data analysis, processing of experimental results, the use of statistical methods to analyze various aspects and trends of the surrounding reality. It will be useful for engineers, researchers, specialists of various profiles (physicians, biologists, sociologists, economists, etc.), university teachers, graduate students and students.
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Hill, Christopher. Conceivability and Possibility. Edited by Herman Cappelen, Tamar Szabó Gendler, and John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.4.
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This article examines some philosophical questions about knowledge of modality, including how we determine whether a proposition is necessary or contingent and what procedures to use for recognizing possibility. It maintains that virtually anything is conceivable, and that conceivability is therefore incapable of providing a reliable test for possibility. Whether a conceivable state of affairs is genuinely possible depends on whether it is compatible with the class of necessary truths. But this means that we must have some independent way of recognizing necessity. The article explains that independent access to necessity in terms of the hypothesis that various modal truths constitute an implicit definition of necessity. To a large extent, our knowledge of necessity derives from our grasp of this definition. The article also criticizes Cartesian modal arguments for dualism, and raises an objection to the view that metaphysical necessity can be reductively explained in terms of subjunctive conditionals.
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Alger, Bradley E. Defense of the Scientific Hypothesis. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881481.001.0001.
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This book explains and defends the scientific hypothesis. Explanation is needed to counteract the misinformation and misunderstanding about the hypothesis that even scientists have concerning its nature and place in the tapestry of modern science. A survey revealed that most biological scientists receive little or no formal training in scientific thinking. Defense is needed because the hypothesis is under attack by critics who claim it is irrelevant to science. Defense is important, too, because the hypothesis is perhaps the major element in scientific thinking, and familiarity with it is necessary for an understanding of modern science and scientific thinking. The public needs to understand the hypothesis in order to appreciate and evaluate scientific controversies (e.g., global climate change, vaccine safety, etc.). The first chapters thoroughly describe and analyze in elementary terms the scientific hypothesis and examine various kinds of science. Following chapters that review the hypothesis in the context of the Reproducibility Crisis and present survey data, two chapters assess cognitive matters that affect the hypothesis. In a series of chapters, the book makes practical and policy recommendations for teaching and learning about the hypothesis. The final chapter considers two possible futures for the hypothesis in science as the Big Data revolution looms: in one scenario, the hypothesis is displaced by the Big Data Mindset that forgoes understanding in favor of correlation and prediction. In the other, robotic science incorporates the hypothesis into mechanized laboratories guided by artificial intelligence. An epilogue envisions a third way—the Centaur Scientist, a symbiotic relationship of human scientists and computers.
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Galaz, Miguel. Anomaly Hypothesis: How the Great Recession Demonstrates the Necessity for a Paradigm Shift in Economics and Finance Theory. Lulu Press, Inc., 2012.
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Batson, C. Daniel. Premature Release of the Prime. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190651374.003.0011.
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The third new possibility returned attention to the first egoistic hypothesis: remove–empathy. Perhaps people feeling high empathy think that even if they escape physical exposure to the need, they will continue to feel empathic concern. If so, psychological escape is still difficult, and the results previously reported (see Chapter 4) are as consistent with remove–empathy as with the empathy–altruism hypothesis. Contrary to this possibility, some research suggested physical escape did provide psychological escape in the experiments in Chapter 4. Further, Eric Stocks conducted two experiments that manipulated psychological escape directly, and results of each supported the empathy–altruism hypothesis, not remove–empathy. Based on these data, it was necessary to reject the last of the three new possibilities. Left with no plausible egoistic account of the empathy–helping relationship—this time, nobody else had one either—there was no alternative but to conclude that empathic concern produces altruistic motivation. Our search was over.
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Elwood, Mark. Chance variation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0008.
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This chapter explains chance variation and statistical tests, including discrete and continuous measures, the concept of significance, one and two sided test, exact tests, precision and confidence limits. It shows tests of differences in proportions and chi-square tests, the Mantel-Haenszel test, and calculation of confidence limits, for simple tables and for stratified data. It covers heterogeneity tests, multiplicative and additive models, ordered exposure variables and tests of trend. It explains statistical tests for matched studies and in multivariate models. Multiple testing, the Bonferroni correction, issues of hypothesis testing and hypothesis generation, and subgroup analyses are discussed. Stopping rules and repeated testing in trials is covered. It explains how to calculate study power and the necessary size of the study. The chapter describes time to event analysis, including survival curves, product-limit and actuarial or life-table methods, and the calculation of confidence limits, relative survival ratios, the log rank test with control for confounding, and multivariate analysis.
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Bluhm, Robyn. Inductive Risk and the Role of Values in Clinical Trials. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190467715.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the implications of clinical research for philosophical discussions of inductive risk, focusing on three methodological debates: (1) the necessity of randomization, (2) the distinction between explanatory and pragmatic trials, and (3) the use of placebo versus active controls. All of these debates can usefully be recast in terms of inductive risk, which raises several important implications for philosophical discussion. They show that consideration of inductive risk, first, need not involve a straightforward trade-off between the consequences of false positive versus false negative results, and, second, should address what kind of evidence is needed before accepting a hypothesis, in addition to how much evidence is needed. Moreover, they show that evidence itself is shaped by non-epistemic values, which complicates the issue of distinguishing between direct and indirect roles for values.
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Miksza, Peter, and Kenneth Elpus. Design and Analysis of Experimental Research II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199391905.003.0009.
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This chapter introduces the reader to more possibilities for thinking about causal questions and for laying the foundational concepts necessary for conducting data analyses that correspond to more complex experimental designs. The discussion of experimental design types presented in chapter 8 is expanded to include within-subjects designs, factorial designs, mixed designs, and designs for multivariate outcomes. Prototypical examples of each design type are presented along with the typical analysis tools used for testing the associated experimental hypotheses. Hypothetical examples of research designs that are suitable for illustrating analyses with repeated-measures ANOVA, factorial or multiway ANOVA, and MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance).
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Wheeler, Michael. Knowledge, Credit, and the Extended Mind, or what Calvisius Sabinus got Right. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769811.003.0008.
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According to one prominent view in contemporary epistemology, the correct application of one’s cognitive abilities in believing truly is necessary and sufficient for a kind of credit that is, in turn, necessary for knowledge. Epistemologists who hold this view typically take the cognitive abilities concerned to be based in states and processes that are spatially located inside the head of the knowing subject. Enter the hypothesis of extended cognition (henceforth ExC). According to ExC, the physical machinery of mind sometimes extends beyond the skull and skin. The present chapter will explore what happens when the credit condition on knowledge is brought into contact with ExC. Via discussions of (a) empirical psychological work on the adaptive character of technologically augmented memory and (b) thought experiments from the extended cognition and extended knowledge literatures, conclusions will be drawn for our understanding of ‘knowledge in the wild’.
Book chapters on the topic "Hypothetic necessity"
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Pinkston, John Alexander. "Ethics and Evidence: Is Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials Necessary to Firmly Establish a New Therapy?" In Evidence and Hypothesis in Clinical Medical Science. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44270-5_8.
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Rook, Graham A. W. "Human Evolution, Microorganisms, Socioeconomic Status and Reconciling Necessary Microbial Exposures with Essential Hygiene." In Evolution, Biodiversity and a Reassessment of the Hygiene Hypothesis. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91051-8_2.
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Moncayo, Raul, Barri Belnap, and Greg Farr. "Does a Rat Have Being? The Being of the Subject as a Necessary Hypothesis (Experienced or Supposed)." In Exploring Lacan’s Encore Seminar XX. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003424581-20.
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Guiderdoni, Bruno. "Randomness, Providence, and the Multiverse." In Abrahamic Reflections on Randomness and Providence. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75797-7_5.
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AbstractWe review the role of chance, contingency, necessity, and providence among cosmic properties. The materialistic worldview in which the patterns of the universe result from random processes and humans exist in an “indifferent” universe is examined, as well as the current evidence for a fine-tuned universe. The multiverse is the preferred solution to explain why the properties of our observable universe appear to be bio-friendly. It reintroduces randomness and contingency into the cosmic process. However, this explanation comes at the cost of non-testability. And it is argued that there is no certainty about the evacuation of some kind of remaining fine-tuning in the (hypothetical) fundamental law that rules the multiverse.
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Trambaioli, Marcella. "L’amorose furie d’Orlando de Giacinto Andrea Cicognini y el teatro de abolengo ariostesco de Lope de Vega: una cuestión crítica pendiente." In Studi e saggi. Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-150-1.11.
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In order to highlight the intertextual game that Giacinto Andrea Cicognini creates in it L’amorose furie d’Orlando with Angélica en el Catay by Lope de Vega, a hypothesis vented but not demonstrated by Gobbi in an ancient critical essay, it is necessary to read and reread the two comedies without losing sight of the octaves of Ariosto with a meticulousness that, until now, no one had believed necessary to put in place, perhaps because in both cases we are not faced with absolute masterpieces. In any case, if it is true that certain images and phrases can fall into the category of literary interdiscursiveness, which goes beyond the two plays analyzed, the fact remains that the numerous similarities identified cannot be the result of chance.
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Xu, Qiaoji, and David Sankoff. "Gene Order Phylogeny via Ancestral Genome Reconstruction Under Dollo." In Comparative Genomics. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36911-7_7.
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AbstractWe present a proof of principle for a new kind of stepwise algorithm for unrooted binary gene-order phylogenies. This method incorporates a simple look-ahead inspired by Dollo’s law, while simultaneously reconstructing each ancestor (sometimes referred to as hypothetical taxonomic units “HTU”). We first present a generic version of the algorithm illustrating a necessary consequence of Dollo characters. In a concrete application we use generalized oriented gene adjacencies and maximum weight matching (MWM) to reconstruct fragments of monoploid ancestral genomes as HTUs. This is applied to three flowering plant orders while estimating phylogenies for these orders in the process. We discuss how to improve on the extensive computing times that would be necessary for this method to handle larger trees.
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Loke, Andrew. "Ultimate Design." In The Teleological and Kalam Cosmological Arguments Revisited. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94403-2_7.
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AbstractHypothesis (iv) ‘uncaused universe’ has been refuted in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-94403-2_6. Moreover, it does not explain how it could be necessary that subjunctive facts (Lange) or physical entities have stable essences (Ellis) or dispositions (Mumford) that persist throughout time which enable them to behave in ways describable by mathematical laws. The Design hypothesis explains this. I reply to various arguments against the likelihood of Design, for example, Dawkins’ ‘who made God’ objection, Hume’s objection from ‘imperfections’, and Halvorsen’s objection that almost all physically possible universes are lifeless. I conclude that, while the alternatives to design are unlikely, there is no good reason to think that the Design hypothesis is unlikely. Since the list of hypotheses in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-94403-2_4 is logically exhaustive, the epistemic probabilities of those five categories must add up to 1. Even if one assigns to each alternative a probability of 0.1% (which is very generous given the arguments in previous chapters), that still leaves Design with a high probability of 99.6%. One can therefore argue for the Design hypothesis by exclusion without having to first assign a prior probability for Design, thus avoiding the objections by critics (e.g. Sober) on this point entirely.
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Calderamo, Arianna, and Mariella Nocenzi. "When the Footprint Is a Carbon One: A Sustainable Paradigm for the Analysis of the Contemporary Society." In Frontiers in Sociology and Social Research. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11756-5_12.
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AbstractStarting from the commonly used meaning of a “human” footprint, connected to the traces that every action, product or process leaves in the atmosphere as greenhouse gases, the paper explores new perspectives for a changing social theory considering the principles of sustainability. This theoretical hypothesis stands on the necessity of a revision of the sociological principles to observe and analyse the contemporary phenomena connected to economic, political and social transformations due to environmental problems. The focus is on human action and its new role in the changing social space, time and relations. The application of these revised notions to a concrete process, such as the assessment of policies and social participation in Italian National Parks, according to the “positive thinking” model, will add some evidence about the radical transformation of cognitive paths and social dynamics.
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Radvan, Michal. "Zdanění venkovní reklamy." In Pocta prof. Josefu Bejčkovi k 70. narozeninám. Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0094-2022-33.
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The article deals with the issue of taxation of outdoor advertising. After a critical analysis of the existing legal regulation of the local charge for using public space and a historical excursion to the draft law on municipal taxes, the hypothesis that the charge for using public space is a sufficient tool for limiting visual smog is refuted. A combination of administrative law, tax law, and non-legal instruments is appropriate to effectively regulate the visual smog (co-)caused by outdoor advertising. It is necessary to introduce a local advertising charge, the individual structural components of which are presented at the end of the article.
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Kurek, Justyna. "Operational Activities in the Field of Cybersecurity." In Cybersecurity in Poland. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78551-2_27.
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AbstractThe increase in cybercrime and the importance of cyberspace for the preparatory stage of crimes led to the redefinition of operational and exploratory activities. It has become desirable to move away from the concept of targeted surveillance and towards prevention systems used on a massive scale. This trend is manifested in using technological achievements like hacking software for legal purposes. The goal of this article is to define the concept of state-run on-line remote search of information systems, including the use of breakthrough security software like spyware, in the context of procedural- and pre-trial guarantees, the presumption of innocence and protection of privacy. The article attempts to verify the following research hypothesis: that the creation of new appropriate guarantees (institutional, substantive and procedural) for the digital environment is required since the existing safeguards appropriate to the actions in the real world cannot be applied by analogy in the digital environment without influencing the effectiveness of the measures. The legal framework for operational activities in the digital world must take into account the requirement of subsidiarity and necessity of maintaining a balance between effective criminal law and respect for privacy.
Conference papers on the topic "Hypothetic necessity"
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Katz, Gil, Pablo Piantanida, Romain Couillet, and Merouane Debbah. "On the necessity of binning for the distributed hypothesis testing problem." In 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2015.7282966.
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Dumas, Antonio, Michele Trancossi, and Mauro Madonia. "Hydrogen Airships: A Necessary Return Because of High Costs of Helium." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87595.
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Many airship projects have been presented during last years. Most of them are slowed in their realization because of very high costs of Helium. This paper presents an economic and energetic comparison between Helium filled airships and Hydrogen filled ones under the hypothesis of buying 20 MPa compressed Helium and local production of photovoltaic hydrogen by electrolysis. The economic evaluation comprises the costs of PV plant for hydrogen production and docking and distribution systems for both gasses. Analysis of uncertainty has been performed to evaluate economic parameters and payback time of the investments.
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D. BELSKI, Jakub. "NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS AS AN ADDED VALUE OF THE POLISH SECURITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CONTEMPORARY SITUATION IN UKRAINE." In SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE. Publishing House of "Henri Coanda" Air Force Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2022.23.5.
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Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are associations of people who are not content to be mere observers. This makes it possible to develop the human race and engage it in activities, the implementation of which would be difficult or impossible without the involvement of active members of society. [1] The situation of the conflict in Ukraine illustrated the necessity of tightening cooperation between state institutions and non-governmental organisations. Developing procedures for cooperation, and not only defining the necessity of cooperation, is necessary to avoid crises and effectively assist those who need support. NGOs can be there, where powerful state systems are not able to reach, and thus are not able to provide assistance, which implies a lack of security. The aim of this article is to show that NGOs are an added value to the system of security management, but there are no systemic solutions that would enable them to use their full potential. At the same time the content of the article answers the following research problem: To what extent are non-governmental organizations are able to ensure the security of the Polish state on the example of the refugee crisis of the Ukrainian-Russian war? In relation to the main problem, the hypothesis was adopted that on the example of the refugee crisis of the Ukrainian-Russian war, NGOs are able to ensure the security of the Polish state with the tools they have, but there is a need for legislative action is needed to enable NGOs to participate more in this area. The adopted hypothesis was positively verified in the course of the analyses. The research used the method of analysis, synthesis and abstraction.
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Brickman, Dennis B. "Commercial Tree Chipper: The Leg Pull-In Hypothesis." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32459.
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This paper addresses a commercial mobile tree chipper with a mechanical infeed system that is manually fed. The purpose of this paper is to show that tree branches and brush presented to a disc chipper through the infeed hopper will not pull an erectly standing operator’s leg off the ground and into the feed wheels given the conditions set forth in this test program. In order for an erectly standing operator’s leg to contact the feed wheels, it is necessary for the leg to be pulled off the ground and over the bottom leading edge of the infeed hopper. Experiments demonstrate that the operator’s leg is pulled up against the lower leading edge of the infeed hopper and lodges there during pull-in scenarios using a winch, cable, and rope attached to the operator’s ankle. Two safety devices, an infeed extension pan and a safety control bar are explored in this paper.
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Кусяков, Альфред Шамильевич. "HYPOTHESIS VERIFICATION IN PROBABILISTIC CALCULATION OF THIN-WALL COMPOSITE STRUCTURES." In Инновационные проблемы научного развития: сборник статей международной научной конференции (Выборг, Март 2023). Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/230320.2023.13.48.003.
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Методами статистического моделирования исследуется проблема устойчивости композитной прямоугольной пластинки, находящейся под действием сжимающих нагрузок. Выполнена проверка статистической гипотезы о равенстве выборочного значения коэффициента устойчивости его теоретическому значению. Все необходимые вычисления осуществлялись в среде сиcтемы компьютерной алгебры MAXIMA. Statistical modeling methods are used to study the problem of stability of a composite rectangular plate under compressive loads. The statistical hypothesis was tested about the equality of the sample value of the stability coefficient to its theoretical value. All necessary calculations were carried out in the environment of the MAXIMA computer algebra system.
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Tai, Shi, Zhang Dong-hui, and Hu Wen-jun. "Sodium Cooled Fast Bread Reactor HCDA Codes Development." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66067.
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Liquid metal fast reactor is one of the Gen IV nuclear power, it is necessary to analyze hypothetical core disruptive accident (HCDA) of FBR to ensure that the system can prevent the radioactive material from leaking out. The modified Bethe-Tait model is the primary method to analyze hypothetical core disruptive accident in the world. In order to better analyze the nuclear reactor hypothetical core disruptive accident in China, an improved B-T model is used. At present, on the basis of the improved B-T model, power distribution of the CEFR add to the progress. The results of comparison between the program and SUREX program in France show that the program model can simulate the nuclear reactor hypothetical core disruptive accident in China.
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Vorontsova, Marina, and Evgeniya Klyukina. "The Influence of Transformations in the Modern Labour Market on Foreign Language Courses at Universities." In 14th International Scientific Conference "Rural Environment. Education. Personality. (REEP)". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. Institute of Education and Home Economics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/reep.2021.14.028.
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The topicality of the study is determined by the discord between the foreign language teaching standards in Russian universities and undergraduate and graduate students’ requirements oriented towards the modern labour market. Having obtained a specialty, university graduates may work in different fields or change their job profile altogether; the borders of professions and professional standards are undergoing changes as well. The aim of the study is to show the necessity to transform foreign language teaching standards at the university level in accordance with the recent and ongoing changes in the job market. The hypothesis of the study is that foreign language teaching standards in Russia should integrate communicative competence, critical and creative thinking, and learning to learn as necessary components. It is suggested that students of non-philological specialties should be taught two or three foreign languages instead of only advancing their command of English. The hypothesis was confirmed by the polls conducted among undergraduate and graduate students of the College of Asian and African Studies (CAAS, Lomonosov MSU), over 2019-2020. The study resulted in developing a new standard of teaching foreign languages at the CAAS, which includes teaching two European languages alongside an oriental/African one, and creating a new structure of the English language course oriented towards developing soft skills rather than a purely linguistic component. Thus, the study seeks to substantiate the need for the new standard by the requirements of the modern job market and graduates’ demands. Creating the new standard targeting soft skills development and teaching two European languages is a practical result of this work.
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Macagno, S., M. Santarelli, and A. Porporato. "Simulation of a PV-Micro-Hydro-Hydrogen System Feeding the Energy Requests of a Residential Building in a Remote Area of the Alps: Part I — Simulation of Micro-Hydro Power Primary Input." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33204.
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The purpose of the work is a simulation model (in the Matlab environment) of a hypothetical stand-alone energy system in design conditions. This system is based just on renewable sources (solar and micro-hydroelectric energy) integrated with a hydrogen energy system (electrolyzer, hydrogen storage, PEM (proton exchange membran fuel cell). It could supply the whole electric and part of the heat requests of a small residence situated in a remote mountainous area (e.g. an isolated village in the Italian Alps) during a complete year of operation. The work is made up of two. The subject of this first paper is the simulation of the performances of the micro-hydro power source. To obtain the flow duration curve necessary for a correct design of the micro-turbine, the following hypothesis have been made: the behavior of the mountain basin is modeled like a linear reservoir, the rainfall is described as a marked Poisson process and the snowmelt is modeled using the empirical temperature-index approach. The result of the simulation is the hourly electrical output as a function of the daily flow of available water. A single micro-turbine is enough for this basin. The maximum value of electric power obtained during spring months corresponds to 1400 W and the annual electric energy produced by this plant is in the order of 4 MWh/yr.
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Martinez, Oscar, Abiodun Adeniyi, Paul Nogradi, Bradley Loftin, Coleen E. Martinez, and Blake Van Hoy. "Regulatory Testing and Posttest Analysis of the DPP-3 Type B Shipping Container for NCT and HAC Tests." In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-62434.
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Abstract Safe transportation of radioactive material using appropriately designed, certified packages ensures protection of the public and environment using rigorous system packaging requirements. This protocol was conducted to determine the effects of drop testing on a Type B shipping package (DPP-3) performance per normal and hypothetical accident conditions tests. Preparation, testing, and post-test evaluations of a Type B shipping package tested to 10 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 71.71 and 71.73 requirements are presented. Six packages were subjected to free drop, puncture, and thermal tests per 10 CFR 71.73. The posttest helium leak test showed a leak rate &lt; 1 × 10−7 He-cc/sec, indicating that the containment boundary and leak-tight environment were maintained. Statistical analyses were performed to determine changes in package performance. The null hypothesis was that measurements would not change enough from pre- to post-testing to show statistical significance, which would indicate too much variability in package design. A repeated measures t-test was used to analyze drum lid and containment vessel (CV) torques. All six CV lid torques were statistically significant, but only three drum lid torques were statistically significant. Therefore, lid design caused more variability than necessary when subjected to the horizontal-and-cold, vertical-lid-down, and corner-with-lid-up drop tests. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analyzed package heights and diameters, with results on height indicating four of the six certification test units (CTUs) were statistically significant. Thus, CTU design caused more variability than necessary when subjected to horizontal-hot, horizontal-cold, corner-lid-up, and corner-lid-down tests. One-way ANOVA analysis of diameter indicated that all six CTUs were statistically significant. Thus, CTU design caused more variability than necessary when subjected to all tests. The DPP-3 has been shown to be an acceptable design for transport of radioactive materials, but statistical analysis revealed that package and test design can be improved to reduce variability in performance before and after testing.
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Moreira, Letícia Karolina, Marcelo Romero, and Manassés Ribeiro. "Image Super Resolution Using Generative Adversarial Networks and non-Paired Strategy." In Congresso Brasileiro de Inteligência Computacional. SBIC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21528/cbic2021-138.
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The quality of images obtained from video surveillance systems is a decisive aspect when performing investigations at the Forensic Science. Features such as scars, tattoos, and skin marks are great examples of details that allow to consolidate an investigation at certain scenarios in which there is the necessity to identify individuals captured in a video or image footage. However, the low quality of images could affect the results of the investigations. In this sense, this work proposes the study of a computational model to address the problem of increasing the resolution of Low-Resolution (LR) images, also known as the problem of super-resolution of images. The main idea is to train a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) so that it can be able to enhance low-quality images. The hypothesis is that a variant model of a GAN, named Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network (SRGAN), is capable to produce High-Resolution (HR) images from LR ones. The proposed methodology is based on experimental research with the aid of the hypothetical deductive method, where two well-recognised state of art methods were used, which proposes the use of convolutional neural networks and deep learning. For the model validation, were conducted four different experiments: two to avail the capacity of the GAN to produce images with enhanced resolution and two other experiments to evaluate the quality of the results produced by the SRGAN. The quantitative results of our experiments are promising, with performances that are similar to those obtained by state-of-the-art approaches. Moreover, the qualitative results based on performing a visual analysis of the images produced by our approach suggest a interesting performance in terms of visual quality.
Reports on the topic "Hypothetic necessity"
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Argimón, Isabel, and Irene Roibás. Debt overhang, credit demand and financial conditions. Banco de España, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/29530.
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The empirical literature on the debt overhang hypothesis has estimated the relationship between investment and leverage at the firm level, which does not allow to disentangle between a firm’s decision not to invest as it is highly indebted and its ability to obtain the necessary resources. Using annual Spanish credit data from the Central Credit Register and non-financial corporations’ annual accounts from the lntegrated Central Balance Sheet Data Office Survey for the period 2004-2019, we study the impact of corporate debt on non-financial firms’ demand for bank loans, as a proxy for their willingness to invest. We find a negative relationship between firms’ leverage and demand for bank credit, thus supporting the debt overhang hypothesis. We then study whether such relationship is affected by financial conditions and find that a reduction in short-term interest rates mitigates the effect of firms’ leverage on demand for credit.
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Esquivel, Maricarmen, Tsuneki Hori, Sergio Lacambra Ayuso, et al. Index of Governance and Public Policy in Disaster Risk Management (iGOPP): Application Protocol. Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010634.
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The protocol describes in detail the necessary steps for the measurement of indicators, including the information to be compiled, the assessment process, recommendations and examples based on the application conducted, as well as on the experiences of other countries in the Region. Additionally, the protocol contains some hypothetical examples with situations that could be found in the countries and suggestions on options to collect information in different contexts. Also, in order to adapt its methodology and indicator assessment process, this protocol is sensitive to those legal/constitutional differences that lead to models with various degrees of federalism and centralism.
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Rodríguez, Francisco. Cleaning Up the Kitchen Sink: On the Consequences of the Linearity Assumption for Cross-Country Growth Empirics. Inter-American Development Bank, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011322.
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Existing work in growth empirics either assumes linearity of the growth function or attempts to capture non-linearities by the addition of a small number of quadratic or multiplicative interaction terms. Under a more generalized failure of linearity or if the functional form taken by the non-linearity is not known ex ante, such an approach is inadequate and will lead to biased and inconsistent OLS and instrumental variables estimators. This paper uses non-parametric and semiparametric methods of estimation to evaluate the relevance of strong non-linearities in commonly used growth data sets. Our tests decisively reject the linearity hypothesis. A preponderance of our tests also rejects the hypothesis that growth is a separable function of its regressors. Absent separability, the approximation error of estimators of the growth function grows in proportion to the number of relevant dimensions, substantially increasing the data requirements necessary to make inferences about the growth effects of regressors. We show that appropriate non-parametric tests are commonly inconclusive as to the effects of policies, institutions and economic structure on growth.
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Berlin, Noémie, Jan Dul, Marco Gazel, Louis Lévy-Garboua, and Todd Lubart. Creative Cognition as a Bandit Problem. CIRANO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/anre7929.
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This paper characterizes creative cognition as a multi-armed bandit problem involving a trade-off between exploration and exploitation in sequential decisions from experience taking place in novel uncertain environments. Creative cognition implements an efficient learning process in this kind of dynamic decision. Special emphasis is put on the optimal sequencing of divergent and convergent behavior by showing that divergence must be inhibited at one point to converge toward creative behavior so that excessive divergence is counterproductive. We test this hypothesis in two behavioral experiments, using both novel and well-known tasks and precise measures of individual differences in creative potential in middle and high school students. Results in both studies confirmed that a task-dependent mix of divergence and convergence predicted high performance in a production task and better satisfaction in a consumption task, but exclusively in novel uncertain environments. These predictions were maintained after controlling for gender, personality, incentives, and other factors. As hypothesized, creative cognition was shown to be necessary for high performance under the appropriate conditions. However, it was not necessary for getting high grades in a traditional school system.
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Bando, Rosangela. Guidelines for Impact Evaluation in Education Using Experimental Design. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009133.
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There has been extensive research and investment in strategies that aim to improve the quality of education around the world. But despite rigorous evidence, the question of what to do in a specific context usually remains only partially answered at best. As a result, numerous impact evaluations are being conducted with the goal of learning what works. The goal of the guidelines presented here is to summarize the evidence and provide references in a single document in order to save time for those implementing education impact evaluations through randomized control trials. The guidelines focus on supporting evaluations that help policymakers determine where to assign limited resources to improve the quality of education. The document has five sections. The first reviews empirical findings to provide a general idea of why education is important, which inputs matter, and howto conduct an impact evaluation. The second section provides guidance on how to define the impact evaluation hypothesis. The third section presents a methodology for selecting the sample and setting up a randomized impact evaluation. The fourth section provides information on what data to collect for the evaluation, and the final section looks at how to analyze data and strategies to adjust the analysis for changes in the original design. The guidelines are not exhaustive: their main contribution is to present a methodology to design an impact evaluation, outline the necessary inputs to start the design of such an evaluation, and provide a structured source of rigorous references.
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Bizer, Kilian, and Martin Führ. Responsive Regulierung für den homo oeconomicus institutionalis – Ökonomische Verhaltenstheorie in der Verhältnismäßigkeitsprüfung. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.393379529x.
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The starting point of the research project was the hypothesis that the "principle of proportionality", which is fundamental to law, is related to the "economic principle". The resulting methodological similarities were intended to enable a cross-disciplinary bridge to be built, which would allow the findings of economic analysis to be made fruitful for legal issues. This was practically tested in three study areas in order to be able to better classify the performance of the analytical tools. The foundations for interdisciplinary bridge building are found in the rational-choice paradigm. In both disciplines, this paradigm calls for an examination of the relationship between the purpose-means-relations: among the design options under consideration, the one must be selected that is expected to be as (freedom- or resource-) sparing as possible, in other words, the most "waste-free" solution to the control problem.The results of the economic analysis can thus be "translated" in such a way that, within the framework of "necessity", they support the search for control instruments that are equivalent to the objective but less disruptive. supports. The core of the positive economic analysis is the motivational situation of those actors whose behavior is to be influenced by a changed legal framework. In this context, the classical behavioral model of economics proved to be too limited. It therefore had to be developed further in line with the findings of research in institutional economics into homo oeconomicus institutionalis. This behavioral model takes into account not only the consequentialist, strictly situational utility orientation of the model person, but also other factors influencing behavior, including above all those that are institutionally mediated. If one takes the motivational situation of the actors as the starting point for policy-advising design recommendations, it becomes apparent that an understanding of governance dominated by imperative behavioral specifications leads to less favorable results, both in terms of the degree to which goals are achieved and in terms of the freedom-impairing effects, than a mixed-instrument approach oriented toward the model of "responsive regulation." According to this model, the law can no longer simply assume that those subject to the law will "obediently" execute the legal commands. It must ask itself what other factors determine behavior and under what boundary conditions changes can be expected in the direction of the desired behavior. For this reason, too, it must engage with the cognitive program of the behavioral sciences. This linkage opens up new perspectives for interdisciplinary research on the consequences of laws.
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Prusky, Dov, and Jeffrey Rollins. Modulation of pathogenicity of postharvest pathogens by environmental pH. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587237.bard.
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Until recently, environmental pH was not considered a factor in determining pathogen compatibility. Our hypothesis was that the environmental pH at the infection site, which is dynamically controlled by activities of both the host and the pathogen, regulates the expression of genes necessary for disease development in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This form of regulation ensures that genes are expressed at optimal conditions for their encoded activities.Pectate lyase encoded by pelB, has been demonstrated to play a key role in virulence of C. gloeosporioides in avocado fruit. Polyglacturonase synergism with oxalic acid production is considered to be an essential pathogenicity determinant in the interactions of S. sclerotiorum with its numerous hosts. A common regulatory feature of these virulence and pathogenicity factors is their dependence upon environmental pH conditions within the host niche to create optimal conditions for expression and secretion. In this proposal we have examined, 1) the mechanisms employed by these fungi to establish a suitable pH environment, 2) the molecular levels at which genes and gene products are regulated in response to environmental pH, and 3) the molecular basis and functional importance of pH-responsive gene regulation during pathogenicity. The specific objectives of the proposal were: 1. Characterize the mechanism of local pH modulation and the effect of ambient pH on the expression and secretion of virulence factors. 2. Provide evidence that a conserved molecular pathway for pH-responsive gene expression exists in C. gloeosporioides by cloning a pacC gene homologue. 3. Determine the role of pacC in pathogenicity by gene disruption and activating mutations. Major conclusions 1. We determined the importance of nitrogen source and external pH in the secretion of the virulence factor pectate lyase with respect to the ambient pH transcriptional regulator pacC. It was concluded that nitrogen source availability and ambient pH are two independent signals for the transcriptional regulation of genes required for the disease process of C. gloeosporioides and possibly of other pathogens. 2. We also determined that availability of ammonia regulate independently the alkalinization process and pelB expression, pecate lyase secretion and virulence of C. gloeosporioides. 3. Gene disruption of pacC reduced virulence of C. gloeosporioides however did not reduced fully pelB expression. It was concluded that pelB expression is regulated by several factors including pH, nitrogen and carbon sources. 4. Gene disruption of pacC reduced virulence of S. slcerotiourum Creation of a dominant activating
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Rafaeli, Ada, Russell Jurenka, and Daniel Segal. Isolation, Purification and Sequence Determination of Pheromonotropic-Receptors. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7695850.bard.
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Moths constitute a major group of pest insects in agriculture. Pheromone blends are utilised by a variety of moth species to attract conspecific mates, which is under circadian control by the neurohormone, PBAN (pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide). Our working hypothesis was that, since the emission of sex-pheromone is necessary to attract a mate, then failure to produce and emit pheromone is a potential strategy for manipulating adult moth behavior. The project aimed at identifying, characterising and determining the sequence of specific receptors responsible for the interaction with pheromonotropic neuropeptide/s using two related moth species: Helicoverpa armigera and H. lea as model insects. We established specific binding to a membrane protein estimated at 50 kDa in mature adult females using a photoaffinity-biotin probe for PBAN. We showed that JH is required for the up-regulation of this putative receptor protein. In vitro studies established that the binding initiates a cascade of second messengers including channel opening for calcium ions and intracellular cAMP production. Pharmacological studies (using sodium fluoride) established that the receptor is coupled to a G-protein, that is, the pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide receptor (PBAN-R) belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)'s. We showed that PBAN-like peptides are present in Drosophila melanogaster based on bioassay and immunocytochemical data. Using the annotated genome of D. melanogaster to search for a GPCR, we found that some were similar to neuromedin U- receptors of vertebrates, which contain a similar C-terminal ending as PBAN. We established that neuromedin U does indeed induce pheromone biosynthesis and cAMP production. Using a PCR based cloning strategy and mRNA isolated from pheromone glands of H. zea, we successfully identified a gene encoding a GPCR from pheromone glands. The full-length PBAN-R was subsequently cloned and expressed in Sf9 insect cells and was shown to mobilize calcium in response to PBAN in a dose-dependent manner. The successful progress in the identification of a gene, encoding a GPCR for the neurohormone, PBAN, provides a basis for the design of a novel battery of compounds that will specifically antagonize pheromone production. Furthermore, since PBAN belongs to a family of insect neuropeptides with more than one function in different life stages, this rationale may be extended to other physiological key-regulatory processes in different insects.
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Meiri, Noam, Michael D. Denbow, and Cynthia J. Denbow. Epigenetic Adaptation: The Regulatory Mechanisms of Hypothalamic Plasticity that Determine Stress-Response Set Point. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593396.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Our hypothesis was that postnatal stress exposure or sensory input alters brain activity, which induces acetylation and/or methylation on lysine residues of histone 3 and alters methylation levels in the promoter regions of stress-related genes, ultimately resulting in long-lasting changes in the stress-response set point. Therefore, the objectives of the proposal were: 1. To identify the levels of total histone 3 acetylation and different levels of methylation on lysine 9 and/or 14 during both heat and feed stress and challenge. 2. To evaluate the methylation and acetylation levels of histone 3 lysine 9 and/or 14 at the Bdnfpromoter during both heat and feed stress and challenge. 3. To evaluate the levels of the relevant methyltransferases and transmethylases during infliction of stress. 4. To identify the specific localization of the cells which respond to both specific histone modification and the enzyme involved by applying each of the stressors in the hypothalamus. 5. To evaluate the physiological effects of antisense knockdown of Ezh2 on the stress responses. 6. To measure the level of CpG methylation in the promoter region of BDNF in thermal treatments and free-fed, 12-hour fasted, and re-fed chicks during post-natal day 3, which is the critical period for feed-control establishment, and 10 days later to evaluate longterm effects. 7. The phenotypic effect of antisense “knock down” of the transmethylaseDNMT 3a. Background: The growing demand for improvements in poultry production requires an understanding of the mechanisms governing stress responses. Two of the major stressors affecting animal welfare and hence, the poultry industry in both the U.S. and Israel, are feed intake and thermal responses. Recently, it has been shown that the regulation of energy intake and expenditure, including feed intake and thermal regulation, resides in the hypothalamus and develops during a critical post-hatch period. However, little is known about the regulatory steps involved. The hypothesis to be tested in this proposal is that epigenetic changes in the hypothalamus during post-hatch early development determine the stress-response set point for both feed and thermal stressors. The ambitious goals that were set for this proposal were met. It was established that both stressors i.e. feed and thermal stress, can be manipulated during the critical period of development at day 3 to induce resilience to stress later in life. Specifically it was established that unfavorable nutritional conditions during early developmental periods or heat exposure influences subsequent adaptability to those same stressful conditions. Furthermore it was demonstrated that epigenetic marks on the promoter of genes involved in stress memory are altered both during stress, and as a result, later in life. Specifically it was demonstrated that fasting and heat had an effect on methylation and acetylation of histone 3 at various lysine residues in the hypothalamus during exposure to stress on day 3 and during stress challenge on day 10. Furthermore, the enzymes that perform these modifications are altered both during stress conditioning and challenge. Finally, these modifications are both necessary and sufficient, since antisense "knockdown" of these enzymes affects histone modifications, and as a consequence stress resilience. DNA methylation was also demonstrated at the promoters of genes involved in heat stress regulation and long-term resilience. It should be noted that the only goal that we did not meet because of technical reasons was No. 7. In conclusion: The outcome of this research may provide information for the improvement of stress responses in high yield poultry breeds using epigenetic adaptation approaches during critical periods in the course of early development in order to improve animal welfare even under suboptimum environmental conditions.
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Evans, Donald L., Avigdor Eldar, Liliana Jaso-Friedmann, and Herve Bercovier. Streptococcus Iniae Infection in Trout and Tilapia: Host-Pathogen Interactions, the Immune Response Towards the Pathogen and Vaccine Formulation. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586538.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The objectives of the BARD proposal were to determine the mechanisms of nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) that are necessary to provide heightened innate resistance to infection and to identify the antigenic determinants in Streptococcus iniae that are best suited for vaccine development. Our central hypothesis was that anti-bacterial immunity in trout and tilapia can only be acquired by combining "innate" NCC responses with antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens. These Objectives were accomplished by experiments delineated by the following Specific Aims: Specific aim (SA) #1 (USA) "Clone and Identify the Apoptosis Regulatory Genes in NCC"; Specific aim #2 (USA)"Identify Regulatory Factors that Control NCC Responses to S. iniae"; Specific aim #3 (Israel) "Characterize the Biological Properties of the S. iniae Capsular Polysaccharide"; and Specific aim #4 (Israel) "Development of an Acellular Vaccine". Our model of S. iniae pathogenesis encompassed two approaches, identify apoptosis regulatory genes and proteins in tilapia that affected NCC activities (USA group) and determine the participation of S.iniae capsular polysaccharides as potential immunogens for the development of an acellular vaccine (Israel group). We previously established that it was possible to immunize tilapia and trout against experimental S. difficile/iniaeinfections. However these studies indicated that antibody responses in protected fish were short lived (3-4 months). Thus available vaccines were useful for short-term protection only. To address the issues of regulation of pathogenesis and immunogens of S. iniae, we have emphasized the role of the innate immune response regarding activation of NCC and mechanisms of invasiveness. Considerable progress was made toward accomplishing SA #1. We have cloned the cDNA of the following tilapia genes: cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CAS/AF547173»; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF / A Y 428948); and nascent polypeptide-associated complex alpha polypeptide (NACA/ A Y168640). Similar attempts were made to sequence the tilapia FasLgene/cDNA, however these experiments were not successful. Aim #2 was to "Identify Regulatory Factors that Control NCC Responses to S. iniae." To accomplish this, a new membrane receptor has been identified that may control innate responses (including apoptosis) of NCC to S. iniae. The receptor is a membrane protein on teleost NCC. This protein (NCC cationic antimicrobial protein-1/ncamp-1/AAQ99138) has been sequenced and the cDNA cloned (A Y324398). In recombinant form, ncamp-l kills S. iniae in vitro. Specific aim 3 ("Characterize the Biological Properties of the S.iniae Capsular Polysaccharide") utilized an in- vitro model using rainbow trout primary skin epithelial cell mono layers. These experiments demonstrated colonization into epithelial cells followed by a rapid decline of viable intracellular bacteria and translocation out of the cell. This pathogenesis model suggested that the bacterium escapes the endosome and translocates through the rainbow trout skin barrier to further invade and infect the host. Specific aim #4 ("Development of an Acellular Vaccine") was not specifically addressed. These studies demonstrated that several different apoptotic regulatory genes/proteins are expressed by tilapia NCC. These are the first studies demonstrating that such factors exist in tilapia. Because tilapia NCC bind to and are activated by S. iniae bacterial DNA, we predict that the apoptotic regulatory activity of S. iniae previously demonstrated by our group may be associated with innate antibacterial responses in tilapia.