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Journal articles on the topic 'Hygienic behaviour;honeybee;Apis mellifera'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Le Conte, Y., Z. Y. Huang, M. Roux, Z. J. Zeng, J. P. Christidès, and A. G. Bagnères. "Varroa destructor changes its cuticular hydrocarbons to mimic new hosts." Biology Letters 11, no. 6 (June 2015): 20150233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0233.

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Varroa destructor ( Vd ) is a honeybee ectoparasite. Its original host is the Asian honeybee, Apis cerana , but it has also become a severe, global threat to the European honeybee, Apis mellifera . Previous studies have shown that Varroa can mimic a host's cuticular hydrocarbons (HC), enabling the parasite to escape the hygienic behaviour of the host honeybees. By transferring mites between the two honeybee species, we further demonstrate that Vd is able to mimic the cuticular HC of a novel host species when artificially transferred to this new host. Mites originally from A. cerana are more efficient than mites from A. mellifera in mimicking HC of both A. cerana and A. mellifera . This remarkable adaptability may explain their relatively recent host-shift from A. cerana to A. mellifera .

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2

Panasiuk, Beata, Małgorzata Bieńkowska, Dariusz Gerula, and Paweł Węgrzynowicz. "Susceptibility of Bee Larvae to Chalkbrood in Relation to Hygienic Behaviour of Worker Bees in Colonies of Chosen Races of Honeybee (Apis Mellifera )." Journal of Apicultural Science 58, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2014-0012.

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Abstract The susceptibility of bee larvae to Ascosphaera apis infestation and the hygienic behaviour of worker bees in relation to A. apis infected and freeze-killed brood were evaluated in three races of bees: Apis mellifera carnica, Apis mellifera caucasica, and Apis mellifera mellifera. Experimental bee colonies were evaluated in field conditions during the three beekeeping seasons. The lowest percentage of infected larvae was observed in car GR1 and mel A colonies (8.5% and 15%, respectively) and the highest in car Mr and cau P colonies (21% and 24.3%, respectively). Bees in the car GR1 and mel A colonies removed mummified brood in a shorter period of time (6.5 and 7.1 days on average, respectively) than car Mr and cau P colonies (above 8 days). Bees in the mel A and car GR1 colonies cleaned significantly more cells with freeze-killed brood within 24 and 48 hours (above 70% and 80% on average, respectively) than car Mr and cau P colonies (on average 10 - 20% lower cleaning rate). A low correlation coefficient was found for the susceptibility of larvae to A. apis infection and hygienic behaviour.

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3

Al Toufailia, Hasan, Sophie E. F. Evison, William O. H. Hughes, and Francis L. W. Ratnieks. "Both hygienic and non-hygienic honeybee, Apis mellifera , colonies remove dead and diseased larvae from open brood cells." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1751 (June 4, 2018): 20170201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0201.

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Hygienic behaviour is a group defence in which dead or diseased individuals are excluded. In the honeybee, Apis mellifera , hygienic behaviour refers to uncapping and removing dead and diseased larvae and pupae from sealed brood cells. We quantified removal of freeze-killed and chalkbrood-infected larvae from open cells in 20 colonies. We also measured removal of freeze-killed brood from sealed cells. Study colonies ranged from non-hygienic to fully hygienic (52–100% removal within 2 days). All larvae killed in open cells were removed. This shows that all colonies, including those with low hygienic behaviour against dead brood in sealed cells, are highly hygienic against dead brood in open cells and suggests that low hygienic behaviour against dead brood in sealed cells is a trait in its own right. This may also contribute to understanding why hygienic behaviour is uncommon in A. mellifera , which is puzzling as it reduces several diseases without detrimental effects. In particular, the result provides indirect support for the hypothesis that there are two adaptive peaks conferring disease resistance: (i) high hygienic behaviour: diseased brood are removed quickly, in some cases before becoming infective; (ii) low hygienic behaviour: diseased brood remain isolated within sealed cells. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours'.

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4

Nganso, Beatrice T., Ayuka T. Fombong, Abdullahi A. Yusuf, Christian W. W. Pirk, Charles Stuhl, and Baldwyn Torto. "Low fertility, fecundity and numbers of mated female offspring explain the lower reproductive success of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor in African honeybees." Parasitology 145, no. 12 (April 17, 2018): 1633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018000616.

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AbstractAlthough Varroa destructor is the most serious ecto-parasite to the honeybee, Apis mellifera L., some honeybee populations such as Apis mellifera scutellata in Kenya can survive mite infestations without treatment. Previously, we reported that grooming behaviour could be a potential tolerant mechanism expressed by this honeybee subspecies towards mite infestation. However, both hygienic and grooming behaviours could not explain the lower mite-infestation levels recorded in these colonies. Here, we investigated the involvement of other potential resistant mechanisms including suppression of mite reproduction in worker brood cells of A. m. scutellata to explain the low mite numbers in their colonies. High infertility rates (26–27%) and percentages of unmated female offspring (39–58%) as well as low fecundity (1.7–2.2, average offspring produced) were identified as key parameters that seem to interact with one another during different seasons to suppress mite reproduction in A. m. scutellata colonies. We also identified offspring mortality in both sexes and absence of male offspring as key factors accounting for the low numbers of mated daughter mites produced in A. m. scutellata colonies. These results suggest that reduced mite reproductive success could explain the slow mite population growth in A. m. scutellata colonies.

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5

Scannapieco, Alejandra C., Silvia B. Lanzavecchia, María A. Parreño, María C. Liendo, Jorge L. Cladera, Marla Spivak, and María A. Palacio. "Individual precocity, temporal persistence, and task-specialization of hygienic bees from selected colonies of Apis mellifera." Journal of Apicultural Science 60, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jas-2016-0006.

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Abstract Hygienic behaviour is a complex trait that gives Apis mellifera L. resistance against brood diseases. Variability in the expression of hygienic behaviour is evidenced at the colony-level and is explained by the proportion and propensity of individual worker bees that engage in hygienic activities. We investigated the temporal performance and the dynamics of task-specialisation of individual bees over time, both in selected hygienic (H) and non-hygienic (NH) colonies. Then we evaluated the impact of these behavioural aspects on the colony performance. Bees that perform hygienic behaviour (hygienic bees) in our H colonies were more persistent in the hygienic activities throughout the days of the investigation. Such bees were more efficient in the removal of pin-killed brood than hygienic bees in the NH colonies. Hygienic bees in the H colonies were also specialist in the sub-tasks involved in the detection of odour stimulus from dead brood and continued to perform these activities throughout the days of the investigation (temporal persistence). Age-distribution of hygienic bees in the H colonies was asymmetrical, with a larger proportion of these bees performing hygienic activities early in life. At a colony-level, H showed higher efficiency compared to the NH colonies. The present results highlight the fact that individual behaviour may influence the collective dynamics of the hygienic behaviour in honeybee colonies. The results also note that the selection for highly hygienic colonies would result in changes in individual bees that improve the performance of the behaviour at the colony level. The relevance of task-partitioning and age-specialisation of hygienic bees on social immunity is discussed.

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6

Gerula, Dariusz, Paweł Węgrzynowicz, Beata Panasiuk, Małgorzata Bieńkowska, and Wojciech Skowronek. "Hygienic Behaviour of Honeybee Colonies with Different Levels of Polyandry and Genotypic Composition." Journal of Apicultural Science 59, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jas-2015-0020.

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Abstract Honey bee queens were inseminated with diluted, homogenised semen collected from a few dozen drones. This procedure was carried out to increase the diversity of the queens’ offspring, which is in comparison to the offspring of queens inseminated with semen from only a few drones coming from one colony. Queens and drones were mated within carniolan bee (Apis mellifera carnica) subspecies, but 3 selected lines were used. Queens were reared from one line and drones from the same line, and two additional lines differing in hygienic behaviour wherein in one of them that trait was strongly evident. The aim of this study was to examine whether the level of enhanced genetic variability in colonies and simultaneously the participation of hygienic bees, would increase the performance of hygienic behaviour. Overall hygienic behaviour of colonies with a lower and greater genetic variability did not differ significantly and amounted to 52.1 and 47.0%, respectively. Colonies within the lower variability group, in which drones from line selected in hygienic behaviour performance were used for inseminating queens, had a significantly greater percent of cleaned pupae than other colonies (63.2%). Hygienic behaviour in other colonies was more dependent on the gene quotas of hygienic bees in the colonies rather than on the level of polyandry.

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7

Maucourt, Ségolène, Frédéric Fortin, Claude Robert, and Pierre Giovenazzo. "Genetic Progress Achieved during 10 Years of Selective Breeding for Honeybee Traits of Interest to the Beekeeping Industry." Agriculture 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060535.

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Genetic improvement programs have resulted in spectacular productivity gains for most animal species in recent years. The introduction of quantitative genetics and the use of statistical models have played a fundamental role in achieving these advances. For the honeybee (Apis mellifera), genetic improvement programs are still rare worldwide. Indeed, genetic and reproductive characteristics are more complex in honeybees than in other animal species, which presents additional challenges for access genetic selection. In recent years, advances in informatics have allowed statistical modelling of the honeybee, notably with the BLUP-animal model, and access to genetic selection for this species is possible now. The aim of this project was to present the genetic progress of several traits of interest to the Canadian beekeeping industry (hygienic behavior, honey production and spring development) achieved in our selection program since 2010. Our results show an improvement of 0.30% per year for hygienic behavior, 0.63 kg per year for honey production and 164 brood cells per year for spring development. These advances have opened a new era for our breeding program and sharing this superior genetic available to beekeepers will contribute to the sustainability and self-sufficiency of the beekeeping industry in Canada.

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8

Le Conte, Y., C. Alaux, J.-F. Martin, J. R. Harbo, J. W. Harris, C. Dantec, D. Séverac, S. Cros-Arteil, and M. Navajas. "Social immunity in honeybees (Apis mellifera): transcriptome analysis of varroa-hygienic behaviour." Insect Molecular Biology 20, no. 3 (March 24, 2011): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01074.x.

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9

Arathi, H. S., and M. Spivak. "Influence of colony genotypic composition on the performance of hygienic behaviour in the honeybee, Apis mellifera L." Animal Behaviour 62, no. 1 (July 2001): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2000.1731.

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10

Pernal, Stephen F., Asheber Sewalem, and Andony P. Melathopoulos. "Breeding for hygienic behaviour in honeybees (Apis mellifera) using free-mated nucleus colonies." Apidologie 43, no. 4 (December 2, 2011): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13592-011-0105-x.

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11

Abo - Laban, G. "Hygienic Behavior of Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and Efficiency of Volatile Oils against Varroa destructor." Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology 9, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2018.41671.

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12

OXLEY, PETER R., MARLA SPIVAK, and BENJAMIN P. OLDROYD. "Six quantitative trait loci influence task thresholds for hygienic behaviour in honeybees (Apis mellifera)." Molecular Ecology 19, no. 7 (April 2010): 1452–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04569.x.

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13

Olinto, F. A., D. C. Silveira, D. C. Lima, and P. B. Maracajá. "Comportamento higiênico em colmeias de Apis mellifera L. africanizadas no Sertão da Paraíba." Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 10, no. 3 (December 30, 2015): 08. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v10i3.3627.

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<p class="Default">A apicultura é uma das poucas atividades agropecuárias que atende aos três requisitos da sustentabilidade: o econômico, o social e o ecológico. Sendo assim, fornece renda para o apicultor, ocupa mão de obra familiar ou contratada e contribui para a preservação da flora nativa. A sanidade pode afetar o desenvolvimento da apicultura, pois a <em>Apis mellifera </em>como qualquer outro organismo vivo, é susceptível a doenças causadas por bactérias, vírus, fungos e outros parasitas e as desordens metabólicas, nutricionais e hormonais, além de intoxicações diversas. Assim, em virtude da necessidade de estudos a respeito da sanidade apícola, objetiva-se estudar o comportamento higiênico em colônias de abelhas <em>Apis mellifera</em> em apiários localizados no Sertão do Estado da Paraíba. A pesquisa foi realizada no período de março, abril e maio de 2014, em cinco apiários localizados nos municípios de Condado, Pombal, Jericó, São Bentinho e São Domingos, ambos situados na Mesorregião do Sertão do Estado da Paraíba, com um total de 25 colmeias avaliadas. O teste de comportamento higiênico foi realizado com base no método de perfuração das células de crias. O percentual de comportamento higiênico foi semelhante em ambos os apiários, principalmente em Condado (93,96%), Pombal (94,30%), Jericó (87,63%) e São Domingos (95,20%), ocorrendo apenas uma ligeira diferença no apiário de São Bentinho com uma média de 76,31%. O apiário localizado no município de Pombal obteve o melhor resultado, apresentando índice elevado de comportamento higiênico.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong><em>Hygienic behavior</em></strong><strong><em> in Apis mellifera L. africanized hives in the Backlands of Paraiba</em></strong><strong><em></em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Beekeeping is one of the few agricultural activities that meets the three requirements of sustainability: economic, social and ecological. Therefore, provides income for the beekeeper, occupies family labor or hired and contributes to the preservation of native flora. Sanity may affect the development of beekeeping because <em>Apis</em> <em>mellifera</em> like any other living organism is susceptible to diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and other parasites and metabolic, nutritional and hormonal disorders, and several poisoning. Thus, because of the need for studies concerning the apiculture health, this study focuses on hygienic behavior in <em>Apis</em> <em>mellifera</em> honeybee colonies in apiaries located in the backlands of the state of Paraíba. The survey was conducted from March, April and May 2014, in five apiaries located in the cities of Condado, Pombal, Jericó, São Bentinho and São Domingos, both located in the Greater Region of the Backlands of the State of Paraíba, with a total of 25 evaluated hives. The hygienic behavior test was conducted based on the method of drilling the brood. The hygienic behavior percentage was similar in both apiaries, especially in Condado (93.96%), Pombal (94.30%), Jericó (87.63%) and São Domingos (95.20%), there was one slight difference in the apiary of São Bentinho with an average of 76.31%. Apiary located in the city of Pombal obtained the best result, with high level of hygienic behavior.</p>

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Laomettachit, Teeraphan, Monrudee Liangruksa, Teerasit Termsaithong, Anuwat Tangthanawatsakul, and Orawan Duangphakdee. "A model of infection in honeybee colonies with social immunity." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): e0247294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247294.

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Honeybees (Apis mellifera) play a significant role in the pollination of various food crops and plants. In the past decades, honeybee management has been challenged with increased pathogen and environmental pressure associating with increased beekeeping costs, having a marked economic impact on the beekeeping industry. Pathogens have been identified as a contributing cause of colony losses. Evidence suggested a possible route of pathogen transmission among bees via oral-oral contacts through trophallaxis. Here we propose a model that describes the transmission of an infection within a colony when bee members engage in the trophallactic activity to distribute nectar. In addition, we examine two important features of social immunity, defined as collective disease defenses organized by honeybee society. First, our model considers the social segregation of worker bees. The segregation limits foragers, which are highly exposed to pathogens during foraging outside the nest, from interacting with bees residing in the inner parts of the nest. Second, our model includes a hygienic response, by which healthy nurse bees exterminate infected bees to mitigate horizontal transmission of the infection to other bee members. We propose that the social segregation forms the first line of defense in reducing the uptake of pathogens into the colony. If the first line of defense fails, the hygienic behavior provides a second mechanism in preventing disease spread. Our study identifies the rate of egg-laying as a critical factor in maintaining the colony’s health against an infection. We propose that winter conditions which cease or reduce the egg-laying activity combined with an infection in early spring can compromise the social immunity defenses and potentially cause colony losses.

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15

Onari, Paula, Rodrigo Zaluski, Thaís De Souza Bovi, and Ricardo De Oliveira Orsi. "Apitoxin harvest affects population development but not the hygienic behavior of African-derived honey bees." Sociobiology 63, no. 1 (April 29, 2016): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i1.739.

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The biological properties of apitoxin have prompted its production for use in human and animal health applications. However, the apitoxin harvest triggers a defense reaction in honeybee colonies, which includes the release of alarm pheromones (isopentyl acetate and 2-heptanone), which cause stress and could cause behavioral changes that influence the routine activities of the colony. Considering the lack of data in the literature describing the effects of the prolonged harvesting of apitoxin, the present study conducted over a period of one year, aimed to investigate whether the apitoxin harvest influences population development and hygienic behavior of African-derived Apis mellifera (L.). We observed that apitoxin harvest affected the uncapped brood area of the colonies during the months of April, May, and June, and affected the capped brood area in July. The hygienic behavior of the colonies was not affected. Furthermore, we observed that during the study year, there was loss by abandonment of nine of the colonies subjected to apitoxin harvesting. We conclude that under the conditions of this study, the apitoxin harvest can negatively influence the development of the colony population during certain times of the year, without affecting the hygienic behavior of the colonies.

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Schafaschek, Tânia Patrícia, Eduardo Rodrigues Hickel, Carlos Antonio Lopes de Oliveira, and Vagner De Alencar Arnaut de Toledo. "Infestation and Reproduction of Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman and Hygienic Behavior in Colonies of Apis mellifera L. (Africanized Honeybee) with Queens of Different Genetic Origins." Sociobiology 66, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i3.3444.

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The hygienic behavior and variables related to the varroa mite in Apis mellifera colonies, with queens of different origins, were evaluated from October 2013 to June 2014. Queens from the selection program of the Maringá State University (Maringá / PR), from a beekeeper/ producer of Santa Terezinha/ SC and unselected queens, randomly selected in an experimental apiary (Irineópolis / SC) were evaluated. Colonies with queens of Maringá presented an increase in the invasion rate and total reproduction of varroa as there was reduction of hygienic behavior. This group presented a reduction in the effective reproduction of the mite, with a mean of 2.3 fertile offspring. Colonies with queens of Santa Terezinha presented an increase in the invasion rate due to the reduction of hygienic behavior, but in a less marked manner, since this characteristic remained stable, with an average of 92.0%. The total and effective reproduction of the mite for this group was 1.7 and 0.9 of total and fertile offspring, respectively. Colonies with queens of Irineópolis showed the lowest hygienic behavior (78.0%) and the highest total (12.6) and effective (5.3) reproduction of the mite. The use of selected queens, with hygienic behavior, interferes with the varroa population dynamics, contributing to the reduction of the invasion and total and effective reproduction rates of the mite.

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17

Akyol, Ethem. "Bal Arısı (Apis Mellifera L., 1758) Kolonilerinde Hijyenik Davranışa Etki Eden Faktörler ile Tespit Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırması Üzerine Bir Çalışma." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, no. 12 (December 7, 2016): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i12.1207-1211.1046.

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This study was conducted to determine the better hygienic behaviour determination method that is used in controlling against bee diseases and pests. Total forty honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) were used and they were randomly divided into two groups (each group consists of twenty colonies) in first year. Liquid nitrogen method was used in the first group' colonies and pin-killing (needling process) method was used in the second group’ colonies to determine the effectiveness of methods for hygienic behaviour. Average clearance rate was found as 66.25% and 78.10% in the first (Liquid nitrogen application) and the second (pin-killing) groups respectively. In the second year, forty colonies were divided into five equal groups and each group consisted eight colonies. The first group consisted of 9 frames bees in standard langstroot hive (10 frame capacity), the second group consisted of 5 frames bees in standard langstroot hive (10 frame capacity), the third group consisted of 5 frames bees in ruşet hive (5 frame capacity), the forth group’s consisted of 3 frames bees in ruşet hive (5 frame capacity) and the fifty group consisted of queen mating hive. The pin-killing (needling process) method, tested in first year, was used for all groups to determine the effectiveness of colony population and the size of hive. Average clearance rates of the first, second, third, forth and fifth groups were 70.54%, 58.38%, 70.63%, 54.96% and 58.21% respectively. The colonies that belonged to the pin-killing (needling) group showed a higher cleaning behaviour rate than the other colonies. The density of bees in hive had an important effect on the clearance rate of colonies. The colonies of group 1 and group 3, which had the more density of bees in per unit area, had the higher clearance rate than the other groups.

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Kaskinova, M. D., L. R. Gaifullina, E. S. Saltykova, A. V. Poskryakov, and A. G. Nikolenko. "Genetic markers for the resistance of honey bee to Varroa destructor." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 24, no. 8 (December 31, 2020): 853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj20.683.

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In the mid-20th century, the first case of infection of European bees Apis mellifera L. with the ectoparasite mite Varroa destructor was recorded. The original host of this mite is the Asian bee Apis cerana. The mite V. destructor was widespread throughout Europe, North and South America, and Australia remained the only continent free from this parasite. Without acaricide treatment any honeybee colony dies within 1–4 years. The use of synthetic acaricides has not justified itself – they make beekeeping products unsuitable and mites develop resistance to them, which forces the use of even greater concentrations that can be toxic to the bees. Therefore, the only safe measure to combat the mite is the use of biological control methods. One of these methods is the selection of bee colonies with natural mite resistance. In this article we summarize publications devoted to the search for genetic markers associated with resistance to V. destructor. The first part discusses the basic mechanisms of bee resistance (Varroa sensitive hygienic behavior and grooming) and methods for their assessment. The second part focuses on research aimed at searching for loci and candidate genes associated with resistance to varroosis by mapping quantitative traits loci and genome-wide association studies. The third part summarizes studies of the transcriptome profile of Varroa resistant bees. The last part discusses the most likely candidate genes – potential markers for breeding Varroa resistant bees. Resistance to the mite is manifested in a variety of phenotypes and is under polygenic control. The establishing of gene pathways involved in resistance to Varroa will help create a methodological basis for the selection of Varroa resistant honeybee colonies.

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Costa-Maia, Fabiana Martins, Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo, Elias Nunes Martins, Daniela Andressa Lino-Lourenço, Maria Josiane Sereia, Carlos Antonio Lopes de Oliveira, Patrícia Faquinello, and André Luiz Halak. "Estimates of covariance components for hygienic behavior in Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera)." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 40, no. 9 (September 2011): 1909–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982011000900010.

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20

BUTLER, C. G. "The mating behaviour of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.)." Journal of Entomology Series A, General Entomology 46, no. 1 (February 12, 2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1971.tb00103.x.

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21

Hurst, Victoria, Philip C. Stevenson, and Geraldine A. Wright. "Toxins induce ‘malaise’ behaviour in the honeybee (Apis mellifera)." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 200, no. 10 (August 23, 2014): 881–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-014-0932-0.

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22

Kasangaki, Patrice, Gideon N. Nyamasyo, Paul N. Ndegwa, Christopher Angiro, and Robert Kajobe. "Apis mellifera adansonii Is the Most Defensive Honeybee in Uganda." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2018 (June 21, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4079587.

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Honeybee defensive behaviour is an important trait for selection of honeybees for breeding programs. We evaluated the variation in honeybee defensive behaviour with environmental factors and hive conditions. Factors such as the difference in the agro-ecological zones, colony strength, mean elevation, type of bee hive used, and the vegetation cover were considered. The number of honeybees attacking the researchers’ protective gear within one minute of disturbance was recorded per colony and analyzed. Apis m. adansonii was found to be the most defensive. Variations in the agro-ecological zones, colony strength, and mean elevation were found to significantly influence the defensive behaviour of the honeybees. Honeybee colonies in the Mid North AEZ were the most defensive. The type of bee hive and vegetation cover did not have any influence on the defensive behaviour. From this study, we suggest that selection of honeybees that are less defensive for breeding programs should consider A. m. scutellata and honeybee colonies from West Nile and Southern Highland AEZs at higher elevations.

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23

Guichard, Matthieu, Markus Neuditschko, Gabriele Soland, Padruot Fried, Mélanie Grandjean, Sarah Gerster, Benjamin Dainat, Piter Bijma, and Evert W. Brascamp. "Estimates of genetic parameters for production, behaviour, and health traits in two Swiss honey bee populations." Apidologie 51, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 876–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13592-020-00768-z.

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Abstract Successful honey bee breeding programmes require traits that can be genetically improved by selection. Heritabilities for production, behaviour, and health traits, as well as their phenotypic correlations, were estimated in two distinct Swiss Apis mellifera mellifera and Apis mellifera carnica populations based on 9 years of performance records and more than two decades of pedigree information. Breeding values were estimated by a best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) approach, taking either queen or worker effects into account. In A. m. mellifera, the highest heritabilities were obtained for defensive behaviour, calmness during inspection, and hygienic behaviour, while in A. m. carnica, honey yield and hygienic behaviour were the most heritable traits. In contrast, estimates for infestation rates by Varroa destructor suggest that the phenotypic variation cannot be attributed to an additive genetic origin in either population. The highest phenotypic correlations were determined between defensive behaviour and calmness during inspection. The implications of these findings for testing methods and the management of the breeding programme are discussed.

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Teixeira, Érica Weinstein, Raquel Morais de Paiva Daibert, Luiz Afonso Glatzl Júnior, Marcos Vinicius Gualberto Barbosa da Silva, Maria Luisa Teles Marques Florencio Alves, Jay Daniel Evans, and Amy Lynn Toth. "Transcriptomic analysis suggests candidate genes for hygienic behavior in African-derived Apis mellifera honeybees." Apidologie 52, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13592-020-00834-6.

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Moritz, R. F. A. "A Reevaluation of the Two-Locus Model for Hygienic Behavior in Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)." Journal of Heredity 79, no. 4 (July 1988): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110506.

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26

Unger, P., and E. Guzman-novoa. "Maternal Effects on the Hygienic Behavior of Russian x Ontario Hybrid Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)." Journal of Heredity 101, no. 1 (November 4, 2009): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esp092.

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27

Ragubeer, C., A. Jürgens, and S. D. Johnson. "The effect of nectar scent on honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) behaviour." South African Journal of Botany 86 (May 2013): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.02.156.

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Wang, Ying, Osman Kaftanoglu, M. Kim Fondrk, and Robert E. Page. "Nurse bee behaviour manipulates worker honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) reproductive development." Animal Behaviour 92 (June 2014): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.02.012.

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29

Giurfa, Martin, and Josué Núñez. "Colour signals and choice behaviour of the honeybee (Apis mellifera ligustica)." Journal of Insect Physiology 35, no. 12 (January 1989): 907–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(89)90012-7.

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30

Giurfa, Martin. "Colour generalization and choice behaviour of the honeybee Apis mellifera ligustica." Journal of Insect Physiology 37, no. 1 (January 1991): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(91)90017-t.

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31

Trhlin, M., and J. Rajchard. " Chemical communication in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.): a review." Veterinární Medicína 56, No. 6 (July 19, 2011): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1543-vetmed.

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An important area of physiology of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) is chemical communication between individuals and castes in the swarm, which maintains its integrity and function. The highly complex social organization of honeybees is mediated through pheromones. Releaser pheromones cause rapid changes in the behaviour of the recipient, while primer pheromones have relatively slow and long-term effects on the physiology and behaviour of the recipient. Queen retinue pheromone (QRP) is a blend of the nine compounds (9-oxo-(E)-2-decenoic acid, (R)- and (S)-9-hydroxy-(E)-2-decenoic acid, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxy-3-methyoxyphenylethanol, methyl oleate, coniferyl alcohol, palmityl alcohol, and linolenic acid) and acts as a releaser pheromone by attracting worker bees to the queen. QRP also acts as a primer pheromone by physiologically inhibiting the ovary development of worker bees. An essential component of QRP, 9-oxo-(E)-2-decenoic acid, acts as a long-distance sex pheromone. Defensive behaviour of honeybees is induced and modulated by alarm pheromones. The essential alarm pheromone component is isopentyl acetate (IPA). The unsaturated derivative of IPA, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl acetate, was found in colonies of Africanized honeybees. The Nasanov gland of worker bees produces a pheromone (a blend of nerol, geraniol, (E)- and (Z)-citral, nerolic acid, geranic acid and (E,E)-farnesol) that acts as an attracting signal. This pheromone is used for aggregation (during swarming). Adult worker bees also produce a substance, ethyl oleate, that has a priming effect. Ethyl oleate is produced by adult forager bees and acts as a chemical inhibitory factor to delay age at onset of foraging (the presence of older worker bees causes a delayed onset of foraging in younger individuals). Chemical cues on the surface of larvae called a brood pheromone (ethyl and methyl esters of palmitic, linoleic, linolenic, stearic, and oleic acids, E-β-ocimene) are important in the communication between brood and worker bees. This pheromone modulates the feeding behaviour of worker bees, inhibits the activation of the worker ovary, induces worker bees to cap brood cells, increases the activity of the hypopharyngeal glands of nurse bees and modulates the behavioural maturation of worker bees.

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32

Goras, Georgios, Chrysoula Tananaki, Maria Dimou, Thomas Tscheulin, Theodora Petanidou, and Andreas Thrasyvoulou. "Impact of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) density on wild bee foraging behaviour." Journal of Apicultural Science 60, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jas-2016-0007.

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Abstract Honey bees are globally regarded as important crop pollinators and are also valued for their honey production. They have been introduced on an almost worldwide scale. During recent years, however, several studies argue their possible competition with unmanaged pollinators. Here we examine the possible effects of honey bees on the foraging behaviour of wild bees on Cistus creticus flowers in Northern Greece. We gradually introduced one, five, and eight honey-bee hives per site, each containing ca. 20,000 workers. The visitation frequency and visit duration of wild bees before and after the beehive introductions were measured by flower observation. While the visitation frequencies of wild bees were unaffected, the average time wild bees spent on C. creticus increased with the introduction of the honey-bee hives. Although competition between honey bees and wild bees is often expected, we did not find any clear evidence for significant effects even in honey-bee densities much higher than the European-wide average of 3.1 colonies/km2.

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Martin, Stephen J., Nicolas Châline, Falko Drijfhout, and Graeme R. Jones. "Role of esters in egg removal behaviour in honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 59, no. 1 (July 29, 2005): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-005-0004-0.

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34

Allsopp, M. H., and R. F. A. Moritz. "LACK OF WORKER POLICING IN THE CAPE HONEYBEE (APIS MELLIFERA CAPENSIS)." Behaviour 136, no. 9 (1999): 1079–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999501766.

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AbstractIn honeybees (Apis mellifera) laying worker offspring is rare. One mechanism to suppress worker reproduction is through worker policing, i.e. workers remove unfertilised eggs laid by other workers. This behaviour has been shown to be adaptive as soon as the queen performs polyandrous matings. The average relatedness to the queen's drones is higher than to the worker laid offspring. In the Cape honeybee (A. m. capensis) reproductive workers lay fertilised eggs which develop into females. In this case the average worker relatedness to sexual reproductives reared from worker or queen offspring is identical. Worker policing has been predicted by evolutionary theory to be less expressed in A. m. capensis colonies than in other honeybees. We found genetic evidence that worker policing is not common in the Cape honeybee. Laying worker offspring was identified in queen right colonies using microsatellite DNA analysis.

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35

Oldroyd, BP. "Evaluation of Australian commercial honey bees for hygienic behaviour, a critical character for tolerance to chalkbrood." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 5 (1996): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960625.

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Chalkbrood of honey bees (Apis mellifera) is caused by Ascosphaera apis, and is new to Australia. As yet, no treatment or prophylaxis is available for this disease. The best prospects for control are likely to come from the use of 'hygienic' bees, those with a strong genetic tendency to uncap and remove dead pupae, together with good beekeeping practice. Ten strains of Australian commercial honey bee were evaluated for hygienic behaviour. Dead pupae were inserted into the colonies and checked after 3, 5 and 7 days for the number of pupae removed. Most colonies (80%) were non-hygienic and hence likely to be susceptible to chalkbrood. However, 2 strains provided good overall performance in the test and comprised 1 or 2 colonies that were highly hygienic. Colonies were evaluated 3 times, and the good performance of these colonies was repeatable across trials. These data suggest that hygienic behavioural morphs exist in Australia's commercial bee strains, and it is unnecessary to obtain breeding stock from overseas for this reason alone. Selective breeding, with relatively simple techniques which can be used by beekeepers and queen breeders, should produce suitable genotypes.

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36

Golding, Y. C., A. R. Ennos, and M. Edmunds. "Similarity in flight behaviour between the honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: apidae) and its presumed mimic, the dronefly Eristalis tenax (Diptera: syrphidae)." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.1.139.

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It is generally accepted that the dronefly Eristalis tenax is a Batesian mimic of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Previous work has established that the foraging behaviour of droneflies is more similar to that of its model than to that of other more closely related flies, suggesting that behaviour may be important in the mimicry. Locomotor mimicry has been demonstrated in mimetic Heliconius butterflies but not in hoverflies. This study therefore investigated aspects of the flight behaviour of Eristalis tenax, Apis mellifera and two other flies, Syrphus ribesii and a Musca sp. Insects were filmed foraging on Helichrysum bracteum flowers, and flight sequences were analysed to determine flight velocities, flight trajectories and the percentage of time spent hovering. It was found that the flight behaviour of droneflies was more similar to that of honeybees than to that of the other flies. This suggests that the flight behaviour of Eristalis tenax may be mimetic.

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37

Schneider, Stanley S. "Dance Behaviour of Successful Foragers of the African Honeybee,Apis Mellifera Scutellata(Hymenoptera: Apidae)." Journal of Apicultural Research 28, no. 3 (January 1989): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1989.11100837.

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38

Neumann, Peter, Sarah E. Radloff, Christian W. W. Pirk, and Randall Hepburn. "The behaviour of drifted Cape honeybee workers (Apis mellifera capensis): predisposition for social parasitism?" Apidologie 34, no. 6 (November 2003): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2003048.

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39

Bergougnoux, Maelys, Michel Treilhou, and Catherine Armengaud. "Exposure to thymol decreased phototactic behaviour in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) in laboratory conditions." Apidologie 44, no. 1 (July 31, 2012): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13592-012-0158-5.

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40

Whiffler, L. A., M. U. H. Drusedau, R. M. Crewe, and H. R. Hepburn. "Defensive behaviour and the division of labour in the African honeybee (Apis mellifera scutettata)." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 163, no. 3 (1988): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00604015.

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41

Arathi, H. S., I. Burns, and M. Spivak. "Ethology of Hygienic Behaviour in the Honey Bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Behavioural repertoire of Hygienic bees." Ethology 106, no. 4 (April 2000): 365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0310.2000.00556.x.

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42

Kathe, Elisa, Karsten Seidelmann, Oleg Lewkowski, Yves Le Conte, and Silvio Erler. "Changes in chemical cues of Melissococcus plutonius infected honey bee larvae." Chemoecology 31, no. 3 (February 18, 2021): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00049-021-00339-3.

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AbstractEuropean foulbrood (EFB), caused by Melissococcus plutonius, is a globally distributed bacterial brood disease affecting Apis mellifera larvae. There is some evidence, even if under debate, that spreading of the disease within the colony is prevented by worker bees performing hygienic behaviour, including detection and removal of infected larvae. Olfactory cues (brood pheromones, signature mixtures, diagnostic substances) emitted by infected individuals may play a central role for hygienic bees to initiate the disease-specific behaviour. However, the mechanisms of cue detection and brood removal, causing hygienic behaviour in EFB affected colonies, are poorly understood. Here, coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to detect disease-specific substances, changes in cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles, and brood ester pheromones (BEPs) of honey bee larvae artificially infected with M. plutonius. Although no diagnostic substances were found in significant quantities, discriminant analysis revealed specific differences in CHC and BEP profiles of infected and healthy larvae. β-Ocimene, a volatile brood pheromone related to starvation and hygienic behaviour, was present in all larvae with highest quantities in healthy young larvae; whereas oleic acid, a non-volatile necromone, was present only in old infected larvae. Furthermore, γ-octalactone (newly discovered in A. mellifera in this study) was detectable in trace amounts only in infected larvae. We propose that the deviation from the olfactory profile of healthy brood is supposed to trigger hygienic behaviour in worker bees. To confirm the relevance of change in the chemical bouquet (CHCs, BEPs, γ-octalactone, etc.), a field colony bioassay is needed, using healthy brood and hygienic bees to determine if bouquet changes elicit hygienic behaviour.

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43

CORNOIU, Ilie, Ionel TOADER, Ovidiu MAGHIAR, and Mirela CADAR. "Contribution Concerning the Behaviour Knowledge before Natural Swarming in Honeybees (Apis mellifera carpathica, Linnaeus)." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Animal Science and Biotechnologies 77, no. 1 (May 26, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:0014.19.

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In this study we followed the way in which evolves the behaviour of some honeybee families (Apis mellifera carpathica, Linnaeus), maintained in vertical beehives (modified Dadant type), in conditions of stationary bee keeping, having in view the natural queen cell’s build rhythm after the second acacia tree harvest (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in Jucu area of Cluj County. There were taken into observation 20 biological units with queen bees of different ages. It was monitored the development rhythm of natural queen cells, which are in attendance by the working bees, and to put into evidence the swarming instinct strength, so in bee keeping practice to be known and to be avoided the natural swarming. The determination of occupied surfaces with covered brood and larval was effected with the Netz framework. The aim of our study was to understand how the swarming in honeybees occurs. By detailed observation, we want to describe and to explain the behaviour of honeybees before the swarming process. The obtained results are quantified in absolute values and expressed graphically in relative values, but in the next three apicultural years (2020, 2021 and 2022), the experiment will be repeated for a variance analysis, which will provide a statistical assurance. We hope that these data will give contribution for the apicultural practice, keeping attention on queen bees’ importance during active season and on careful supervision on development rhythm of the honeybee units during the natural swarming.

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44

Sheppard, W. S., M. C. Arias, and H. Shimanuki. "Determination of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes from sting remnants of the honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera:Apidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 84, no. 4 (December 1994): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300032806.

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AbstractAfricanized honeybees are presently expanding their geographic range within the USA and are considered undesirable due to their substantial defensive behaviour. Africanized honeybees can be differentiated from honeybees of European ancestry using discriminant analysis of morphological characters, based on a minimum of ten intact specimens per colony. In this paper we report a PCR-based method suitable for the identification of African or European mtDNA from sting remnants, such as typically remain on victims following a stinging incident. We experimentally simulated collection and shipment conditions with dried and alcohol preservation of stings, and also report that the method was suitable for sting remnants stored with a victim sample for over one year in alcohol. The determination of mtDNA haplotypes from stinger remnants must be tempered by the constraints inherent in interpretation of mtDNA haplotype data. Such data do not provide any information regarding the genetic contribution of the paternal lineage. However, in geographic areas where baseline information regarding European haplotype frequencies is known, the detection of a different mtDNA haplotype in stingers from a victim, especially when associated with observations of extreme defensive behaviour, would certainly be suggestive of Africanization.

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MORITZ, Robin F. A., Edward E. SOUTHWICK, and John B. HARBO. "GENETIC ANALYSIS OF DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOUR OF HONEYBEE COLONIES (APIS MELLIFERA L.) IN A FIELD TEST." Apidologie 18, no. 1 (1987): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:19870103.

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46

Traynor, Kirsten S., Yves Le Conte, and Robert E. Page. "Age matters: pheromone profiles of larvae differentially influence foraging behaviour in the honeybee, Apis mellifera." Animal Behaviour 99 (January 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.10.009.

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47

Denison, Rachel, and Valérie Raymond-Delpech. "Insights into the molecular basis of social behaviour from studies on the honeybee, Apis mellifera." Invertebrate Neuroscience 8, no. 1 (February 15, 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10158-008-0066-6.

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48

Lazarov, Svilen, Ivan Stoyanov, Vida Georgieva, Ivanka Zhelyazkova, and Evgeniya Ivanova. "Allozyme genetic characterization of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies from Bulgaria with different hygienic behaviour." Journal of Central European Agriculture 20, no. 2 (2019): 592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/20.2.2136.

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49

Invernizzi, C., F. Rivas, and L. Bettucci. "Resistance to Chalkbrood Disease in Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies with Different Hygienic Behaviour." Neotropical Entomology 40, no. 1 (February 2011): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-566x2011000100004.

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50

Nazzi, Francesco, Giorgio Della Vedova, and Mauro D'Agaro. "A semiochemical from brood cells infested by Varroa destructor triggers hygienic behaviour in Apis mellifera." Apidologie 35, no. 1 (January 2004): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2003065.

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