Journal articles: 'Hyporheic residence times'

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Wu, Liwen, Jesus D. Gomez-Velez, Stefan Krause, Anders Wörman, Tanu Singh, Gunnar Nützmann, and Jörg Lewandowski. "How daily groundwater table drawdown affects the diel rhythm of hyporheic exchange." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 1905–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1905-2021.

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Abstract. Groundwater table dynamics extensively modify the volume of the hyporheic zone and the rate of hyporheic exchange processes. Understanding the effects of daily groundwater table fluctuations on the tightly coupled flow and heat transport within hyporheic zones is crucial for water resources management. With this aim in mind, a physically based model is used to explore hyporheic responses to varying groundwater table fluctuation scenarios. The effects of different timing and amplitude of groundwater table daily drawdowns under gaining and losing conditions are explored in hyporheic zones influenced by natural flood events and diel river temperature fluctuations. We find that both diel river temperature fluctuations and daily groundwater table drawdowns play important roles in determining the spatiotemporal variability of hyporheic exchange rates, temperature of exfiltrating hyporheic fluxes, mean residence times, and hyporheic denitrification potentials. Groundwater table dynamics present substantially distinct impacts on hyporheic exchange under gaining or losing conditions. The timing of groundwater table drawdown has a direct influence on hyporheic exchange rates and hyporheic buffering capacity on thermal disturbances. Consequently, the selection of aquifer pumping regimes has significant impacts on the dispersal of pollutants in the aquifer and thermal heterogeneity in the sediment.

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Kruegler, James, Jesus Gomez-Velez, Laura K. Lautz, and Theodore A. Endreny. "Dynamic Evapotranspiration Alters Hyporheic Flow and Residence Times in the Intrameander Zone." Water 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020424.

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Hyporheic zones (HZs) influence biogeochemistry at the local reach scale with potential implication for water quality at the large catchment scale. The characteristics of the HZs (e.g., area, flux rates, and residence times) change in response to channel and aquifer physical properties, as well as to transient perturbations in the stream–aquifer system such as floods and groundwater withdraws due to evapotranspiration (ET) and pumping. In this study, we use a numerical model to evaluate the effects of transient near-stream evapotranspiration (ET) on the area, exchange flux, and residence time (RT) of sinuosity-induced HZs modulated by regional groundwater flow (RGF). We found that the ET fluxes (up to 80 mm/day) consistently increased HZ area and exchange flux, and only increased RTs when the intensity of regional groundwater flow was low. Relative to simulations without ET, scenarios with active ET had more than double HZ area and exchange flux and about 20% longer residence times (as measured by the median of the residence time distribution). Our model simulations show that the drawdown induced by riparian ET increases the net flux of water from the stream to the nearby aquifer, consistent with field observations. The results also suggest that, along with ET intensity, the magnitude of the HZ response is influenced by the modulating effect of both gaining and losing RGF and the sensitivity of the aquifer to daily cycles of ET withdrawal. This work highlights the importance of representing near-stream ET when modeling sinuosity-induced hyporheic zones, as well as the importance of including riparian vegetation in efforts to restore the ecosystem functions of streams.

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Frei, S., S. Durejka, H. Le Lay, Z. Thomas, and B. S. Gilfedder. "Quantification of Hyporheic Nitrate Removal at the Reach Scale: Exposure Times Versus Residence Times." Water Resources Research 55, no. 11 (November 2019): 9808–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019wr025540.

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Fang, Yilin, Xingyuan Chen, Jesus Gomez Velez, Xuesong Zhang, Zhuoran Duan, Glenn E. Hammond, Amy E. Goldman, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, and Emily B. Graham. "A multirate mass transfer model to represent the interaction of multicomponent biogeochemical processes between surface water and hyporheic zones (SWAT-MRMT-R 1.0)." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 3553–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3553-2020.

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Abstract. Surface water quality along river corridors can be modulated by hyporheic zones (HZs) that are ubiquitous and biogeochemically active. Watershed management practices often ignore the potentially important role of HZs as a natural reactor. To investigate the effect of hydrological exchange and biogeochemical processes on the fate of nutrients in surface water and HZs, a novel model, SWAT-MRMT-R, was developed coupling the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model and the reaction module from a flow and reactive transport code (PFLOTRAN). SWAT-MRMT-R simulates concurrent nonlinear multicomponent biogeochemical reactions in both the channel water and its surrounding HZs, connecting the channel water and HZs through hyporheic exchanges using multirate mass transfer (MRMT) representation. Within the model, HZs are conceptualized as transient storage zones with distinguished exchange rates and residence times. The biogeochemical processes within HZs are different from those in the channel water. Hyporheic exchanges are modeled as multiple first-order mass transfers between the channel water and HZs. As a numerical example, SWAT-MRMT-R is applied to the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River, a large river in the United States, focusing on nitrate dynamics in the channel water. Major nitrate contaminants entering the Hanford Reach include those from the legacy waste, irrigation return flows (irrigation water that is not consumed by crops and runs off as point sources to the stream), and groundwater seepage resulting from irrigated agriculture. A two-step reaction sequence for denitrification and an aerobic respiration reaction is assumed to represent the biogeochemical transformations taking place within the HZs. The spatially variable hyporheic exchange rates and residence times in this example are estimated with the basin-scale Networks with EXchange and Subsurface Storage (NEXSS) model. Our simulation results show that (1), given a residence time distribution, how the exchange fluxes to HZs are approximated when using MRMT can significantly change the amount of nitrate consumption in HZs through denitrification and (2) source locations of nitrate have a different impact on surface water quality due to the spatially variable hyporheic exchanges.

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Bakke, Paul D., Michael Hrachovec, and Katherine D. Lynch. "Hyporheic Process Restoration: Design and Performance of an Engineered Streambed." Water 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020425.

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Stream restoration designed specifically to enhance hyporheic processes has seldom been contemplated. To gain experience with hyporheic restoration, an engineered streambed was built using a gravel mixture formulated to mimic natural streambed composition, filling an over-excavated channel to a minimum depth of 90 cm. Specially designed plunge-pool structures, built with subsurface gravel extending down to 2.4 m, promoted greatly enhanced hyporheic circulation, path length, and residence time. Hyporheic process enhancement was verified using intra-gravel temperature mapping to document the distribution and strength of upwelling and downwelling zones, computation of vertical water flux using diurnal streambed temperature patterns, estimation of hyporheic zone cross section using sodium chloride tracer studies, and repeat measurements of streambed sand content to document evolution of the engineered streambed over time. Results showed that vertical water flux in the vicinity of plunge-pool structures was quite large, averaging 89 times the pre-construction rate, and 17 times larger than maximum rates measured in a pristine stream in Idaho. Upwelling and downwelling strengths in the constructed channel were larger and more spatially diverse than in the control. Streambed sand content showed a variety of response over time, indicating that rapid return to an embedded, impermeable state is not occurring.

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Mojarrad, Brian Babak, Andrea Betterle, Tanu Singh, Carolina Olid, and Anders Wörman. "The Effect of Stream Discharge on Hyporheic Exchange." Water 11, no. 7 (July 12, 2019): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071436.

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Streambed morphology, streamflow dynamics, and the heterogeneity of streambed sediments critically controls the interaction between surface water and groundwater. The present study investigated the impact of different flow regimes on hyporheic exchange in a boreal stream in northern Sweden using experimental and numerical approaches. Low-, base-, and high-flow discharges were simulated by regulating the streamflow upstream in the study area, and temperature was used as the natural tracer to monitor the impact of the different flow discharges on hyporheic exchange fluxes in stretches of stream featuring gaining and losing conditions. A numerical model was developed using geomorphological and hydrological properties of the stream and was then used to perform a detailed analysis of the subsurface water flow. Additionally, the impact of heterogeneity in sediment permeability on hyporheic exchange fluxes was investigated. Both the experimental and modelling results show that temporally increasing flow resulted in a larger (deeper) extent of the hyporheic zone as well as longer hyporheic flow residence times. However, the result of the numerical analysis is strongly controlled by heterogeneity in sediment permeability. In particular, for homogeneous sediments, the fragmentation of upwelling length substantially varies with streamflow dynamics due to the contribution of deeper fluxes.

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Earon, Robert, Joakim Riml, Liwen Wu, and Bo Olofsson. "Insight into the influence of local streambed heterogeneity on hyporheic-zone flow characteristics." Hydrogeology Journal 28, no. 8 (October 2, 2020): 2697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02244-5.

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AbstractInteraction between surface water and groundwater plays a fundamental role in influencing aquatic chemistry, where hyporheic exchange processes, distribution of flow paths and residence times within the hyporheic zone will influence the transport of mass and energy in the surface-water/groundwater system. Geomorphological conditions greatly influence hyporheic exchange, and heterogeneities such as rocks and clay lenses will be a key factor for delineating the hyporheic zone. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) were used to investigate the streambed along a 6.3-m-long reach in order to characterise geological layering and distinct features which may influence parameters such as hydraulic conductivity. Time-lapse ERT measurements taken during a tracer injection demonstrated that geological features at the meter-scale played a determining role for the hyporheic flow field. The penetration depth of the tracer into the streambed sediment displayed a variable spatial pattern in areas where the presence of highly resistive anomalies was detected. In areas with more homogeneous sediments, the penetration depth was much more uniformly distributed than observed in more heterogeneous sections, demonstrating that ERT can play a vital role in identifying critical hydraulic features that may influence hyporheic exchange processes. Reciprocal ERT measurements linked variability and thus uncertainty in the modelled resistivity to the spatial locations, which also demonstrated larger variability in the tracer penetration depth, likely due to local heterogeneity in the hydraulic conductivity field.

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Briggs, Martin A., Laura K. Lautz, Danielle K. Hare, and Ricardo González-Pinzón. "Relating hyporheic fluxes, residence times, and redox-sensitive biogeochemical processes upstream of beaver dams." Freshwater Science 32, no. 2 (June 2013): 622–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/12-110.1.

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Cranswick, Roger H., Peter G. Cook, and Sebastien Lamontagne. "Hyporheic zone exchange fluxes and residence times inferred from riverbed temperature and radon data." Journal of Hydrology 519 (November 2014): 1870–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.09.059.

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10

Gomez-Velez, J. D., J. L. Wilson, M. B. Cardenas, and J. W. Harvey. "Flow and Residence Times of Dynamic River Bank Storage and Sinuosity-Driven Hyporheic Exchange." Water Resources Research 53, no. 10 (October 2017): 8572–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017wr021362.

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11

Jackson, T. R., R. Haggerty, and S. V. Apte. "A fluid-mechanics based classification scheme for surface transient storage in riverine environments: quantitatively separating surface from hyporheic transient storage." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 7 (July 15, 2013): 2747–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2747-2013.

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Abstract. Surface transient storage (STS) and hyporheic transient storage (HTS) have functional significance in stream ecology and hydrology. Currently, tracer techniques couple STS and HTS effects on stream nutrient cycling; however, STS resides in localized areas of the surface stream and HTS resides in the hyporheic zone. These contrasting environments result in different storage and exchange mechanisms with the surface stream, which can yield contrasting results when comparing transient storage effects among morphologically diverse streams. We propose a fluid mechanics approach to quantitatively separate STS from HTS that involves classifying and studying different types of STS. As a starting point, a classification scheme is needed. This paper introduces a classification scheme that categorizes different STS in riverine systems based on their flow structure. Eight STS types are identified and some are subcategorized based on characteristic mean flow structure: (1) lateral cavities (emergent and submerged); (2) protruding in-channel flow obstructions (backward- and forward-facing step); (3) isolated in-channel flow obstructions (emergent and submerged); (4) cascades and riffles; (5) aquatic vegetation (emergent and submerged); (6) pools (vertically submerged cavity, closed cavity, and recirculating reservoir); (7) meander bends; and (8) confluence of streams. The long-term goal is to use the classification scheme presented to develop predictive mean residence times for different STS using field-measurable hydromorphic parameters and obtain an effective STS mean residence time. The effective STS mean residence time can then be deconvolved from the transient storage residence time distribution (measured from a tracer test) to obtain an estimate of HTS mean residence time.

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12

Wolke, Philipp, Yoni Teitelbaum, Chao Deng, Jörg Lewandowski, and Shai Arnon. "Impact of Bed Form Celerity on Oxygen Dynamics in the Hyporheic Zone." Water 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010062.

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Oxygen distribution and uptake in the hyporheic zone regulate various redox-sensitive reactions and influence habitat conditions. Despite the fact that fine-grain sediments in streams and rivers are commonly in motion, most studies on biogeochemistry have focused on stagnant sediments. In order to evaluate the effect of bed form celerity on oxygen dynamics and uptake in sandy beds, we conducted experiments in a recirculating indoor flume. Oxygen distribution in the bed was measured under various celerities using 2D planar optodes. Bed morphodynamics were measured by a surface elevation sensor and time-lapse photography. Oxygenated zones in stationary beds had a conchoidal shape due to influx through the stoss side of the bed form, and upwelling anoxic water at the lee side. Increasing bed celerity resulted in the gradual disappearance of the upwelling anoxic zone and flattening of the interface between the oxic (moving fraction of the bed) and the anoxic zone (stationary fraction of the bed), as well as in a reduction of the volumetric oxygen uptake rates due shortened residence times in the hyporheic zone. These results suggest that including processes related to bed form migration are important for understanding the biogeochemistry of hyporheic zones.

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Kaufman, Matthew H., Ruby N. Ghosh, Jay Grate, Dean D. Shooltz, Michael J. Freeman, Terry M. Ball, Reza Loloee, et al. "Dissolved oxygen sensor in an automated hyporheic sampling system reveals biogeochemical dynamics." PLOS Water 1, no. 4 (April 26, 2022): e0000014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000014.

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Many river corridor systems frequently experience rapid variations in river stage height, hydraulic head gradients, and residence times. The integrated hydrology and biogeochemistry of such systems is challenging to study, particularly in their associated hyporheic zones. Here we present an automated system to facilitate 4-dimensional study of dynamic hyporheic zones. It is based on combining real-time in-situ and ex-situ measurements from sensor/sampling locations distributed in 3-dimensions. A novel dissolved oxygen (DO) sensor was integrated into the system during a small scale study. We measured several biogeochemical and hydrologic parameters at three subsurface depths in the riverbed of the Columbia River in Washington State, USA, a dynamic hydropeaked river corridor system. During the study, episodes of significant DO variations (~+/- 4 mg/l) were observed, with minor variation in other parameters (e.g., <~+/-0.15 mg/l NO3). DO concentrations were related to hydraulic head gradients, showing both hysteretic and non-hysteretic relationships with abrupt (hours) transitions between the two types of relationships. The observed relationships provide a number of hypotheses related to the integrated hydrology and biogeochemistry of dynamic hyporheic zones. We suggest that preliminary high-frequency monitoring is advantageous in guiding the design of long term monitoring campaigns. The study also demonstrated the importance of measuring multiple parameters in parallel, where the DO sensor provided the key signal for identifying/detecting transient phenomena.

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Kaufman, Matthew H., Ruby N. Ghosh, Jay Grate, Dean D. Shooltz, Michael J. Freeman, Terry M. Ball, Reza Loloee, et al. "Dissolved oxygen sensor in an automated hyporheic sampling system reveals biogeochemical dynamics." PLOS Water 1, no. 4 (April 26, 2022): e0000014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000014.

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Many river corridor systems frequently experience rapid variations in river stage height, hydraulic head gradients, and residence times. The integrated hydrology and biogeochemistry of such systems is challenging to study, particularly in their associated hyporheic zones. Here we present an automated system to facilitate 4-dimensional study of dynamic hyporheic zones. It is based on combining real-time in-situ and ex-situ measurements from sensor/sampling locations distributed in 3-dimensions. A novel dissolved oxygen (DO) sensor was integrated into the system during a small scale study. We measured several biogeochemical and hydrologic parameters at three subsurface depths in the riverbed of the Columbia River in Washington State, USA, a dynamic hydropeaked river corridor system. During the study, episodes of significant DO variations (~+/- 4 mg/l) were observed, with minor variation in other parameters (e.g., <~+/-0.15 mg/l NO3). DO concentrations were related to hydraulic head gradients, showing both hysteretic and non-hysteretic relationships with abrupt (hours) transitions between the two types of relationships. The observed relationships provide a number of hypotheses related to the integrated hydrology and biogeochemistry of dynamic hyporheic zones. We suggest that preliminary high-frequency monitoring is advantageous in guiding the design of long term monitoring campaigns. The study also demonstrated the importance of measuring multiple parameters in parallel, where the DO sensor provided the key signal for identifying/detecting transient phenomena.

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Jackson, T. R., R. Haggerty, and S. V. Apte. "A fluid-mechanics-based classification scheme for surface transient storage in riverine environments: quantitatively separating surface from hyporheic transient storage." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 4 (April 4, 2013): 4133–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-4133-2013.

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Abstract. Surface transient storage (STS) and hyporheic transient storage (HTS) have functional significance in stream ecology and hydrology. Currently, tracer techniques couple STS and HTS effects on stream nutrient cycling; however, STS resides in localized areas of the surface stream and HTS resides in the hyporheic zone. These contrasting environments result in different storage and exchange mechanisms with the surface stream, which can yield contrasting results when comparing transient storage effects among morphologically diverse streams. We propose a fluid mechanics approach to quantitatively separate STS from HTS that involves classifying and studying different types of STS. As a starting point, a classification scheme is needed. This paper introduces a classification scheme that categorizes different STS in riverine systems based on their flow structure. Eight distinct STS types are identified and some are subcategorized based on characteristic mean flow structure: (1) lateral cavities (emerged and submerged); (2) protruding in-channel flow obstructions (backward- and forward-facing step); (3) isolated in-channel flow obstructions (emerged and submerged); (4) cascades and riffles; (5) aquatic vegetation (emerged and submerged); (6) pools (vertically submerged cavity, closed cavity, and recirculating reservoir); (7) meander bends; and (8) confluence of streams. The long-term goal is to use the classification scheme presented to develop predictive mean residence times for different STS using field-measureable hydromorphic parameters and obtain a theoretical STS residence time distribution (RTD). The STS RTD can then be deconvolved from the transient storage RTD (measured from a tracer test) to obtain an estimate of HTS.

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Thomas, S. A., H. M. Valett, P. J. Mulholland, C. S. Fellows, J. R. Webster, C. N. Dahm, and C. G. Peterson. "Nitrogen Retention in Headwater Streams: The Influence of Groundwater-Surface Water Exchange." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.272.

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Groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) interaction lengthens hydraulic residence times, increases contact between solutes and biologically active surfaces, and often creates a gradient of redox conditions conducive to an array of biogeochemical processes. As such, the interaction of hydraulic patterns and biogeochemical activity is suspected to be an important determinant of elemental spiraling in streams. Hydrologic interactions may be particularly important in headwater streams, where the extent of the GW-SW mixing environment (i.e., hyporheic zone) is proportionately greater than in larger streams. From our current understanding of stream ecosystem function, we discuss nitrogen (N) spiraling, present a conceptual model of N retention in streams, and use both of these issues to generate specific research questions and testable hypotheses regarding N dynamics in streams.

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Hoehn, E., and O. A. Cirpka. "Assessing residence times of hyporheic ground water in two alluvial flood plains of the Southern Alps using water temperature and tracers." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 4 (July 27, 2006): 553–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-553-2006.

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Abstract. Water temperature can be used as a tracer for the interaction between river water and groundwater, interpreting time shifts in temperature signals as retarded travel times. The water temperature fluctuates on different time scales, the most pronounced of which are the seasonal and diurnal ones. While seasonal fluctuations can be found in any type of shallow groundwater, high-frequency components are more typical for freshly infiltrated river water, or hyporheic groundwater, and are thus better suited for evaluating the travel time of the youngest groundwater component in alluvial aquifer systems. We present temperature time series collected at two sites in the alpine floodplain aquifers of the Brenno river in Southern Switzerland. At the first site, we determine apparent travel times of temperature for both the seasonal and high-frequency components of the temperature signals in several wells. The seasonal signal appears to travel more slowly, indicating a mixture of older and younger groundwater components, which is confirmed by sulphate measurements. The travel times of the high-frequency component qualitatively agree with the groundwater age derived from radon concentrations, which exclusively reflects young water components. Directly after minor floods, the amplitude of temperature fluctuations in an observation well nearby the river is the highest. Within a week, the riverbed is being clogged, leading to stronger attenuation of the temperature fluctuations in the observation well. At the second site, very fast infiltration to depths of 1.9 m under the riverbed could be inferred from the time shift of the diurnal temperature signal.

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Naranjo, Ramon C., Greg Pohll, Richard G. Niswonger, Mark Stone, and Alan Mckay. "Using heat as a tracer to estimate spatially distributed mean residence times in the hyporheic zone of a riffle-pool sequence." Water Resources Research 49, no. 6 (June 2013): 3697–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20306.

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Marzadri, Alessandra, Daniele Tonina, Alberto Bellin, and Alberto Valli. "Mixing interfaces, fluxes, residence times and redox conditions of the hyporheic zones induced by dune-like bedforms and ambient groundwater flow." Advances in Water Resources 88 (February 2016): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.12.014.

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Rickel, Ariel, Beth Hoagland, Alexis Navarre-Sitchler, and Kamini Singha. "Seasonal shifts in surface water-groundwater connections in a ferricrete-impacted stream estimated from electrical resistivity." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 5 (July 27, 2021): WB175—WB187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0599.1.

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The efficacy of the hyporheic zone (HZ) — where surface water and groundwater mix — for processing nutrients or the uptake of metals is dependent on the streambed hydraulic conductivity and stream discharge, among other characteristics. Here, we have explored electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) of hyporheic exchange in Cement Creek near Silverton, Colorado, which is affected by ferricrete precipitation. To quantify flows through the HZ, we have conducted 4 h salt injection tracer tests and collected time-lapse ERT of the streambed and banks of Cement Creek at high and low flow. We have installed piezometers to conduct slug tests, which suggest a low-permeability zone at 44 cm depth likely composed of ferricrete that cemented the cobbles together. Based on the ERT, the tracer released into the stream is constrained within the shallow streambed with little subsurface flow through the banks. The tracer is detected in the HZ for a longer time at high flow compared to low flow, suggesting that more flow paths were available to connect the stream to the HZ. The tracer is confined above the ferricrete layer during the high- and low-flow tests. Mass transfer and storage area parameters are calculated from combined analysis of apparent bulk conductivity derived from ERT and numerical modeling of the tracer breakthrough curves. The hyporheic storage area estimated at low discharge ([Formula: see text]) is smaller than that at high discharge ([Formula: see text]) and residence times are 2.7 h at low discharge and 4.1 h at high discharge. During high discharge, in-stream breakthrough curves display slower breakthrough and longer tails, which is consistent with the time-lapse electrical inversions and 1D transport with inflow and storage modeling. Our findings indicate that ferricrete reduces the hydraulic conductivity of the streambed and limits the areal extent of the HZ, which may lower the potential for pollutant attenuation from the metal-rich waters of Cement Creek.

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Munz, Matthias, Sascha E. Oswald, and Christian Schmidt. "Coupled Long-Term Simulation of Reach-Scale Water and Heat Fluxes Across the River-Groundwater Interface for Retrieving Hyporheic Residence Times and Temperature Dynamics." Water Resources Research 53, no. 11 (November 2017): 8900–8924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017wr020667.

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Welsh, Molly K., Sara K. McMillan, and Philippe G. Vidon. "Impact of Riparian and Stream Restoration on Denitrification in Geomorphic Features of Agricultural Streams." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 5 (2020): 1157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13777.

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HighlightsDenitrification enzyme activity (DEA) was measured in stream sediments of restored and unrestored agricultural streams.Nitrate, sediment characteristics, riparian vegetation, and geomorphology influenced DEA.Pools at restored sites had lower organic carbon, coarser sediment textures, and lower denitrification potential.Restoration strategies should increase organic carbon and residence times through complex flowpaths.Abstract. Agricultural land use, channel modifications, and riparian vegetation composition can affect instream denitrification by altering geomorphic features, such as sediment texture, organic matter, retention time, and hyporheic exchange. Stream and riparian restoration is widely implemented in agricultural watersheds to mitigate excess nutrient export to sensitive downstream waters; however, the cumulative impact of channel reconstruction and altered channel and near-stream morphology on nitrogen dynamics remains poorly understood. We measured denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) and environmental variables (e.g., water chemistry, sediment texture, and organic matter) in different geomorphic features in agriculturally influenced streams in North Carolina with varied channel and riparian zone characteristics. Our results indicate that denitrification is primarily influenced by increased transport of nitrate (NO3-) to the streams in wetter months. Secondarily, structural factors, including riparian vegetation and stream geomorphology, impact denitrification by controlling the distribution of sediment texture and organic carbon. In the newly restored stream, we observed coarser streambed sediments and low sediment organic carbon, especially in scour pools constructed downstream from cross-vanes. Lower DEA was observed in restored pools (39.1 ng N g-1 dry mass h-1) compared to naturally occurring pools (70.7 to 278.1 ng N g-1 dry mass h-1). These results highlight the need for restoration strategies to be directed at increasing organic carbon and residence times through complex flowpaths (e.g., meanders, root wads, artificial woody debris dams). Keywords: Denitrification, Freshwater, Nitrogen, Restoration, Riparian, Stream, Water quality.

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Ward, Kurz, Schmadel, Knapp, Blaen, Harman, Drummond, et al. "Solute Transport and Transformation in an Intermittent, Headwater Mountain Stream with Diurnal Discharge Fluctuations." Water 11, no. 11 (October 23, 2019): 2208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112208.

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Time-variable discharge is known to control both transport and transformation of solutes in the river corridor. Still, few studies consider the interactions of transport and transformation together. Here, we consider how diurnal discharge fluctuations in an intermittent, headwater stream control reach-scale solute transport and transformation as measured with conservative and reactive tracers during a period of no precipitation. One common conceptual model is that extended contact times with hyporheic zones during low discharge conditions allows for increased transformation of reactive solutes. Instead, we found tracer timescales within the reach were related to discharge, described by a single discharge-variable StorAge Selection function. We found that Resazurin to Resorufin (Raz-to-Rru) transformation is static in time, and apparent differences in reactive tracer were due to interactions with different ages of storage, not with time-variable reactivity. Overall we found reactivity was highest in youngest storage locations, with minimal Raz-to-Rru conversion in waters older than about 20 h of storage in our study reach. Therefore, not all storage in the study reach has the same potential biogeochemical function and increasing residence time of solute storage does not necessarily increase reaction potential of that solute, contrary to prevailing expectations.

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Singh, Tanu, Jesus D. Gomez‐Velez, Liwen Wu, Anders Wörman, David M. Hannah, and Stefan Krause. "Effects of Successive Peak Flow Events on Hyporheic Exchange and Residence Times." Water Resources Research 56, no. 8 (July 31, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027113.

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Betterle, Andrea, Anna Jaeger, Malte Posselt, Claudia Coll, Jonathan P. Benskin, and Mario Schirmer. "Hyporheic exchange in recirculating flumes under heterogeneous bacterial and morphological conditions." Environmental Earth Sciences 80, no. 6 (March 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09472-2.

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AbstractHyporheic exchange (HE) contributes to the biogeochemical turnover of macro- and micro-pollutants in rivers. However, the spatiotemporal complexity and variability of HE hinder understanding of its role in the overall functioning of riverine ecosystems. The present study focuses on investigating the role of bacterial diversity and sediment morphology on HE using a multi-flume experiment. A fully coupled surface–subsurface numerical model was used to highlight complex exchange patterns between surface water and the underlying flow field in the sediments. Under the experimental conditions, the surface water flow induced by bedforms has a prominent effect on both local trajectories and residence time distributions of hyporheic flow paths, whereas mean hyporheic retention times are mainly modulated by average surface flowrates. In case of complex bedform morphologies, the numerical model successfully reproduces the HE estimated by means of salt dilution tests. However, the 2D numerical representation of the system falls short in predicting HE in absence of bedforms, highlighting the intrinsic complexity of water circulation patterns in real scenarios. Finally, results show that higher bacterial diversities in the stream sediments can significantly reduce hyporheic fluxes. This work provides a framework to interpret micropollutants turnover in light of the underlying physical transport processes in the hyporheic zone. The study emphasizes the importance of better understanding the tradeoff between physically driven transport processes and bacterial dynamics in the hyporheic zone to quantify the fate of pollutants in streams and rivers.

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Hoagland, Beth, Alexis Navarre-Sitchler, Rory Cowie, and Kamini Singha. "Groundwater–Stream Connectivity Mediates Metal(loid) Geochemistry in the Hyporheic Zone of Streams Impacted by Historic Mining and Acid Rock Drainage." Frontiers in Water 2 (December 11, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2020.600409.

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High concentrations of trace metal(loid)s exported from abandoned mine wastes and acid rock drainage pose a risk to the health of aquatic ecosystems. To determine if and when the hyporheic zone mediates metal(loid) export, we investigated the relationship between streamflow, groundwater–stream connectivity, and subsurface metal(loid) concentrations in two ~1-km stream reaches within the Bonita Peak Mining District, a US Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site located near Silverton, Colorado, USA. The hyporheic zones of reaches in two streams—Mineral Creek and Cement Creek—were characterized using a combination of salt-tracer injection tests, transient-storage modeling, and geochemical sampling of the shallow streambed (<0.7 m). Based on these data, we present two conceptual models for subsurface metal(loid) behavior in the hyporheic zones, including (1) well-connected systems characterized by strong hyporheic mixing of infiltrating stream water and upwelling groundwater and (2) poorly connected systems delineated by physical barriers that limit hyporheic mixing. The comparatively large hyporheic zone and high hydraulic conductivities of Mineral Creek created a connected stream–groundwater system, where mixing of oxygen-rich stream water and metal-rich groundwater facilitated the precipitation of metal colloids in the shallow subsurface. In Cement Creek, the precipitation of iron oxides at depth (~0.4 m) created a low-hydraulic-conductivity barrier between surface water and groundwater. Cemented iron oxides were an important regulator of metal(loid) concentrations in this poorly connected stream–groundwater system due to the formation of strong redox gradients induced by a relatively small hyporheic zone and high fluid residence times. A comparison of conceptual models to stream concentration–discharge relationships exhibited a clear link between geochemical processes occurring within the hyporheic zone of the well-connected system and export of particulate Al, Cu, Fe, and Mn, while the poorly connected system did not have a notable influence on metal concentration–discharge trends. Mineral Creek is an example of a hyporheic system that serves as a natural dissolved metal(loid) sink, whereas poorly connected systems such as Cement Creek may require a combination of subsurface remediation of sediments and mitigation of upstream, iron-rich mine drainages to reduce metal export.

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Dewey, Christian, Patricia M. Fox, Nicholas J. Bouskill, Dipankar Dwivedi, Peter Nico, and Scott Fendorf. "Beaver dams overshadow climate extremes in controlling riparian hydrology and water quality." Nature Communications 13, no. 1 (November 8, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34022-0.

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AbstractHydrologic extremes dominate chemical exports from riparian zones and dictate water quality in major river systems. Yet, changes in land use and ecosystem services alongside growing climate variability are altering hydrologic extremes and their coupled impacts on riverine water quality. In the western U.S., warming temperatures and intensified aridification are increasingly paired with the expanding range of the American beaver—and their dams, which transform hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles in riparian systems. Here, we show that beaver dams overshadow climatic hydrologic extremes in their effects on water residence time and oxygen and nitrogen fluxes in the riparian subsurface. In a mountainous watershed in Colorado, U.S.A., we find that the increase in riparian hydraulic gradients imposed by a beaver dam is 10.7–13.3 times greater than seasonal hydrologic extremes. The massive hydraulic gradient increases hyporheic nitrate removal by 44.2% relative to seasonal extremes alone. A drier, hotter climate in the western U.S. will further expand the range of beavers and magnify their impacts on watershed hydrology and biogeochemistry, illustrating that ecosystem feedbacks to climate change will alter water quality in river systems.

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Fang, Yilin, Xuehang Song, Huiying Ren, William A. Perkins, Pin Shuai, Marshall C. Richmond, Zhangshuan Hou, Jie Bao, Xingyuan Chen, and Timothy D. Scheibe. "High-Performance Simulation of Dynamic Hydrologic Exchange and Implications for Surrogate Flow and Reactive Transport Modeling in a Large River Corridor." Frontiers in Water 2 (November 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2020.564211.

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Hydrologic exchange flows (HEFs) have environmental significance in riverine ecosystems. Key river channel factors that influence the spatial and temporal variations of HEFs include river stage, riverbed morphology, and riverbed hydraulic conductivity. However, their impacts on HEFs were often evaluated independently or on small scales. In this study, we numerically evaluated the combined interactions of these factors on HEFs using a high-performance simulator, PFLOTRAN, for subsurface flow and transport. The model covers 51 square kilometers of a selected river corridor with large sinuosity along the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River in Washington, US. Three years of spatially distributed hourly river stages were applied to the riverbed. Compared to the simulation when riverbed heterogeneity is not ignored, the simulation using homogeneous riverbed conductivity underestimated HEFs, especially upwelling from lateral features, and overestimated the mean residence times derived from particle tracking. To derive a surrogate model for the river corridor, we amended the widely used transient storage model (TSM) for riverine solute study at reach scale with reactions. By treating the whole river corridor as a batch reactor, the temporal changes in the exchange rate coefficient for the TSM were derived from the dynamic residence time estimated from the hourly PFLOTRAN results. The TSM results were evaluated against the effective concentrations in the hyporheic zone calculated from the PFLOTRAN simulations. Our results show that there is potential to parameterize surrogate models such as TSM amended with biogeochemical reactions while incorporating small-scale process understandings and the signature of time-varying streamflow to advance the mechanistic understanding of river corridor processes at reach to watershed scales. However, the assumption of a well-mixed storage zone for TSM should be revisited when redox-sensitive reactions in the storage zones play important roles in river corridor functioning.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hyporheic residence times'

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