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Journal articles on the topic 'Hypnotic suggestion'

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Published: 7 July 2024

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1

Rainville, Pierre, Robert K. Hofbauer, Tomáš Paus, Gary H. Duncan, M. Catherine Bushnell, and Donald D. Price. "Cerebral Mechanisms of Hypnotic Induction and Suggestion." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11, no. 1 (January 1999): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892999563175.

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The neural mechanisms underlying hypnotic states and responses to hypnotic suggestions remain largely unknown and, to date, have been studied only with indirect methods. Here, the effects of hypnosis and suggestions to alter pain perception were investigated in hypnotizable subjects by using positron emission tomography (PET) measures of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of brain electrical activity. The experimental conditions included a restful state (Baseline) followed by hypnotic relaxation alone (Hypnosis) and by hypnotic relaxation with suggestions for altered pain unpleasantness (Hypnosis-with-Suggestion). During each scan, the left hand was immersed in neutral (35°C) or painfully hot (47°C) water in the first two conditions and in painfully hot water in the last condition. Hypnosis was accompanied by significant increases in both occipital rCBF and delta EEG activity, which were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.70, p < 0.0001). Peak increases in rCBF were also observed in the caudal part of the right anterior cingulate sulcus and bilaterally in the inferior frontal gyri. Hypnosis-related decreases in rCBF were found in the right inferior parietal lobule, the left precuneus, and the posterior cingulate gyrus. Hypnosis-with-suggestions produced additional widespread increases in rCBF in the frontal cortices predominantly on the left side. Moreover, the medial and lateral posterior parietal cortices showed suggestion-related increases overlapping partly with regions of hypnosis-related decreases. Results support a state theory of hypnosis in which occipital increases in rCBF and delta activity reflect the alteration of consciousness associated with decreased arousal and possible facilitation of visual imagery. Frontal increases in rCBF associated with suggestions for altered perception might reflect the verbal mediation of the suggestions, working memory, and top-down processes involved in the reinterpretation of the perceptual experience. These results provide a new description of the neurobiological basis of hypnosis, demonstrating specific patterns of cerebral activation associated with the hypnotic state and with the processing of hypnotic suggestions.

2

Ferracuti, Stefano, Eleonora Cannoni, Antonella de Carolis, Angelo Gonella, and Renato Lazzari. "Rorschach Measures during Depth Hypnosis and Suggestion of a Previous Life." Perceptual and Motor Skills 95, no. 3 (December 2002): 877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.95.3.877.

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Using a procedure with suggestions to prompt false memories from an alleged previous Life, we hypnotized 16 normal subjects and collected Rorschach data before and during the hypnotic induction. During hypnosis 9 subjects produced memories that they claimed to remember from a former life. The Rorschach findings bore no resemblance to the available data for other dissociative disorders. Rorschach variables during hypnotic trance remained almost unchanged from baseline. These results indicate that the Rorschach poorly reflects hypnotic trance.

3

Pompili, Andrea, and Manuela Boccolini. "Attenzione focalizzata, suscettibilitŕ ipnotica e ipnosi: una ricerca." IPNOSI, no. 1 (July 2012): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ipn2012-001002.

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Studies on susceptibility to hypnotic suggestion lead us to consider the level of Hypnotic Susceptibility) of the subject as one of the factors affecting trance. Therefore, the possible relationship between attention, hypnosis and hypnotic susceptibility has been investigated by a research. The core assumption is that, through specific inductive techniques, you can get changes in the ability to focus and that the level of susceptibility or hypnotic suggestibility of the subject may, in turn, influence the effectiveness of hypnosis.

4

Maehle, Andreas-Holger. "A dangerous method? The German discourse on hypnotic suggestion therapy around 1900." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 71, no. 2 (March 29, 2017): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0006.

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In the late nineteenth century, German-speaking physicians and psychiatrists intensely debated the benefits and risks of treatment by hypnotic suggestion. While practitioners of the method sought to provide convincing evidence for its therapeutic efficacy in many medical conditions, especially nervous disorders, critics pointed to dangerous side effects, including the triggering of hysterical attacks or deterioration of nervous symptoms. Other critics claimed that patients merely simulated hypnotic phenomena in order to appease their therapist. A widespread concern was the potential for abuses of hypnosis, either by giving criminal suggestions or in the form of sexual assaults on hypnotized patients. Official inquiries by the Prussian Minister for Religious, Educational and Medical Affairs in 1902 and 1906 indicated that relatively few doctors practised hypnotherapy, whereas the method was increasingly used by lay healers. Although the Ministry found no evidence for serious harm caused by hypnotic treatments, whether performed by doctors or by lay healers, many German doctors seem to have regarded hypnotic suggestion therapy as a problematic method and abstained from using it.

5

Brancaccio, Maria Teresa. "Between Charcot and Bernheim: The debate on hypnotism in fin-de-siècle Italy." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 71, no. 2 (March 15, 2017): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0008.

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In the late 1870s, a small group of Italian psychiatrists became interested in hypnotism in the wake of the studies conducted by the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. Eager to engage in hypnotic research, these physicians referred to the scientific authority of French and German scientists in order to overcome the scepticism of the Italian medical community and establish hypnotism as a research subject based on Charcot's neuropathological model. In the following years, French studies on hypnotism continued to exert a strong influence in Italy. In the mid 1880s, studies on hypnotic suggestion by the Salpêtrière and Nancy Schools of hypnotism gave further impetus to research and therapeutic experimentation and inspired the emergence of an interpretative framework that combined theories by both hypnotic schools. By the end of the decade, however, uncertainties had arisen around both hypnotic theory and the therapeutic use of hypnotism. These uncertainties, which were linked to the crisis of the neuropathological paradigm that had to a large extent framed the understanding of hypnotism in Italy and the theoretical disagreements among the psychiatrists engaged in hypnotic research, ultimately led to a decline in interest in hypnotism in Italy.

6

Karpenko, Maksym. "THE LINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF HYPNOTIC DISCOURSE (CASE STUDY OF ENGLISH AND CHINESE HYPNOTIC TEXTS)." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 18, no. 28 (July 2019): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2019-28-10.

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The linguistic features of hypnotic communication in the context of psychotherapy are outlined. This area is topical due to insufficient knowledge in spite of the significant role of the speech component in the process of hypnotic suggestion and, as a result, the interest of researchers in it. The aim of our research is to characterize the phenomenon of hypnotic discourse and dwell on the basic linguistic peculiarities of hypnotic communication. The object of our research is the hypnotic discourse in the Chinese and English languages, the mechanisms of conducting a hypnotic communicative act in these two languages serve as its subject. Recordings of hypnotherapists’ speech during performing hypnosis serve as the material for our study. The article describes various approaches to understanding hypnosis, and also identifies common features in them: 1) a decrease in the degree of awareness of the environment and the intensity of human psychomotor activity, which resembles sleep; 2) this process is the result of the cooperation of a person, who is referred to as a client, with a person who is referred to as a therapist; 3) an increase in the likelihood of successful suggestion. The algorithm of a typical hypnotic session was outlined, namely, it commonly includes such components as induction, suggestion, and termination of the trance. The linguistic patterns used by the hypnotherapist to elicit a hypnotic trance state in the client are analysed in the study. In particular, two groups of such patterns were identified: those that use universal laws for modeling causal relationships (they include such patterns as pseudological connection using conjunctions, implicit causative, explicit causative, and implication of understanding deep cognitive processes), and those that lead to transderivational search (they include generalized reference index and violation of selectional restriction). The analysis and comparison of the English and Chinese material was carried out to identify the peculiarities of the usage of the abovementioned linguistic patterns in each of these two languages.

7

Kirsch, Irving. "Hypnotic Suggestion: A Musical Mathaphor." American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 39, no. 4 (April 1997): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1997.10403395.

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8

Iani, Cristina, Federico Ricci, Elena Gherri, and Sandro Rubichi. "Hypnotic Suggestion Modulates Cognitive Conflict." Psychological Science 17, no. 8 (August 2006): 721–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01772.x.

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9

Oakley, David A., and Peter W. Halligan. "Hypnotic suggestion and cognitive neuroscience." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13, no. 6 (June 2009): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.03.004.

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10

Cordi, Maren J., Angelika A. Schlarb, and Björn Rasch. "Deepening Sleep by Hypnotic Suggestion." Sleep 37, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 1143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3778.

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11

Bilachi, J., and Isidro Peres. "Effectiveness of Hypnosis Techniques to Quit Smoking." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 198s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.80200.

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Background: The main reason for carrying out this study was to realize that tobacco addicted are more than their beliefs, family, social life, religion, profession, and paradigms. Aim: The objective of this project was to help patients quit smoking through hypnosis techniques and, consequently, to help them face quitting methods more comfortably and safely and also avoid relapse. Methods: This project started with a biographical questionnaire, identification of smoker phases and some suggestion hypnotics are also evaluated through classic tests (vigils suggestions) and the Tellegen Absorption Scale. After collecting the data, we proceeded to an intervention plan that in synthesis had the following phases: sessions 3 and 4 aimed at obtaining a hypnotic trance with sufficient stability and depth, we value the state achieved as a medium-deep trance and spontaneous hypnotic phenomena. The next sessions, 5 and 6, we apply as ego strengthening and suggestions to demystify previously recorded thoughts, feelings and, consequently, behavior. Sessions 7 we explain the concept and importance of self-hypnosis. Results: The quantitative results will be presented here to show the effectiveness of the project developed. The most important information is the number of people who interrupted tobacco dependence: 16 (80%) out of 20 quit smoking, of which 10 (50%) were men and 10 (50%) were women. Four patients (20%) did not complete the treatment, 2 men and 2 women. Conclusion: It was possible to verify that quitting smoking through hypnosis is effective, because the smokers can transform their cognitive system and, thereby, they can change, naturally, their biopsychological paradigms in all contexts of their lives.

12

Vorotynskiy, B. I. "Dr. Ed. Bérillon. Hypnotism and mental orthopedics. — Paris, 1898." Neurology Bulletin VII, no. 3 (November 25, 2020): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb50124.

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In this brochure, the author continues to defend and develop further his view on the meaning of hypnotism in its application to pedagogy, a view expressed by him back in 1886 at the Nancy congress. Dr. Brillon is an advocate of the belief that hypnosis can be of great service to the interests of pedagogy. Numerous experiments carried out on two different classes of society convinced the author that children from 5 to 15 years old generally quite easily fall into hypnosis. It is difficult for hypnosis to be given to those who have severely expressed signs of severe neuropathic inheritance. Children-idiotes do not fall into hypnosis; Although feeble-minded children fall asleep, their sleep is usually not deep, it is impossible to induce automatism in them, and it is also impossible to achieve the fulfillment of suggestion after hypnosis. Children with the stigmata of hysteria succumb to hypnotic suggestion, but it is possible to evoke deep sleep in them only after a series of preparatory sessions.

13

Iserson, Kenneth V. "An Hypnotic Suggestion: Review of Hypnosis for Clinical Emergency Care." Journal of Emergency Medicine 46, no. 4 (April 2014): 588–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.09.024.

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14

Oakley, David A., and Peter W. Halligan. "Hypnotic suggestion: opportunities for cognitive neuroscience." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14, no. 8 (July 17, 2013): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3538.

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15

Stefanidou, Maria, Carme Solà, Elias Kouvelas, Manuel del Cerro, and Lazaros C. Triarhou. "Cajal's Brief Experimentation with Hypnotic Suggestion." Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 16, no. 4 (October 4, 2007): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09647040600653915.

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16

Ghasemi, Farshad. "Incorporating hypnotic suggestion into teacher education programs." Australian Journal of Applied Linguistics 2, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.29140/ajal.v2n3.174.

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17

Rossi, A., V. Tikhonoff, R. Scarpa, L. Schiavon, C. Licata, H. Haxinasto, P. Rempelou, et al. "Vasodilation Induced by Hypnotic Suggestion of Heat." High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention 12, no. 3 (2005): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00151642-200512030-00152.

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18

Raz, Amir. "Does Neuroimaging of Suggestion Elucidate Hypnotic Trance?" International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 59, no. 3 (July 2011): 363–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2011.570682.

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19

Suvorkina, Alisa, and Oleksandr Suvorkin. "Hypnotic suggestion for the treatment of tinnitus." Quality in Sport 9, no. 1 (February 5, 2023): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/qs.2023.09.01.011.

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Aim of study. Considering the high spreading of tinnitus in population, the purpose of our research was to study the possibility and expediency of using hypnosuggestive therapy in treatment of tinnitus. Material and methods. The study included 55 people with tinnitus complaints. We divided three groups of patients depending on the severity of the manifestations, audiometry results, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) score according to this scale of severity, results of GAD-7 test and the PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire -9). Results. In the first group of patients, according to the tinnitus severity scale the score was up to 19 points and was considered as insignificant and mild. The score of the GAD-7 questionnaire was less than 8 points, PHQ-9 - up to 5 points. In the second group the severity of tinnitus was moderate and severe and counted more than 38 points. The GAD-7 questionnaire score was less than 8 points, PHQ-9 - up to 5 points. In the third group, 12 people complained of chronic tinnitus, sleep disturbances, nervousness, and reduced work capacity. The score of tinnitus severity in patients of this group was more than 58 points and was assessed as severe and catastrophic. According to the results of the GAD-7 and PHQ-9 questionnaires, all 12 people were diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression, two parients even had suicidal thoughts. In the third group of patients with +++ hypnotability, after ten sessions of individual hypno-suggestive therapy, it was possible to reduce the severity of tinnitus to the third moderate degree in 7 people. 4 patients reported about complete regress of tinnitus. Conclusions. Tinnitus is a common problem and can negatively affect work, family and social life. It requires the individual approach and involvement of specialists of various profiles in the diagnostic process. The diagnostic algorithm for patients with tinnitus should include questionnaires to estimate the psychosomatic profile. The use of hypno-suggestive therapy can significantly reduce the severity of tinnitus and improve the quality of lives of patients.

20

Barnier, Amanda J., and Kevin M. McConkey. "Hypnotic and posthypnotic suggestion: Finding meaning in the message of the hypnotist." International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 47, no. 3 (July 1999): 192–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207149908410032.

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21

Castel, Antoni, Magdalena Pérez, José Sala, Anna Padrol, and Maria Rull. "Effect of hypnotic suggestion on fibromyalgic pain: Comparison between hypnosis and relaxation." European Journal of Pain 11, no. 4 (May 2007): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.06.006.

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22

Spanos, Nicholas P. "Hypnotic behavior: A social-psychological interpretation of amnesia, analgesia, and “trance logic”." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no. 3 (September 1986): 449–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00046537.

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AbstractThis paper examines research on three hypnotic phenomena: suggested amnesia, suggested analgesia, and “trance logic.” For each case a social-psychological interpretation of hypnotic behavior as a voluntary response strategy is compared with the traditional special-process view that “good” hypnotic subjects have lost conscious control over suggestion-induced behavior. I conclude that it is inaccurate to describe hypnotically amnesic subjects as unable to recall the material they have been instructed to forget. Although amnesics present themselves as unable to remember, they in fact retain control over retrieval processes and accommodate their recall (or lack of it) to the social demands of the test situation. Hypnotic suggestions of analgesia do not produce a dissociation of pain from phenomenal awareness. Nonhypnotic suggestions of analgesia and distractor tasks that deflect attention from the'noxious stimuli are as effective as hypnotic suggestions in producing reductions in reported pain. Moreover, when appropriately motivated, subjects low in hypnotic suggestibility report pain reductions as large as those reported by highly suggestible hypnotically analgesic subjects. Finally, the data fail to support the view that a tolerance for logical incongruity (i.e., trance logic) uniquely characterizes hypnotic responding. So-called trance-logic-governed responding appears to reflect the attempts of “good” subjects to meet implicit demands to report accurately what they experience.

23

Spanos, Nicholas P., Jesus A. Salas, Lorne D. Bertrand, and Joseph C. Johnston. "Occurrence Schemas, Context Ambiguity, and Hypnotic Responding." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 8, no. 3 (March 1989): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/g89v-30dn-eghf-dwn3.

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We assessed the extent to which observers classified the behavior of a videotaped model as a goal-directed action or as an involuntary occurrence while varying the social context in which the model's behavior was embedded. Observers watched a model: a) respond to an arm levitation suggestion in a situation explicitly defined as hypnotic, b) respond to the same suggestion in a situation not defined as hypnotic, or c) attempt to swat a bothersome fly. In both open-ended testimony and on questionnaires, observers consistently described the fly-tracking behavior as a goal-directed action and the hypnotic response as an involuntary occurrence. Observers showed more variability when describing the behavior of the model who received the nonhypnotic suggestion. For observers of the fly-tracking and hypnotic videos involuntariness ratings of the model's behavior failed to correlate significantly with observers' own hypnotizability. However, for those shown the nonhypnotic suggestion video the extent to which the model's behavior was rated as involuntary predicted observers' own level of overt and subjective responding to a test of hypnotizability. Theoretical implications are discussed.

24

Hájek, P., B. Jakoubek, K. Kýhos, and T. Radil. "Increase in Cutaneous Temperature Induced by Hypnotic Suggestion of Pain." Perceptual and Motor Skills 74, no. 3 (June 1992): 737–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.74.3.737.

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Eight patients with atopic eczema and six healthy subjects were given hypnotic suggestion to feel pain in the upper part of the back and in one case on the palm. An average local increase in skin temperature of 0.6° C (detected by thermovision) occurred under this condition. For some patients cutaneous pain threshold was increased before the experiment by means of repetitive hypnotic suggestion of analgesia. These subjects reported feeling no pain subjectively, but the local change in skin temperature was equal in both cases. The results suggest a central mechanism induced by measuring changes in pain threshold in the skin, which changes are independent of local changes in blood flow.

25

Spanos, Nicholas P., Cheryl A. Burgess, and Arthur H. Perlini. "Compliance and Suggested Deafness in Hypnotic and Nonhypnotic Subjects." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 11, no. 3 (March 1992): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/105e-f46c-ct6c-yx9g.

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On each of three trials high and low hypnotizables rated the loudness of a tone after its termination. Trial 1 was a baseline and Trial 2 was preceded by hypnotic or nonhypnotic deafness suggestions. Trial 3 was not preceded by instructions. After its termination, but before giving their loudness ratings, half the subjects in each condition were given instructions designed to induce false reports of hearing loss. High hypnotizables and low hypnotizable nonhypnotic subjects reported greater loudness reductions to both the suggestion (Trial 2) and the compliance instruction (Trial 3) than did low hypnotizable hypnotic subjects. Trial 2 deafness reports and Trial 3 compliance reports were highly correlated and, in hypnotic subjects, hypnotizability and Trial 3 compliance reports were significantly correlated. These findings indicate that the occurrence of demand-induced reporting bias is common in hypnotic settings, and constitutes an integral part of hypnotic responding.

26

Kramer, S., R. Zims, and D. Irnich. "The effect of unspecific hypnotic suggestion on somatosensory thresholds depends on hypnotic susceptibility." European Journal of Integrative Medicine 2, no. 4 (December 2010): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2010.09.041.

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27

Barnier, Amanda J., and Kevin M. McConkey. "Posthypnotic Responding Away from the Hypnotic Setting." Psychological Science 9, no. 4 (July 1998): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00052.

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We examined posthypnotic suggestion away from the laboratory. In Experiment 1, high-hypnotizable subjects were given a post-hypnotic suggestion (of limited or unlimited duration) or a social request (of unlimited duration) to mail one postcard every day to the experimenter. Subjects given a social request rather than a posthypnotic suggestion sent more postcards, and those given a limited-duration suggestion responded differently from those given an unlimited-duration suggestion. In Experiment 2, real, hypnotized and simulating, unhypnotized subjects were given a posthypnotic suggestion, and nonhypnotic control subjects were given a social request, to mail one postcard every day; the suggestion or request was of either limited or unlimited duration. Real, hypnotized subjects sent more postcards than simulators; control subjects sent as many postcards as real, hypnotized subjects; and subjects given a suggestion or request of limited duration sent more than those given one of unlimited duration. The findings highlight the interaction of individual differences and the social context of the suggestion or request. They underscore important aspects of experience and behavior associated with posthypnotic responding away from the hypnotic setting.

28

Malone, Marguerite D., Richard M. Kurtz, and Michael J. Strube. "The Effects of Hypnotic Suggestion on Pain Report." American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 31, no. 4 (April 1989): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1989.10402776.

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29

Kelly, Sean F. "The Use of Music as a Hypnotic Suggestion." American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 36, no. 2 (October 1993): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1993.10403049.

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30

Raz, A., J. Fan, and M. I. Posner. "Hypnotic suggestion reduces conflict in the human brain." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 28 (June 30, 2005): 9978–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503064102.

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31

Raz, Amir, Theodore Shapiro, Jin Fan, and Michael I. Posner. "Hypnotic Suggestion and the Modulation of Stroop Interference." Archives of General Psychiatry 59, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.12.1155.

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32

Apelian, C., D. B. Terhune, and F. De Vignemont. "Hypnotic suggestion versus sensory modulation of bodily awareness." PLOS ONE 18, no. 9 (September 12, 2023): e0291493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291493.

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Bodily awareness arises from somatosensory, vestibular, and visual inputs but cannot be reduced to these incoming sensory signals. Cognitive factors are known to also impact bodily awareness, though their specific influence is poorly understood. Here we systematically compared the effects of sensory (bottom-up) and cognitive (top-down) manipulations on the estimated size of body parts. Toward this end, in a repeated-measures design, we sought to induce the illusion that the right index finger was elongating by vibrating the biceps tendon of the left arm whilst participants grasped the tip of their right index finger (Lackner illusion; bottom-up) and separately by hypnotic suggestion (top-down), with a sham version of the Lackner illusion as an active control condition. The effects of these manipulations were assessed with perceptual and motor tasks to capture different components of the representation of body size. We found that hypnotic suggestion significantly induced the illusion in both tasks relative to the sham condition. The magnitudes of these effects were stronger than those in the Lackner illusion condition, which only produced a significantly stronger illusion than the sham condition in the perceptual task. We further observed that illusion magnitude significantly correlated across tasks and conditions, suggesting partly shared mechanisms. These results are in line with theories of separate but interacting representational processes for perception and action and highlight the influence of cognitive factors on low-level body representations.

33

Jacobson, Nicholas, Sam Kramer, Amanda Tharp, Salvatore Costa, and Phillip Hawley. "The Effects of Encoding in Hypnosis and Post-Hypnotic Suggestion on Academic Performance." American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 53, no. 4 (April 2011): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2011.10404354.

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34

Derbyshire, Stuart W. G., Matthew G. Whalley, and David A. Oakley. "Fibromyalgia pain and its modulation by hypnotic and non-hypnotic suggestion: An fMRI analysis." European Journal of Pain 13, no. 5 (May 2009): 542–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.06.010.

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35

Khovrin, A. N. "Application of hypnotic suggestion in one case of childbirth." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 11, no. 5 (December 22, 2020): 610–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd115610-611.

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36

Lanfranco, Renzo C., Federico Adolfi, and Agustín Ibáñez. "Hypnotic suggestion: A test for the voluntary action problem." Cognitive Neuroscience 5, no. 3-4 (August 27, 2014): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2014.949649.

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37

Takarada, Yudai, and Daichi Nozaki. "Hypnotic suggestion alters the state of the motor cortex." Neuroscience Research 85 (August 2014): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2014.05.009.

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38

Weigens, David. "Hypnosis in Childbirth: Beyond Pain Control." International Journal of Whole Person Care 6, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/ijwpc.v6i1.195.

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Pain control in childbirth is a special case because childbirth is not an illness. We are obliged to treat it differently from the pain of disease. Hypnosis can complement the best prenatal preparation. Most women whose bodies and minds are prepared for labor, who are adequately supported throughout, and whose self-esteem is intact have safer, more comfortable childbirth and considerably less need of drugs. Hypnotic suggestion and imagery begun early in pregnancy help a woman to work with and assist her own physiologic processes. With hypnosis, a woman can be helped to transcend many limits of expectation and to participate fully in one of life’s sublime dramas.

39

Bertrand, Lorne D., and Nicholas P. Spanos. "The Organization of Recall during Hypnotic Suggestions for Complete and Selective Amnesia." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 4, no. 3 (March 1985): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/rfxd-0l4n-ccfe-rnge.

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Abstract:

Hypnotic subjects learned a nine item list that contained three words in each of three categories. Afterwards, they were instructed to forget either the entire list, the items in one category, or one item from each category. Clustering of recall was measured on the recall trials immediately before the suggestion, during amnesia testing, and after cancelling the suggestion. Partial amnesics asked to forget the entire list clustered significantly less during amnesia testing than before or after the suggestion, and testified that they shifted attention away from the recall task during amnesia testing. Subjects in the two selective amnesia treatments showed high levels of clustering during amnesia testing. Instead of disattending from the recall task at this time, these subjects devised strategies for segregating the to-be-forgotten and to-be-remembered items. These findings support the hypothesis that hypnotic amnesia involves strategic enactment, and that amnesic subjects maintain control over their memory processes.

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Fadilah, Muhyiatul. "Ekplanasi Ilmiah Metode Hipnotis terhadap Otak Manusia." Jurnal Filsafat Indonesia 1, no. 1 (May 4, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jfi.v1i1.13969.

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Abstract:

Hypnotic is a method to explore humans’ conscious mind in order to experience suggestion alteration following particular purpose. Previously, in Indonesia, hypnotic was dominantly known as one on crimes technique to rob the victims easily in short time. Then, public perception shifted after hypnotic action performed in stages to entertaintaudience. Recently, hypnotic has been applied to benefit patient, students or individual with biological and psychological pains. Unfortunately, the existence of hypnotic as a logical explanation have not been available in a comprehensible text for public understanding, although excessive empirical studies existed in multidiscipline ways. This review article propose a scientific explanation toward hypnotic and its application such medical and educational purposes, based on a scientific philosophy. To conclude, hypnotic concept developed according to Deductive-Nomologies Explanation Scientific Model and fulfill positivistic and naturalistic truth paradigm and pragmatic truth theory. Its brief scientific explanation that is hypnotic processes with support of brain structure and mechanism. Scientific terms and concepts which are been involved are cerebrum, autonomous nervous system, reticular activating system, medulla oblongata, brainstem, corpus collosum, brain wave frequencies alteration, and chemically control of serotonine and endorphin.

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Jensen, Mark P., Joseph Barber, Rhonda M. Williams-Avery, Leticia Flores, and Milton Z. Brown. "The effect of hypnotic suggestion on spinal cord injury pain." Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 14, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2000): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-2000-141-202.

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RAZ, AMIR, ZOHAR R. ZEPHRANI, HEATHER R. SCHWEIZER, and GERALD P. MARINOFF. "Critique of Claims of Improved Visual Acuity after Hypnotic Suggestion." Optometry and Vision Science 81, no. 11 (November 2004): 872–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.opx.0000145032.79975.58.

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Johnson, Alisa J., Zoltan Kekecs, R. Lynae Roberts, Russell Gavin, Kathleen Brown, and Gary R. Elkins. "Feasibility of Music and Hypnotic Suggestion to Manage Chronic Pain." International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 65, no. 4 (August 24, 2017): 452–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2017.1348858.

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Milling, Leonard S., Irving Kirsch, George J. Allen, and Erin L. Reutenauer. "The effects of hypnotic and nonhypnotic imaginative suggestion on pain." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2902_6.

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Cordi, Maren Jasmin, Sarah Hirsiger, Susan Mérillat, and Björn Rasch. "Improving sleep and cognition by hypnotic suggestion in the elderly." Neuropsychologia 69 (March 2015): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.001.

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Bollinger, J. W., C. W. Beadling, and A. J. Waters. "Effect of hypnotic suggestion on cognition and craving in smokers." Addictive Behaviors Reports 11 (June 2020): 100220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100220.

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Tart, Charles T. "Hypnotic Suggestion as a Technique for the Control of Dreaming." Activitas Nervosa Superior 51, no. 2 (June 2009): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03380039.

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Dahlgren, Lisa A., Richard M. Kurtz, Michael J. Strube, and Marguerite D. Malone. "Differential effects of hypnotic suggestion on multiple dimensions of pain." Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 10, no. 6 (August 1995): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-3924(95)00055-4.

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Dahl, Mark V. "Effect of hypnotic suggestion on the delayed-type hypersensitivity response." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 32, no. 5 (May 1995): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(95)91475-7.

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Locke, Steven E. "Effect of Hypnotic Suggestion on the Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Response." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 272, no. 1 (July 6, 1994): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03520010059033.

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