Journal articles: 'Hygroscopic performance'

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Yu, Shui, Yumeng Cui, Yifei Shao, and Fuhong Han. "Research on the Comprehensive Performance of Hygroscopic Materials in an Office Building Based on EnergyPlus." Energies 12, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010191.

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This paper presents the research status of hygroscopic materials, points out the weak links as targets for major breakthroughs, and introduces humidifying mechanisms and their categories. In this paper, we simulated a single-monomer Shenyang office building with different envelopes of inner-surface hygroscopic materials for indoor humidity conditions, energy consumption, and economy, which are three aspects of energy consumption analysis in EnergyPlus software. To obtain the best moisture buffering performance from hygroscopic materials, we also simulated different cases including the laying area, ventilation strategy, thickness, and initial moisture content of different hygroscopic materials. The humidity fluctuation, with changes in the style of hygroscopic materials and usage conditions, of a room in a building can be analyzed by numerical simulation. This allows the determination of the best moisture buffering performance of the building structure. The results show that hygroscopic materials have great advantages in three energy saving aspects of building assessment. Hygroscopic materials can regulate indoor air humidity and reduce energy consumption. In addition, the entire life-cycle cost can be minimized. Lower rates of air exchange and larger usable areas can help enhance the level of performance of hygroscopic materials. The thickness and initial moisture content of hygroscopic materials have little impact on the moisture buffering value. This study strived to provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the production and installation of hygroscopic materials. It also promoted the passive materials market and the building’s energy savings. The best moisture buffering performance, evaluated at room level in this paper, can be obtained through real-world environmental simulation.

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Wong, E. H., R. Rajoo, S. W. Koh, and T. B. Lim. "The Mechanics and Impact of Hygroscopic Swelling of Polymeric Materials in Electronic Packaging." Journal of Electronic Packaging 124, no. 2 (May 2, 2002): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1461367.

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A reliable technique for characterizing the hygroscopic swelling of materials has been developed and used to characterize a number of packaging materials. Using these data, hygroscopic stress modeling were performed. The hygroscopic stress induced through moisture conditioning was found to be significant compared to the thermal stress during solder reflow. Hygroscopic stress in over-molded wire bond PBGA and molded Flip Chip PBGA was found to be 1.3 times to 1.5 times that of thermal stress. Hygroscopic swelling of the underfill in FCPBGA was found to be the main failure driver during autoclave test. Autoclave performance of FCPBGA package assembled with different underfills and chips were analyzed. Excellent correlation was found between autoclave performance and the hygroscopic swelling characteristics of the underfills.

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Wang, Feng Xian, Fu Xin Yang, and Xue Mei Liu. "Preparation and Performance Study of Hygroscopic Film." Applied Mechanics and Materials 200 (October 2012): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.200.360.

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PVA hydroscopic films were prepared by solution and tape casting method. PVA 1799 was selected as the best material of hygroscopic film. This work evaluated the effect of PVA concentration, glycerol and methylcellulose (MC) on mechanical property, transmittance and absorbability of the film. The result showed that the transmittance of PVA film was high, and that plasticizer and MC had little effect on it; while the addition of MC affected the haze of PVA film greatly, the haze increased along with the increasing of adding amount of MC. The suitable concentration of PVA, glycerol and MC was 7%, 0.8%, 0.18%, respectively..

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Wang, Ying, and Li Ren Fan. "Preparation and Hygroscopic Property of the Polyacrylamide/MgCl₂ Hybrid Hydrogel." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 904–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.904.

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Polyacrylamide/MgCl2 hybrid hydrogel desiccant was prepared from magnesium chloride and polyacrylamide by aqueous solution polymerization. The hybrid hydrogel was synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction. The effect of the experimental factors such as content of magnesium chloride, concentration of cross-linking agent, initiator content on hygroscopic performance of the hybrid hydrogel were investigated, furthermore, the hygroscopic swelling kinetic process of the hybrid hydrogel was studied. The results indicate that hybrid hydrogel possessed preferable hygroscopic property under the optimum conditions, the hygroscopic swelling degree achieving 172%. The hygroscopic swelling process of the hybrid hydrogel follows the kinetic pseudo-second-order model, in addition, the swelling rate decreases with the increase of relative humidity.

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Cai, Chenyang, and Fanding Zhou. "Sorption Characteristic of Thermally Modified Wood at Varying Relative Humidity." Forests 13, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13101687.

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Thermal modification (TM) is commonly used for improving the performance of wood under varying environmental conditions. The effect of TM on the hygroscopic properties of wood has been studied extensively; however, the sorption mechanism and the states of water of thermally modified wood (TMW) at varying relative humidity (RH) is limited. In this work, Douglas fir was modified at 180 °C, 200 °C and 220 °C for a duration of 2 h and the Hailwood–Horrobin model and NMR relaxometry were used after specimens were conditioned at eight different RHs. The results showed that TM inhibited monolayer and polylayer moisture sorption with increasing modification temperatures in all RHs. The lower slope of the sorption isotherms in TMW decreased compared with the control, indicating that the TM increased the hygroscopical stability of wood. The T2 distribution indicated that no free water was observed in the hygroscopic moisture range. The mobility of water molecules in the cell walls was decreased by TM intensity and increased by increasing RH.

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Sandberg, H. G. O., T. G. Bäcklund, R. Österbacka, and H. Stubb. "High-Performance All-Polymer Transistor Utilizing a Hygroscopic Insulator." Advanced Materials 16, no. 13 (July 5, 2004): 1112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400030.

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Cui, Yi, Shuyi Gao, Ruiyun Zhang, Longdi Cheng, and Jianyong Yu. "Study on the Moisture Absorption and Thermal Properties of Hygroscopic Exothermic Fibers and Related Interactions with Water Molecules." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010098.

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The aim of this paper is to study the hygroscopic behavior of hygroscopic exothermic fiber-based materials and to obtain a better understanding of the thermal performance of these fibers during the moisture absorption process. The temperature distribution of different kinds of hygroscopic exothermic fibers in the process of moisture absorption, observed by infrared camera, demonstrated two types of heating performance of these fibers, which might be related to its hygroscopic behavior. Based on the sorption isotherms, a Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) multi-layer adsorption model was selected as the optimal moisture absorption fitting model to describe the moisture absorption process of these fibers, which illustrated that water sorption capacity and the water–fiber/water–water interaction had a significant influence on its heating performance. The net isosteric heats of sorption decreased with an increase of moisture content, which further explained the main factor affecting the heat dissipation of fibers under different moisture contents. The state of adsorbed water and water vapor interaction on the fiber surface were studied by simultaneous thermal analysis (TGA-DSC) measurement. The percentage of bound and unbound water formation at low and high humidity had a profound effect on the thermal performance of fibers. It can therefore be concluded that the content of tightly bound water a strong water–fiber interaction was the main factor affecting the heating performance of fibers at low moisture content, and the content of loosely bound water reflected that water sorption capacity was the main factor affecting the heating performance of fibers at high moisture content. This was further proven by the heat of desorption.

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Kumari, Pinki, Kuldeep Singh, and Anuj Singal. "Reducing the Hygroscopic Swelling in MEMS Sensor using Different Mold Materials." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i1.pp494-499.

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Today, Hygroscopic swelling is one of the biggest challenging problem of Epoxy mold compound (EMC) in packaging with Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices. To overcome this hygroscopic swelling problem of EMC and guard the devices, MEMS devices are molded in this paper with different Mold Compound (MC) i.e. titanium and ceramic etc. during their interconnection with the board. Also, a comparatively performance analysis of this various mold compound with MEMS pressure sensor has been studied in this paper at 60% humidity, 140 mol/m<sup>3</sup> saturation concentration and 25 <sup>o</sup>C. It was observed that hygroscopic swelling does not take place in the titanium mold compound. But, titanium is very costly so we have to consider something cheaper material i.e. ceramic in this paper. The Hygroscopic swelling in Ceramic Mold Compound after 1 year is nearly 0.05mm which is very less than epoxy.

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Ruivo, C. R., J. J. Costa, and A. R. Figueiredo. "On the behaviour of hygroscopic wheels: Part II – rotor performance." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 50, no. 23-24 (November 2007): 4823–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.03.004.

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BUSS TESSARO, ALESSANDRA, RAFAEL DE AVILA DELUCIS, SANDRO CAMPOS AMICO, DARCI ALBERTO GATTO, and MARGARETE REGINA FREITAS GONÇALVES. "CEMENT COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH TEOS-TREATED WOOD FIBRES." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 55, no. 1-2 (February 12, 2021): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2021.55.15.

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In this study, wood fibres were extracted from eucalyptus and pine woods, treated by immersion in tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and incorporated into a cementitious matrix at three weight contents (2 wt%, 5 wt% and 10 wt%). The fibres were characterized using chemical and morphological analyses and the cement-based composites were evaluated using chemical, hygroscopic, mechanical and morphological tests. The morphological and spectroscopic results satisfactorily justified the physical-mechanical properties. The wood fibre-cement composites reached similar water uptake and apparent porosity to those of the neat mortar, but exhibited higher mechanical properties. Furthermore, all treated fibres yielded composites with improved mechanical and hygroscopic properties compared to those with pristine fibres. Overall, the best performance (based on hygroscopic and mechanical results) was obtained for the wood fibre-cement composite with 2 wt% pine fibres.

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Zhang, Jiaoshi, Steven Spielman, Yang Wang, Guangjie Zheng, Xianda Gong, Susanne Hering, and Jian Wang. "Rapid measurement of RH-dependent aerosol hygroscopic growth using a humidity-controlled fast integrated mobility spectrometer (HFIMS)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 5625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5625-2021.

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Abstract. The ability of aerosol particles to uptake water (hygroscopic growth) is an important determinant of aerosol optical properties and radiative effects. Aerosol hygroscopic growth is traditionally measured by humidified tandem differential mobility analyzers (HTDMA), in which size-selected dry particles are exposed to elevated relative humidity (RH), and the size distribution of humidified particles is subsequently measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer. As a scanning mobility particle sizer can measure only one particle size at a time, HTDMA measurements are time consuming, and ambient measurements are often limited to a single RH level. Pinterich et al. (2017b) showed that fast measurements of aerosol hygroscopic growth are possible using a humidity-controlled fast integrated mobility spectrometer (HFIMS). In HFIMS, the size distribution of humidified particles is rapidly captured by a water-based fast integrated mobility spectrometer (WFIMS), leading to a factor of ∼10 increase in measurement time resolution. In this study we present a prototype HFIMS that extends fast hygroscopic growth measurements to a wide range of atmospherically relevant RH values, allowing for more comprehensive characterizations of aerosol hygroscopic growth. A dual-channel humidifier consisting of two humidity conditioners in parallel is employed such that aerosol RH can be quickly stepped among different RH levels by sampling from alternating conditioners. The measurement sequence is also optimized to minimize the transition time between different particle sizes. The HFIMS is capable of measuring aerosol hygroscopic growth of six particle diameters under five RH levels ranging from 20 % to 85 % (30 separate measurements) every 25 min. The performance of this HFIMS is characterized and validated using laboratory-generated ammonium sulfate aerosol standards. Measurements of ambient aerosols are shown to demonstrate the capability of HFIMS to capture the rapid evolution of aerosol hygroscopic growth and its dependence on both size and RH.

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Bermeo, Marie, Nabil El Hadri, Florent Ravaux, Abdelali Zaki, Linda Zou, and Mustapha Jouiad. "Adsorption Capacities of Hygroscopic Materials Based on NaCl-TiO2 and NaCl-SiO2 Core/Shell Particles." Journal of Nanotechnology 2020 (February 13, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3683629.

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Hygroscopic materials which possess high moisture adsorption capacity were successfully upgraded by the functionalization of sodium chloride (NaCl) using two nuances of oxides. A procedure was developed to first prepare submicron-sized NaCl crystals; thereafter, these crystals were coated by choice of either titanium dioxide (TiO2) or silica (SiO2) to enhance the hygroscopic properties of NaCl and prevent its premature deliquescence. After coating, several analytical techniques were employed to evaluate the obtained composite materials. Our findings revealed that both composites NaCl-TiO2 and NaCl-SiO2 gave excellent performances by exhibiting interesting hydrophilic properties, compared to the sole NaCl. This was demonstrated by both environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and water vapor adsorption experiments. In particular, NaCl-TiO2 composite showed the highest water adsorption capacity at low relative humidity and at a faster adsorption rate, induced by the high surface energy owing to the presence of TiO2. This result was also confirmed by the kinetics of adsorption, which revealed that not only does NaCl-TiO2 adsorb more water vapor than NaCl-SiO2 or sole NaCl but also the adsorption occurred at a much higher rate. While at room temperature and high relative humidity, the NaCl-SiO2 composite showed the best adsorption properties making it ideal to be used as a hygroscopic material, showing maximum adsorption performance compared to NaCl-TiO2 or sole NaCl. Therefore, NaCl-TiO2 and NaCl-SiO2 composites could be considered as promising hygroscopic materials and potential candidates to replace the existing salt seeding agents.

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Zhu, J. H., J. Yang, C. H. Ge, Hong Xia Zhang, C. Y. Zhu, and J. T. Li. "Functional Studies on Coffee Yarn Knitted Clothing Fabrics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.28.

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To study functionality of coffee yarn knitted clothing fabrics, use five different proportion of coffee yarn: 70% viscose/30% coffee yarn; 67.5% viscose/32.5% coffee yarn; 65% viscose/35% coffee yarn; 62.5% viscose/37.5% coffee yarn; 60% viscose/40% coffee yarn, knit five kinds of fabrics on computerized flat knitting machine.Test and analysis odor removal performance, hygroscopic, heat accumulation function of trial fabrics. The results show that: to coffee yarn and viscose blended knitted fabrics, along with coffee yarn content increases, the odor removal rate of the fabric has increased significantly, the fabric hygroscopic enhance, better performance of heat accumulation. 40% coffee yarn content of the fabric has a good heat accumulation.

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Zhou, Haiying, Ge Wang, Linbi Chen, Zhiming Yu, Lee M. Smith, and Fuming Chen. "Hydrothermal Aging Properties of Three Typical Bamboo Engineering Composites." Materials 12, no. 9 (May 5, 2019): 1450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091450.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the hygroscopic characteristics of three typical bamboo engineering composites (Bamboo scrimber (BS), bamboo bundle/wood laminated veneer lumber (BLVL), and bamboo laminated timber (BLT)) as well as predict their performance changes and service life in hot humid environments. The composites were subjected to three treatment conditions (23 °C, 63 °C, and 100 °C) for this experiment. The hygroscopic thickness swelling model and Fick’s second law were used to quantify the characterization and prediction of the water absorption, thickness swelling rate, and water absorption rate of BS, BLVL, and BLT. The results indicated that the order of the hygroscopic thickness swelling coefficient KSR and the diffusion coefficient D was BLT > BLVL > BS (at 23 °C and 63 °C). The optimal dimensional stability was displayed by BS, followed by BLVL and BLT. In addition to the hygroscopic properties, elastic modulus degradation was investigated. It was observed that the elastic modulus (MOR) degradation had a linear relationship with the aging temperature. After 152 h of the hydrothermal aging test (63 °C), the MOE of BS, BLVL, and BLT degraded by 44.33%, 53.89%, and 25.83%, respectively.

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Zhou, Jinli, Yazhou Zhang, Hongying Yang, Qingxia Liu, Ming Wang, Fan Xiong, Dongyi Chen, and Lixin Du. "Fabric Electrode Monitoring of Dynamic and Static ECG Signal and Comfort Performance." Coatings 13, no. 2 (January 27, 2023): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020289.

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To monitor dynamic ECG for a long time, fabric electrodes must have excellent comfort and electrical properties. In addition, the quality of the collected ECG should be as free as possible from interference by motion artifacts due to dry skin and body movement. This study explores the comfort of four different materials and structures of silver-plated fabric electrodes, analyzing the acquisition effect of ECG signals under dynamic and static conditions. To obtain fabric electrodes with good comfort levels and stable ECG signal monitoring under dynamic and static conditions, four kinds of electroless silver-plated conductive fabrics were selected and assembled into fabric electrodes. Permeability, electrochemical impedance spectrum, static opening voltage, and dynamic static electrocardiogram were tested and evaluated for each of the four fabric electrodes; additionally, the comfort of the four fabric electrodes and the mass of ECG monitored under dynamic and static conditions were assessed. The results showed that the highly hygroscopic knitted fabric electrode showed better comfort than the other three samples. The electrochemical impedance spectrum curve of the highly hygroscopic knitted fabric electrode was relatively smooth and stable, and it had lower impedance than the other electrodes; moreover, the static open-circuit voltage changed more stably with the increase of processing time compared to the other samples. The four kinds of fabric electrodes all collected clear and stable ECG in the resting state. However, in dynamic conditions, only the highly hygroscopic knitted fabric electrodes collected stable ECG under the conditions of seven daily life actions, clearly distinguishing between the P-wave, QRS wave group, and T-wave. The knitted fabric electrode has a high correlation with the ECG measured by a disposable gel electrode, meeting the standards needed to monitor ECG during the human body’s daily activities.

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Zhao, Huizhong, Zhenzhen Zhang, Hongwei Hou, and Jing Zhang. "Hygroscopic salt-modulated UiO-66: Synthesis and its open adsorption performance." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 301 (September 2021): 122304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122304.

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Bergeron, Sébastien, Veronique Laforte, Pik-Shan Lo, Huiyan Li, and David Juncker. "Evaluating mixtures of 14 hygroscopic additives to improve antibody microarray performance." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 407, no. 28 (September 7, 2015): 8451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8992-8.

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Arrigoni, Alessandro, Anne-Cécile Grillet, Renato Pelosato, Giovanni Dotelli, Christopher T. S. Beckett, Monika Woloszyn, and Daniela Ciancio. "Reduction of rammed earth's hygroscopic performance under stabilisation: an experimental investigation." Building and Environment 115 (April 2017): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.01.034.

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Hansen, Thor, Eva B. Møller, and Torben Tvedebrink. "Hygrothermal performance of cold ventilated attics above different horizontal ceiling constructions: Full-scale test building." Journal of Building Physics 44, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259119894028.

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It is often assumed that reduced heat flux to a ventilated attic reduces the temperature and thereby increases the relative humidity. Consequently, the importance of having a tight air and vapour barrier in the ceiling becomes more important with increased insulation. Therefore, in Denmark, the recommendation is to have a tight vapour barrier when re-insulating ceilings against cold ventilated attics to a total of 150-mm insulation material. The recommendation is independent of the insulation material’s hygroscopic properties or the indoor moisture level. The aim of this project was to test the relevance of the recommendation through testing in a full-scale test building (7 × 22 m) with a series of six different ceilings with or without a vapour barrier and variation in the insulation material comprising insulation thickness and its hygroscopic properties. The examination was performed with a controlled indoor climate after an European humidity classes 1–3 and a natural outdoor climate. The study showed very little differences in temperature and relative humidity in the cold ventilated attics, while the humidity class of the indoor climate significantly affects the absolute moisture content in the attic. However, the climate in the attic did not cause mould growth in the test sections, even for humidity class 3. Consequently, in the test building the thickness or hygroscopic properties of the insulation material did not have a significant effect on the moisture level in attics and did not determine whether a vapour barrier should be installed. In this study with the given climate, a vapour barrier is unnecessary in well-ventilated attics if the ceiling is airtight.

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Shi, Ji Yan, Li Ren Fan, Ji Qing Song, and Wen Bo Bai. "Swelling Properties and Kinetics of Starch-g-Poly(acrylic acid) Hydrogels." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 1316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1316.

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Starch-g-poly(acrylic acid) (CSt-g-PAA) hydrogels were prepared from cassava starch and acrylic acid by graft polymerization. The hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). Additionally, the water absorbency and hygroscopic swelling properties of the hydrogels were investigated respectively. The two processes were simulated using mathematical modes. The results revealed that the crystal structure of starch was destroyed. At 40°C and relative humidity 90% (90% RH), the samples (starch mass15%, 50%) have a better performance of the moisture absorption. Hygroscopic rate declined with the increase of relative humidity.

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Martínez-Pérez, R., F. J. Rubio-Serrano, A. Meana-Fernández, and A. J. Gutiérrez-Trashorras. "Influence of LiBr concentration in the generation of superheated vapor for a Hygroscopic Cycle." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 20 (September 2022): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.277.

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The novel proprietary Hygroscopic Cycle Technology (HCT) is a power cycle distinguished for using hygroscopic compoundswater mixtures as the working fluid to optimize the condensation process of the turbine exhaust steam by absorption phenomena. Previous works focused on the performance of the condensation/cooling section of the cycle as well as in the main improvements achieved by HCT in comparison to traditional thermal power generation cycles in terms of efficiency and profitability. Nevertheless, the thermodynamic characteristics of the steam generated from hygroscopic-water mixtures in the HCT boiler are yet to be studied. In this article, a theoretical analysis of temperature and pressure conditions of pure water steam generated from different concentrations of LiBr-water mixtures is carried out by using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software. Results show that LiBr-H2O mixtures display higher saturation temperatures than pure water, which enables the cycle to directly generate superheated vapor with no need for superheating equipment inside the boiler. This fact further improves the economic advantages previously shown by HCT, since erection, operation and maintenance costs related to the superheating process are avoided.

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Alroe, Joel, Luke T. Cravigan, Marc D. Mallet, Zoran D. Ristovski, Branka Miljevic, Chiemeriwo G. Osuagwu, and Graham R. Johnson. "Determining the link between hygroscopicity and composition for semi-volatile aerosol species." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 7 (July 24, 2018): 4361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4361-2018.

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Abstract. Internally and externally mixed aerosols present significant challenges in assessing the hygroscopicity of each aerosol component. This study presents a new sampling technique which uses differences in volatility to separate mixtures and directly examine their respective composition and hygroscopic contribution. A shared thermodenuder and unheated bypass line are continuously cycled between an aerosol mass spectrometer and a volatility and hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyser, allowing real-time comparative analysis of heated and unheated aerosol properties. Measurements have been taken of both chamber-generated secondary organic aerosol and coastal marine aerosol at Cape Grim, Australia, to investigate system performance under diverse conditions. Despite rapidly changing aerosol properties and the need to restrict analysis to a narrow size range, the former experiment separated the hygroscopic influences of ammonium sulfate and two distinct organic components with similar oxygen to carbon ratios but different volatilities. Analysis of the marine aerosol revealed an external mixture of non-sea-salt sulfates and sea spray aerosol, which likely shared similar volatile fractions composed of sulfuric acid and a non-hygroscopic organic component.

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Zhou, Jiacheng, Xuezhe Xu, Weixiong Zhao, Bo Fang, Qianqian Liu, Yuanqing Cai, Weijun Zhang, Dean S. Venables, and Weidong Chen. "Simultaneous measurements of the relative-humidity-dependent aerosol light extinction, scattering, absorption, and single-scattering albedo with a humidified cavity-enhanced albedometer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 2623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2623-2020.

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Abstract. Hygroscopic aerosols take up water and grow with increasing relative humidity (RH), giving rise to large changes in light extinction (bext), scattering (bscat), absorption (babs), and single scattering albedo (SSA, ω). The optical hygroscopic growth factors for each parameter (f(RH)ext,scat,abs,ω) are thus important for assessing aerosol effects on regional air quality, atmospheric visibility, and radiative forcing. The RH dependence of aerosol scattering and extinction has been studied in many laboratory and field studies. However, owing partly to the absence of suitable instrumentation, there are few reports of the RH dependence of aerosol absorption and ω. In this work, we report the development of a humidified cavity-enhanced albedometer (H-CEA) for simultaneous measurements of f(RH)ext,scat,abs,ω at λ=532 nm from 10 % to 88 % RH. The instrument's performance was evaluated with laboratory-generated ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, and nigrosin aerosols. Measured hygroscopic growth factors for different parameters were in good agreement with model calculations and literature-reported values, demonstrating the accuracy of the H-CEA for measuring RH-dependent optical properties.

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Crilley, Leigh R., Ajit Singh, Louisa J. Kramer, Marvin D. Shaw, Mohammed S. Alam, Joshua S. Apte, William J. Bloss, et al. "Effect of aerosol composition on the performance of low-cost optical particle counter correction factors." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 1181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1181-2020.

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Abstract. There is considerable interest in using low-cost optical particle counters (OPCs) to supplement existing routine air quality networks that monitor particle mass concentrations. In order to do this, low-cost OPC data need to be comparable with particle mass reference instrumentation; however, there is currently no widely agreed upon methodology to accomplish this. Aerosol hygroscopicity is known to be a key parameter to consider when correcting particle mass concentrations derived from low-cost OPCs, particularly at high ambient relative humidity (RH). Correction factors have been developed that apply κ-Köhler theory to correct for the influence of water uptake by hygroscopic aerosols. We have used datasets of co-located reference particle measurements and low-cost OPC (OPC-N2, Alphasense) measurements, collected in four cities on three continents, to explore the performance of this correction factor. We provide evidence that the elevated particle mass concentrations, reported by the low-cost OPC relative to reference instrumentation, are due to bulk aerosol hygroscopicity under different RH conditions, which is determined by aerosol composition and, in particular, the levels of hygroscopic aerosols (sulfate and nitrate). We exploit measurements made in volcanic plumes in Nicaragua, which are predominantly composed of sulfate aerosol, as a natural experiment to demonstrate this behaviour in the ambient atmosphere; the observed humidogram from these measurements closely resembles the calculated pure sulfuric acid humidogram. The results indicate that the particle mass concentrations derived from low-cost OPCs during periods of high RH (>60 %) need to be corrected for aerosol hygroscopic growth. We employed a correction factor based on κ-Köhler theory and observed that the corrected OPC-N2 PM2.5 mass concentrations were within 33 % of reference measurements at all sites. The results indicated that a κ value derived in situ (using suitable reference instrumentation) would lead to the most accurate correction relative to co-located reference instruments. Applying a κ values from the literature in the correction factor also resulted in improved OPC-N2 performance, with the measurements being within 50 % of the reference values. Therefore, for areas where suitable reference instrumentation for developing a local correction factor is lacking, using a literature κ value can result in a reasonable correction. For locations with low levels of hygroscopic aerosols and low RH values, a simple calibration against gravimetric measurements (using suitable reference instrumentation) would likely be sufficient. Whilst this study generated correction factors specific for the Alphasense OPC-N2 sensor, the calibration methodology developed is likely amenable to other low-cost PM sensors.

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Deng, Fangfang, Chengjie Xiang, Chenxi Wang, and Ruzhu Wang. "Sorption-tree with scalable hygroscopic adsorbent-leaves for water harvesting." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 12 (2022): 6576–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ta00484d.

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A tree-like structure from 2D to 3D is developed for the first time to promote water harvesting performance by 200–300%. Water productivity of 3200 ml per m2 per day is achieved by the sorption-tree with super hygroscopic adsorbent leaves.

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Zhang, Huibo, Hiroshi Yoshino, and Kenichi Hasegawa. "Assessing the moisture buffering performance of hygroscopic material by using experimental method." Building and Environment 48 (February 2012): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.08.012.

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Tan, Haobo, Hanbing Xu, Qilin Wan, Fei Li, Xuejiao Deng, P. W. Chan, Dong Xia, and Yan Yin. "Design and Application of an Unattended Multifunctional H-TDMA System." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 1136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00129.1.

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Abstract The hygroscopic properties of aerosols have a significant impact on aerosol particle number size distributions (PNSD), formation of cloud condensation nuclei, climate forcing, and atmospheric visibility, as well as human health. To allow for the observation of the hygroscopic growth of aerosols with long-term accuracy, an unattended multifunctional hygroscopicity-tandem differential mobility analyzer (H-TDMA) system was designed and built by the Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology (ITMM), China Meteorological Administration (CMA), in Guangzhou, China. The system is capable of measuring dry and wet PNSD, hygroscopic growth factor by particle size, and mixing states. This article describes in detail the working principles, components, and calibration methods of the system. Standard polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres with five different diameters were chosen to test the system’s precision and accuracy of particle size measurement. Ammonium sulfate was used to test the hygroscopic response of the system for accurate growth factor measurement. The test results show that the deviation of the growth factor measured by the system is within a scope of −0.01 to −0.03 compared to Köhler theoretical curves. Results of temperature and humidity control performance tests indicate that the system is robust. An internal temperature gradient of less than 0.2 K for a second differential mobility analyzer (DMA2) makes it possible to reach a set-point relative humidity (RH) value of 90% and with a standard deviation of ±0.44%, sufficient for unattended field observation.

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Miguel, A. F. "Effect of air humidity on the evolution of permeability and performance of a fibrous filter during loading with hygroscopic and non-hygroscopic particles." Journal of Aerosol Science 34, no. 6 (June 2003): 783–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(03)00027-2.

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Yang, Yang, Zhang Weijing, and Peihua Zhang. "Evaluation method for the hygroscopic and cooling function of knitted fabrics." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 23-24 (May 2, 2019): 5024–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519846069.

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The evaluation of thermal-wet properties contributes to the research and development of fabrics, but there is no effective method to address and achieve evaluation of the hygroscopic and cooling properties of knitted fabrics to date. Therefore, an evaluation method aiming at this issue was proposed, and based on experimental investigation the hygroscopic and cooling property of fabrics was estimated by the combined evaluation of moisture management and the thermal property in a dynamic state. The moisture management property shows the liquid water absorption and diffusion performance of fabrics. Beside this, the thermal properties of fabrics were tested respectively in the dry and wet states. The thermal property of dry fabric showed the heat transfer and radiation of fabric itself, whereas the thermal property of wet fabric demonstrated the combined effect of the coupled heat–moisture property of wet fabric and the cooling function of moisture evaporation and diffusion. Furthermore, the thermal properties of fabrics were tested using a YG606 II thermal resistance tester, which was refitted by a program to control heating power. Eight knitted fabric samples having different cooling comfortability rates or values were selected to verify the feasibility and effectivity of this method. The consistency of this method was also verified by the obtained experimental results. Based on the obtained results, it can be observed that this method was well consistent with verified experimental results. Therefore, an effective method for the evaluation of hygroscopic and cooling knitted fabrics was obtained that satisfies the measurement of performance, and desirable fabric properties can be achieved for various applications.

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Lim, Kiyomi D., and Daniel Maskell. "Development of methods to measure the potential of a plaster to regulate indoor humidity." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 42, no. 5 (June 14, 2021): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01436244211025431.

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Moisture buffering utilises hygroscopic construction materials as a more sustainable approach to passively moderate indoor humidity. This study seeks to develop a reproducible test method to obtain a moisture buffering value of common building materials under conditions that reflect typical indoor environmental conditions. Temperature and humidity variations in sinusoidal profiles for two different materials, typically used to finish internal surfaces, have been studied to identify their potential moisture regulation behaviour. Outcomes were then combined and ranked indicating the potential of materials to passively regulate the indoor humidity and the need for robust methods of investigation. Practical application: In response to current practice and materials’ testing procedures, a reproducible test method is considered to enable comprehensive understanding of a hydroscopic materials’ behaviour, where subsequent interpretation of their performance can be quantified. The practicality to consider the use of passive regulation using hygroscopic materials can then be justified to bring indoor RH closer to the optimal range without heavy reliance on mechanical solutions, achieving a more effective passive indoor climate monitoring. It is expected that the outcome of this investigation can potentially form the basis of further improvement on a standardised test method to obtain moisture buffering value of hygroscopic non-structural elements for pragmatic application during design integration process.

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Trueblood, Max B., Prem Lobo, Donald E. Hagen, Steven C. Achterberg, Wenyan Liu, and Philip D. Whitefield. "Application of a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer for characterizing PM emissions in exhaust plumes from an aircraft engine burning conventional and alternative fuels." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 23 (December 3, 2018): 17029–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17029-2018.

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Abstract. In the last several decades, significant efforts have been directed toward better understanding the gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines. However, limited information is available on the hygroscopic properties of aircraft engine PM emissions which play an important role in the water absorption, airborne lifetime, obscuring effect, and detrimental health effects of these particles. This paper reports the description and detailed lab-based performance evaluation of a robust hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) in terms of hygroscopic properties such as growth factor (GF) and the hygroscopicity parameter (κ). The HTDMA system was subsequently deployed during the Alternative Aviation Fuel EXperiment (AAFEX) II field campaign to measure the hygroscopic properties of aircraft engine PM emissions in the exhaust plumes from a CFM56-2C1 engine burning several types of fuels. The fuels used were conventional JP-8, tallow-based hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA), Fischer–Tropsch, a blend of HEFA and JP-8, and Fischer–Tropsch doped with tetrahydrothiophene (an organosulfur compound). It was observed that GF and κ increased with fuel sulfur content and engine thrust condition, and decreased with increasing dry particle diameter. The highest GF and κ values were found in the smallest particles, typically those with diameters of 10 nm.

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Chang, Yoon-Seong, Yeon-Jung Han, Chang-Deuk Eom, Joo-Saeng Park, Moon-Jae Park, In-Gyu Choi, and Hwan-Myeong Yeo. "Analysis of Factors Affecting the Hygroscopic Performance of Thermally Treated Pinus koraiensis Wood." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 40, no. 1 (January 25, 2012): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2012.40.1.10.

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Busser, Thomas, Mickael Pailha, Amandine Piot, and Monika Woloszyn. "Simultaneous hygrothermal performance assessment of an air volume and surrounding highly hygroscopic walls." Building and Environment 148 (January 2019): 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.11.031.

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Ranesi, Alessandra, Magda Posani, Rosário Veiga, and Paulina Faria. "A Discussion on Winter Indoor Hygrothermal Conditions and Hygroscopic Behaviour of Plasters in Southern Europe." Infrastructures 7, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030038.

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In Southern European countries, due to the specific climate, economy and culture, a permanent heating practice during winter is not widely adopted. This may have a significant effect on the performance of indoor coating materials, typically tested considering hygrothermal conditions in the range of 33–75% relative humidity (RH) and 20–25 °C, which are common in continuously heated buildings. In this study, the indoor climate of four bedrooms located in Lisbon, Portugal, was monitored under operational conditions. Based on the data monitored in the case studies, characteristic ranges of indoor hygrothermal conditions were defined and compared to those considered in standard test procedures. In addition, numerical simulations were adopted to compare the hygroscopic performance of four plasters under operational conditions observed on-site. Results show that the four rooms, intermittently heated or unheated, do not provide comfort conditions over 50% of the wintertime, with temperatures lower and RH higher than the ones recommended by the standards. The MBVs resulting from simulations (under operational conditions) are qualitatively in agreement with the MBVs obtained under standard testing conditions. Nonetheless, future studies are recommended to evaluate if standard tests are quantitatively representative of the hygroscopic performance of coating materials in the Southern European scenario.

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Song, Cheng, Ligong Yang, Wei Xia, Wendong Ji, and Yuting Zhang. "Experimental Study on Relationship between Free Load Swelling Rate and Water Content of Medium Expansive Soil." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (March 25, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8871694.

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Expansive soil has the property of water swelling, which is related not only to the hydrophilic mineral composition of soil particles and the microstructure of soil, but also to the initial moisture content, dry density, and overburden condition of soil. Based on the typical expansive soil in a certain area, the samples were sampled and remodeled at the site. Extensive experimental tests were conducted to investigate the relationship between the hygroscopic expansion rate and the water content of the expansive soil under different initial moisture content, dry density, and free load. The results showed that, under the condition of natural initial water content and dry density, although the hygroscopic expansion rate of the medium expansive soil was nonlinear with the subsequent water content, in the range of large water content (within about 50%), the expansive soil swelled linearly. There was a linear relationship between the rate and the water content. With the increase of the initial water content, the hygroscopic expansion rate and expansion rate of the expansive soil decreased. With the increase of the dry density, the hygroscopic expansion rate and the expansion rate of the expansive soil increased. The water absorption performance did not decrease, and the soil continued to maintain the previous moisture absorption rate and expansion rate after the soil reached saturation, while after the water content reached 1.5∼2.0 times the saturated water content, the soil moisture absorption expansion rate gradually decreased until it finally stabilized. The slope k of the expansion rate increased with the initial dry density and decreased with the initial moisture content. As dry density was increased, the slope k was increased at an increased rate. Moreover, as the initial moisture content was decreased, the slope k was increased at an increased rate.

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Tang, Qing Guo, Jin Sheng Liang, Jun Ping Meng, Fei Wang, Li Wei Li, and Yang Xian Li. "Effect of Heat Treatment on Properties of Mineral Attapulgite." Advanced Materials Research 58 (October 2008): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.58.41.

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Mineral attapulgite powders were heat treated at different temperature from 100°C to 800°C. The effect of heat treatment on properties of attapulgite were studied by particle size distribution, surface free energy, and water vapor adsorption performance. The results show that the medium particle size and surface free energy of attapulgite increase and hygroscopic capacity promptly reduce with the increase of heat temperature .The medium particle size of the raw palygorskite is 3.09 μm, and it becomes 14.12 μm after heat treatment at 800 °C. The surface free energy, polarity component and dispersion component of the natural attapulgite are 45.16mN•m-1, 13.92mN•m-1, 31.24mN•m-1, respectively, and they become 116.22 mN•m-1，116.22 mN•m-1，0.0 mN•m-1 after heat treatment at 800°C. Moreover, the hygroscopic capacity of attapulgite in 24h decreases from 17.1 % to 5.6% after heat treatment at 800°C.

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Giada, Giuffrida, Rosa Caponetto, and Francesco Nocera. "Hygrothermal Properties of Raw Earth Materials: A Literature Review." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 27, 2019): 5342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195342.

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Raw earth historic and contemporary architectures are renowned for their good environmental properties of recyclability and low embodied energy along the production process. Earth massive walls are universally known to be able to regulate indoor thermal and hygroscopic conditions containing energy consumptions, creating comfortable interior spaces with a low carbon footprint. Therefore, earth buildings are de facto green buildings. As a result of this, some earthen technologies have been rediscovered and implemented to be adapted to the contemporary building production sector. Nevertheless, the diffusion of contemporary earthen architecture is decelerated by the lack of broadly accepted standards on its anti-seismic and thermal performance. Indeed, the former issue has been solved using high-tensile materials inside the walls or surface reinforcements on their sides to improve their flexural strength. The latter issue is related to the penalization of earth walls thermal behavior in current regulations, which tent to evaluate only the steady-state performance of building components, neglecting the benefit of heat storage and hygrothermal buffering effect provided by massive and porous envelopes as raw earth ones. In this paper, we show the results of a paper review concerning the hygrothermal performance of earthen materials for contemporary housing: great attention is given to the base materials which are used (inorganic soils, natural fibers, and mineral or recycled aggregates, chemical stabilizers), manufacturing procedures (when described), performed tests and final performances. Different earth techniques (adobe, cob, extruded bricks, rammed earth, compressed earth blocks, light earth) have been considered in order to highlight that earth material can act both as a conductive and insulating meterial depending on how it is implemented, adapting to several climate contests. The paper aims to summarize current progress in the improvement of thermal performance of raw earth traditional mixes, discuss the suitability of existing measurement protocols for hygroscopic and natural materials and provide guidance for further researches.

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Ren, Jingyi, Dandan Lian, and Jianjun Lu. "The Performance Promotion of Polyphenylene Sulfide Fibers Based on the Hygroscopic and Dyeable Characteristics." Fibers and Polymers 22, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 1285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-021-0294-5.

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Ni, Feng, Peng Xiao, Chang Zhang, Wei Zhou, Depeng Liu, Shiao‐Wei Kuo, and Tao Chen. "Atmospheric Hygroscopic Ionogels with Dynamically Stable Cooling Interfaces Enable a Durable Thermoelectric Performance Enhancement." Advanced Materials 33, no. 49 (October 13, 2021): 2103937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202103937.

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van den Boer, Cindy, Jonathan H. Vas Nunes, Sara H. Muller, Vincent van der Noort, Michiel W. M. van den Brekel, and Frans J. M. Hilgers. "Water Uptake Performance of Hygroscopic Heat and Moisture Exchangers after 24-Hour Tracheostoma Application." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 150, no. 6 (March 28, 2014): 999–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599814527420.

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Yao, Gang, Dongting Han, Li Zhang, and Zhongcheng Duan. "The Thermal Performance of Chinese Vernacular Skywell Dwellings." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (June 18, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6666701.

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The aim of this research was to investigate the thermal performance of Chinese vernacular skywell dwellings. This was done by the analysis of on-site measurements of the environmental performance and computer simulation of solar conditions of eight vernacular skywell dwellings in three villages in southeastern China—Xidi, Zhifeng, and Yuyuan. Through the discussion of several heat inputs and outputs, it can be concluded that evaporative cooling had a substantial influence on the temperature in the skywells of dwellings in Xidi and Zhifeng villages. In addition to the buffering of temperature by thermal mass, evaporative cooling was found to further reduce the fluctuation in temperature inside the skywell and is likely to have been the main reason that the mean dry bulb temperatures inside the skywells in these villages were lower than the mean external dry bulb temperatures. Moreover, the construction materials of Chinese vernacular dwellings (skywell wall, floor material, wooden column, and panels) are likely to be hygroscopic.

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Li, Ming, Rujia Wang, Gang Li, Xinzhu Song, Huaizhen Yang, and Huinan Lai. "Comprehensive Chemical Dust Suppressant Performance Evaluation and Optimization Method." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 5617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095617.

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Chemical dust suppression is an effective dust control technology. A dust suppressant component evaluation method that facilitates a complete selection of safe, efficient, and economical chemical materials has not been explored. Considering dust suppression performance, environmental safety, and cost-effectiveness of chemical dust suppressant technology, this study constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system of chemical dust suppressant performance, including the wetting performance, hygroscopic performance, bonding performance, annual cost per unit area, pH value of dust suppression solution, chemical toxicity, and chemical corrosion. Among them, the index characterizing the wetting performance of the solution is the sedimentation wetting time, which is determined by the dust sedimentation experiment; the index characterizing the hygroscopic performance of the solution is the evaporation stability time, which is determined by the evaporation experiment of the solution on the dust surface; the index to characterize the bonding performance of the solution is the surface wind erosion rate, which is determined by the wind erosion experiment of the solution on the dust surface; the toxicity of the solution is evaluated by the LD50 of the solution; the index to characterize the corrosion performance of the solution is the Q235 monthly steel corrosion rate, which is determined by the Q235 steel corrosion test. Corresponding evaluation parameters are determined including sedimentation wetting time, evaporation stabilization time, surface wind erosion rate; annual average use cost per unit area; solution pH value, chemical acute toxicity classification, monthly corrosion rate of Q235 steel, and corresponding standard test methods are also provided. In order to evaluate the comparability of the results, according to the specific requirements of the evaluation index system and the distribution characteristics of the measurement data, the data of each evaluation and detection index are standardized by linear transformation, range transformation and other methods, so that the obtained results are comparable. Considering the differences in the actual performance requirements of dust suppressants in different usage scenarios, the weights of evaluation indicators at all levels can be set independently and flexible. The experimental test data obtained through the example shows that: among the four chemicals selected to participate in the experiment, the comprehensive dust suppression performance score of Triton X-100 solution is in the poor-grade category. The comprehensive dust suppression performances of calcium chloride solution, water, and polyacrylamide solution scored high in the average-grade category. The comprehensive evaluation process is logically correct, and the results are consistent with the phenomena observed in the experiment, consistent with conventional understanding, and have strong credibility. This method can provide a standardized evaluation technique and test process for the comprehensive performance evaluation and comparison of chemical materials and dust suppressants.

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Li, Mei. "Study on Performance and Blending Techniques of Corn Fibers." Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (June 2011): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.21.

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Corn fiber is a polymeric fiber made from corn as the raw material. Wide applications have been found for corn fibers in recent years and many progresses on the study of corn fibers have been made as well. The performance of corn fiber is determined by the molecular weight of polylactic acid. Corn fibers have some professional properties, such as high transparency, well-heat-resistant stability, well-coloring, and full biodegradability, as well as the feature in ecological recycle. These means the corn fibers are new-typical and green, full-environmental fibers. The corn fibers can be blended with other fibrin fibers with good hygroscopic to get products of high-performance and low in price. The blending techniques of corn fibers with color cotton fibers and corn fibers with Richcel and lambsdown are studied and developed in this paper and good social and economical benefits have been achieved.

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Tan, Kanghao, Yinghong Qin, Taiyang Du, Lingling Li, Lei Zhang, and Junsong Wang. "Biochar from waste biomass as hygroscopic filler for pervious concrete to improve evaporative cooling performance." Construction and Building Materials 287 (June 2021): 123078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123078.

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Zheng, X., T. S. Ge, R. Z. Wang, and L. M. Hu. "Performance study of composite silica gels with different pore sizes and different impregnating hygroscopic salts." Chemical Engineering Science 120 (December 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2014.08.047.

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Jiménez-Espada, Montaña, Daniel Herrero-Adán, and Rafael González-Escobar. "Characterization of Mechanical and Hygroscopic Properties of Individual Canes of Reed." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 2193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092193.

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The search for sustainability has led to the utilization of more ecological materials with at least, a similar structural performance to those used at present. In this regard, reed fits the environmental and structural requirements as it is a sustainable and biodegradable lignin-cellulose material with remarkable mechanical properties. This research confirms the reed’s structural efficiency as it demonstrates that it has excellent strength and stiffness in relation to its density. The reed anisotropy has a large impact on its properties. Indeed, the strength and stiffness parallel to the fibers are clearly higher than in the perpendicular direction. The results confirm that strength and stiffness decrease with the moisture content and nodes act as reinforcement in compression and bending. If compared with steel, timber and concrete, the reed possesses the highest value for strength. Hence, reed constitutes a strong candidate for environmentally friendly engineering.

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Pinterich, Tamara, Steven R. Spielman, Yang Wang, Susanne V. Hering, and Jian Wang. "A humidity-controlled fast integrated mobility spectrometer (HFIMS) for rapid measurements of particle hygroscopic growth." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2017): 4915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4915-2017.

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Abstract. We present a humidity-controlled fast integrated mobility spectrometer (HFIMS) for rapid particle hygroscopicity measurements. The HFIMS consists of a differential mobility analyzer (DMA), a relative humidity (RH) control unit and a water-based FIMS (WFIMS) coupled in series. The WFIMS (Pinterich et al., 2017) combines the fast integrated mobility spectrometer (Kulkarni and Wang, 2006a, b) with laminar flow water condensation methodologies (Hering and Stolzenburg, 2005; Spielman et al., 2017). Inside the WFIMS, particles of different electrical mobilities are spatially separated in an electric field, condensationally enlarged and imaged to provide 1 Hz measurements of size distribution spanning a factor of ∼ 3 in particle diameter, which is sufficient to cover the entire range of growth factor (GF) for atmospheric aerosol particles at 90 % RH. By replacing the second DMA of a traditional hygroscopicity tandem DMA (HTDMA) system with the WFIMS, the HFIMS greatly increases the speed of particle growth factor measurement. The performance of the HFIMS was evaluated using NaCl particles with well-known hygroscopic growth behavior and further through measurements of ambient aerosols. Results show that the HFIMS can reproduce, within 2 %, the literature values for hygroscopic growth of NaCl particles. NaCl deliquescence was observed between 76 and 77 % RH in agreement with the theoretical value of 76.5 % (Ming and Russell, 2001), and efflorescence relative humidity (43 %) was found to lie within the RH range of 41 to 56 % reported in the literature. Ambient data indicate that the HFIMS can measure the hygroscopic growth of five standard dry particle sizes ranging from 35 to 165 nm within less than 3 min, which makes it about 1 order of magnitude faster than traditional HTDMA systems.

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Li, Pin-Hsuan, Govindasamy Madhaiyan, Ying-Yi Shin, Hsu-Yang Tsai, Hsin-Fei Meng, Sheng-Fu Horng, and Hsiao-Wen Zan. "Facile Fabrication of a Bio-Inspired Leaf Vein-Based Ultra-Sensitive Humidity Sensor with a Hygroscopic Polymer." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 20, 2022): 5030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14225030.

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Bio-inspired materials have received significant interest in the development of flexible electronics due to their natural grid structures, especially natural leaf vein networks. In this work, a bio-inspired leaf vein-based flexible humidity sensor is demonstrated. The proposed sensor is composed of a leaf/Al/glycerin/Ag paste. The Al-deposited leaf vein networks are used as a bottom electrode with a resistance of around 100 Ω. The humidity sensor responds well to relative humidity (RH) levels ranging from 15% to 70% at room temperature. The fabricated humidity sensor exhibits an ultra-sensitive response to different humidity conditions due to the biodegradable insulating hygroscopic polymer (glycerin), specifically the ionic conductivity reaction. To further verify the presence of ionic conduction, the device performance is tested by doping NaCl salt into the hygroscopic polymer sensing layer. In addition, both the repeatability and flexibility of the sensor are tested under different bending angles (0°, 90°, 180°, and 360°). The bioinspired ultrasensitive humidity sensor with a biocompatible and biodegradable sensing layer holds great potential, especially for health care applications (e.g., respiratory monitoring) without causing any body harm.

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Hou, Tianfeng, Staf Roels, and Hans Janssen. "What affects the performance of POD for the simulation of heat transfer through building component?" Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012215.

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Abstract The capability of the proper orthogonal decomposition for the simulation of heat transfer in building components is investigated via three applications: linear heat transfer (not coupled to mass transfer), mildly non-linear heat transfer (coupled to air and moisture transfer (hygroscopic)) and highly non-linear heat transfer (coupled to moisture transfer (capillary)). It is shown that increasing non-linearity leads to an increasing number of required construction modes. To further investigate the reason for this degrading performance of POD, the singular values’ decay progress from the different training snapshots is addressed in this paper. The results confirm that a fast decay of the singular values implies a high interrelation of the snapshots and a better performance of the POD method.

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Chao, Wen-Kai, Rong-Hsing Huang, Chueh-Jung Huang, Kan-Lin Hsueh, and Fuh-Sheng Shieu. "Effect of Hygroscopic Platinum/Titanium Dioxide Particles in the Anode Catalyst Layer on the PEMFC Performance." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 157, no. 7 (2010): B1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3428725.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hygroscopic performance'

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