Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hydroxyle – Réactivité (chimie) – Mesure'
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Dolgorouky, Cristina. "Mesure de la réactivité atmosphérique totale avec les radicaux hydroxyles (OH) : développement et applications en Ile-de-France." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00684758.
Amédro, Damien. "Atmospheric measurements of OH and HO2 radicals using FAGE : Development and deployment on the field." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10083/document.
HOx(=OH+HO2) radicals play a central role in the degradation of hydrocarbons in the troposphere. Reaction of OH with hydrocarbons leads in the presence of NOx to the formation of secondary pollutants such as O3. Due to its high reactivity, the concentration of OH radicals (<1ppt) and its lifetime are very low (<1s). In order to validate atmospheric chemistry models, the development of highly sensitive instruments for the measurement of OH and HO2 is needed. An instrument based on the FAGE technique (Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion) was developed at the University of Lille for the simultaneous measurement of HOx radicals. The limit of detection for OH and HO2 is of 4 × 10[power 5] cm-3 and 5 × 10[power 6] cm-3 respectively for 1 min integration time, appropriate for ambient measurements. The instrument was deployed in 4 field campaigns in different environments: simulation chamber, rural, suburban and indoor. The Lille FAGE was validated during 2 intercomparative measurements in an atmospheric chamber and in ambient air. In parallel, the FAGE set-up was adapted for the measurement of the OH reactivity. OH reactivity is the measure of the total loss of OH radicals that includes the reaction of all chemical species with OH. Ambient air is sampled through a photolysis cell where OH is artificially produced and it decays from the reaction with reactants present in ambient air is recorded by LIF in the FAGE. The OH reactivity system was deployed during an intercomparative measurement and used for the study of the reaction between NO2* and H2O as a source of OH
Thiébaud, Jérôme. "Développement d'un spectromètre à cavité optique de haute finesse couplé à la photolyse laser : mesures spectroscopiques et cinétiques du radical HO2." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Thiebaud.pdf.
Al, Ajami Mohamad. "Caractérisation et déploiement d'un instrument FAGE pour l'étude des processus d'oxydation atmosphériques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R031/document.
The hydroxyl radical, OH, the hydroperoxyl radical HO2 (known collectively as HOx) and peroxy radicals RO2, play a key role in the tropospheric chemistry and are intricately related to the chemical cycles that control the concentration of greenhouse gases. Accurate quantification of these three important radicals and investigations on the chemical mechanisms that control their formation and removal in the atmosphere are needed to develop a better understanding of the atmospheric chemistry mechanisms. Different types of instruments have been developed and deployed to quantify HOx radicals in the field such as the FAGE (Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion). This technique represents direct measurement of OH and indirect measurement of HO2 radicals by adding NO. However, some RO2 radicals can be potential interferences for HO2 measurements. For UL-FAGE, the conversion efficiency of various RO2 species to HO2 has been investigated and it has been shown that variation of NO allows to selectively detect HO2 and double bound RO2. With similar FAGE instruments, field campaigns have been carried out in remote biogenic environments in the last decade. They have highlighted unidentified interferences in these measurements. In our laboratory, we used our FAGE instrument in controlled conditions to investigate the origin of the interference and we have shown that ROOOH, product of radical-radical reactions in the atmosphere may be responsible. Finally, the UL-FAGE in both configurations (quantification and reactivity) was deployed to a field measurement (LANDEX) in forest environment. Part of the campaign was conducted to an intercomparison between UL-FAGE and LSCE-CRM instruments
Shamas, Nesrine. "Understanding of atmospheric and indoor air chemistry through HOx radical measurements." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR057.
HOx (OH+HO2) and RO2 radicals are involved in oxidation processes in the gas phase, generating secondary products impacting the air quality and human health. Understanding these oxidation processes through the quantification of these radicals is still challenging because of their low concentrations (
Coeur, Cécile. "Contribution à la mesure des émissions biogéniques du pourtour méditerranéen : étude des artefacts analytiques de certains terpènes et de la réactivité de l'acétate de bornyle avec le radical hydroxyl." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10103.
Chioua, Karima. "Synthèse énantiosélective et mise en oeuvre de réactifs de Wittig "delta"-hydroxyles chiraux." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20194.
Brosse, Fabien. "Influence de la couche limite convective sur la réactivité chimique en Afrique de l'Ouest." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30324/document.
This thesis focuses on the influence of the convective and cloudy boundary layer on the chemical reactivity in West Africa. To answer this question, high resolution simulations (50m) are performed on the atmospheric model Meso-NH coupled to a detailed chemical scheme representing the gaseous and aqueous phases. This spatial scale allow to explicitly represent the spatial and temporal characteristics of turbulent structures. Thermals in the boundary layer are identified by a conditional sampling based on a radioactive-decay passive scalar. The turbulent transport influence on the redistribution of chemical species depends on the chemical lifetimes of these species. Spatial segregation is created within the convective boundary layer that increases or decreases the mean reaction rates between compounds. AMMA campaign field study, and more recently DACCIWA, are used to define dynamical and chemical forcing of two simulated environments. The first one is representative of a biogenic environment dominated by natural emissions of VOC. The second reproduces a moderately polluted typical urban area of the Guinean Gulf (Cotonou in Benin). For the sake of simplicity, simulations analysis are limited to the chemical reaction between isoprene and OH in the biogenic case, and the reaction between C>2 aldehydes and OH in the anthropogenic case. The convective boundary layer influence is studied at thermal and domain scale. This makes the connection with coarse resolution models for which a hypothesis of perfect and immediate mixing is made, neglecting the spatial variability of chemical species within a grid cell. The first results are based on the gaseous phase only. Cloudy development in the convective boundary layer only affects the vertical transport of chemical species. The simulations show that thermals are preferential reaction zones where the chemical reactivity is the highest. The top of the boundary layer is the region characterized by the highest calculated segregation intensities but of the opposite sign in both environments. In the biogenic environment, the inhomogeneous mixing of isoprene and OH in this zone leads to a maximum decrease of 30% of the mean reaction rate. In the anthropogenic case, the effective rate constant for OH reacting with aldehydes is 16% higher at maximum than the averaged value. The OH reactivity is higher by 15 to 40% inside thermals compared to the surroundings depending on the chemical environment and time of the day. Because thermals occupy a small fraction of the simulated domain, the impact of turbulent motions on the domain-averaged OH total reactivity reaches a maximum 9% decrease for the biogenic case and a maximum of 5% increase for the anthropogenic case. LES simulations including the aqueous reactivity reveal a significant decrease in OH mixing ratios associated to the presence of clouds. Consequently, isoprene and C>2 aldehydes mixing ratios increase at these altitudes
Elmaimouni, Lahcen. "Etude cinétique de l'équilibre entre les radicaux benzyle et benzylpéroxyle et mesure des constantes de vitesse des réactions des radicaux éthoxy (avec O2 et NO) et hydroxyle (avec CH3CFCl2)." Lille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL10085.
Leyssens, Gontrand. "Étude de l'incorporation du benzaldéhyde et de composés phénoliques dans des solutions aqueuses : paramètres thermo-cinétiques et implications atmosphériques." Lille 1, 2004. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/830921a1-77df-4227-b1a9-f750dc359b7b.
En ce qui concerne le benzaldéhyde, la faible valeur du coefficient d'accommodation massique déterminée à 293 K (=2. 10-4) laisse supposer que son incorporation dans les particules d'aérosols aqueux de l'atmosphère est probablement très limitée. Une étude préliminaire a été entreprise pour identifier les produits de réactions qui résulteraient de l'oxydation du p-crésol dissous dans l'eau par le dioxyde d'azote d'une part, et par les radicaux OH d'autre part. Enfin, dans le but de mieux évaluer l'impact potentiel de la chimie multiphasique des COVO étudiés dans ce travail, une étude de deux scénarii par temps de ciel clair et de ciel nuageux a été réalisée pour estimer les durées de vie et les temps caractéristiques des différents processus responsables de leur évolution spatio-temporelle dans la troposphère. Cette étude montre que l'accommodation massique des composés phénoliques étudiés s'avère. être un processus très rapide en regard des durées de vie de ces composés dans la phase gazeuse de la troposphère et que, par conséquent, leur assimilation par les hydrométéores ne devrait pas être limitée par le processus d'accommodation et serait plus rapide en présence de nuages. En modifiant la composition de la tropüsphère,. 1a chimie multiphasique des COVO étudiés pourrait avoir un impact sur sa capacité oxydante
Denis, Isabelle. "Photodégradation des composés organiques volatils biogéniques dans l'atmosphère : étude de la réactivité du (beta)-pinène vis à vis des radicaux hydroxyles ; cas de la réactivité en milieu hétérogène." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10129.
Tomaz, Sophie. "Etude des composés polyaromatiques dans l’atmosphère : caractérisation moléculaire et processus réactionnels en lien avec l’aérosol organique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0416/document.
This PhD work deals with a better characterization, at the molecular level of the organic atmospheric aerosol in relation to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), and has been structured using two different but complementary approaches. Field measurements were conducted in Grenoble (France) and concentration levels, seasonal variability and gas/particle partitioning distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxy-PAHs (OPAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) have been investigated for one whole year. This field study allowed to a better understanding of primary vs secondary sources of OPAHs and NPAHs and specific molecular markers related to different sources have been identified. A complementary study was carried out using an atmospheric smog chamber, in order to investigate the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the photooxidation of naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene, two of the most abundant PAHs in the gas-phase. The formation of organosulfates and sulfonates, from the oxidation of gaseous PAHs, has been highlighted for the first time in this work and these compounds have been proposed as potential SOA markers of PAH photooxidation. UV-Visible absorption of SOA generated during these experiments was investigated and led to the identification of specific molecules responsible for this absorption. A wide chemical characterization of SOA was performed and emphasized its dependence on many experimental factors (nature of seed particles, relative humidity and seed acidity) and allowed to propose some new chemical reaction pathways
Debeusscher, Sylvanie. "Stockage et caractérisation de l'hydrogène dans les oxydes mixtes à base de cérium-nickel et zirconium ou aluminium." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10122.
The mixed oxides based on cerium-nickel and zirconium or aluminium are able to store large quantities of hydrogen, To determiine nature, reactivity and properties of hydrogen species (spill-over, direct desorption), the solid were studied by different physicochemical techniques in the dried, calcined and partially reduced states: XRD, porosity, TGA, TPR, TPA, TPD, chemical titration and inelastic neutron scattering (INS). Solids are mainly mesoporous with a common pore size at 4 nm, They are constituted of CeO2 phase, Ce-Ni or Ce-Ni-Zr solid solution and of Ni(OH)2 in the dried state and NiO in the calcined state. The Ni species are in various environments and the strong interactions between the cations in solid solution and at different particles interface influence their reducibility and the creation of anionic vacancies. Activation in H2 in temperature is determining for hydrogen storage in the solid while calcination step is not necessary. INS Analyses evidence that the hydrogen species inserted during treatment in H2 are H+( OH-), hydride H- and H* (metallic nickel) species, present in various chemical environments, in particular for hydride species. All kinds of hydrogen species participate to the reaction during the chemical titration in agreement with the proposed hydrogenation mechanism. The study of the adsorption of hydrogen shows that this step is fast and in quantity of the same order as that measured by chemical titration. The direct desorption of H2 is very low, linked to the presence of hydrogen in interaction with metallic nickel (H*-·). Desorption of water is also observed, in parallel, corresponding to the elimination of groups. The hydride species are not desorbed. These various observations allow connecting hydrogen species properties with their localization in the structure and to model active sites
Detournay, Anaïs. "Etude de COV oxygénés et biogéniques en milieu rural : du développement métrologique à l’évaluation de l’impact sur la chimie atmosphérique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10139/document.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) constitutes a heterogeneous compounds class, which play a significant part in atmospheric chemistry, impacting climate, environment and health. Recent studies have suggested the implication of biogenic and oxygenated VOCs in the formation processes of secondary species, such as ozone or Secondary Organic Aerosols. Little is known about those compounds, well represented in remote areas; mostly toward their ambient levels and diurnal and seasonal evolutions. This thesis’ objectives are to improve the current knowledge about their behavior in remote areas, for a better understanding of their part in atmospheric chemistry. The method adopted consisted in metrological development and field campaigns, to constitute a representative data base. Measurement methods were optimized and/or developed for the measure of: 54 NMHCs from C2 to C10, using préconcentration/thermodesorption coupled with GC/FID on-line analysis; 21 carbonyl compounds from C1 to C6, by chemical derivatization and chemical desorption coupled with HPLC/UV analysis; and 5 aromatic compounds, 6 aldehydes from C6 to C11, 6 monoterpenes and 6 alkanes from C9 to C16; by preconcentration coupled with thermodesorption and GC/FID-MS analysis. Those methods were used during two measurement campaigns, in March and June 2009, at the remote site of Peyrusse-Vieille (Gers, France). They permitted to collect an important database, whose analysis allowed determining the target compounds’ ambient levels, temporal variations, and the parameters inducing these observations. A thorough analysis then underlined the part transport mechanisms and importance of biogenic species in remote areas
Szabó, Emese. "Atmospheric kinetics and photochemistry of oxygenated volatile organic compounds." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10099/document.
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are important constituents of the atmosphere. They include, e.g., aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and organic acids. In the free troposphere, the abundance of OVOCs is higher than that of the non-methane hydrocarbons and their overall reactivity with OH is comparable with that of methane, in contrast that methane is present in much higher concentration. Degradation of OVOCs in the atmosphere takes place via the reaction with OH radicals and, in the case of photochemically active molecules, via photolysis. Free radicals are formed in the photooxidative degradations of the oxygen containing organics which basically determine the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere, the transformation of nitrogen oxides and the concentration of OH radicals and tropospheric ozone. Ozone is the third most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, it is one of the toxic components of urban smog and so it is related to such grave environmental problems as global warming and the quality of air. The aim of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the atmospheric behaviour of a few OVOCs by measuring their kinetic and photochemical parameters. One of the major goals of a laboratory basic research in atmospheric chemistry is to provide kinetic and photochemical data for computer modelling and to deduce atmospheric transformation mechanisms in the case of some important chemicals
Srour, Zainab. "Unravelling the chlorine chemistry using simulations from the molecular scale to the global scale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR038.
The discovery of the ozone hole over the Antarctic in the 1970s established the significance of gas-phase halogenated species in the atmosphere. These species play a crucial role in tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, influencing ozone budget, atmospheric concentrations of key species (such as OH, NOx, and volatile organic compounds), and halogen interactions. Numerous studies have explored halogen chemistry using global models, however, most of the focus has been on bromine and iodine due to their higher reactivity compared to chlorine. This preference arises from the greater chemical stability of HCl compared to other halogen acids (HX, where X = Br, I).This thesis aims to unravel the chlorine chemistry in the troposphere starting from the molecular up to the global scales. This is done through the employment of different numerical tools: (i) quantum chemistry tools to predict the reactivity and thermokinetic parameters of the reaction between OH radicals and CH2ClOOH, which are challenging to obtain experimentally, (ii) the kinetic model “ASTEC” to determine the reactivity of gaseous chlorinated compounds on a short time scale; and (iii) the chemistry transport model “MOCAGE” to evaluate the impact of chlorine on the global atmospheric budget.The results show that the reaction between CH2ClOOH and OH radicals is of atmospheric interest with an overall rate constant 6.55 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K computed at the M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3p) level of theory. The kinetic modelling showed that the daytime reactivity of chlorinated compounds is more important than the night-time reactivity governed by photolysis and reactivity with OH radicals. Moreover, the global modelling by MOCAGE showed that the chlorine atmospheric budget is not only affected by chemical transformation, but also, it is altered by the physical processes including transport and deposition
Debeusscher, Sylvanie. "Stockage et caractérisation de l'hydrogène dans les oxydes mixtes à base de cérium-nickel et zirconium ou aluminium." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10122/document.
The mixed oxides based on cerium-nickel and zirconium or aluminium are able to store large quantities of hydrogen, To determiine nature, reactivity and properties of hydrogen species (spill-over, direct desorption), the solid were studied by different physicochemical techniques in the dried, calcined and partially reduced states: XRD, porosity, TGA, TPR, TPA, TPD, chemical titration and inelastic neutron scattering (INS). Solids are mainly mesoporous with a common pore size at 4 nm, They are constituted of CeO2 phase, Ce-Ni or Ce-Ni-Zr solid solution and of Ni(OH)2 in the dried state and NiO in the calcined state. The Ni species are in various environments and the strong interactions between the cations in solid solution and at different particles interface influence their reducibility and the creation of anionic vacancies. Activation in H2 in temperature is determining for hydrogen storage in the solid while calcination step is not necessary. INS Analyses evidence that the hydrogen species inserted during treatment in H2 are H+( OH-), hydride H- and H* (metallic nickel) species, present in various chemical environments, in particular for hydride species. All kinds of hydrogen species participate to the reaction during the chemical titration in agreement with the proposed hydrogenation mechanism. The study of the adsorption of hydrogen shows that this step is fast and in quantity of the same order as that measured by chemical titration. The direct desorption of H2 is very low, linked to the presence of hydrogen in interaction with metallic nickel (H*-·). Desorption of water is also observed, in parallel, corresponding to the elimination of groups. The hydride species are not desorbed. These various observations allow connecting hydrogen species properties with their localization in the structure and to model active sites
Blocquet, Marion. "Étude radicalaire de la chimie de l'atmosphère, de l'air intérieur et de la combustion "basse température" par détection de OH et HO2 par technique optique de fluorescence induite par laser - FAGE (Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10196/document.
OH and HO2 radicals are major reactive species in many environments and the chemical processes in which they are involved are numerous and complex. In the atmosphere, OH is the main oxidant during the day and HO2 is strongly linked to it. OH has also been measured recently in indoor air; highlighting the presence of a rapid reactivity and therefore a potential source of secondary pollutants in buildings. In combustion, OH and HO2 are also important for the reactivity. To better understand chemical processes involving these radicals and consequently the formation of pollutants in these fields of application, the mobile device FAGE (Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion) has been used in this thesis. This technique allows characterizing OH and HO2 by combining concentration and lifetime (OH reactivity) measurements with a high sensitivity, selectivity and temporal resolution. It is based on the detection of OH and HO2 radicals by Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) at a high repetition after gas expansion. It is adapted for OH reactivity measurements by the coupling of a photolysis cell (pump-probe FAGE). A field campaign, performed on the Lille 1 campus, allowed the study of the variation of the reactivity in an urban environment. Two field campaigns were performed in indoor air to both measure OH reactivity and quantify OH and HO2. The FAGE device was also used for the first time in the field of combustion chemistry, by coupling it to a Jet-Stirred Reactor (JSR)
Lengignon, Christophe. "Développement d'un système de mesure de radicaux hydroxyles par spectroscopie d'absorption en cavité résonante hors axe." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874400.
Kalogridis, Athina-Cerise. "Caractérisation des composés organiques volatils en région méditerranéenne." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112314/document.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key components in atmospheric chemistry. They participate in photochemical reactions in the lower atmosphere and thus play a major role in the formation of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. Biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) constitute approximately 90% of global VOC emissions. In the Mediterranean region, the emissions and reactivity of BVOCs are enhanced due to high temperatures and sunny conditions. In this context, this work proposes, through intensive field campaigns, the experimental characterization of BVOCs and their oxidation products in two rural sites where the vegetation is representative of the Mediterranean region. Within the framework of the CANOPEE program (ANR-JCJC 2011-2014) an intensive field campaign took place at the Oak Observatory of the Observatoire de Haute Provence (O3HP). Measurements of concentrations and emission fluxes were carried out in order to quantify the export of BVOC off the canopy and study in-Canopy processes. High concentrations of isoprene were measured with daily maximum ambient concentrations ranging between 2-16 ppbv inside the forest. According to the emission factor of 7.2 mg m-2 h-1 determined, downy oak forest of the O3HP is one of the strongest emitters of isoprene worldwide. Evidence of direct emission of methanol was also found exhibiting an average emission rate equal to 0.3 2 mg m-2 h-1. One of the strengths of this work consisted in the study of transport and intra-Canopy chemistry. In-Canopy chemical oxidation of isoprene was found to be weak and did not seem to have a significant impact on isoprene concentrations and fluxes above the canopy. The second field campaign is part of the ChArMEx (Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment) program. It took place on the remote site of Cap Corse, characterized by a strong diversity of plant species. The rich dataset obtained allowed the quantification and speciation of many BVOCs. A great contrast in the signature emissions was observed between the two study sites. Thus, while isoprene is responsible for over 90% of BVOCs in terms of concentrations at the O3HP, it represents only 35% of their total concentrations in Cap Corse. The remaining 65% are composed of many monoterpenes. These results have also highlighted the rapid chemistry of BVOCs and the importance of their contribution to the formation of secondary oxygenated compounds under intense photochemistry conditions, typical of the summertime in the Mediterranean basin. Biogenic BVOCs represented the dominant hydroxyl radicals sink at the O3HP as well as in Cap Corse. In the presence of NOx, the potential of the measured BVOCs to produce ozone has been estimated at about 10 ppbv on average