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Journal articles on the topic 'Hypnosis'
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1
Wolffram, Heather. "Crime and hypnosis in fin-de-siècle Germany: the Czynski case." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 71, no. 2 (March 15, 2017): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0005.
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Lurid tales of the criminal use of hypnosis captured both popular and scholarly attention across Europe during the closing decades of the nineteenth century, culminating not only in the invention of fictional characters such as du Maurier's Svengali but also in heated debates between physicians over the possibilities of hypnotic crime and the application of hypnosis for forensic purposes. The scholarly literature and expert advice that emerged on this topic at the turn of the century highlighted the transnational nature of research into hypnosis and the struggle of physicians in a large number of countries to prise hypnotism from the hands of showmen and amateurs once and for all. Making use of the 1894 Czynski trial, in which a Baroness was putatively hypnotically seduced by a magnetic healer, this paper will examine the scientific, popular and forensic tensions that existed around hypnotism in the German context. Focusing, in particular, on the expert testimony about hypnosis and hypnotic crime during this case, the paper will show that, while such trials offered opportunities to criminalize and pathologize lay hypnosis, they did not always provide the ideal forum for settling scientific questions or disputes.
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Vorotynskiy, B. I. "Dr. Ed. Bérillon. Hypnotism and mental orthopedics. — Paris, 1898." Neurology Bulletin VII, no. 3 (November 25, 2020): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb50124.
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In this brochure, the author continues to defend and develop further his view on the meaning of hypnotism in its application to pedagogy, a view expressed by him back in 1886 at the Nancy congress. Dr. Brillon is an advocate of the belief that hypnosis can be of great service to the interests of pedagogy. Numerous experiments carried out on two different classes of society convinced the author that children from 5 to 15 years old generally quite easily fall into hypnosis. It is difficult for hypnosis to be given to those who have severely expressed signs of severe neuropathic inheritance. Children-idiotes do not fall into hypnosis; Although feeble-minded children fall asleep, their sleep is usually not deep, it is impossible to induce automatism in them, and it is also impossible to achieve the fulfillment of suggestion after hypnosis. Children with the stigmata of hysteria succumb to hypnotic suggestion, but it is possible to evoke deep sleep in them only after a series of preparatory sessions.
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Mathew, V. M. "Hypnosis in psychiatry." Psychiatric Bulletin 17, no. 4 (April 1993): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.17.4.202.
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This paper aims to give a very brief outline of the vast subject of hypnosis in the context of psychiatry. The word hypnosis, which was derived from Hypnos meaning the God of sleep, has long been associated with magical practices, superstition, witchcraft, occult and many other esoteric practices. The forerunner of hypnosis was the theory of animal magnetism proposed by Franz Anton Mesmer in the 1770s. He began to experiment with magnetic metals and gradually elaborated the theory of animal magnetism. According to Mesmer, a magnetic fluid spread throughout the entire universe and its disturbed balance in the human body resulted in illness. He claimed that a beneficial magnetic fluid could be transmitted from one subject to another by ‘passes’. Braid (1843) refuted the fluidist theory, since according to him hypnosis could be induced by visual fixation. He believed the condition to be a form of sleep and called the technique neurypnology, later to become hypnology and hypnosis. Liebeault (1866) for the first time used verbal suggestion to induce hypnosis. Bernheim stated that “There is no such thing as hypnotism, there is only suggestibility”, and concluded that suggestibility was the process by which the brain “accepts the idea and transforms it into action”.
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Giacomuzz, Salvatore. "Concepts and Principles of Contemporary Hypno-Psychotherapy." Current Research in Psychology and Behavioral Science (CRPBS) 3, no. 3 (April 29, 2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/crpbs/1046.
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Hypnosis is empirically well studied in its biological foundations and its therapeutic effectiveness. It is a recognised healing method in Austria, Switzerland and Germany. With the use of imaging techniques, it can be clearly shown that brain areas responsible for attention, visual imagination, critical evaluation and self-awareness change in their activity through hypnosis in such a way that the state of hypnotic trance differs markedly from both sleep and waking consciousness. The effects of hypnosis on the immune system as well as on affects have been confirmed. Basically, a fundamental distinction must be made between “therapeutic hypnosis”, hypnosis for therapeutic purposes, and “show hypnosis”, such as is shown in various entertainment performances. Therapeutic hypnosis” is in turn divided into different forms, namely “hypnotic psychotherapy”, “hypnotherapy” and “hypnosis”.
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Woodard, Fredrick James. "Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis: Cross-Cultural Perspectives." Psychological Reports 97, no. 1 (August 2005): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.1.141-157.
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Literature is reviewed and summarized relevant to present cross-cultural, shamanic, and spiritual aspects of hypnosis. Explanations are offered within the framework of Woodard's theory of Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis. Research on cross-cultural aspects of hypnosis could enhance understanding of phenomenological and perceptual aspects of hypnosis, increase knowledge of hypnotic phenomena, and expand understanding of perceptual awareness. A summary of the qualitative research methodologies to enhance understanding of multicultural hypnotic experiences is presented. This groundwork provides for further exploration of cross-cultural hypnosis. Surprisingly, some suggestions have remained underutilized or not published.
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Chettiar, Teri. "‘Looking as Little Like Patients as Persons Well Could’: Hypnotism, Medicine and the Problem of the Suggestible Subject in Late Nineteenth-Century Britain." Medical History 56, no. 3 (July 2012): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2011.39.
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AbstractDuring the late nineteenth century, many British physicians rigorously experimented with hypnosis as a therapeutic practice. Despite mounting evidence attesting to its wide-ranging therapeutic uses publicised in the 1880s and 1890s, medical hypnosis remained highly controversial. After a decade and a half of extensive medical discussion and debate surrounding the adoption of hypnosis by mainstream medical professionals – including a thorough inquiry organised by the British Medical Association – it was decisively excluded from serious medical consideration by 1900. This essay examines the complex question of why hypnosis was excluded from professional medical practice by the end of the nineteenth century. Objections to its medical adoption rarely took issue with its supposed effectiveness in producing genuine therapeutic and anaesthetic results. Instead, critics’ objections were centred upon a host of social and moral concerns regarding the patient’s state of suggestibility and weakened ‘will-power’ while under the physician’s hypnotic ‘spell’. The problematic question of precisely how far hypnotic ‘rapport’ and suggestibility might depart from the Victorian liberal ideal of rational individual autonomy lay at the heart of these concerns. As this essay demonstrates, the hypnotism debate was characterised by a tension between physicians’ attempts to balance their commitment to restore patients to health and pervasive middle-class concerns about the rapid and ongoing changes transforming British society at the turn of the century.
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Robazza, Claudio, and Laura Bortoli. "Hypnosis in Sport: An Isomorphic Model." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 2 (October 1994): 963–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.2.963.
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Hypnosis in sport can be applied according to an Isomorphic Model. Active-alert hypnosis is induced before or during practice whereas traditional hypnosis is induced after practice to establish connections between the two experiences. The fundamental goals are to (a) develop mental skills important to both motor and hypnotic performance, (b) supply a wide range of motor and hypnotic bodily experiences important to performance, and (c) induce alert hypnosis before or during performance. The model is based on the assumption that hypnosis and motor performance share common skills modifiable through training. Similarities between hypnosis and peak performance in the model are also considered. Some predictions are important from theoretical and practical points of view.
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Atkinson, Richard P. "Individual Variability in Muller-Lyer Illusion Difference Thresholds: Moderating Influences of Hypnotic Susceptibility in Waking and Hypnosis." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 13, no. 4 (June 1994): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/fatf-fux5-uhd1-410w.
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This study investigated the differential influences of hypnotic susceptibility on Muller-Lyer illusion difference thresholds in waking and hypnosis using the psychophysical method of constant stimuli. As assessed by the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A) and the Group Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (GSHSS:C), sixteen high (scores = 9–12) and sixteen low (scores = 0–3) hypnotizables participated. In counterbalanced sessions of waking and hypnosis, each subject was sequentially exposed to 110 computer-generated Muller-Lyer illusion pairs of comparison stimuli and a standard stimulus. Difference thresholds for high and low hypnotizables did not differ significantly in waking, but were significantly lower for high than low hypnotizables in hypnosis. Difference thresholds were also significantly lower for high hypnotizables in hypnosis than in waking. Low hypnotizables performed similarly in waking and hypnosis.
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Taylor, Jim, Richard Horevitz, and Gloria Balague. "The Use of Hypnosis in Applied Sport Psychology." Sport Psychologist 7, no. 1 (March 1993): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.7.1.58.
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The present paper examines the value of hypnosis in applied sport psychology. The following issues will be addressed: (a) what is hypnosis?, (b) theoretical perspectives on hypnosis, (c) hypnotizability, (d) factors influencing the effectiveness of hypnosis, (e) misconceptions and concerns about hypnosis, (f) the hypnotic process, (g) research on hypnosis and athletic performance, (h) uses in applied sport psychology, and (i) training in hypnosis. These issues will be considered with respect to the particular needs of athletes and the specific demands of sport.
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Kihlstrom, John F. "Hypnosis, memory and amnesia." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1362 (November 29, 1997): 1727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0155.
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Hypnotized subjects respond to suggestions from the hypnotist for imaginative experiences involving alterations in perception and memory. Individual differences in hypnotizability are only weakly related to other forms of suggestibility. Neuropsychological speculations about hypnosis focus on the right hemisphere and/or the frontal lobes. Posthypnotic amnesia refers to subjects' difiiculty in remembering, after hypnosis, the events and experiences that transpired while they were hypnotized. Posthypnotic amnesia is not an instance of state-dependent memory, but it does seem to involve a disruption of retrieval processes similar to the functional amnesias observed in clinical dissociative disorders. Implicit memory, however, is largely spared, and may underlie subjects' ability to recognize events that they cannot recall. Hypnotic hypermnesia refers to improved memory for past events. However, such improvements are illusory: hypermnesia suggestions increase false recollection, as well as subjects' confidence in both true and false memories. Hypnotic age regression can be subjectively compelling, but does not involve the ablation of adult memory, or the reinstatement of childlike modes of mental functioning, or the revivification of memory. The clinical and forensic use of hypermnesia and age regression to enhance memory in patients, victims and witnesses (e.g. recovered memory therapy for child sexual abuse) should be discouraged.
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Kunzendorf, Robert G., and Michelle Benoit. "Spontaneous Post-Hypnotic Amnesia and Spontaneous Rehypnotic Recovery in Repressers." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 5, no. 4 (June 1986): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/n4k9-d37x-7532-fue1.
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The Salpêtrière school of hypnosis posited that true hypnotic effects occur spontaneously in people with repressive tendencies. Consistent with this early position, the current study indicates that both spontaneous amnesia after hypnosis and spontaneous recovery during rehypnosis are statistically associated with repression (but not with hypnotic suggestibility). In contrast, both suggested forgetting and suggested recovery are statistically associated with hypnotic suggestibility (but not with repression). Whereas the latter effects of suggestibility are attributable to the demand characteristics of hypnotic suggestions, the spontaneous effects of hypnosis on repressers' memories are not reducible to social psychological principles.
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Lynn, Steven Jay, Joshua Knox, Oliver Fassler, and Michael Hallquist. "An Evaluation of Woodard's Theory of Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis." Psychological Reports 93, no. 1 (August 2003): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.1.87.
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This article evaluates Woodard's theory of Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis, a welcome addition to theories of hypnosis that emphasize the centrality of subjective experiences in understanding and studying hypnosis. With a focus on subjective experience, Woodard's account of perceptually oriented hypnosis is based on elements of humanistic, client-centered, and perceptual psychology. However, we contend that improvements in the operational clarity and coverage of the theory are necessary to optimize its utility and heuristic value. We also argue that it is important for Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis to address hypnotic phenomena, e.g., individual differences in suggestibility, involuntary responding to suggestions, stability of responding over time, widely recognized as essential to understanding hypnotic experience and responding. With these refinements, we believe that Woodard's theory would have a greater potential to enrich our understanding of both the unique experiences of individuals who undergo hypnosis and of hypnosis in general.
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Rainville, Pierre, Robert K. Hofbauer, Tomáš Paus, Gary H. Duncan, M. Catherine Bushnell, and Donald D. Price. "Cerebral Mechanisms of Hypnotic Induction and Suggestion." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11, no. 1 (January 1999): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892999563175.
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The neural mechanisms underlying hypnotic states and responses to hypnotic suggestions remain largely unknown and, to date, have been studied only with indirect methods. Here, the effects of hypnosis and suggestions to alter pain perception were investigated in hypnotizable subjects by using positron emission tomography (PET) measures of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of brain electrical activity. The experimental conditions included a restful state (Baseline) followed by hypnotic relaxation alone (Hypnosis) and by hypnotic relaxation with suggestions for altered pain unpleasantness (Hypnosis-with-Suggestion). During each scan, the left hand was immersed in neutral (35°C) or painfully hot (47°C) water in the first two conditions and in painfully hot water in the last condition. Hypnosis was accompanied by significant increases in both occipital rCBF and delta EEG activity, which were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.70, p < 0.0001). Peak increases in rCBF were also observed in the caudal part of the right anterior cingulate sulcus and bilaterally in the inferior frontal gyri. Hypnosis-related decreases in rCBF were found in the right inferior parietal lobule, the left precuneus, and the posterior cingulate gyrus. Hypnosis-with-suggestions produced additional widespread increases in rCBF in the frontal cortices predominantly on the left side. Moreover, the medial and lateral posterior parietal cortices showed suggestion-related increases overlapping partly with regions of hypnosis-related decreases. Results support a state theory of hypnosis in which occipital increases in rCBF and delta activity reflect the alteration of consciousness associated with decreased arousal and possible facilitation of visual imagery. Frontal increases in rCBF associated with suggestions for altered perception might reflect the verbal mediation of the suggestions, working memory, and top-down processes involved in the reinterpretation of the perceptual experience. These results provide a new description of the neurobiological basis of hypnosis, demonstrating specific patterns of cerebral activation associated with the hypnotic state and with the processing of hypnotic suggestions.
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Wagstaff, Graham F. "Hypnosis and the Law." Criminal Justice and Behavior 35, no. 10 (October 2008): 1277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854808321669.
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The traditional view of the hypnotized person as someone in a state of automatism, possessed of transcendent powers, is still popular among the general public. This has obvious implications for legal issues concerning possible coercion through hypnosis and the use of hypnosis for interviewing witnesses. However, it is now the opinion of most researchers that hypnosis does not induce a state of automatism, and caution should be exercised when employing hypnotic procedures to facilitate memory. It is concluded that better progress will be made in countering public misconceptions about hypnosis, and in benefiting from research on the applications of hypnotic interviewing procedures, if more effort is made to use concepts and terminology that relate hypnotic phenomena to everyday behavior and experience.
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Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel. "Simulating the Unconscious." Psychoanalysis and History 7, no. 1 (January 2005): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2005.7.1.5.
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This paper is concerned with hypnosis and the methodological ‘anxiety’ (Devereux) which inevitably affects the hypnotist, whether experimental psychologist or therapist: what if the phenomena observed during hypnosis were only an effect of compliance with his own expectations, demands and suggestions? What if the hypnotized simulated hypnosis solely to please him? From Charcot and Richet to Martin Orne, by way of Bernheim or Freud, the response of researchers to this disquieting question has always been the same: the subject cannot be simulating, because he is hypnotized, asleep, unconscious. The hypothesis of a psychic unconscious (or of unconsciousness), which determined the very concept of hypnosis from the second half of the nineteenth century onwards is nothing more than a postulate required to guarantee the objectivity of hypnotic and, more broadly, psychological phenomena, by preventing the latter from being seen as simple artifacts of the experimental or clinical situation. The present paper examines several historical avatars of this postulate, including psychoanalysis, and proposes that it be abandoned in favour of a conception of psychology and psychotherapy which is constructivist and no longer objectivist, recognizing the artifactual character of psychic productions instead of denying it.
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Wils, Kaat. "Tussen wetenschap en spektakel." TMG Journal for Media History 20, no. 2 (December 21, 2017): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-7653.2017.332.
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Between Science and Spectacle: Hypnosis on the Belgian Theatre Scene, 1875–1900. This article focuses on the performances of itinerant magnetiser/hypnotist Donato and on the public debate he generated on his travels throughout Europe. Around this time, magnetism was increasingly being presented in a new form – hypnotism – which walked the line between scientific experiment and public spectacle, navigating the realms of alternative medicine and of recognised medical therapies. This article explores Donato’s use of the trappings of science in his shows, his relationships with the medical and scientific communities, and the ban on public demonstrations of hypnotism that was introduced in Belgium in 1892. While the Belgian law revealed just how unequal the battle between magnetisers and physicians really was, it did not result in a decisive victory for the medical community, nor did it spell an end to hypnosis shows. However, it did herald the end of a brief period of intense exchange between magnetisers and academics.
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Woodard, Fredrick J. "Response to Lynn, et al.'s “Evaluation of Woodard's Theory of Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis”." Psychological Reports 94, no. 2 (April 2004): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.94.2.431-436.
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In this article some misunderstandings of Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis presented in the recent evaluation by Lynn, et al. are pointed out. Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis emphasizes individual differences naturally occurring in the experience of everyday life or being-in-the-world and differentiation as major themes to understanding hypnosis. Woodard advocates that qualitative research enhances our understanding of hypnotic experiencing and allows us to examine hypnotic phenomena that elude the laboratory and control settings.
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Rho, Gianluca, Alejandro Luis Callara, Giovanni Petri, Mimma Nardelli, Enzo Pasquale Scilingo, Alberto Greco, and Vilfredo De Pascalis. "Linear and Nonlinear Quantitative EEG Analysis during Neutral Hypnosis following an Opened/Closed Eye Paradigm." Symmetry 13, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13081423.
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Hypnotic susceptibility is a major factor influencing the study of the neural correlates of hypnosis using EEG. In this context, while its effects on the response to hypnotic suggestions are undisputed, less attention has been paid to “neutral hypnosis” (i.e., the hypnotic condition in absence of suggestions). Furthermore, although an influence of opened and closed eye condition onto hypnotizability has been reported, a systematic investigation is still missing. Here, we analyzed EEG signals from 34 healthy subjects with low (LS), medium (MS), and (HS) hypnotic susceptibility using power spectral measures (i.e., TPSD, PSD) and Lempel-Ziv-Complexity (i.e., LZC, fLZC). Indeed, LZC was found to be more suitable than other complexity measures for EEG analysis, while it has been never used in the study of hypnosis. Accordingly, for each measure, we investigated within-group differences between rest and neutral hypnosis, and between opened-eye/closed-eye conditions under both rest and neutral hypnosis. Then, we evaluated between-group differences for each experimental condition. We observed that, while power estimates did not reveal notable differences between groups, LZC and fLZC were able to distinguish between HS, MS, and LS. In particular, we found a left frontal difference between HS and LS during closed-eye rest. Moreover, we observed a symmetric pattern distinguishing HS and LS during closed-eye hypnosis. Our results suggest that LZC is better capable of discriminating subjects with different hypnotic susceptibility, as compared to standard power analysis.
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De Pascalis, Vilfredo. "Brain Functional Correlates of Resting Hypnosis and Hypnotizability: A Review." Brain Sciences 14, no. 2 (January 24, 2024): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14020115.
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This comprehensive review delves into the cognitive neuroscience of hypnosis and variations in hypnotizability by examining research employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG) methods. Key focus areas include functional brain imaging correlations in hypnosis, EEG band oscillations as indicators of hypnotic states, alterations in EEG functional connectivity during hypnosis and wakefulness, drawing critical conclusions, and suggesting future research directions. The reviewed functional connectivity findings support the notion that disruptions in the available integration between different components of the executive control network during hypnosis may correspond to altered subjective appraisals of the agency during the hypnotic response, as per dissociated and cold control theories of hypnosis. A promising exploration avenue involves investigating how frontal lobes’ neurochemical and aperiodic components of the EEG activity at waking-rest are linked to individual differences in hypnotizability. Future studies investigating the effects of hypnosis on brain function should prioritize examining distinctive activation patterns across various neural networks.
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Callara, Alejandro Luis, Žan Zelič, Lorenzo Fontanelli, Alberto Greco, Enrica Laura Santarcangelo, and Laura Sebastiani. "Is Hypnotic Induction Necessary to Experience Hypnosis and Responsible for Changes in Brain Activity?" Brain Sciences 13, no. 6 (May 29, 2023): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13060875.
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The relevance of formal hypnotic induction to the experience of trance and its neural correlates is not clear, in that hypnotizability, beliefs and expectation of hypnosis may play a major role. The aim of the study was assessing the EEG brain activity of participants with high (highs) or low hypnotizability scores (lows), aware of their hypnotizability level and informed that the session will include simple relaxation, formal hypnotic induction and neutral hypnosis. A total of 16 highs and 15 lows (according to the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, form A) were enrolled. Their EEGs were recorded during consecutive conditions of open/closed-eyes relaxation, hypnotic induction, neutral hypnosis and post hypnosis not interrupted by interviews. The studied variables were theta, alpha and gamma power spectral density (PSD), and the Determinism (DET) and Entropy (ENT) of the EEG signal Multidimensional Recurrence Plot (mRP). Highs reported significantly greater changes in their state of consciousness than lows across the session. The theta, alpha and gamma PSD did not exhibit condition-related changes in both groups. The Alpha PSD was larger in highs than in lows on midline sites, and the different sides/regions’ theta and gamma PSD were observed in the two groups independently from conditions. ENT showed no correlation with hypnotizability, while DET positively correlated with hypnotizability during hypnosis. In conclusion, the relevance of formal hypnotic induction to the experience of trance may be scarce in highs, as they are aware of their hypnotizability scores and expecting hypnosis. Cognitive processing varies throughout the session depending on the hypnotizability level.
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Fromm, Erika, Lisa Lombard, Sara H. Skinner, and Stephen Kahn. "The Modes of the Ego in Self-Hypnosis." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 7, no. 4 (June 1988): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/dre4-3cpf-7ybc-3wp4.
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In this study, the diary entries of thirty subjects who practiced self-hypnosis for twenty-eight consecutive days were analyzed carefully with regard to manifestations of four ego modes: ego activity, ego receptivity, ego passivity, and ego inactivity. Results snowed that ego activity (decision making, structuring of the experiences) and ego receptivity (openness to stimuli rising from within) are essential elements in self-hypnosis, while ego inactivity (“nothing happens”) and ego passivity (feeling overwhelmed) rarely occur in the self-hypnotic experiences of healthy subjects. Ego receptivity is central to self-hypnosis. It is strongly positively related to vivid imagery, absorption, self-hypnotic trance depth, and also to hetero-hypnotic susceptibility. Personality characteristics of subjects who demonstrate high ego receptivity are: a need for independence, self-reliance, and trust in one's own unconscious. On the other hand, a greater preponderance of ego activity in self-hypnosis is to be found in subjects who have a need for structure, certainty, and control in their lives. These subjects cannot allow themselves to let imagery emerge naturally or to become deeply absorbed in the self-hypnotic process.
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Atkinson, Richard P. "Enhanced Afterimage Persistence in Waking and Hypnosis: High Hypnotizables Report More Enduring Afterimages." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 14, no. 1 (September 1994): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pyww-t9w6-yrcd-uj8h.
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This study investigated the moderating influences of hypnotic susceptibility level (high/low) and visuospatial skill level (high/low) on afterimage persistence in waking and hypnosis. All Ss were administered the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A; [1]), the Group Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C; [2]), and the Mental Rotations Test (MRT; [3]). In counterbalanced sessions of waking and hypnosis, 80 Ss (20 high/high, 20 high/low, 20 low/high, 20 low/low) were dark adapted for twenty minutes each, after which a brief flash of light was presented. Visuospatial skills, as measured by the MRT, did not significantly influence first afterimage intervals or afterimage durations. High hypnotizables reported significantly longer first afterimage intervals and afterimage durations in hypnosis than did low hypnotizables. High hypnotizables reported significantly longer first afterimage intervals, but not afterimage durations, in waking than did low hypnotizables. High hypnotizables reported significantly longer afterimage durations and first afterimage intervals in hypnosis than in waking. Low hypnotizables reported similar afterimage durations and first afterimage intervals in waking and hypnosis. Implications of these results for the ability of high hypnotizables to focus attention upon and maintain valid visual images are discussed.
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Kunzendorf, Robert G., Priscilla Lacourse, and Bridget Lynch. "Hypnotic Hypermnesia for Subliminally Encoded Stimuli: State-Dependent Memory for “Unmonitored” Sensations." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 6, no. 4 (June 1987): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cl03-4pee-yxlf-dbm0.
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In Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, respectively, eighty-five subjects and sixty subjects viewed nine facial caricatures for 1/150 sec per face, nine for 1/100 sec per face, and nine for 1/10 sec per face. Recognition memory for three of the 1/150, three of the 1/100, and three of the 1/10 sec faces was tested before hypnosis; memory for nine more faces was tested during hypnosis; memory for the last nine faces was tested after hypnosis. Before hypnosis, the recognition probabilities for 1/150 sec faces and 1/100 sec faces were at chance levels, and the recognition probability for 1/10 sec faces was better than chance. During hypnosis, recognition memory for 1/150 sec faces was again at the chance level. However, hypnotic recognition of 1/100 sec faces was better than chance, and hypnotic recognition of 1/10 sec faces was no better than chance. Consistent both with cognitive-state monitoring theory and with state-dependent theories of memory, these results indicate that memory for subliminally perceived targets (1/100 sec faces) is facilitated by the hypnotic state.
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Bilachi, J., and Isidro Peres. "Effectiveness of Hypnosis Techniques to Quit Smoking." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 198s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.80200.
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Background: The main reason for carrying out this study was to realize that tobacco addicted are more than their beliefs, family, social life, religion, profession, and paradigms. Aim: The objective of this project was to help patients quit smoking through hypnosis techniques and, consequently, to help them face quitting methods more comfortably and safely and also avoid relapse. Methods: This project started with a biographical questionnaire, identification of smoker phases and some suggestion hypnotics are also evaluated through classic tests (vigils suggestions) and the Tellegen Absorption Scale. After collecting the data, we proceeded to an intervention plan that in synthesis had the following phases: sessions 3 and 4 aimed at obtaining a hypnotic trance with sufficient stability and depth, we value the state achieved as a medium-deep trance and spontaneous hypnotic phenomena. The next sessions, 5 and 6, we apply as ego strengthening and suggestions to demystify previously recorded thoughts, feelings and, consequently, behavior. Sessions 7 we explain the concept and importance of self-hypnosis. Results: The quantitative results will be presented here to show the effectiveness of the project developed. The most important information is the number of people who interrupted tobacco dependence: 16 (80%) out of 20 quit smoking, of which 10 (50%) were men and 10 (50%) were women. Four patients (20%) did not complete the treatment, 2 men and 2 women. Conclusion: It was possible to verify that quitting smoking through hypnosis is effective, because the smokers can transform their cognitive system and, thereby, they can change, naturally, their biopsychological paradigms in all contexts of their lives.
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Woodard, Fredrick James. "A Phenomenological and Perceptual Research Methodology for Understanding Hypnotic Experiencing." Psychological Reports 95, no. 3 (December 2004): 887–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.3.887-904.
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Phenomenology and perceptual psychology opens up the essential meanings of hypnosis by presenting a qualitative method as an alternative to the current predominant quantitative method in the study of hypnosis. Scales that measure susceptibility from behavioral and cognitive aspects abound in the hypnosis literature, but understanding the structure of hypnotic experiencing is yet to come. A new qualitative approach to researching hypnotic experiencing by combining aspects of phenomenological research as in work of Giorgi, Moustakas, and Wertz, familiarity with Husserl's philosophy, and a perceptual psychological research method (cf. work by Combs, Richards, & Richards and by Wasicsko). The author utilized this combined methodology to formulate the theory of Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis. This methodology enables the therapist or professional and patient or client to share benefits from the effects of their hypnotic experiencing in its intersubjective sense. This method can be applied in numerous life situations such as teaching and therapy in addition to the experimental situation.
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Pompili, Andrea, and Manuela Boccolini. "Attenzione focalizzata, suscettibilitŕ ipnotica e ipnosi: una ricerca." IPNOSI, no. 1 (July 2012): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ipn2012-001002.
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Studies on susceptibility to hypnotic suggestion lead us to consider the level of Hypnotic Susceptibility) of the subject as one of the factors affecting trance. Therefore, the possible relationship between attention, hypnosis and hypnotic susceptibility has been investigated by a research. The core assumption is that, through specific inductive techniques, you can get changes in the ability to focus and that the level of susceptibility or hypnotic suggestibility of the subject may, in turn, influence the effectiveness of hypnosis.
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Woodard, Fredrick J. "Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis." Psychological Reports 92, no. 2 (April 2003): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.2.515.
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This theoretical article explores postulates representative of a perceptual frame of reference for a better understanding of hypnotic experiencing. This author contends that Perceptual Psychology, a theory first conceptualized by Snygg and Combs, as revised by Combs, Richards, and Richards in 1988, and Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis provide an effective way of understanding hypnosis, the therapist-client relationship, and has some implications as well for better comprehending psychopathology. Perceptually oriented hypnotic principles are shown to enhance the characteristics of the adequate personality, expand the phenomenal field, change personal meanings, and change aspects of the phenomenal self in the context of hypnosis. Implications for understanding differing views and conflicting perceptions of reality held by scientists and researchers are discussed. Implications for Dissociative Identity Disorder are also addressed. Research utilizing Giorgi's research methodology and Wasicsko's qualitative procedure for assessing educators' dispositions is suggested.
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Neuschatz, Jeffrey S., Steven Jay Lynn, Greg E. Benoit, and Rachael Fite. "Hypnosis and Memory Illusions: An Investigation Using the Deese/Roediger and McDermott Paradigm." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 22, no. 1 (September 2002): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ypc4-wmk6-xu4r-kuv9.
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Our research used the Deese/Roediger and McDermott paradigm [1] to examine the effects of hypnosis on memory. The paradigm yielded a high rate of false recognition (>.70), regardless of whether participants were hypnotized or not. Hypnotized ( N = 21) and non-hypnotized ( N = 20) participants reported high false recognition rates and were very confident in their remembrances, independent of their recognition accuracy and their level of hypnotic suggestibility (medium vs. high). Although our results provide no support for the proposition that hypnosis is a viable memory enhancement procedure, hypnosis did not impair recognition above and beyond the non-hypnotic condition.
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Pratiwi, Cut Rika, Elmeida Effendy, and Muhammad Surya Husada. "A Case of Acute Stress in Post-hypnotized Patient." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, T3 (May 16, 2021): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6286.
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Background: Mental health conditions that can occur immediately after a traumatic event is called acute stress reaction; in this case, happens after hypnosis. This can cause a variety of psychological symptoms without attention or treatment, causesost-traumatic stress disorder.
The psychological symptoms can negatively affect the quality of life, especially the reactions arise after a traumatic event that after being hypnotized. Hypnosis works by changing the activity in brain regions associated with attention or alertness. At the time hypnotised, we saw a very high level of concentration, so that suggestions given to him will be more easily accepted.
Case Report: The case presented is the hypnotic impact of acute stress reactions. A woman named Mrs. J 63 years old. The Karo tribe who experienced anxiety, fear, and difficulty sleeping after experiencing hypnosis four days ago. This experienced it after being hypnotized at home.
Conclusion: Hypnosis plays a role in all parts of life involving human mind. Hypnosis is a science that exploits the potential mental and hidden in humans, known as the subconscious. in medical health, hypnosis therapy is very important, what we need to realize is that hypnosis with bad intentions can harm humans. Hypnosis incident was reported in patients who suffer from post traumatic stress disorder. found in many women. older women are more vulnerable to acute stress. Previous research has shown that hypnotic susceptibility correlated with personality traits.
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Delliana, Santi, and Ayu Wiranti. "Analisis Resepsi Khalayak mengenai Hipnotis dalam Program “Garis Tangan (Episode 195)” ANTV." KALBISOCIO Jurnal Bisnis dan Komunikasi 10, no. 1 (May 22, 2023): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.53008/kalbisocio.v10i1.2123.
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People see in reporting that hypnotic is usually used as a fraud mode, increasing people's concerns about hypnotics. Various impressions in the media also show that hypnotics are now used as a hypnotherapy method, but hypnotics are used in the media as an entertainment concept. The Garis Tangan program is an entertainment program that brings the theme of a new concept about hypnosis. From the program, the purpose of this research is to find out how the Bandung Hypnotic Community interprets hypnotics in a reality show program, "Garis Tangan (Episode 195)" on ANTV. The method used is Audience Reception Analysis, which has three categories: Stuart Hall, Dominant Hegemony, Negotiation, and Opposition. The theory in this research is encoding-decoding. The paradigm used by Constructivism researchers is a qualitative approach. The results of this study are that the three informants of the Bandung Hypnotic Community are included in the Negotiation category, and one informant is included in the Opposition category. This shows that the informant is an active audience by issuing different responses to understand the message given by the media.
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Yapko, Michael D. "The Spirit of Hypnosis: Doing Hypnosis versus Being Hypnotic." American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 56, no. 3 (January 2, 2014): 234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2013.815605.
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Jenkins, Simon. "Sport Psychology, Hypnosis and Golf." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 4, no. 1_suppl (September 2009): 149–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/174795409789577416.
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Hypnosis has received relatively little attention in the academic and professional sport psychology literature and concerns have been expressed about its use. Nevertheless, there are numerous websites advertising products and services related to hypnosis and golf. The purpose of this article is to provide a resource for practitioners to reflect on their provision of services related to hypnosis. Hypnosis has been highly controversial since the 18th Century when a medical student by the name of Mesmer learned of how a Jesuit priest successfully cured his patients with magnets applied to their bodies. In the 19th Century, the notion that hypnosis involves a different state of mind; i.e., hypnotic trance, became established in science and it was not until the 1940s that this notion was seriously questioned by scientists. In this article, alternative theoretical viewpoints of hypnosis are presented with particular reference to the stage hypnosis and NLP work of Paul McKenna.
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Knafo, Gavriel, and Joel Weinberger. "Exploring the Role of Conscious and Unconscious Processes in Hypnosis: A Theoretical Review." Brain Sciences 14, no. 4 (April 12, 2024): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040374.
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This review provided a comprehensive examination of various theories that attempt to explain hypnosis, focusing on the interplay between conscious and unconscious processes. We conducted a thorough analysis of key theories, from historical origins to recent models centered on cognition, social factors, and attributions. A central theme emerged: the critical role of the unconscious as a “gatekeeper” that modulates and guides the hypnotic experience. This notion appears in various forms across many theories, with the unconscious actively shaping and regulating the flow of information between conscious and unconscious realms during hypnosis. Understanding this dynamic interplay is crucial for comprehending the complex nature of hypnosis. The synthesized view of the unconscious as a “gatekeeper” offers a framework for integrating insights from diverse perspectives and highlights the centrality of unconscious processes in shaping hypnotic phenomena. Future research should further investigate the mechanisms of this unconscious “gatekeeper” role and its impact on hypnosis.
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ÖZSUNAR, Yelda, Handan KAYHAN, and Lara UTKU INCE. "Hipnoza Multidisipliner Yaklaşım: Psikiyatrik Temeli, Nörogörüntüleme ve Genetik Bulgular." Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry 16, no. 3 (December 1, 2023): 451–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1321465.
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Hypnosis, a practice often misunderstood and surrounded by misconceptions, has a rich historical lineage dating back to ancient civilizations. Our review explores the relationship between neuroanatomy, genetics, and hypnotic susceptibility, investigating organic factors influencing an individual's responsiveness to hypnosis. This review highlights the importance of hypnosis as a high-level cognitive activity, especially in pain and anxiety management, and emphasizes the potential benefits of integrating hypnosis into healthcare practices. Recent advancements in neuroimaging have provided insights into the neurological mechanisms of hypnosis, while genetic research has expanded its applications. However, persistent misconceptions hinder its acceptance. This article offers a multidisciplinary basic exploration of hypnosis, focusing on its origins, historical development related to psychiatry, the basic neuroimaging findings mainly affecting the limbic system responsible for emotion, and genetic underpinnings. We aim to inspire clinicians, social scientists, and healthcare professionals to effectively integrate the scientific basics of hypnosis into therapeutic practice, contributing to a better understanding of its role in augmenting outcomes.
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Kirsch, Irving, and Steven Jay Lynn. "Hypnosis and will." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 5 (October 2004): 667–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04310150.
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Although we are sympathetic to his central thesis about the illusion of will, having previously advanced a similar proposal, Wegner's account of hypnosis is flawed. Hypnotic behavior derives from specific suggestions that are given, rather than from the induction, of trance, and it can be observed in 90% of the population. Thus, it is very pertinent to the illusion of will. However, Wegner exaggerates the loss of subjective will in hypnosis.
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Allison, Nicola. "Hypnosis in modern dentistry: Challenging misconceptions." Faculty Dental Journal 6, no. 4 (October 2015): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsfdj.2015.172.
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The world of hypnotism carries with it many misconceptions. The term ‘hypnosis’ is often associated with magician types, swinging pendulums, deep sleeps and stage performance. Many are unaware that the art of hypnosis carries great therapeutic benefits in the medical, psychological and dental fields. This review provides an insight into the history and development of hypnosis as a therapy, and explores its applications in support of hypnotherapy as a powerful tool in the modern dentist’s armamentarium.
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Woodard, Fredrick James. "An Argument for a Qualitative Research Approach to Hypnotic Experiencing and Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis." Psychological Reports 94, no. 3 (June 2004): 955–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.94.3.955-966.
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An argument for the significance of a qualitative research approach to hypnotic experiencing and a perceptually oriented view of hypnosis is presented with hypnosis framed in phenomenological, humanistic, and perceptual terms. An outline of threads of thought in Popper's writings are consistent with such a perspective. Qualitative approaches are noted and support for theoretical discussions leading to deeper understanding of issues of hypnotic experiencing, such as unconscious processes, nonlinear experiences, and researchers' countertransference are examined. Some limitations of current quantitative approaches to examining hypnotic experiencing and myths about qualitative research are discussed.
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Deltito, Joseph, and Lee Baer. "Hypnosis in the Treatment of Depression: Research and Theory." Psychological Reports 58, no. 3 (June 1986): 923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.58.3.923.
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The literature contains several case reports demonstrating the successful use of hypnosis in nonpsychotic, unipolar depression; controlled studies however are lacking. In an attempt to substantiate theoretically the anecdotal literature on hypnotic treatments of depression, we advance the following theory: hypnotic treatment can be viewed as both an antianxiety technique and as a facilitator of restructuring nihilistic cognitions in depression. Hypnosis, both theoretically and anecdotally, appears to facilitate the process of cognitive therapy. The importance of moderate to high hypnotic ability of patients is commented on, and the need for controlled clinical trials is noted.
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Septeria, Indah Puji, Najmah Najmah, and Rizma Adlia Syakurah. "Terapi Hipnosis terhadap Kecemasan dalam Kehamilan." Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 1937–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/jks.v6i2.5050.
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This study aims to find out how hypnosis influences anxiety in pregnancy. The research method is a literature review that seeks more information about hypnosis's effect on reducing pregnancy anxiety. The results of these studies have differences in terms of research time, research design, number of research subjects and interventions used, and intervention providers. Still, overall research consistently supports the benefits of hypnosis to calm anxiety in pregnant women and labor. In conclusion, hypnosis can reduce pain, accelerate delivery, feelings of tension, worry about bad things, fear, nervousness, anxiety, doubt, stress, and confusion, and increase feelings of satisfaction, confidence, relaxation, meaning, steady, and happiness.
Keywords: Hypnosis, Anxiety, Pregnancy
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Faymonville, Marie Elisabeth, Steven Laureys, Christian Degueldre, Guy DelFiore, André Luxen, Georges Franck, Maurice Lamy, and Pierre Maquet. "Neural Mechanisms of Antinociceptive Effects of Hypnosis." Anesthesiology 92, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 1257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200005000-00013.
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Background The neural mechanisms underlying the modulation of pain perception by hypnosis remain obscure. In this study, we used positron emission tomography in 11 healthy volunteers to identify the brain areas in which hypnosis modulates cerebral responses to a noxious stimulus. Methods The protocol used a factorial design with two factors: state (hypnotic state, resting state, mental imagery) and stimulation (warm non-noxious vs. hot noxious stimuli applied to right thenar eminence). Two cerebral blood flow scans were obtained with the 15O-water technique during each condition. After each scan, the subject was asked to rate pain sensation and unpleasantness. Statistical parametric mapping was used to determine the main effects of noxious stimulation and hypnotic state as well as state-by-stimulation interactions (i.e., brain areas that would be more or less activated in hypnosis than in control conditions, under noxious stimulation). Results Hypnosis decreased both pain sensation and the unpleasantness of noxious stimuli. Noxious stimulation caused an increase in regional cerebral blood flow in the thalamic nuclei and anterior cingulate and insular cortices. The hypnotic state induced a significant activation of a right-sided extrastriate area and the anterior cingulate cortex. The interaction analysis showed that the activity in the anterior (mid-)cingulate cortex was related to pain perception and unpleasantness differently in the hypnotic state than in control situations. Conclusions Both intensity and unpleasantness of the noxious stimuli are reduced during the hypnotic state. In addition, hypnotic modulation of pain is mediated by the anterior cingulate cortex.
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Solenkova, Alla V., and Andrey Yu Lubnin. "Hypnosis in anesthesiology and neurosurgery." Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management 16, no. 1 (July 20, 2022): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/1993-6508-2022-16-1-33-44.
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The review presents data on the use of hypnotic techniques in anesthesiology and neurosurgery. The authors describe the historical data, methodology of hypnotic communication, modern use of hypnosis, and methods of hypnotic communication in clinical practice. Hypnotherapy techniques have shown excellent results in pain management and can be effective in reducing preoperative anxiety and intraoperative surgical stress.
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Rainville, Pierre, Robert K. Hofbauer, M. Catherine Bushnell, Gary H. Duncan, and Donald D. Price. "Hypnosis Modulates Activity in Brain Structures Involved in the Regulation of Consciousness." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 6 (August 1, 2002): 887–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892902760191117.
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The notion of consciousness is at the core of an ongoing debate on the existence and nature of hypnotic states. Previously, we have described changes in brain activity associated with hypnosis (Rainville, Hofbauer, Paus, Duncan, Bushnell, & Price, 1999). Here, we replicate and extend those findings using positron emission tomography (PET) in 10 normal volunteers. Immediately after each of 8 PET scans performed before (4 scans) and after (4 scans) the induction of hypnosis, subjects rated their perceived level of “mental relaxation” and “mental absorption,” two of the key dimensions describing the experience of being hypnotized. Regression analyses between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and self-ratings confirm the hypothesized involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the thalamus, and the ponto-mesencephalic brainstem in the production of hypnotic states. Hypnotic relaxation further involved an increase in occipital rCBF that is consistent with our previous interpretation that hypnotic states are characterized by a decrease in cortical arousal and a reduction in cross-modality suppression (disinhibition). In contrast, increases in mental absorption during hypnosis were associated with rCBF increases in a distributed network of cortical and subcortical structures previously described as the brain's attentional system. These findings are discussed in support of a state theory of hypnosis in which the basic changes in phenomenal experience produced by hypnotic induction reflect, at least in part, the modulation of activity within brain areas critically involved in the regulation of consciousness.
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Dowd, E. Thomas. "Cognitive Hypnotherapy in the Management of Pain." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 15, no. 2 (January 2001): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.15.2.87.
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This article describes the hypnotherapeutic treatment of pain. Pain is a multifaceted, complex phenomenon which can be treated successfully by hypnosis. In fact, hypnosis has been shown to be unusually well-suited to pain treatment because a successful outcome is correlated with individual differences in hypnotic susceptibility. Both general and specific considerations of hypnotherapeutic pain treatment are described. Examples of specific hypnotic routines for pain treatment are presented as well as a more extended case description.
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Johnson, David L., and Richard T. Karkut. "Participation in Multicomponent Hypnosis Treatment Programs for Women's Weight Loss with and without Overt Aversion." Psychological Reports 79, no. 2 (October 1996): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.2.659.
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Studies of hypnotic, covert and overt aversive techniques have yielded equivocal results when each has been examined for a singular effect on weight lost. Some have advocated study of effective combinations of techniques before investing in other applications. Two programs of hypnosis, imagery, diet, tape, behavior management and support but differing in the overt use of aversion (electric shock, disgusting tastes, smells) were examined. A total of 172 overweight adult women were treated, 86 in a hypnosis only and 86 in an overt aversion and hypnosis program. Both programs achieved significant weight losses. Although subjects who received overt aversion attained somewhat more desired goals and lost more weight than subjects receiving only hypnosis, the differences were not significant.
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Lynn, Steven Jay, Eric Myer, and James Mackillop. "The systematic study of negative post-hypnotic effects: research hypnosis, clinical hypnosis and stage hypnosis." Contemporary Hypnosis 17, no. 3 (September 2000): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ch.201.
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李維倫, 李維倫, and 王思涵 Wei-Lun Lee. "使用隱喻故事腳本催眠之意識經驗歷程的案例研究." 中華輔導與諮商學報 70, no. 70 (May 2024): 001–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/172851862024050070001.
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<p>背景與目的：催眠為一經驗現象，但研究者一直無法獲得完整的第一人稱經驗描述，也就無從對其進行研究分析，這阻礙了催眠研究的進展。本研究的目的即在於獲得催眠經驗之意識過程的精細且精確描述，並分析其中的意識經驗現象。方法：本研究採取以催眠現象為標的的案例研究，設計由隱喻故事構成之催眠腳本所進行的催眠歷程，訪談參與者經驗，最後以現象學方法分析之。結果：本研究結果揭示了催眠意識經驗歷程的形式結構與內容結構。催眠意識經驗的歷程形式結構是由本研究所得之催眠經驗描述與意識三重構作理論對話後所得到的理解。催眠意識經驗的意義內容歷程則是可以用經驗生成為主題來提顯其核心意涵。本研究也從催眠過程中的無意義視覺現象獲得意識與生理作用之間關係的假設性理解。結論與建議：本研究不但揭露了催眠過程的形式結構與內容結構，也推進了對意識性質與特徵的討論，可作為意識研究的一項基礎。</p> <p> </p><p>Context and Objective: Hypnosis refers to a state of deep relaxation and heightened suggestibility that either occurs spontaneously or is induced through guidance by others. Hypnosis is a topic of academic interest because it could help researchers understand the composition and operation of human consciousness. A major question in the study of hypnotic experience is how to obtain first-person reports and how to determine the relationship between its experiential content and external processes, that is, the relationship between hypnotic experience and hypnotic methods. This question arises because hypnosis is characterized by dissociation, and subjects are often unable to clearly describe what they experienced when under hypnosis; even if there are fragmentary content reports, it is not easy to determine their temporal sequence. This lack of first-person description has hindered the progress of hypnosis research. In an attempt to reduce this research gap, this study aimed to obtain a detailed and accurate description of the conscious process of hypnotic experience and to analyze the consciousness phenomena therein. Method: A case-study framework was adopted. The study implementation relied on three research maneuvers: a research design that can obtain first-person reports of hypnotic experiences, a phenomenological method for analyzing first-person experiences, and a theoretical model of consciousness operation obtained from Taiwan’s indigenous psychological healing phenomena, the tripartite theory of consciousness. The research design was as follows. Before conducting the hypnosis session and experiential interviews, the researcher and the research participant co-wrote a hypnosis script with three parts: guidance into a hypnotic state, metaphorical stories, and guidance out of a hypnotic state. It was read word-for-word to the research participant during the hypnosis session, and the entire session was videotaped. An experiential interview was conducted immediately after hypnosis. Through the hypnosis script and video playback, the research participant could identify the correspondence between the hypnotic guidance and her experience and report her experiential process in sequence. Thus, by transcribing the interview recording into a verbatim transcript, this study obtained a first-person report of hypnotic experience that could be matched with the content and sequence of the script. Second, after obtaining the first person report of the hypnotic experience, a phenomenological method was used to analyze the data. Third, the analysis results were examined based on the tripartite theory of consciousness to gain a structural understanding of the hypnotic consciousness process. The function of the tripartite theory of consciousness in this study was to serve as an aid to expand understanding rather than as theoretical conceptualization prior to research analysis. Result: The results can be presented in two parts: the formal structural process of hypnotic consciousness experience and the meaning content process. The formal structural process of hypnosis is the understanding obtained after the participant’s description of the hypnosis experience and the analysis through the lens of the tripartite theory of consciousness. The function of the utterance of hypnotic guidance was significantly demonstrated. Through the three dimensions of content, speaking speed, and rhythm, hypnotic guidance can make different connections and influences on the conscious acts toward the significative, the imaginal, and the somatic. The meaning content process of hypnosis can be described by the theme of experience generation. This study describes the characteristic of openness of consciousness, the phenomenon and function of experiential adhesion and saturation, and the conscious operation structure that can change the texture of the hypnotized person’s experience through experiential interweaving and experiential rewriting. In this way, the hypnotic consciousness experience process carried out with a metaphorical story script is presented as a process of generating meaningful experiences, and the tripartite construction of consciousness is the basic structure for generating experiences. Finally, this study also obtained a hypothetical understanding of the relationship between consciousness and physiological effects during hypnosis. Conclusion and Suggestion: The present study does not just disclose the structure of the processes of conscious experience in hypnosis, but also provides a discussion on the features and qualities of consciousness, which can serve as a basis for future exploration.</p> <p> </p>
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Barker, Jamie, Marc Jones, and Iain Greenlees. "Assessing the Immediate and Maintained Effects of Hypnosis on Self-Efficacy and Soccer Wall-Volley Performance." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 32, no. 2 (April 2010): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.2.243.
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This study evaluated the effects of hypnosis on self-efficacy and soccer performance. Fifty-nine collegiate soccer players were randomly allocated to either a hypnosis (n = 30) or video attention-control group (n = 29). A pretest–posttest design with an additional 4-week follow-up was used. Self-efficacy was measured via a task-specific questionnaire comprising 10 items relating to good performance on a soccer wall-volley task. The hypnotic intervention comprised three sessions using ego-strengthening suggestions. The control group watched edited videos of professional soccer games. Results indicated that, following the intervention, the hypnosis group were more efficacious and performed better than the control group. These differences were also seen at the 4-week follow-up stage. Although changes in self-efficacy were associated with changes in performance, the effect of hypnosis on performance was not mediated by changes in self-efficacy. The study demonstrates that hypnosis can be used to enhance and maintain self-efficacy and soccer wall-volley performance.
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Kupka, Tomasz “Tomi.” "Machine Elf 27 optimizes meta quest 2 virtual reality hypnosis during laser gingivoplasty." Journal of Dental Health, Oral Disorders & Therapy 15, no. 3 (2024): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jdhodt.2024.15.00622.
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Introduction and aims: Dental procedures are often difficult for patients causing anxiety/fear. Hypnosis is a state of consciousness, in which a patient’s attention is detached from immediate environment by focusing or involvement to create a hypnotic reality. Virtual Reality is an artificial environment which is experienced through sensory stimuli provide by a computer. Aim of this case report is to use hypnosis during gingivoplasty. Materials and methods: Machine Elf 27 360o Virtual Reality projection in Meta Quest 2 Head-Mounted Display Set with headphones was used during anaesthesia-free laser gingivoplasty in order to optimize the hypnosis effect in general healthy adult patient. Results: Patient felt no pain, did not hear environment sounds around, confirmed, that “smelled something burning”, and felt the entire headset uncomfortable. HMD was a physical obstacle so it did not make the procedure any easier itself for the operator. Conclusion: Machine Elf 27 optimizes VR hypnosis during dental procedure. Clinical relevance: Virtual Reality hypnosis helps in patient’s premedication.
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Thomson, Linda. "Hipponosis: Introducing Hypnosis to Children." Biofeedback 41, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-41.2.02.
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As a group, children are more responsive to hypnosis than adults are. Children are hypnotically talented because of their unique behavioral and developmental characteristics. Hypnosis cultivates imagination, and imaginative play is the work of childhood. In an emergency situation, very little explanation of hypnosis is needed. Creating a positive expectancy and the careful use of language is important. The article describes how the clinician, as the imagination coach, can introduce the concept of hypnosis to children. Young children may learn how a hippopotamus named Harry learned to use hypnosis to help himself with shots, a toothache, and anxiety and became a Hypno-potamus. For older children, hypnosis can be reframed as brain power exercises. A technique to engage cooperation and demonstrate the power of imagination to children is explained. The article also describes how to demonstrate experientially the mind-body connection: how thoughts and feelings can influence physiology. Teaching a child diaphragmatic breathing is an important first step in self-regulation. Harry Hypno-potamus imagination cards can be used to stimulate mental imagery, to teach breathing techniques and muscle relaxation, and most importantly, for ego-strengthening. Introducing hypnosis to children appeals to their quest for self-mastery, and teaching them hypnotic skills is a gift that lasts a lifetime.
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McConkey, Kevin M. "Opinions about Hypnosis and Self-Hypnosis before and after Hypnotic Testing." International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 34, no. 4 (October 1986): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207148608406996.
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