Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hyperintensités de la substance blanche'
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Tran, Philippe. "Segmentation and characterization of cerebral white matter hyperintensities : application in individuals with multiple sclerosis and age-related pathologies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS243.pdf.
Full textWhite matter hyperintensities (WMH) are more and more taken into account in the clinical monitoring of elderly subjects and/or dementia patients, and are crucial in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Automated methods have been proposed to better quantify these lesions on a large scale, in order to better understand the underlying mechanisms of these pathologies. However, to our knowledge, no automated method has reached consensus today for the segmentation of WMH, and no method has been validated on these two types of subjects. This thesis introduces several tools and their validations in order to better characterize WMH. First of all, WHASA-3D (Tran et al. 2022) is a new automated method for WMH segmentation adapted for 3D T2-FLAIR data and MS patients in a multicenter setting. It is a major improvement of WHASA (Samaille et al. 2012). WHASA-3D's performances are here compared with six state-of-the-art methods with their default parameters and optimized settings, when possible. Two extensions have then been developped to support the clinician for patient diagnosis and clinical monitoring. WHASA-Spatial is an extension for the automatic spatial characterization of WMH provided by WHASA-3D according to four classes (periventricular, infratentorial, juxtacortical/cortical, deep). The visual assessment on 104 MS subjects showed that the global classification was very satisfactory. Finally, WHASA-Longitudinal, is an extension that allows the automatic segmentation of new or enlarged lesions between two successive acquisitions. The performance of this method was satisfactory for volume agreement and a solution is proposed and needs to be investigated to improve new lesion count. These results need to be confirmed on a larger number of subjects
Djabelkhir, Jemmi Leila. "Prise en charge non pharmacologique des troubles cognitifs légers : effets différentiels d'un programme de stimulation cognitive informatisée selon la sévérité des hypersignaux de la substance blanche de patients MCI." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB241.
Full textWhite matter hyper signals (WMH) were associated with executive and memory deficits and impairment of the cortical and subcortical frontal circuits. Their presence, in addition to amyloid deposition in many patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), would increase the risk of conversion to Alzheimer's disease (AD). An important issues in the preclinical phase of MCI is to explore the potential of cognitive interventions to prevent cognitive decline and progression to AD. While WMH are increasingly considered as one of factors determining the heterogeneity of MCI patients, few studies have take into account their presence in cognitive interventions. The hypothesis that an intervention could induce differential effects according to the existence or not of WMH in MCI remains unexplored to our knowledge, and is at the heart of this work of thesis
Cognat, Emmanuel. "Lésions de la substance blanche dans la maladie CADASIL." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC139/document.
Full textCADASIL is an autosomal dominant, hereditary, small vessel disease of the brain causing early and progressive white matter lesions. The histopathological characteristics of these lesions remain poorly known. The disease is caused by stereotyped mutations in the gene coding for the NOTCH3 receptor. One of CADASIL hallmarks is the presence in vessels of an abnormal accumulation of NOTCH3 extracellular domain (NOTCH3ECD). Data suggest that CADASIL pathophysiological process may be caused by a toxic effect resulting from NOTCH3ECD deposits, due to an abnormal recruitment of other extracellular matrix components. However, it has been shown that CADASIL mutations differentially affect Notch3 signaling, constitutively or progressively. The latter observations led scientists to propose the hypothesis that Notch3 loss of function may play an important role in CADASIL pathogenesis.We conducted a detailed white matter analysis in a CADASIL mouse model that overexpresses a Notch3 allele with the R169C/R170C mutation and that recapitulates the preclinical stages of the disease (TgPACNotch3R169C). In this model, we observed intramyelinic edema associated with myelin degradation / decompaction detectable by immunochemistry in the brain of mice as young as 6 months of age. Axonal integrity analysis in myelin lesions suggested that axonal loss may appear secondarily. A semi-quantitative method for the quantification of myelin debris has been developed.Next, we tested the hypothesis that Notch3 loss of function might play a key role in CADASIL pathophysiology. We first identified a set of genes that are sensitive to a reduction in Notch3 dosage by half. Quantification of these genes expression in both heterozygous and homozygous mice Knock-in for the R170C mutation showed that Notch3 activity was not lowered in this model. In addition, we analyzed the effect of a suppression of endogenous Notch3 copies on white matter lesions observed in TgPACNotch3R169C mice and observed no worsening of these lesions. Together these results suggest that hypomorphism is not a feature common to all CADASIL mutations, and that white matter lesions in CADASIL do no result from Notch3 loss of function.Finally, we studied the pathogenic effect of Timp3 and vitronectine accumulation, both proteins having been shown to accumulate with NOTCH3ECD early in the course of the disease. By the use of genetic interaction approaches (lowering and increase in Timp3 and vitronectine in TgPACNotch3R169C mice), we observed differential effects of the proteins on white matter lesions and cerebrovascular reactivity impairment. Indeed, vitronectine lowering improves white matter lesions without any effect on cerebrovascular reactivity while Timp3 diminution restores cerebrovascular reactivity without any effect on white matter lesions. These results provide proof of concept for the implication of TIMP3 and vitronectin excess in CADASIL pathogenesis and questions the dogma that make hypoperfusion the main determinant of white matter lesions in CADASIL
Samaille, Thomas. "Segmentation automatique des anomalies de la substance blanche du sujet âgé." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066162.
Full textUszynski, Ivy. "Identification et caractérisation des faisceaux de substance blanche en IRM : développements précliniques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY075/document.
Full textMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows the observation of the major white matter fiber tracts in the brain. It can thus be used in many applications to have a better understanding of the development of healthy and pathological brains and to study the effect of potential therapeutic treatments. In order to observe these fibers, one must combine a today well-controlled MRI acquisition with a data processing procedure that is still under investigation for many research projects. To characterize those fibers whose diameters are only a few microns wide, the MRI spatial resolution must be raised beyond the spatial resolution of the acquisition. This super-resolution achievement can be obtained by combining biophysical models with several measures of the MRI signal. Together, one can gain access to axon diameter measures for example, as was done by Assaf in 2008 (AxCaliber approach). One of the interests of this measure is its correlation with the conduction velocity of the electric signals (Horowitz 2015). These methodological developments are mainly done in human research. However, many animal models are used to understand the healthy as well as the pathological brains. In the context of a collaboration between team UNIRS of NeuroSpin (Cyril Poupon) and team 5 of GIN (Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience) (Emmanuel Barbier), we have initiated the transfer for the mouse of the tools currently used for human
FAUQUETTE, ANNIE. "Maladie d'alzheimer : etude de la substance blanche en imagerie par resonance magnetique nucleaire." Lille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL2M175.
Full textCardoso, Marie-Céleste. "Implication du gène GFAP dans les pathologies humaines neurodégénératives de la substance blanche." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CLF1MM22.
Full textAmong genetic diseases involving the cerebral white matter or leukodystrophies, Alexander disease is characterized by an accumulation in astrocytes of diffuse eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions named Rosenthal fibers, with demyelination. The clinical spectrum and radiological characteristics of this disease are wider than initially described for early forms, adult forms being particularly heterogeneous. We have developed a diagnostic method, fast and inexpensive, based on DHPLC analysis of PCR products allowing the screening of GFAP mutations in a significant number of patients. We analyzed 42 families suspected of Alexander disease and identified 15 heterozygous missense mutations in 17 patients, 8 of which have never been described. The study of a large number of later forms led to redefine diagnostic criteria of juvenile and adult forms. Among our cohort of patients, 60% displayed no mutation of GFAP while clinical and radiological features of most of them do not differ from those of mutated patients. We have suspected the involvement of other GFAP molecular defects leading to overexpression : a copy number variation or a mutation in regulatory sequences. We analysed by QMPSF 177 patients affected by Alexander disease or undetermined leukodystrophy and identified neither duplication nor deletion of the 9 coding regions of GFAPα. We analysed by sequencing a 5'genomic region of GFAP in 58 patients displaying a phenotype consistent with Alexander disease and identified a total of 7 substitutions which functional consequences on transcription were tested in astrocytoma cells. Finally, 2 substitutions -1279C>T and 1313G>C reduced the in vitro transcriptional activity of the promoter. Finally we analyzed the specific coding sequences of 2 alternative isoforms GFAP ε and κ in 58 patients suspected of Alexander disease and identified a total of 8 variations including 2 amino acid substitutions : εp. Arg430Cys and εp. Arg430His. Functional tests in astroglioma cells have not provided arguments in favor of an intermediate filament disruption by direct interaction between these mutants and GFAPα. In conclusion we developed a molecular method for Alexander disease diagnostic suited for later forms analysis. We have excluded gene rearrangements as causative or aggravating factor and we do not obtained arguments in favor of GFAP ε and κ involvement. Two substitutions in the promoter sequence clearly reduce the in vitro transcriptional activity of this region. We have to confirm this inhibitory effect in vivo and demonstrate that the reduced expression is associated with Alexander phenotype
Koob, Mériam. "Etude de la substance blanche cérébrale de l'enfant par imagerie en tenseur de diffusion." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAD005.
Full textDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a diffusion-weighted imaging application that allows water motion quantification in any direction. This technique determines brain fiber direction in each voxel, and reconstructs indirectly white matter fibers tracts in 3D with tractography. Scalar DTI parameters, such as fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), provide a quantitative analysis of brain microstructure. DTI applications are numerous, especially in the study of brain development and white matter pathologies.First, we studied DTI in the fetus. For this, we implemented a processing method for fetal DTI images, and compiled it in a software, Baby brain Toolkit (BTK) (https://github.com/rousseau/fbrain). BTK was validated on normal cases, and then applied to a brain malformation model. We also studied a case of cytomegalovirus infection with DTI.We then investigated the utility of scalar DTI parameters in a rare leukodystrophy, Cockayne syndrome. DTI allows to diagnose Cockayne syndrome, to distinguish between clinical subtypes, and to understand its pathophysiology. We showed that Cockayne syndrome was a primitive hypomyelinating disorder, followed by a low grade secondary demyelination
Sakka, Laurent. "Evaluation d'un peptide de synthèse dans la réparation des lésions traumatiques de la substance blanche." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF1S001/document.
Full textIn this work, we have studied the efficacy of a TSR-derived peptide in white matter repair. Neuroprotective properties were studied using two models of oxidative stress and apoptosis in vitro. NX210 increases cell viability after exposition to H2O2, one the main ROS that take part in the secondary lesion. Anti-oxidant action was mediated by the scavenger property of the molecule and the stimulation of signaling pathway. Anti-apoptotic action was assessed by measuring caspase 3/7 activity. NX210 inhibits caspase 3/7 activity according to a dose effect relation. Neurorepair was assessed using two separate rat models of spinal cord injury (SCI). In the model provided by section of both dorsal funiculi, NX210 stimulates early axonal growth that predominates on sensory fibers and displays a fasciculate organization. At the site of regrowth, neurofilaments were colocalized with laminin, a molecule involved in fasciculation and axonal guidance during embryogenesis. Clinical efficiency was assessed using a contusive model of SCI. Body weight was early and constantly increased in NX210 treated animals as compared to vehicle treated animals. Improvement in locomotor behavior was appraised with the open field tests. Path length was significantly increased while time spent in central cells was constantly decreased in NX210 treated animals. A BBB score above 14 only performed by NX210 treated animals was related to the restoration of coordination between forelimbs and hind limbs. Normalization of reflexes such as paw placement and toe spread in NX210 treated animals could becorrelated to the recovery of supraspinal control. The action on cell recruiting was assessed by immunohistochemistry using a rat model of corpus callosum section. The lesion was performed near the subventricular zone to study cell proliferation and migration from the stem cell niche to the site of injury. The lack of NeuN immunostaining confirmed the absence of neural cells recruitment. Myelin debris identified by MBP immunostaining were located at a distance from the site of injury. GFAP and NG2cells significantly more numerous in NX210 treated animals identified astrocyte and oligodendrocyte recruitment all around the lesion site
Maillard, Pauline. "Vieillissement et hypersignaux de la substance blanche : Détection automatique et application à l'analyse de grandes cohortes." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2041.
Full textThe increase of life expectancy during the last century has led to a growing number of dementia cases in the aging population. This incidence has reinforced the importance of characterizing the mechanisms of the normal brain aging. Among them, White Matter Hyperintensities (WMH) are a strong marker of vascular diseases and explain, in parts, cognitive decline observed in individuals aged 65 years and over. We have developed an automated algorithm for the detection, quantification, localization and mapping WMH using T1-, T2- and PD- (proton density) weighted MRI. This algorithm was applied to the analysis of two large MRI databases: EVA (Etude du Vieillissement Artériel) and 3C (Etude des 3 Cités). The reliability of the whole procedure was assessed by the comparison of WMH load estimated with a conventional visual inspection approach and by investigating whether previously reported associations still hold with the WMH load detected by our algorithm. We finally tested the inter-centre reproducibility the method by comparing WMH distributions and loads in the two samples and its robustness to different MRI parameters. In order to apply to longitudinal data, the method has been optimized to study individually the emergence of new WMH between the two trials and the development of WMH already existing at baseline. This study suggested that load of deep WMH was constant between the two sessions, contrary to juxtaventricular or periventricular WMH underlying that dichotomization of WMH based on physiological determinants has an etiological relevance. The results also indicated that development of existing WMH was larger with age, particularly in men, contrary to the emergence of new WMH that kept constant with aging. This original approach offer new possibilities to investigate the aetiology of WMH, still largely unknown, and to make their cognitive and motor consequences on aging population clearer
GICQUEL, SEBASTIEN. "Detection, quantification et localisation automatiques des hypersignaux de la substance blanche en imagerie par resonance magnetique." Caen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CAEN2025.
Full textPoupon, Cyril. "Détection des faisceaux de fibres de la substance blanche pour l'étude de la connectivité anatomique cérébrale." Paris, ENST, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENST0026.
Full textPoupon, Cyril. "Détection des faisceaux de fibres de la substance blanche pour l'étude de la connectivité anatomique cérébrale /." [Paris] : École nationale supérieure des télécommunications, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37623589g.
Full textLunven, Marine. "Les disconnexions de la substance blanche comme facteur prédictif de l’évolution de la négligence spatiale unilatérale." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10352.
Full textUnilateral spatial neglect is a frequent neurological condition after right hemisphere damage. Patients behave as if objects on their left did not exist anymore. The presence of neglect has negative prognostic value for functional recovery in the acute and chronic phases after a stroke. Finding predictors of persistent neglect would permit to adapt rehabilitation procedures. We used diffusion MRI to define the state of anatomical connections in neglect and their predictor value for neglect persistence. Our results revealed that, together with right intra-hemispheric fronto-parietal disconnections, persistence of neglect is associated with inter-hemispheric disconnection. We concluded that an isolated left hemisphere may fail to compensate neglect because it cannot take into account left-sided objects. Recovery of neglect would instead occur thanks to the sharing of visual information between the two hemispheres, notably in posterior parietal and occipital cortices. We tested this hypothesis by using prism adaptation (PA) therapy. PA is a non-invasive and convenient technique to rehabilitate neglect. We showed that patients with damaged fronto-ponto-cerebellar pathways did not benefit from PA. This finding strongly suggests that PA can ameliorate signs of neglect by improving inter-hemispheric communication through enhanced activity of these connections. Left frontal areas may constitute the anatomical link between the right cerebellum and the left fronto-parietal network. Thus, connectional anatomy can help predict both neglect recovery and the quality of its response to rehabilitation therapies
Graulieres, Eliane. "Valeur prédictive des anomalies d'imagerie tensorielle de diffusion détectées dans la substance blanche apparemment normale et la substance grise de patients atteints de sclérose en plaques." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/350/.
Full textUntil now, cMRI have shown limitations about the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) because there is not correlation between lesion load visible on MRI images and clinical score EDSS that defines the severity of handicap of a patient with multiple sclerosis. The diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), by quantifying mean diffusivity of water and the degree of anisotropy of tissues characterized by fractional anisotropy in the central nervous system, gives in vivo information about physiopathological modifications of MS. But to this day, no marker can predict with certitude the evolution of pathology. Hence, robust markers that may surely describe the disease process are needed in order to improve the physiopathological comprehension of MS and establish a prognostic. The objective of this thesis was to realise a DTI study in NAWM and GM of patients with remitting-relapsing multiple sclerosis by using new mathematic indices: the Skewness (S) and the Kurtosis (K) and compare them with usual histograms quantifications: peak position and peak height. From a methodological point of view, the results of a first short term study: 3 months have shown that whereas there was not clinical evolution, the S index may reflect a significant alteration of GM over this short period. A group of healthy subjects did not show such modifications. The modifications of S, if the clinical evolution was confirmed, may be a marker of the disease evolution before repercussion on clinical score EDSS. .
JELASSI, MOUNIR. "Les infarctus cerebraux de moins de 15 mm : ont-ils une origine differente selon leur localisation dans les noyaux gris centraux ou la substance blanche ?" Lille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL2M298.
Full textKassem, Jinane. "L'exposition à une inflammation anténatale sensibilise le cerveau immature à une lésion excitotoxique postnatale." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR3119.
Full textThe periventricular leucomalacia is one of the main causes of cerebral palsy in premature infants. This disorder desease is multifactorial. Our hypothesis is that maternal inflammation sensitizes the immature brain to white matter (WM) and neuronal excitotoxic lesions. To test it, Sprague Dawley rats received LPS E. Coli at 19 and 20 days of gestation. The female control have received injections of PBS. The newborn rats received iboténate at P4 and then sacrificed at P5 and P9. In LPS groups vs control groups, immunohistochemical study showed an aggravation of histological lesions of the WM characterized by microglial activation, a hypomyelinisation and astrogliose. A decrease in GABAergic neurons and dopaminergic neurons were associated with WM lesions. Autoradiographic studies also showed a decrease of dopaminergic receptors D1 and D2 binding specific ligands. In this study, we showed that the LPS potentiates the effects of the Ibo by increasing macroscopic and diffuse brain injury
Sappey-Marinier, Dominique. "Spectroscopie par résomance magnétique nucléaire des lipides de la substance blanche cérébrale normale et pathologique : sclérose en plaques." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10114.
Full textSappey, Marinier Dominique. "Spectroscopie par résonance magnétique nucléaire des lipides de la substance blanche cérébrale normale et pathologique sclérose en plaques /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376096424.
Full textPopov, Alexandros. "Global inference of the structural connectivity of white matter fiber bundles using deep learning approaches and microstructural prior knowledge." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789629.
Full textMapping the structural connectivity of the human brain is a major scientific challenge. Describing the trajectory and connections made by the hundred billion neurons that make up the brain is a titanic and multi-scale task.The major fiber bundles have been described by classical anatomical approaches since the 20th century. These studies also revealed the existence of shorter bundles, called superficial bundles, that ensure the connectivity between neighboring anatomical regions. The small size and complex shape of these bundles set a serious challenge to their visualization, so that their description remains under discussion to this day.The first research axis of this thesis aims at pushing the limits of diffusion MRI and proposing a new ex-vivo dataset of the whole human brain, called Chenonceau, dedicated to the characterization of the fine connectivity of the brain.The dataset consists of two T2-weighted anatomical acquisitions at 100 and 150 micron resolution, as well as 175 dMRI datasets at 200 micron resolution with diffusion weighting reaching 8000 s/mm2. More than 4500 hours of acquisition, distributed across two and a half years were necessary to acquire this data.Chenonceau takes advantage of the Bruker 11.7T preclinical MRI system, equipped with both a high magnetic field and a powerful gradient tunnel (780mT/m) allowing to reach the mesoscopic resolution and a very high diffusion weighting.To reconcile the large size of the human brain with the preclinical system, a new acquisition protocol is proposed. It is based on the separation of the brain into smaller samples, which are imaged individually, then reassembled in post-processing to reconstitute the full volume.The whole process is presented, including the protocol for the cutting and the storage of the anatomical samples, the details of the MRI sequences and the description of the image processing pipeline. Special attention is dedicated to the definition of the registration step which recomposes the whole volume from the individual acquisitions.The first inferences of anatomical connectivity from this new dataset are also presented. Tractography associated with clustering techniques allow the extraction of the long and superficial bundles of Chenonceau.The second part of the thesis focused on the development of a new method for fiber tracking, based on the use of the spin glass model.The latter expresses the tractography problem as a set of fiber fragments, called spins, distributed in the sample and whose position and orientation, as well as the connections they establish, are associated with an amount of energy. The construction of the tracts results from the displacement and connection of the spins, with the aim of reaching the global minimum of energy.This thesis proposes to replace the Metropolis-Hastings method used for optimization by an agent trained in a reinforcement learning framework.This new formulation aims at improving the choice of actions, which would no longer be randomly drawn, but dictated by a strategy learned by the agent, fruit of its past interactions with similar environments.The anticipation and projection capacities of such an agent appear particularly adequate to propose the most relevant trajectory in regions where the diffusion information is ambiguous. Moreover, the possibility for the algorithm to learn through interactions allows to circumvent the difficulty of establishing datasets of ground-truth bundles
Lecrux, Clotilde. "Etude de la vulnérabilité à différents types de lésions cérébrales chez le rat spontanément hypertendu : implication de mécanismes non vasculaires." Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN2073.
Full textA considerable number of studies on stroke pathophysiology have been completed at both the level of experimental research – with animal models – and clinical research – during clinical trial in human. However, neuroprotective treatments tested during clinical trials failed to show any beneficial effect, and the only treatment currently available is the thrombolytic approach. Our project aimed to participle to improve animal models of cerebral ischemia by including the factors commonly present in human patients. The first is chronic arterial hypertension, which is the main risk and aggravating factor in cerebral ischemia. We demonstrate that spontaneously hypertensive rats display exacerbated brain lesions following both a cerebral ischaemia and an excitotoxic insult. Our data show a specific vulnerability of the strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats, independently from the level of blood pressure. Furthermore, we provide evidence of a specific vulnerability to AMPA receptors stimulation in these rats. The second factor we studied is the lesion of the white matter. We have developed a model of internal capsule lesion in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. This model has been characterised by the quantification of lesion volume – through the use of magnetic resonance imaging and histological staining – and by the measurement of behavioural deficits – through the use of behavioural tests. These approaches intend to a better characterization of animal models of cerebral ischemia, which remain a essential step to develop a beneficial treatment for stroke
GUILLEMOT, ERIC. "Approche en imagerie par resonance magnetique de la degenerescence wallerienne dans les sequelles d'accidents vasculaires cerebraux ischemiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX20834.
Full textGoizet, Cyril. "Caractérisation de la région chromosomique 11q14. 3 à la recherche d'un gène responsable d'une leucodystrophie de cause inconnue." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21258.
Full textLeukodystrophies (LD) are a heterogenous group of rare hereditary diseases affecting the myelin of the white matter in the central nervous system. 30 % of all LD remain of undetermined cause (LUC). We describe here a de novo 11q14. 3 microdeletion revealed a new chromosomal region susceptible to bear a gene involved in the pathogenesis of LUC. We constructed a contig of BACs encompassing the entire region of interest in order to obtain a physical map of this region. We then molecularly characterized this microdeletion. The size of the deleted region was evaluated to 1,7 Mb by using a search of hemizygosity with microsatellite markers and FISH analysis with several BACs selected from the contig. We have investigated the potential implication of four candidate genes, GRM5, LOC143680, NOX4 and NAALADase II, both in our patient and in a group of children with LUC. None have been yet demonstrated responsible for the LUC
Pron, Alexandre. "Etude de la connectivité structurelle des faisceaux d'association courts de la substance blanche du cerveau humain en IRM de diffusion." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0391.
Full textShort association fibres (U-shaped fibres) of the white matter connect cortical territories located in adjacent gyri. In vivo estimation of the spatial extent of these fibres requires diffusion-weighted MRI data (dMRI) with high spatial and angular resolution to limit the effect of partial volume at the cortex/white substance interface and to capture the complexity of the fibre patterns. Such data require appropriate pre-processing methods. In addition, the quantitative study of the connectivity of these fibres requires the implementation of advanced tractography and filtering strategies for the tractograms obtained. In this context, we have developed Diffuse (https://github.com/MecaLab/Brainvisa-Diffuse), a toolbox dedicated to dMRI data processing that interfaces state-of-the-art methods for pre-treatment, local modelling and estimation of fibre trajectories by tractography. Using Diffuse, we quantified the impact of six artefact correction chains typically used in dMRI data processing on subsequent local modelling and tractography steps (Brun et al. 2019). The second contribution to this thesis proposes to describe the connectivity of the U-shaped fibres of a sulcus by defining a new continuous representation space (Pron et al. 2018). This space was used to characterize the anatomical connectivity of the short association fibers of the central sulcus of 100 right-handed subjects from the Human Connectome Project's high-quality MRI database
Collin, Cédric. "Déterminants barométriques et non barométriques de la rigidité artérielle sur l'atteinte des organes ciblés : exemple de la maladie de Fabry, de la maladie rénale et des lésions de la substance blanche au cours du vieillissement : approche pharmacologique et épidémiologique." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05P628.
Full textIncreased arterial stiffness contributes to an increase in central pulse pressure. Damaging effects of increased pulse pressure have been demonstrated in large arteries (hypertrophy, remodelling) and in microcirculation (rarefaction), leading to increase vascular resistance in the blood flow and therefore the mean arterial pressure. Central pulse pressure and arterial stiffness were associated with microvascular damage in target organs (heart, kidney and brain). We suggested distinguishing mechanisms of target organ damage in pathologies whether blood pressure is increased or not. First, in Fabry disease (deposition of lipids in arterial wall), arterial and cardiac remodelling and chronic renal failure, associated with an increased arterial stiffness but with normal blood pressure are described. We then specified the effects of replacement treatment on cardiac and arterial properties. Then we studied the influence of arterial stiffness and remodelling in chronic kidney disease, which is strongly dependent of blood pressure. Finally, we described the relationship between arterial stiffness and white matter lesions in an elderly population of community-dwelling subjects
Vargas, Patricia. "Etude des atteintes de la substance blanche liées aux performances motrices et de langage des patients après un accident vasculaire cérébral." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00987601.
Full textHannoun, Salem. "Détection et suivi longitudinal des anomalies de la substance blanche et de la substance grise dans la sclérose en plaques par des approches régionales et statistiques d'IRM de tenseur de diffusion." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661283.
Full textHannoun, Salem. "Détection et suivi longitudinal des anomalies de la substance blanche et de la substance grise dans la sclérose en plaques par des approches régionales et statistiques d’IRM de tenseur de diffusion." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10031/document.
Full textIf magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows the inflammatory nature of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, there is no marker capable of predicting its evolution or characterizing neurodegeneration. Therefore, the aim of this work was first, to identify markers of tissue integrity by diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) for the detection of inflammatory and/or degenerative tissue damages, and second, to characterize their changes with time using a longitudinal analysis of patients with different clinical forms. To this end, we first proposed a regional approach based on several white (WM) and gray (GM) matter regions of interest, and second, a statistical approach for the analysis of global WM anisotropy changes (TBSS) and GM density changes (VBM). WM analysis showed variations of the fractional anisotropy (FA), and radial and axial diffusivities, reflecting myelin and axonal damage respectively, while the GM analysis showed increased FA suggesting neuronal dendritic loss. TBSS and VBM analysis showed abnormalities affecting mostly subcortical regions in patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) MS which extended to cortical regions in patients with progressive MS. Longitudinally, we mainly observed WM FA changes and GM atrophy in RR patients. This work showed that DTI is a sensitive method for the detection and a better understanding of brain alterations and their progression in MS
Vulser, Hélène. "Etude en imagerie par résonance magnétique des substrats neuro-anatomiques de la dépression sub-syndromique chez l'adolescent." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066613/document.
Full textNeuroimaging findings have been reported in emotional regions in both adults and adolescents with depression but it still remains unknown whether such brain alterations can be detected before depression onset or reflect disease progression. Although subthreshold-depression in adolescence is a condition at risk for Major Depressive Disorder, not all youths with subthreshold depression will develop full-syndrome depression. Thus, studying brain correlates of subthreshold-depression in adolescence may inform on the pathophysiology of depression. We used clinical and, T1 weighted and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data from the IMAGEN study, an European and population-based cohort of 2131 adolescents recruited from secondary schools at age 14 and followed-up at age 16. Regional gray and white matter morphometry and white matter microstructure were compared between adolescents with subthreshold-depression and healthy control adolescents. Macro and micro structural brain changes were found in adolescents with subthreshold-depression in regions involved in Major Depressive Disorder. The relation between subthreshold-depression at baseline and clinical depression at follow-up was mediated by lower medial-prefrontal gray matter volume in girls and by lower fractional anisotropy in tracts projecting from the corpus callosum to the anterior cingulate cortex in both sexes. The findings suggest that subthreshold-depression in early adolescence is associated with structural volumetric and connectivity changes in emotion-regulation circuits, and that some of these changes might denote high risk for later clinical depression
Leonetti, Camille. "Rôles de l'activateur tissulaire du plasminogène dans la myélinisation au cours du développement et la remyélinisation apres lésion de la substance blanche." Caen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CAEN3160.
Full textTissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease involved in many physiological and pathological processes (fibrinolysis, synaptic plasticity, neuronal migration, long-term potentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, excitotoxicity). In particular, our laboratory has shown that tPA has an anti-apoptotic effect on oligodendrocytes via its EGF-like domain. My thesis work consisted in studying the effects of tPA, first on the migration and proliferation of oligodendrocytes, and second on the maturation of oligodendrocytes, during embryonic development and after a white matter damage. We show in our first study that the absence of tPA delays oligodendrocyte migration, but has no effect on their proliferation during embryonic development and after white matter damage. In both conditions, tPA promotes oligodendrocyte migration along vessels. We also highlight the involvement of the EGF receptor in these processes by establishing in vitro that tPA has an EGFR dependant chemokinetic effect on oligodendrocytes. In our second study, we show that tPA is (i) expressed gradually during development (from P0 to P7) in Sox10+/APC+ oligodendrocytes (ii) increased in oligodendrocytes 7 and 14 days after white matter damage, particularly in Olig2+/Sox10+/PDGFRα-/NogoA- oligodendrocytes. In addition, exogenous tPA increased in vitro the the PLP myelin protein expression by oligodendrocytes suggesting a pro-myelinating effect of tPA. My thesis work provides new insights into the role of tPA in the biology of oligodendrocytes, particularly in their migration and maturation during embryonic development and after white matter damage
Lima, Maldonado Igor. "Vers une anatomie fonctionnelle de la substance blanche cérébrale chez l'homme : Étude par dissection de fibres et électrostimulation des voies du langage." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20137/document.
Full textThe knowledge of the form and function of fiber pathways supports the modeling of cognitive networks, the development of neurosurgical approaches and the interpretation of neuroimaging. We used a hybrid anatomical and neurophysiological methodology whose main objective was to characterize the subunits of the complex comprised of the Superior Longitudinal and the Arcuate Fasciculus (SLF/AF) as well as their participation in the articulatory, phonological and semantic language functions. Sixty-eight cerebral hemispheres were prepared using a variant of the fiber dissection technique known as the Klingler's method. In parallel, we studied the electrical functional maps of fourteen patients operated on using a sleep-awake-sleep technique for brain tumors of the temporo-parietal junction in the dominant hemisphere. Based on our laboratory and neuroimaging findings, as well as on the available literature, we conducted a correlation of clinical manifestations caused by the electrical stimulation and the topography of the association bundles. The anatomical preparations allowed us to detail the three-dimensional organization of hemispheric white matter, to perform the first description of the Middle Longitudinal Fasciculus using fiber dissection, and to characterize three of the four components of the SLF: the major, the ventral and the arcuate. The existence of a dorsal component along the superior edge of the hemisphere was not confirmed by our findings, a hypothesis in the literature that was based on the anatomy of the nonhuman primate and on previous studies on neuroimaging. The functional anatomy of the inferior parietal lobule was revisited as well as the pathways of white matter in its depth. The inter-individual variability in the distribution of eloquent areas was evident, especially for language. These areas were used to delineate the tumor resection, namely: the primary sensory cortex, anteriorly; the Wernicke's area, inferiorly and laterally, and the white matter pathways from the SLF/AF in the white matter. At this level, the observation of the clinical manifestations in connection with the electrical disturbance caused by the cerebral stimulation allowed us to conclude that the ventral opercular component of the SLF has a role in the articulatory function and the deeper arcuate component is involved in the phonological function. The functional mapping does not provide any argument for a participation of this association complex in the treatment of semantics, an assumption in the literature that was based only on neuroimaging. These findings may have important implications, both in clinical practice and in fundamental research, including for modeling the neural basis of language
Zemmoura, Ilyess. "Reconstruction des fibres blanches cérébrales à partir de la dissection et recalage dans l'IRM post-mortem : pour la comparaison à la tractographie cérébrale par IRM de diffusion." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR3305/document.
Full textThe knowledge of the morphology of white matter fiber tracts, which connect distant cerebral areas, is essential to better understand brain functions. Diffusion MR tractography indirectly reconstructs this anatomy using complex mathematical algorithms. After a review of the existing methods for tractography validation, we propose an original method based on 3D reconstruction of dissected tracts. Our method, FIBRASCAN, used iterative surface acquisitions during dissection. The tracts were segmented on each surface and then reconstructed by stacking these surfaces. A rigid support allowed registration between surfaces and then registration to MRI. We demonstrated the accuracy of each reconstructing step, and the feasibility of our method on several tracts. In the last part of this work, the structure of white matter fibers and the changes induced by preparation and dissection were investigated using electron microscopy. We showed that dissection preserves the structure of axons and can thus be considered as a validation tool for tractography
Peltier, Johann. "Connexions et fonctions du corps calleux antérieur." Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIED003.
Full textLabra, Avila Nicole. "Inference of a U-fiber bundle atlas informed by the variability of the cortical folding pattern." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST056.
Full textTechnological breakthroughs in medical imaging have allowed for first time in vivo exploration of the brain of living beings. This has prompted the creation of big projects and large databases for the study of the human brain such as the Human Connectome Project (HCP) or the Human Brain Project (HBP), of which this thesis is a part. Tractography by diffusion MRI (dMRI) has been the first technique to explore the white matter and the major connections of the human brain but there is still a long way to go regarding short-range connections. Even more, the boundary of the division between long and short fibers remains ambiguous and without consensus among the scientific community and further study is imperative. In recent years, some short bundle atlases have been proposed, identifying about a hundred short-range fascicles. However, the main weakness in the development of these atlases is the poor alignment between subjects which consider only the standard Talairach alignment or the diffusion tensor image registration method (DTI-tk). Neither of those approaches take into account correctly the variability of the cortical folding pattern which is closely related to the short-range connections surrounding sulci, commonly known as U-bundles.This thesis work proposes a new framework for the creation of an extended atlas of short-range fiber bundles between 20mm and 85mm length from two massive dMRI tractography datasets : the ARCHI database and the HCP database. 76 subjects of each one have been used to construct two atlases of short-range connections using exactly the same pipeline. This method uses a two-step diffeomorphic inter-subject alignment procedure that combines DISCO and DARTEL approaches. First, DISCO includes information on cortical folding and forces the accurate match of the main sulci that have to be circumvented by the U-bundles. Then, the well-known DARTEL method is applied to refine the registration. The MNI 152 template is also used, in order to provide our results in a common space to facilitate its use in the scientific community.An adaptative hierarchical clustering based on DBSCAN, focused in the extraction of short-range connections is performed then to extract the most reproducible bundles across subjects. This method does not impose restriction on the shape of the bundle clusters and allows the processing of massive tractography datasets in a reasonable time and without the need of high performance computational resources. The results show an increased number of short-range bundles consistently mapped in the general population compared with previous atlases created from the same ARCHI database. This first atlas contains more than 400 bundles. On the other hand, more than 600 bundles were obtained with the massive HCP database endowed with higher spatial resolution. Each of this new atlases contains all the bundles of the existent atlases of short-range connections and much more to explore. And even, for some bundles in the same region and position, different morphologies of them have been differentiated. Those results open a new path to improve our understanding of the relationship between the folding pattern and the U-bundle variability but also the possibility to detect abnormal configurations induced by developmental issues which may lead to mental pathologies such as bipolar depression or schizophrenia
Cho, Angelo Hanbum. "Évaluation de mécanismes potentiellement impliqués dans les lésions de la substance blanche après un traumatisme crânien : un rôle pour la Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymérase ?" Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05P601/document.
Full textTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability for which there is no neuroprotective treatment up to date. It results in neuroinflammation that may participate in lasting motor and cognitive impairments accompanied by changes in white matter (WM) tracts. WM lesions, evidenced by demyelination, are associated with neurological disorders and in clinical studies are common consequences in patients with chronic TBI. Several studies suggest a contribution of an overactivation of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) to the neuroinflammatory response which may lead to demyelination. The first part of this study was dedicated to a detailed in vivo assessment of the evolution over time of neurological disorders, cerebral lesion and edema, neuroinflammation and white matter injury induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI) between 6 hours and 12 weeks post-TBI. Notably in the corpus callosum, a significant demyelination starting at 7 days appeared to be a major consequence to post-traumatic neuroinflammation associated with motor dysfunctions. The second part of this study was dedicated to the evaluation of PARP’s role in WM lesions post-TBI, using PARP knockout (KO) mice. Our main findings reveal a diminished demyelination in the corpus callosum of TBI PARP KO as opposed to TBI PARP wildtype specimens. Hence, these data suggest for the first time PARP’s deleterious role in post-traumatic demyelination. In conclusion, taken together these data give an overall view of motor/sensorimotor deficits, neuroinflammation and demyelination in a CCI model of TBI that could help to validate pharmacological strategy for preventing post-traumatic WM injury. Notably, PARP’s inhibition seems to be a valid candidate as this enzyme participates in the establishment of a demyelinating process
Plaisant, Frank. "Rôles des cytkines pro inflammatoires, de la microglie et du stress oxydatif dans les lésions excitotoxiques de la substance blanche du cerveau en développement." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077223.
Full textThe periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is one of the principal causes of brain injury at the premature new-born babies. It corresponds to necrosis and/or a gliosis of periventricular white matter. Its physiopathology implies several factors Hke anoxo-ischaemia, glutaminergic excitotoxicity, pro-inflammatory infection and cytokines, deficit in trophic factors and oxydative stress. It was used mainly, a murine neonatal model of PVL which consists to intracérébral administration of the iboténate, a NMDA receptor agonist, or S-Bromo-Willardiine, an AMPA receptor agonist, at newbofn mice of 5th day of life. This model reproduces excitotoxic lesions of the white substance similar to the human LPV. It was studied macrophagic activation in this model, and the origin of the activated microglia. It was shown that it was possible to decrease the lesions by inhibiting the activation of the microglia by minocycline, chloroquine and association chloroquine-colchicïne, It was studied the exacerbation of the lesions by the pro-inflammatory cytokines and its modulation by IL10 and the tianeptine as well as the neuroprotectrive action of anti-radical free substances like the peroxiredoxin of the type V a new identified molecule
Mortamais, Marion. "Facteurs influençant les relations entre les hypersignaux de la substance blanche cérébrale et le risque de troubles cognitifs et de démence chez les sujets âgés." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON1T009/document.
Full textCerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMH), detected in vivo with MRI, are commonly used to assess cerebrovascular burden in cognitive impairment. However, the association between WMH and cognition is not consistent the across literature. In our longitudinal population-based study of 660 subjects aged 65 years and over with a brain MRI at baseline (ESPRIT Study), we aimed to identify factors that may modulate the effects of WMH on cognition. During the 10-year follow-up period, we observed that the association between WMH and cognitive impairment became weaker with advancing age, was only observed when the relationship was examined in low-educated individuals, and in patients with a specific spatial distribution of WMH, defined by a severe total WMH load with a high proportion of hyperintensities in the temporal lobe. These results suggest that there is a particular population (younger, less educated and with a specific distribution of WMH) in which the effects of WMH are more severe and/ or more easily detectable. In future studies using WMH as a marker of vascular burden in cognition, this particular population should be specifically considered
Renard, Félix. "Création et utilisation d'atlas en IRM de diffusion : application à l'étude des troubles de la conscience." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/RENARD_Felix_2011.pdf.
Full textThis dissertation deals with the creation of an atlas for diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI). For the first time, diffusion MRI allows to characterize the underlying neuronal structures. The development of medical imaging leads to more and more important data, for more and more persons. This atlas allow to model this new, important quantity of information, taking into account the inter-individual variability existing in a population. The help of diagnostic is more efficient, with the implicit knowledge of a large database of reference images. The dMRI modality delivers complex signals permitting to study the brain at different scales, from the voxel to the whole brain. Due to the complexity of this kind of imaging, it has been necessary to develop some statistical tools, based on the atlas, permitting to quantify pathological phenomena, and to differentiate them from normal phenomena. The aim of this thesis is the creation of probabilistic atlas for a general case, and the application of the dMRI for persons who have consciousness impairment. More precisely, the conception of this atlas consists in one hand to elaborate a probabilistic model of a normal population supposed healthy, and on the other hand to identify significant statistical differences between a person with some consciousness impairment and the probabilistic atlas. The creation of this atlas permits a better understanding of the physio pathological mechanisms of the consciousness impairments
Cassol, Emmanuelle. "Evaluation de l'imagerie par résonnance magnétique de diffusion dans la sclérose en plaques." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30024.
Full textBihel, Ebeline. "Evolution de la lésion cérébrale et des déficits fonctionnels chez le marmouset soumis à une ischémie cérébrale focale : étude pendant la phase aigüe, subaigüe et chronique." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN3118.
Full textThe failure of stroke therapies in human clinical trials has been attributed, at least in part, to the inadequacy of animal models of stroke. Several recent reports emanating from committees of experts have called for the use of models in which pertinent animal species and approaches are employed. In this context, we have developed a new stroke model in a non-human primate, the marmoset, using an intravascular approach to occlude, permanently or transiently, the middle cerebral artery. The analysis of the acute, subacute, and chronic evolution of cerebral damage with pertinent imaging techniques (magnetic resonance imaging and positions emission tomography) has shown a close evolution of cerebral damage between the Human and the marmoset, and the presence of secondary damage, like diaschisis, and discrete chronic white matter alterations. Functional deficits evaluations, through the use of a battery of behavioural tests, have shown long lasting sensorimotors deficits, which could be correlated with the severity of diaschisis and white matter alterations. Thus we have demonstrated the relevance of this marmoset’s stroke model for therapeutic evaluations and the investigation of the mechanisms implicated in the persistence of the functional deficits
Cyprien, Fabienne. "Rôle du corps calleux dans les troubles de l'humeur et les conduites suicidaires." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT053.
Full textCorpus Callosum (CC), the main commissure connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, is of crucial importance in the integration of interhemispheric information and higher cognitive functions. CC alterations might contribute to abnormal interhemispheric connectivity that may underlie functional abnormalities of brain regions involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. However, our understanding of the role of the CC in mood disorders and suicidal behaviour is still very limited. We have little information about the exact involvement of the CC in psychopathology and the factors that could affect its integrity. The objective of this thesis was to further clarify the relationship between alterations of the CC, mood disorders and suicidal behaviour.We have found an association between CC atrophy and incident depression over a 10-year follow-up period among 467 healthy subjects aged 65 to 80 years using the morphological MRI data from the epidemiological study Esprit. In a clinical study of 121 younger women (18-50 years), we have used a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) technique to show an alteration of the anterior parts of the CC in bipolar women, while the splenium, the posterior part of the CC, is altered only in suicidal women. We have also emphasized that the alteration of splenium is associated with the number of suicide attempts and suicidal intentionality scale score. Furthermore, we showed a linear association between the level of a marker of inflammation (CRP) and a reduced size of the anterior parts of the CC within the population of the Esprit study. Our work therefore suggests impaired integrity of the CC in mood disorders and suicidal behaviours at different stages of life, in general population and in clinical population. Future studies should aim to clarify the consequences of interhemispheric communication anomalies identified in these pathologies
Bauchet, Anne-Laure. "Etude des processus inflammatoires de la substance blanche du système nerveux central chez le macaque : mise au point de deux modèles : étude anatomo-pathologique et corrélation avec l’imagerie." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066229.
Full textA perinatal encephalopathy (EP) and an experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis have been set up in cynomolgus monkeys and characterized by histologic and imaging technics. EP model, based on the intra-amniotic infusion of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) induced lower birth weight, and in the brain a decreased myelination, a lower number of interneurons in the caudate nucleus and a lower number of mitotic cells. EAE was induced in 8 out of 8 animals by rhMOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) immunization in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant. A long evolution (3 animals / 8) was associated with subacute and chronic demyelinating lesions lower IgM titer whereas a monophasic course (5 animals / 8) was associated with acute lesions characterized by necrosis, hemorrhage and a higher IgM titer. These models open perspectives about the physiology of these affections and the validation of imaging in their diagnostic
Beaujoin, Justine. "Post mortem inference of the human brain microstructure using ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging with strong gradients." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS448/document.
Full textThe aim of ultra-high field strength (≥7T) and ultra-strong gradient systems (≥300mT/m) is to go beyond the millimeter resolution imposed at lower field and to reach the mesoscopic scale in neuroimaging. This scale is essential to understand the link between brain structure and function. However, despite recent technological improvements of clinical UHF-MRI, gradient systems remain too limited to reach this resolution. This thesis aims at answering the need for mapping the human brain at a mesoscopic scale by the study of post mortem samples. An alternative approach has been developed, based on the use of preclinical systems equipped with ultra-high fields (7T/11.7T) and strong gradients (780mT). After its extraction and fixation at Bretonneau University Hospital (Tours), an entire human brain specimen was scanned on a 3T clinical system, before separating its two hemispheres and cutting each hemisphere into seven blocks that could fit into the small bore of an 11.7T preclinical system. An MRI acquisition protocol targeting a mesoscopic resolution was then set up at 11.7T. This protocol, including anatomical, quantitative, and diffusion-weighted sequences, was validated through the study of two key structures: the hippocampus and the brainstem. From the high resolution anatomical and diffusion dataset of the human hippocampus, it was possible to segment the hippocampal subfields, to extract the polysynaptic pathway, and to observe a positive gradient of connectivity and neuritic density in the posterior-anterior direction of the hippocampal formation. The use of advanced microstructural models (NODDI) also highlighted the potential of these techniques to reveal the laminar structure of the Ammon’s horn. A high resolution anatomical and diffusion MRI dataset was obtained from the human brainstem with an enhanced resolution of a hundred micrometers. The segmentation of 53 of its 71 nuclei was performed at the Bretonneau University Hospital, making it the most complete MR-based segmentation of the human brainstem to date. Major white matter bundles were reconstructed, as well as projections of the locus coeruleus, a structure known to be impaired in Parkinson’s disease. Buoyed by these results, a dedicated acquisition campaign targeting the entire left hemisphere was launched for total scan duration of 10 months. The acquisition protocol was performed at 11.7T and included high resolution anatomical sequences (100/150μm) as well as 3D diffusion-weighted sequences (b=1500/4500/8000 s/mm², 25/60/90 directions, 200μm). In addition, T1-weighted inversion recovery turbo spin echo scans were performed at 7T to further investigate the myeloarchitecture of the cortical ribbon at 300µm, revealing its laminar structure. A new method to automatically segment the cortical layers was developed relying on a Gaussian mixture model integrating both T1-based myeloarchitectural information and diffusion-based cytoarchitectural information. The results gave evidence that the combination of these two contrasts highlighted the layers of the visual cortex, the myeloarchitectural information favoring the extraction of the outer layers and the neuritic density favoring the extraction of the deeper layers. Finally, the analysis of the MRI dataset acquired at 11.7T on the seven blocks required the development of a preprocessing pipeline to correct artifacts and to reconstruct the entire hemisphere using advanced registration methods. The aim was to obtain an ultra-high spatio-angular resolution MRI dataset of the left hemisphere, in order to establish a new mesoscopic post mortem MRI atlas of the human brain, including key information about its structure, connectivity and microstructure
Benoit, David. "Mise au point et évaluation d'un système fibré de dosimétrie en ligne utilisant des matériaux phosphorescents stimulables optiquement : application à la mesure de dose en radiothérapie et au monitoring de faisceaux." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/392/.
Full textWherever radiations are used, for medicine, industrial applications or research, the amount of energy deposited per unit mass (absorbed dose) has to be quantified. The usual methods used to quantify the dose, that is dosimetry are reviewed. The overall context in both radiation therapy and high energy physics led to the elaboration of a book of specifications for the development of a novel type of on-line dosimetry. It is based on the quantification of the luminescence emitted by an optically stimulated phosphorescent material deported by an optical fiber. Principles and applications relatives to these techniques are presented in chapters 2 and 3. Chapter 4 describes a novel, easy of use, robust and flexible dosimetry system. The first experimental results exhibit an excellent linearity of the response with dose (0. 01 to 6 Gy), measurement repeatability less than 2%, a high sensitivity to radiation and an error on dose measurement less than 5%. Preliminary system qualification for dose measurement during both radiation therapy treatments and beam monitoring in high energy physics facilities (CERN and DESY) gave encouraging results since the system meets some of the requirements specific to each kind of application. Thus, the characterization of structural and luminescence properties of the phosphorescent material doped with boron, with aim of application for the on-line dosimetry in mixed radiation field neutron / gamma may explain the drop of luminescence previously observed
Daire, Jean-Luc. "Analyse et optimisation de la perfusion et diffusion tissulaire en imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) périnatale et abdominale." Compiègne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004COMP1505.
Full textLn newborn brain pathology, MR diffusion weighted sequences at 1,5T allowed in vivo : a discrimination between heathly and pathologic areas in hypoxic and excitotoxic models ofleucomalacia in newborn mouse and rat (<10gr) ; caracterisation of local inflammatory response and biphasic time course of cystic leucomalacia; in utero quantification of brain development with apparent diffusion coefficient and anisotropy fraction. MR quantification of hepatic perfusion parameters was described and validated with a optimized protocol consisting of a T1 dynamic sequence after intravenous bolus administration of gadolinium and a dual input one-compartmental model. Applied to chronic liver diseases, this technique allowed to differentiate healthy liver, fibrosis and cirrhosis with a good correlation between MR and hemodynamic data. Our results demonstrate a high sensitivity to degree of fibrosis and validate the use of dynamic MRI for the non invasive assessment of hepatic perfusion parameters
Duriez, Quentin. "Tabagisme et atrophie cérébrale chez le sujet âgé." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0280/document.
Full textThe increase in life expectancy seen during the XXth century, followed by an increase in theproportion of elderly, placed the study of brain aging and of its accompanying diseases in thespotlight. This thesis had for goal the study and quantification of the impact of tobaccoconsumption on brain morphological aging in a large cohort of elderly subjects from the Three CitiesStudy. We focused to evaluate and compare its impact, in comparison with other factors known toinfluence brain aging, in longitudinals and cross-sectionals studies. We show that tobacco smokinghas an effect, mainly global, more important than the others cardiovascular risk factors included inthis study and as important as the effect of age. Also, we have found that this effect stops with theconsumption, showing that prevention among the elderly population might be of major interest forsociety. Moreover, analysis have been conducted in men and women separately, allowing us to finddifferential effects of tobacco consumption on the brain morphological aging in the two sexes
Watfa, Ghassan. "Altération vasculaire, hypertension et troubles cognitifs." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10066/document.
Full textThe role of the vascular alterations in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment and dementia (vascular or Alzheimer) is increasingly recognized. In this context, we studied the epidemiological, physiological, genetic and therapeutic aspects of the relationship between high blood pressure, markers of arterial aging and cognitive impairment in elderly (aged 60-85 years) hypertensive patients with subjective memory complaints (ADELAHYDE study) and in institutionalized elderly subjects (aged >= 80 years) during one year follow-up (PARTAGE study), as well as in an elderly population (aged >= 60 years) with good general health and without dementia (Senior examination study). Our results on these three populations show that markers of arterial aging identified subjects at higher risk for cognitive decline, while blood pressure alone did not appear to have a significant predictive value. We also showed that in elderly hypertensive patients (ADELAHYDE study), treatment with calcium-channel blockers was associated with better cognitive performance, independently of blood pressure level and macrovascular or microvascular alteratios. This suggests a specific neuroprotective effect of channel blockers class in the elderly population. Lastly, we could not identify genetic factors associated with cognitive function
Quarello, Edwin. "Evaluation de la faisabilité de la caractérisation tissulaire par élastographie chez le fœtus de babouin." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5069.
Full textThe purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and reproducibility of transabdominal ShearWaveTM elastography of fetal organs and placenta in pregnant baboons.Materials and methods: Fetal ultrasounds of all pregnant baboons in a single primate research center were performed prospectively during 9 months. The visualization of fetal targeted organs (liver, proximal and distal lungs, brain white substance and periventricular gray substance) was initially performed using 2D ultrasound, and then elastography mode was activated. For each organ, three measurements were carried out by two operators. Intra-observer and inter-observer intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated.Results: During the study period (03/2013–12/2013), 21 pregnant baboons (21 fetuses) were included. One to three ultrasound scans were performed for each fetus. The measurements were feasible by the two operators in all cases. The intra-observer and inter-observer ICC were 0.654, 95% CI (0.606 to 0.699) and 0.645, 95% CI (0.553 to 0.721) respectively.Conclusion: Transabdominal ShearWaveTM Elastography of fetal organs can be achieved in pregnant baboons. The intra-observer and inter-observer reproducibility is correct but vary according to the targeted organs.ves: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and reproducibility of transabdominal ShearWaveTM elastography of fetal organs and placenta in pregnant baboons
Delage, Clément. "Translocator protein comme marqueur de neuro-inflammation microgliale suite au traumatisme crânien : de l'imagerie en tomographie par émission de positons à l'analyse cellulaire The 18-KDA translocator protein in traumatic brain injury : from positron emission tomography to cell analysis." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UNIP5001.
Full textTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem for which there is currently no treatment. TBI leads to neuroinflammation, mainly originating from microglial activation. Both microglia and the neuroinflammation are increasingly incriminated in the occurrence of white matter injuries (WMI). Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging appears as a promising method to visualize its activation following TBI. The translocator protein (TSPO) is used to target microglia activation. In this context, we explored microglial activation using in vivo PET imaging and cell analysis in a mild TBI mice model in which we already demonstrated microglial activation through rt-qPCR on brain cell sorting microglia. After a craniotomy, a controlled cortical impact was performed onto adult male mice. PET was performed with [18F]FEPPA, a TSPO specific radiotracer, on TBI, sham-operated and non-operated mice. Mean Standard Uptake Value (SUV) were analyzed on both hemispheres and 7 brain regions. Immunostainings were processed on mice brain slices and microglial and endothelial cells culture. Brain immune TSPO expressing cells were analyzed by flow cytometry after TBI. ROI quantification of [18F]FEPPA did not reveal any difference after TBI, except SUVmean in the amygdala at day 14 (sham-operated versus TBI, p<0.05), suggesting an increased expression of microglial TSPO. Iba1+ cells (microglia) and TSPO+ quantification in the amygdala did not confirm PET results. Moreover, staining showed a vascular-like staining of TSPO regardless of mice group or time. In addition, TSPO was expressed by both endothelial and microglial cells in primary cell cultures. TSPO expression was increased in microglia (p<0.001) and in infiltrating immune cells: macrophages (p<0.001), lymphocytes (p<0.01), polymorphonuclear neutrophils (p<0.01) 3 days after TBI. In addition, 58%, 8%, 0.3% and 34% of TSPO+ cells were respectively microglia, infiltrating immune cells, endothelial cells and other cells. TSPO expression by brain and peripheral immune cells is increased by TBI. However, its lack of specificity and the variability of the binding affinity of its radioligand raises the question of its interest for monitoring microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. Moreover, due to the low intensity of the neuroinflammation in our TBI model, a PET acquisition does not seem sensitive to highlight the microglial activation
Clarisse, Perrine. "Tractographie cérébrale par IRM de tenseur de diffusion : influence des paramètres d'acquisition et de la méthode de tractographie sur la reproductibilité et la plausibilité anatomique des résultats dans la perspective d'une application en routine clinique." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/271/.
Full textDiffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) and fiber tracking provide unique qualitative and quantitative information to help in visualizing and studying fiber tract architecture in white matter. Nevertheless, only streamline tractography methods are available for clinical routine. However, the reliability of these methods within a clinical perspective has not been thoroughly evaluated. The aim of our study is to evaluate fiber tracking strategy in terms of acquisition schemes in conjunction with the algorithm which is commonly used in clinical practice (TEND: "Tensor deflection algorithm"). Our work first consisted in a systematic exploration of the main acquisition parameters in order to asses their effects on image quality for fiber tracking. Based on homogeneous phantom DTI data, this study allowed us to select several acquisition schemes according to image quality criterions and clinical constraints of time. Then, DTI acquisitions were performed on 14 healthy subjects and the TEND method was applied to trace on the pyramidal tract, on the major tract of human brain. Acquisition and fiber tracking reliability were evaluated both by qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis showed a good anatomic plausibility. Fiber tracking reproducibility was about 65% for intra exam and only 30% for inter exam. The observed differences in the fiber tracking results due to different acquisition schemes appear to be small relative to inter exam variability. Despite a weak reproducibility, fiber tracking provides usefull information on tract position for neurosurgical planning. Thus, this method has to be used very carefully and should be to be improved