Journal articles: 'HypoDD'

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Araujo, Sebastián, Liliana Troncoso, and Mario Ruiz. "Relocalización por dobles diferencias del cluster sísmico de Pisayambo." La Granja 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2009): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17163/lgr.n10.2009.03.

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<p>En este artículo se presentan los resultados de la relocalización de sismos relacionados con el cluster sísmico de Pisayambo, provincia de Tungurahua en Ecuador. Se utiliza el programa hypoDD basado en el método de dobles diferencias. Los resultados obtenidos ofrecen evidencia sobre eventos en Pisayambo que definen una región caótica de focos sísmicos superficiales. Este trabajo es una muestra importante del funcionamiento del program hypoDD para el caso de problemas sísmicos altamente no lineales y subdeterminados.</p>

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Diaz, Nandaru, Komang Ngurah Suarbawa, and Adityo Mursitantyo. "Earthquake Relocation in Northern Bali Island in 2015-2017 using Double Difference Method (DD)." BULETIN FISIKA 19, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/bf.2018.v19.i02.p05.

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A research about earthquake relocation in Northern Bali Island in 2015 – 2017 using the Double Difference (DD) method has been carried out. Earthquake relocation is important to get some informations about earthquake locations with high accuracy, fault zone identification, earthquake distribution and seismic analysis. The results of the relocation indicated that there was a displacement of the location of earthquake that formed moving closer to the earthquake source namely a fault. Relocation using HypoDD program gave high accurate result indicated by the RMS residual time value close to zero e.g. 0,000 - 0.01 which mean the results of calculations and observations are closed to the real value.

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Zhou, Lianqing, Cuiping Zhao, Miao Zhang, Lisheng Xu, Rensheng Cui, Ce Zhao, Mengqiao Duan, and Jun Luo. "Machine-learning-based earthquake locations reveal the seismogenesis of the 2020 Mw 5.0 Qiaojia, Yunnan earthquake." Geophysical Journal International 228, no. 3 (October 18, 2021): 1637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab420.

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SUMMARY A moment magnitude (Mw) 5.0 earthquake hit Qiaojia, Yunnan, China on 18 May 2020. Its hypocentre is only approximately 20 km away from the Baihetan reservoir, the second largest hydropower station in China. The Baihetan Reservoir is located at the junction of multiple fault zones on the eastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block, an area with high background seismic activity. The Baihetan Reservoir was planned to be impounded in April 2021 and the Mw 5.0 earthquake occurred during its water-retaining. Thus, it is critical to investigate the seismogenesis of the Qiaojia Mw 5.0 main shock and evaluate the risk of inducing earthquakes near the Baihetan Reservoir after impoundment. In this study, we built a complete and accurate earthquake catalogue to analyse seismicity in the reservoir area before and after the Mw 5.0 Qiaojia earthquake. We adopted a machine learning-based seismic phase picker, PhaseNet, to automatically detect seismic picks from continuous raw seismic data. Seismic phase picks were associated and located using sequential earthquake association and location methods, including REAL, VELEST and hypoDD. We eventually obtained high-precision locations of 1640 earthquakes by the hypoDD. The distribution of earthquake locations indicates that a concealed fault nearly vertical to the surface accommodated the Mw 5.0 Qiaojia main shock. The majority of its aftershocks is located within a narrow depth range of 8–13 km, indicating that the stresses in the hypocentral area were concentrated near the hypocentre of the Mw 5.0 earthquake. Along with focal mechanism solutions, we suggested that the Mw 5.0 Qiaojia earthquake is more likely a tectonic earthquake. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that earthquakes could be induced after the impoundment of Baihetan Reservoir, because the identified concealed fault is located in the middle of many large fault zones and only 20 km away from the Baihetan Reservoir.

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Wang, WeiLai, JianPing Wu, LiHua Fang, and ChangZai Wang. "Relocation of the Yushu M S7.1 earthquake and its aftershocks in 2010 from HypoDD." Science China Earth Sciences 56, no. 2 (July 2, 2012): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-012-4450-z.

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Adams, William M., Lesley W. Vandermark, Luke N. Belval, and Douglas J. Casa. "The Utility of Thirst as a Measure of Hydration Status Following Exercise-Induced Dehydration." Nutrients 11, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 2689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112689.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the perception of thirst as a marker of hydration status following prolonged exercise in the heat. Twelve men (mean ± SD; age, 23 ± 4 y; body mass, 81.4 ± 9.9 kg; height, 182 ± 9 cm; body fat, 14.3% ± 4.7%) completed two 180 min bouts of exercise on a motorized treadmill in a hot environment (35.2 ± 0.6 °C; RH, 30.0 ± 5.4%), followed by a 60 min recovery period. Participants completed a euhydrated (EUH) and hypohydrated (HYPO) trial. During recovery, participants were randomly assigned to either fluid replacement (EUHFL and HYPOFL; 10 min ad libitum consumption) or no fluid replacement (EUHNF and HYPONF). Thirst was measured using both a nine-point scale and separate visual analog scales. The percent of body mass loss (%BML) was significantly greater immediately post exercise in HYPO (HYPOFL, 3.0% ± 1.2%; HYPONF, 2.6% ± 0.6%) compared to EUH (EUHFL, 0.2% ± 0.7%; EUHNF, 0.6% ± 0.5%) trials (p < 0.001). Following recovery, there were no differences in %BML between HYPOFL and HYPONF (p > 0.05) or between EUHFL and EUHNF (p > 0.05). Beginning at minute 5 during the recovery period, thirst perception was significantly greater in HYPONF than EUHFL, EUHNF, and HYPOFL (p < 0.05). A 10 min, ad libitum consumption of fluid post exercise when hypohydrated (%BML > 2%), negated differences in perception of thirst between euhydrated and hypohydrated trials. These results represent a limitation in the utility of thirst in guiding hydration practices.

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Ma, Shutian, Dariush Motazedian, and Maurice Lamontagne. "Further studies on the 1988 MW 5.9 Saguenay, Quebec, earthquake sequence." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, no. 10 (October 2018): 1115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0231.

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Many small earthquakes occur annually in Eastern Canada, but moderate to strong earthquakes are infrequent. The 25 November 1988 MW 5.9 Saguenay mainshock remains the largest earthquake in the last 80 years in eastern North America. In this article, some aspects of that earthquake sequence were re-analyzed using several modern methods. The regional depth-phase modeling procedure was used to refine the focal depths for the foreshock, the aftershocks, and other MN ≥ 2.5 regional earthquakes. The hypocenters of 10 earthquakes were relocated using hypoDD. The spatial distribution of eight relocated hypocenters defines the rupture plane of the mainshock. The moment tensor for the mainshock was retrieved using three-component long-period surface wave records at station HRV (Harvard seismograph station) with additional constraints from P-wave polarities. One nodal plane is conclusively identified to be close to the rupture plane, and its strike is similar to the trend of the south wall of the Saguenay Graben. Based on the consistency between the strike of the nodal plane and the trend of the Graben, as well as the deep focal depth distribution, we suggest that the Saguenay earthquake sequence is related to the reactivation of one of the faults of the Saguenay Graben.

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Rendina, Domenico, Renato Ippolito, Lanfranco D’Elia, Gilberta Giacchetti, Chiara Lonati, Fernando Gianfrancesco, Francesco Fallo, et al. "Hypovitaminosis D and Organ Damage In Patients With Arterial Hypertension: A Multicenter Double Blind Randomised Controlled Trial of Cholecalciferol Supplementation (HYPODD)." High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention 22, no. 2 (March 14, 2015): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40292-015-0080-9.

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Karamanos, Ch K., V. G. Karakostas, L. Seeber, E. E. Papadimitriou, and A. A. Kilias. "RECENT SEISMIC ACTIVITY IN CENTRAL GREECE REVEALING LOCAL SEISMOTECTONIC PROPERTIES." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 4 (January 25, 2017): 2075. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11397.

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The December 2008, M=5.2 earthquake occurred in the Voiotikos–Kifissos basin near the town of Amfikleia in Central Greece and was followed by an intense sequence with hundreds of earthquakes. Mainshock source characteristics derived from the recordings of the Greek National Seismological Network are consistent with previous known earthquakes as well as with the current nearly N–S extensional regime. The adequate azimuthal coverage and the calculated time residuals at each seismological station ensure high location accuracy, whereas the stations operated close to the seismic excitations constrained 80% of the focal depths between 8 and 12km. Distances from the mainshock epicenter to the 10 closest seismological stations vary from 15 to 75 km. Hypoinverse and HypoDD were used for locations, and FPFIT was used for fault plane solutions of events with an adequate number of clear first arrivals. The hypocenters and focal mechanisms illuminate a ≈10km–long fault zone striking nearly E–W with oblique normal faulting and a small left lateral component. The Voiotikos–Kifissos basin is bordered in the south by two left–stepping en echelon segments known as the Pavliani fault zone and the Parnassos detachment, which strike NW and dip NE. In our preferred interpretation, the Amfikleia mainshock ruptured a previously recognized south–dipping fault antithetic to the basin border faults. This fault may be associated with the left step on the border fault, which would be releasing if that fault had a sinistral component.

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Zhang, Miao, William L. Ellsworth, and Gregory C. Beroza. "Rapid Earthquake Association and Location." Seismological Research Letters 90, no. 6 (September 11, 2019): 2276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190052.

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ABSTRACT Rapid association of seismic phases and event location are crucial for real‐time seismic monitoring. We propose a new method, named rapid earthquake association and location (REAL), for associating seismic phases and locating seismic events rapidly, simultaneously, and automatically. REAL combines the advantages of both pick‐based and waveform‐based detection and location methods. It associates arrivals of different seismic phases and locates seismic events primarily through counting the number of P and S picks and secondarily from travel‐time residuals. A group of picks are associated with a particular earthquake if there are enough picks within the theoretical travel‐time windows. The location is determined to be at the grid point with the most picks, and if multiple locations have the same maximum number of picks, the grid point among them with smallest travel‐time residuals. We refine seismic locations using a least‐squares location method (VELEST) and a high‐precision relative location method (hypoDD). REAL can be used for rapid seismic characterization due to its computational efficiency. As an example application, we apply REAL to earthquakes in the 2016 central Apennines, Italy, earthquake sequence occurring during a five‐day period in October 2016, midway in time between the two largest earthquakes. We associate and locate more than three times as many events (3341) as are in Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology routine catalog (862). The spatial distribution of these relocated earthquakes shows a similar but more concentrated pattern relative to the cataloged events. Our study demonstrates that it is possible to characterize seismicity automatically and quickly using REAL and seismic picks.

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Cirillo, Daniele, Cristina Totaro, Giusy Lavecchia, Barbara Orecchio, Rita de Nardis, Debora Presti, Federica Ferrarini, Simone Bello, and Francesco Brozzetti. "Structural complexities and tectonic barriers controlling recent seismic activity in the Pollino area (Calabria–Lucania, southern Italy) – constraints from stress inversion and 3D fault model building." Solid Earth 13, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022.

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Abstract. We reconstruct the 3D fault model of the structures causative of the 2010–2014 Pollino seismic activity by integrating structural–geological and high-resolution seismological data. We constrained the model at the surface with fault-slip data, and at depth, by using the distributions of selected high-quality relocated hypocenters. Relocations were performed through the non-linear Bayloc algorithm, followed by the double-difference relative location method HypoDD applied to a 3D P-wave velocity model. Geological and seismological data highlight an asymmetric active extensional fault system characterized by an E- to NNE-dipping low-angle detachment, with high-angle synthetic splays, and SW- to WSW-dipping, high-angle antithetic faults. Hypocenter clustering and the time–space evolution of the seismicity suggest that two sub-parallel WSW-dipping seismogenic sources, the Rotonda–Campotenese and Morano–Piano di Ruggio faults, are responsible for the 2010–2014 seismicity. The area of the seismogenic patches obtained projecting the hypocenters of the early aftershocks on the 3D fault planes, are consistent with the observed magnitude of the strongest events (Mw=5.2, and Mw=4.3). Since earthquake-scaling relationships provide maximum expected magnitudes of Mw=6.4 for the Rotonda–Campotenese and Mw=6.2 for the Morano–Piano di Ruggio faults, we may suppose that, during the sequence, the two structures did not entirely release their seismic potential. The reconstructed 3D fault model also points out the relationships between the activated fault system and the western segment of the Pollino Fault. The latter was not involved in the recent seismic activity but could have acted as a barrier to the southern propagation of the seismogenic faults, limiting their dimensions and the magnitude of the generated earthquakes.

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Gunnels, Michael, Gurban Yetrimishli, Sabina Kazimova, and Eric Sandvol. "Seismotectonic evidence for subduction beneath the Eastern Greater Caucasus." Geophysical Journal International 224, no. 3 (November 5, 2020): 1825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa522.

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SUMMARY We generated high-resolution 3-D seismic velocity models as well as a relocated earthquake catalogue across the eastern Greater Caucasus and Kura basins. This work was done using data from the recently upgraded Republic Seismological Survey Center's (RSSC) seismic network. We generated our tomographic images of crustal velocity structure in Azerbaijan using double-difference inversions (i.e. tomoDD and hypoDD). Earthquake catalogues from the RSSC between 2011 and 2016 were used; these catalogues include absolute arrival times of 103 288 P- and 120 952 S-wave traveltime picks for 7574 events recorded at 35 stations in Azerbaijan. Beginning with a layered, 1-D velocity model that was estimated using VELEST, we inverted simultaneously for relative location, Vp and Vs on a 3-D grid with dimensions 670 × 445 × 45 km, with a uniform grid spacing of 55 × 55 × 5 km for all of Azerbaijan. We observe that the relocated hypocentres cluster into two depth ranges, at the surface and at depth, that appear to correspond to major fault zones and the top of a subducting plate. Additionally, we note intermediate depth seismicity (∼50–60 km) beneath the Kura Basin, and a northward deepening of earthquake depths. Seismic velocities vary significantly throughout the study region; we observe very slow velocities throughout the Kura Basin between 5 and 15 km, and elevated velocities at 20–35 km. The wholesale velocity structure and seismic structure of Kura Basin strongly mirrors that of the Caspian Sea, which suggests that the geodynamics of the Caspian continue westwards into Azerbaijan. The key results of this study suggest that the northward subduction observed in the Caspian Sea continues beneath the Eastern Greater Caucasus, as well as provides evidence for active faulting along the southern margin of the mountain range.

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Yang, Hong Bin, Xiao Hong Wang, and Zong De Fang. "Comparison Experiment for Two Kinds of Hypoid Gear Drives." Applied Mechanics and Materials 20-23 (January 2010): 1385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.20-23.1385.

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To develop a good quality of hypoid gear drive, the authors test the vibration and noise of two kinds of hypoid gear drives under different working conditions. The test object is a pair of hypoid gear drive used in the back axle of one minivan and a designed hypoid gear drive with high teeth based on the former. The results indicate that the hypoid gear drive with high teeth has lower vibration and noise.

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Wang, Pei Yu, and Zhang Hua Fong. "Mathematical Transformation of Machine Settings from Cradle-Type to Cartesian-Type Hypoid Generator." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.365.

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A mathematical model for translating machine settings from universal Cradle-Type hypoid generator to Cartesian-Type hypoid generator is proposed in this paper. A mathematical model of universal Cradle-Type hypoid generator was proposed by Fong [12] to simulate conventional hypoid generators including face milling and face hobbing machines. A few years ago, the Gleason Works presented the Phoenix hypoid generator, which is a Cartesian-Type machine, and the machine is gaining good commercial success. Therefore, we proposed a mathematical transformation model to translate the machine settings from conventional Cradle-Type hypoid generator to the new Cartesian-Type CNC machine. The proposed mathematical equations can be used to implement the existing cutting method on the six-axis CNC machine

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Kim, Tong Min, Hyunah Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Hyunyong Lee, Hyeon Woo Yim, Kun-Ho Yoon, and Hun-Sung Kim. "Characteristics of Hypoglycemic Diabetic Patients Visiting the Emergency Room." Cardiovascular Therapeutics 2020 (July 26, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3612607.

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Introduction. Severe hypoglycemia can be life-threatening; therefore, it is important to identify the characteristics of the hypoglycemic patients. The aim of this study is to analyze the type and characteristics of diabetic patients with hypoglycemia who visited an emergency room. Methods. We included diabetic patients with hypoglycemia who visited the emergency room of St. Mary’s Hospital in Seoul from January 2009 to August 2018 in the study. Hypo_S group patients visited the emergency room once whereas Hypo_M group patients visited twice or more. We also compared the incidence of cardiovascular disease between the groups within 5 years after hypoglycemia. Results. A total of 843 patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 71±14 years and average glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of 6.7±1.4%. For patients with hypoglycemia, lower body mass index, lower HbA1c, shorter diabetes duration, and lower glomerular filtration rate have a statistically significant relationship with patient characteristics in the emergency room group (all p<0.001). Hypoglycemia symptoms were most frequently observed between 6:00 and 12:00 am (p<0.001). Cardiovascular diseases within 5 years after discharge were more frequent in the Hypo_S group than in the Hypo_M group; however, there was no statistical significance. The frequency of aneurysms was significantly higher in patients with hypoglycemia than in other patients in the emergency room (p<0.05). Conclusion. Relatively thin older patients with a diabetes duration shorter than 10 years and good blood sugar control showed higher frequency of visits to the emergency room due to hypoglycemia. For these patients, medical staff should always be mindful of their susceptibility to hypoglycemia when prescribing insulin or OHA and educate them on the prevention of hypoglycemia.

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Heinemann, Lutz, Dorothee Deiss, Norbert Hermanns, Claudia Graham, Matthias Kaltheuner, Andreas Liebl, and David Price. "HypoDE." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 9, no. 3 (March 9, 2015): 651–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296815575999.

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Yu, Li Juan, Zhao Jun Yang, and Xu Peng Li. "Theoretical Analysis on Manufacturing Hypoid Left-Hand Gears by Generating-Line Method." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 3032–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.3032.

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According to the hypoid gear tooth surface forming principle, a generating-line will be formed in round-plane while a cone and its tangent circle plane do pure rolling, and the hypoid gear is cutting according to the motion equation as hypoid gears generating-line. to tools shape. The milling processing equation of the hypoid left-hand gear tooth surface on the right side gear tooth surface and on the left side gear tooth surface.There are a detailed description of the adjusting-tool , cutting out from ends, dividing, cycle cutting the whole process. The above method can realizes hypoid gearwheel right tooth surface processing.

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Li, Huibin, Huichao Gao, Yue Zhang, and Dequan Jin. "Nonlinear vibration of hypoid gear with backlash." Journal of Vibroengineering 18, no. 2 (March 31, 2016): 1243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/jve.2015.16281.

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Due to the machining errors, alignment error, wear, tear and time varying stiffness of hypoid teeth, the vibration of hypoid gears is inevitably produced in the course of working, and its vibration and noise is the main sources of vibration and noise in the automobile transmission. Study on nonlinear vibration and noise of the hypoid gear pair, and investigating on reducing its vibration and noise are of great significance. Firstly, a simplified nonlinear vibration model of the hypoid gears of main reducer, with considering the time-varying teeth stiffness and teeth surface friction damping, was established. Then, a numerical simulation method was employed to simulate different gear backlash effects on the hypoid gear vibration behaviors caused by the gear worn, and effects on the gear non-linear vibration from different work speeds of gear and different loading torques were investigated. In order to help to explain the non-linear vibration phenomenon of the hypoid gears, the 2-D phase plane diagram and the 3-D trajectory were employed. Lastly, the bench test was carried out to verify the simulation results on vibration of hypoid gears with backlash.

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Yang, Man, Hui Bin Li, and Bao Yun Xu. "Hypoid Gear Three-Dimensional Modeling with Pro/E." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.236.

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For hypoid gear which processed by HFT (hypoid gear formate tilt) method, geometry parameters and machining parameters of hypoid gear were calculated by using Gleason card. According to the actual machining process and meshing principle, tooth surface equation was derived by coordinate transformation. Then the discrete coordinates points of tooth surface were obtained by using MATLAB tools and projection transformation principle, and data were saved in ibl format. At last the 3-demensional model of hypoid gear were established by importing the ibl format data in Pro/e.

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Fan, Qi. "Advanced Developments in Computerized Design and Manufacturing of Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gear Drives." Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (August 2011): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.439.

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Design and manufacturing of spiral bevel and hypoid gears is highly complicated and has to be based on the employment of computerized tools. This paper comprehensively describes the latest developments in computerized modeling of tooth surface generation, flank form error correction, ease-off calculation, and tooth contact analysis for spiral bevel and hypoid gears. Accordingly, advanced software programs for computerized design and manufacturing of hypoid gears are developed.

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Nie, Li Xin, and Li Mei Zhang. "Digitalization and Meshing Performance Analysis on Tooth Surfaces of Hypoid Gear." Applied Mechanics and Materials 42 (November 2010): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.42.224.

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Digitized hypoid gear’s surface model, which is constructed by NURBS method, can set free the constraints of conventional processing technique in the process of designing and manufacturing hypoid gear. The digitalization of tooth surfaces of hypoid gears consists of three parts: building large gear’s NURBS model, calculating small tooth surface’s character parameters based on actual requirements and small tooth surface’s digitalization. The digitalization of tooth surfaces can be realized by machining simulation, and the key points are how to establish equations of cutter head and grids of gear solid, and how to judge correct trace points in the process of machining simulation. With the aid of digitized model of hypoid gear, tooth contact analysis can be accomplished by regular motion of two NURBS tooth surfaces.

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Fong, Zhang-Hua. "Mathematical Model of Universal Hypoid Generator With Supplemental Kinematic Flank Correction Motions." Journal of Mechanical Design 122, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.533552.

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A mathematical model of universal hypoid generator is proposed to simulate virtually all primary spiral bevel and hypoid cutting methods. The proposed mathematical model simulates the face-milling, face-hobbing, plunge cutting, and bevel-worm-shaped hobbing processes with either generating or nongenerating cutting for the spiral bevel and hypoid gears. The supplemental kinematic flank correction motions, such as modified generating roll ratio, helical motion, and cutter tilt are included in the proposed mathematical model. The proposed mathematical model has more flexibility in writing computer program and appropriate for developing the object oriented computer programming. The developed computer object can be repeatedly used by various hypoid gear researchers to reduce the effort of computer coding. [S1050-0472(00)01201-0]

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Zhu, Xiu Rong. "Study on the NC Machining Theory and Simulation of Hypoid Gear." Applied Mechanics and Materials 539 (July 2014): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.539.34.

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Based on NC machining principle of hypoid gears and NC machining with high efficiency quality, This paper discusses the feasibility of the hypoid gear processing, establishes the mathematical model of face gear wheel hypoid milling machining adjustment, that will be take the basic data into vertical machining center machine tool, tool, fixture, the installation and adjustment of parameters, and we write a program of the CNC machining and corresponding code, combined with the specific wheel blank parameters to milling simulation test and milling tests, we obtain a new process methods.

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Wang, Li Mei. "Study on the Processing and Simulation of End-Gear Based on CNC Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 608-609 (October 2014): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.608-609.77.

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Based on NC machining principle of hypoid gears and NC machining with high efficiency quality, This paper discusses the feasibility of the hypoid gear processing, establishes the mathematical model of face gear wheel hypoid milling machining adjustment, that will be take the basic data into vertical machining center machine tool. Through analyze the principle of the oscillating tooth face gear transmission, and compared the structure differences between face gear and bevel gear, and the realization processing method of face gear is discussed by improving the bevel gear shaper.

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Yan, Hua Ru, and Miao Xin Xiao. "Study of V/H/J of Pointing-Lapping for Hypoid Gears." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.217.

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Pointing-lapping is a lapping way for modifying tooth surface defects of hypoid gears. For numerical control, V/H/J calculation principle of pointing-lapping of hypoid gears is introduced. According to mesh relations and coordinate relations, 8 nonlinear equations are formed on the basis of mesh theory of hypoid gears. V/H/J can be got by solving the nonlinear equations, which can be finished easily by computation program. The accuracy of the calculation principle has been proved by tooth surface contact pattern test in Y9550 roll checking machine.

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Xu, H., and A. Kahraman. "Prediction of friction-related power losses of hypoid gear pairs." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 221, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/14644193jmbd48.

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A model to predict friction-related mechanical efficiency losses of hypoid gear pairs is proposed in this study. The model includes a gear contact model, a friction prediction model, and a mechanical efficiency formulation. The friction model uses a friction coefficient formula obtained by applying multiple linear regression analysis to a large number of elastohydrodynamic lubrication analyses covering typical ranges of key parameters associated with surface roughness, geometry, load, kinematics, and the lubricant. Formulations regarding the kinematic and geometric properties of the hypoid gear contact are presented. The load and friction coefficient distribution predictions are used to compute instantaneous torque/power losses and the mechanical efficiency of a hypoid gear pair at any given position. Results of a parametric study are presented at the end to highlight the influence of key operating conditions, surface finish, and lubricant properties on mechanical efficiency losses of hypoid gears.

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Mohammadpour, M., S. Theodossiades, H. Rahnejat, and D. Dowson. "Non-Newtonian mixed thermo-elastohydrodynamics of hypoid gear pairs." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 232, no. 9 (March 29, 2017): 1105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650117700756.

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Transmission efficiency is the main objective in the development of vehicular differential systems, comprising hypoid gear pairs. The overall aim is to contribute to improved vehicle fuel efficiency and thus levels of harmful emissions for modern desired eco-drive axles. Detailed predictive analysis plays an important role in this quest, particularly under realistic operating conditions, comprising high contact loads and shear rates. Under these conditions, the hypoid gear pairs are subject to mixed non-Newtonian thermo-elastohydrodynamic conditions, which is the approach undertaken in this paper. Such an approach for hypoid gear pair has not hitherto been reported in the literature.

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Le, H. K. "A Study on the Influence of Plasma Nitriding Technology Parameters on the Working Surface Deformation of Hypoid Gears." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 6 (December 15, 2022): 9760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5365.

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This paper presents the results of the research on the influence of plasma nitriding technology parameters on the working surface deformation of hypoid gears. Blue light technology with non-contact measuring devices is used to determine the working surface deformation of hypoid gears after plasma nitriding. The study has determined a regression equation showing the influence of plasma nitriding technology parameters on the deformation of the working surface of the hypoid gear. The minimum deformation optimization value at the planning area is 0.0071746 at permeation temperature TL=4.89oC, permeation time h=510h, and gas flow 1 G1=6.02L/h.

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Wang, Xing, Zong De Fang, and Sheng Jin Li. "The Influence Caused by each Assembly Misalignment on the HGT Hypoid Gear's Meshing Performance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 538 (April 2014): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.538.122.

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The assembly misalignment is the key factor that influences the meshing performance of gear, the meshing performance worked on no-load or light load conditions is more completely expressed by contact pattern and transmission error. According to the contact pattern and transmission error, the influence of assembly misalignment to the meshing performance of hypoid gear is studied, this method break the limitations relying on experience to adjust the installation. Based on the machining principle and method of Gleason hypoid gears which machined by the HGT method, the mathematical model of machining was established, and the theoretical tooth surface equations were derived, on this basis, the hypoid gear as an example, the tooth contact analysis (TCA) was carried out considering assembly misalignment, the conclusion was drew that the influence to the position of tooth surface contact area and the magnitude of transmission errors are different when the Assembly misalignment affecting alone. This can offer certain reference for the installation and adjustment of hypoid gear pair in engineering practice.

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Pellkofer, J., I. Boiadjiev, D. Kadach, M. Klein, and K. Stahl. "New calculation method for the scuffing load-carrying capacity of bevel and hypoid gears." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 21-22 (April 26, 2019): 7328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219843954.

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Future trends indicate that the demands on bevel and hypoid gears for higher power transmission and lower weight are continuously increasing. Beside typical fatigue failures such as pitting, tooth root breakage, and tooth flank fracture, spontaneous failures such as scuffing are often observed if the load-carrying capacity of the tribological system consisting of gears and lubricant is exceeded. This paper gives an overview of the newest findings on scuffing specifically on bevel and hypoid gears and discusses the hypoid-specific decisive influence parameters. Furthermore, the newly developed calculation method as well as its verification with test results and results from field application are presented.

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Shih, Yi-Pei, Zhang-Hua Fong, and Grandle C. Y. Lin. "Mathematical Model for a Universal Face Hobbing Hypoid Gear Generator." Journal of Mechanical Design 129, no. 1 (May 17, 2006): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2359471.

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Based on the theory of gearing and differential geometry, a universal hypoid generator mathematical model for face hobbing spiral bevel and hypoid gears has been developed. This model can be used to simulate existing face hobbing processes, such as Oerlikon’s Spiroflex© and Spirac© methods, Klingelnberg’s Cyclo-Palloid© cutting system, and Gleason’s face hobbing nongenerated and generated cutting systems. The proposed model is divided into three modules: the cutter head, the imaginary generating gear, and the relative motion between the imaginary generating gear and the work gear. With such a modular arrangement, the model is suitable for development of object-oriented programming (OOP) code. In addition, it can be easily simplified to simulate face milling cutting and includes most existing flank modification features. A numerical example for simulation of the Klingelnberg Cyclo-Palloid© hypoid is presented to validate the proposed model, which can be used as a basis for developing a universal cutting simulation OOP engine for both face milling and face hobbing spiral bevel and hypoid gears.

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Shih, Yi-Pei, and Zhang-Hua Fong. "Flank Modification Methodology for Face-Hobbing Hypoid Gears Based on Ease-Off Topography." Journal of Mechanical Design 129, no. 12 (December 30, 2006): 1294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2779889.

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The fundamental design of spiral bevel and hypoid gears is usually based on a local synthesis and a tooth contact analysis of the gear drive. Recently, however, several flank modification methodologies have been developed to reduce running noise and avoid edge contact in gear making, including modulation of tooth surfaces under predesigned transmission errors. This paper proposes such a flank modification methodology for face-hobbing spiral bevel and hypoid gears based on the ease-off topography of the gear drive. First, the established mathematical model of a universal face-hobbing hypoid gear generator is applied to investigate the ease-off deviations of the design parameters—including cutter parameters, machine settings, and the polynomial coefficients of the auxiliary flank modification motion. Subsequently, linear regression is used to modify the tooth flanks of a gear pair to approximate the optimum ease-off topography suggested by experience. The proposed method is then illustrated using a numerical example of a face-hobbing hypoid gear pair from Oerlikon’s Spiroflex cutting system. This proposed flank modification methodology can be used as a basis for developing a general technique of flank modification for similar types of gears.

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32

Simon, Vilmos. "Optimal Tooth Modifications in Hypoid Gears." Journal of Mechanical Design 127, no. 4 (October 11, 2004): 646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1899177.

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A method for the determination of optimal tooth modifications in hypoid gears based on improved load distribution and reduced transmission errors is presented. The modifications are introduced into the pinion tooth surface by using a cutter with bicircular profile and optimal diameter. In the optimization of tool parameters the influence of shaft misalignments of the mating members is included. As the result of these modifications a point contact of the meshed teeth surfaces appears instead of line contact; the hypoid gear pair becomes mismatched. By using the method presented in (Simon, V., 2000, “Load Distribution in Hypoid Gears,” ASME J. Mech. Des., 122, pp. 529–535) the influence of tooth modifications introduced on tooth contact and transmission errors is investigated. Based on the results that was obtained the radii and position of circular tool profile arcs and the diameter of the cutter for pinion teeth generation were optimized. By applying the optimal tool parameters, the maximum tooth contact pressure is reduced by 16.22% and the angular position error of the driven gear by 178.72%, in regard to the hypoid gear pair with a pinion manufactured by a cutter of straight-sided profile and of diameter determined by the commonly used methods.

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33

Li, Gang, Zhonghou Wang, and Aizoh Kubo. "Error-sensitivity analysis for hypoid gears using a real tooth surface contact model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 3 (August 9, 2016): 507–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215616835.

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Accurately and rapidly evaluated error sensitivity of actual tooth surfaces of hypoid gears can be a significant foundation for a variety of dynamic preference analysis and machine tool setting readjustments. Due to the complexity of local geometric features as well as the limitations of the data measurement on tooth surfaces of hypoid gears, automated error-sensitivity analysis for actual tooth surfaces still presents many substantial challenges. This paper presents a novel methodology for the error-sensitivity analysis of real tooth surfaces of hypoid gears. The methodology combines an error-sensitivity analysis model with a numerical analytical real tooth contact analysis (RTCA) model. The real tooth surfaces, describing local micro-geometry features on actual tooth surfaces, have been produced by 3D discrete data points reconstruction. In this method, the discrete data points on actual tooth surfaces are measured by using a coordinate measure machine (CMM). The location, size, and shape of contact patterns are determined from the predicted interference areas distribution by numerical analysis. In addition, the error-sensitivity analysis model is established for evaluation of the sensitivity of hypoid gears with real tooth surfaces that corresponds to misalignments. The results of experiment show that the proposed method can obtain actual contact properties that significantly improve the basic design performances significantly.

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Wang, Wen Jin, Zhi Qiang Zhang, Jing Zhang, Jian Zhao, Ling Li Zhang, and Tai Yong Wang. "Computerized Modeling and CNC Machining Simulation of Spiral Bevel Gear." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1081.

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Based on the theory of gearing and differential geometry, a CNC hypoid generator mathematical model for spiral bevel has been developed. A mathematical model of a spiral bevel gear-tooth surface based on the CNC Gleason hypoid gear generator mechanism is proposed in the paper. The simulation of the spiral bevel gear is presented according to the developed machining mathematical model. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the implementation of the developed mathematic models.

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35

Yang, Zhao Jun, Yan Kun Wang, Li Nan Li, and Xue Cheng Zhang. "Optimization of Substituted Generating Lines of Cutting Hypoid Gears by Generating-Line Method." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 1718–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.1718.

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In order to make the substituted circular arc generating lines be a series easily, based on the principles of cutting hypoid gears by generating-line method and the pinion generating lines substituting method, an optimization which the objective was to make the substituted circular arc generating lines radiuses of pinion be integers or approximate integers was proposed. The feasibility of this optimization method was verified by the calculating example of a pair of hypoid gears.

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36

Fan, Qi. "Enhanced Algorithms of Contact Simulation for Hypoid Gear Drives Produced by Face-Milling and Face-Hobbing Processes." Journal of Mechanical Design 129, no. 1 (April 6, 2006): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2359475.

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Modeling of tooth surface generation and simulation of contact is an important part of computerized design and manufacturing of spiral bevel and hypoid gears. This paper presents new developments in this subject. Specifically, the paper covers: (i) development of a generic model of tooth surface generation for spiral bevel and hypoid gears produced by face-milling and face-hobbing processes conducted on free-form computer numerical control (CNC) hypoid gear generators which are incorporated with the Universal Motions Concept (UMC); (ii) a modified algorithm of tooth contact simulation with reduced number of equations of the nonlinear iterations and stabilized iteration convergence; and (iii) an algorithm of numerical determination of contact lines that form the contact patterns. The enhanced approach of contact simulation can be generally applied to other forms of gearings. Two examples, a face-hobbing design and a face-milling design, are illustrated to verify the implementation of the developed algorithms.

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37

Jia, Xin Jie, Xiao Zhong Deng, and Xiao Zhong Ren. "Multi-Toothed Milling Force Model and Simulation for Form Milling the Gear of the Hypoid Gears." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.90.

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Prediction of the forces in milling hypoid gear was often needed in order to establish automation and optimization of the tooth-milling processes. Based on the geometrical theory of the format face-milling, the multi-toothed milling forces theoretical model for form milling the gear of the hypoid gears is presented, the milling force factors were calibrated via single factor experiments and the simulation programs were prepared. Experiments were carried out to verify the availability of the multi-toothed dynamic milling force model, the experimental results is consistent with the simulation results.

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38

Wu, Xun Cheng, and Cong Li. "Function-Oriented Design and Verification of Point-Contact Tooth Surfaces of Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gears with the Generated Gear." Advanced Materials Research 118-120 (June 2010): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.118-120.675.

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Establishing a general technical platform for the function-oriented design of point-contact tooth surfaces of spiral bevel and hypoid gears is an important and fundamental work. Based on the three-axis CNC bevel gear machine, a general mathematical model for the generated gear tooth surfaces of spiral bevel and hypoid gears is established. According to the principle and the method for the function-oriented design of point-contact tooth surfaces, the locus of spatial tooth contact points on the tooth surface is described on the axial plane of the gear, and then the formulae for the design with the generated gear are derived from the mathematical model. The mathematical model and the formulae can be used in the function-oriented design of point-contact tooth surfaces with the gear generated in different types on both the three-axis CNC bevel gear machine and the conventional cradle one. A theoretical method for the verification of point-contact tooth surfaces is proposed and the formulae for the verification are presented. And lastly an example is given to demonstrate the function-oriented design of point-contact tooth surfaces of the hypoid gear drive with the generated gear.

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Grabovic, Eugeniu, Alessio Artoni, Marco Gabiccini, Massimo Guiggiani, Lorenza Mattei, Francesca Di Puccio, and Enrico Ciulli. "Friction-Induced Efficiency Losses and Wear Evolution in Hypoid Gears." Machines 10, no. 9 (August 29, 2022): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10090748.

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A correct methodology to evaluate the friction coefficient in lubricated gear pairs is paramount for both the estimation of energy losses and the prediction of wear. In the first part of the paper, a methodology for estimating the coefficient of friction with a semi-empirical formulation is presented, and its results are also employed to analyze mechanical efficiency losses in a hypoid gearset. Hypoid gears have complex tooth surface geometries, and the entraining kinematics of the lubricant is quite involved. The second part of the paper showcases a simulated wear investigation based on the Archard model. The main focus is on the impact of the frequency adopted for updating the worn geometry of the gear and pinion teeth on the fidelity and consistency of the tribological outcomes. These are measured in terms of overall quantity of material removed and characteristics of the loaded contact pattern. More in detail, a sensitivity analysis is presented that compares the total wear of a hypoid gearset after 30 million cycles estimated using different geometry update steps. Contact pressures, which are necessary to perform the aforementioned analyses, are calculated through an accurate, state-of-the-art loaded tooth contact analysis solver.

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40

Rong, Kaibin, Han Ding, Biyun Song, Jinhao Gao, and Jinyuan Tang. "Data-driven process control for manufacturing spiral bevel and hypoid gears by using design for six sigma (DFSS) considering numerical loaded tooth contact analysis (NLTCA)." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 235, no. 12 (June 4, 2021): 1875–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544054211023625.

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Data-driven process control considering both geometric and loaded contact performance evaluations has been an increasingly important stage in field of spiral bevel and hypoid gears. A new data-driven manufacturing process control strategy is proposed for a high performance spiral bevel and hypoid gears. Here, to distinguish with the conventional simulated loaded tooth contact analysis (SLTCA) using economical finite element software package, the numerical loaded tooth contact analysis (NLTCA) is of more flexibility and practicality. In light of the advantages of the improved design for six sigma (DFSS), it is integrated with NLTCA for establishing a novel data-driven process control of gear manufacturing. Firstly, in improved DFSS framework, quality function deployment (QFD) is used to determine four sub-objective high-performance evaluation items. Then, their data-driven relationships between machine settings are respectively determined by using NLTCA. In particular, the manufacturing process control is further converted into multi-objective optimization (MOO) modification of the hypoid generator settings. Finally, an interactive preference point approach is applied for data-driven control of its iterative step and it can obtain a robust solution from Pareto optimal front. A case study is provided to verify the proposed methodology.

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41

Li, Tian Xing, Xiao Zhong Deng, Zhen Shan Gao, and Ju Bo Li. "System of Automatic Correction and Measurement for Hypoid Gears." Key Engineering Materials 464 (January 2011): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.464.155.

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The system of automatic correction and deviation measurement of hypoid gears is the basic platform for the digital closed-loop manufacturing technology. Based on the gear measuring center and the numerical controlled gear milling machine, a measurement and correction system is developed by the application of Visual C++ and Fortran. The architecture and the implement of the main modules are elaborated. Experiments and applications indicate that the tooth surface deviation can be effectively reduced by the system of automatic correction and measurement, and the stability of tooth surface precision and manufacturing quality is improved. It would provide the foundation for the digitalization of manufacture and quality control of hypoid gears.

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42

Conrado, E., B.-R. Höhn, K. Michaelis, and M. Klein. "Influence of oil supply on the scuffing load-carrying capacity of hypoid gears." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 221, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet315.

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In industrial or automotive dip lubricated gear drives, low oil levels may be used due to different design requirements or constraints. A variation of the sump oil level affects different working conditions of gears, such as the power loss, the heat generation, and the load-carrying capacity with respect to different types of damage. In particular, reduced oil levels decrease the scuffing load capacity of gears because of high bulk temperatures and reduced oil quantity in the gear mesh. Investigations were made in a back-to-back hypoid gear test rig to evaluate the influence of the bath oil level on the scuffing load-carrying capacity of dip lubricated hypoid gears.

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43

Skawiński, Piotr. "An application of neural network in recognizing of the tooth contact of spiral and hypoid bevel gears." Advanced Technologies in Mechanics 2, no. 4(5) (December 29, 2016): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/atim.2015.4(5).28.

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The special computer system KONTEPS for calculation of spiral and hypoid bevel gears generally supports technology for the conventional and CNC machines (milling machines). In this system environment, the special computer application generates solid or surface models of gears by cutting simulation. Other computer application, based on Matlab functions and methods of artificial intelligence, supports the tooth contact development. The special classifiers which allow to recognize the tooth contact, select the first, second and third order of changes and support the technologist in manufacturing process. This paper describes computerized integration of design and manufacturing of the spiral and hypoid bevel gear supported by the artificial intelligence.

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44

Wu, Jun-Long, Chia-Chang Liu, Chung-Biau Tsay, and Shigeyoshi Nagata. "Mathematical Model and Surface Deviation of Helipoid Gears Cut by Shaper Cutters." Journal of Mechanical Design 125, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1564570.

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Crossed-axis helical gears and hypoid gears are two conventional crossed-axis power transmission devices. Helipoid gears, a novel gear proposed herein, possess the merits of the crossed-axis helical and hypoid gears. A mathematical model of the proposed helipoid gear cut by shapers is also derived according to the cutting mechanism and the theory of gearing. The investigation shows that the tooth surface varies with the number of teeth of the shaper. Computer graphs of the helipoid gear are presented according to the developed gear mathematical model, and the tooth surface deviations due to the number of teeth of the shaper are also investigated.

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45

Kalashnikov, A. S., Yu A. Morgunov, V. M. Abbyasov, and G. A. Kocharyan. "IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES FOR MANUFACTURING GENERATING CONICAL AND HYPOID GEARS." Spravochnik. Inzhenernyi zhurnal, no. 301 (April 2022): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/hb.2022.04.pp.014-019.

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Analysis of existing technological processes has shown that when processing conical and hypoid gears, gear-cutting operations during roughing, semifinishing and finishing have a great influence on the quality of manufacture. The conducted studies of the accuracy of the angular location and radial run out of the cutting edges of the incisors in the incisor heads allowed us to determine their effect on the roughness of the surface of the teeth, indicators of kinematic accuracy and smooth engagement of conical and hypoid gears. Recommendations on the accuracy of the location of the cutters in the tool heads for cutting gears in various industries have been developed.

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46

Kakavas, I., A. V. Olver, and D. Dini. "Hypoid gear vehicle axle efficiency." Tribology International 101 (September 2016): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.04.030.

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47

Ivanov, A. S., and M. S. Kuts. "Strength of the hypoid gear." Russian Engineering Research 36, no. 11 (November 2016): 910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x16110095.

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48

Simon, Vilmos. "Load Distribution in Hypoid Gears." Journal of Mechanical Design 122, no. 4 (September 1, 1998): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1289390.

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A new approach for the computerized simulation of load distribution in mismatched hypoid gears with point contact is presented. The load distribution calculation is based on the bending and shearing deflections of gear teeth, on the local contact deformations of the mating surfaces, on gear body bending and torsion, on the deflections of the supporting shafts, and on the manufacturing and alignment errors of the mating members. The tooth deflections of the pinion and gear teeth are calculated by FEM, and the tooth contact is treated in a special way: it is assumed that the point contact under load spreads over a surface along the “potential” contact line, which line is made up of the points of the mating tooth surfaces in which the separations of these surfaces are minimal, instead of assuming an elliptical contact pattern. The system of governing equations is solved by approximations and by using the successive-over-relaxation method. The corresponding computer program is developed. The calculations, performed by this program, show that in the case of hypoid gears, the new approach gives a more realistic contact pattern and contact pressure than the usually assumed and applied elliptical contact approach, especially for the tooth pairs contacting on the toe and on the heel of teeth, and in the case of load distribution calculations made in misaligned gear pairs. By using this program the influence of design data on load distribution parameters is investigated and discussed. [S1050-0472(00)00504-3]

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49

TAMURA, Hisashi, and Toshio SAKAUE. "A formate method of cutting hypoid gears. (Hypoid gears with a modified tooth surface)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 55, no. 509 (1989): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.55.145.

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50

Simon, Vilmos V. "Optimal machine tool settings for face-hobbed hypoid gears manufactured on CNC hypoid generator." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 88, no. 5-8 (May 17, 2016): 1579–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8857-0.

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Journal articles on the topic 'HypoDD'

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