Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hydroxyapatite Mechanical properties'

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the structural, mechanical and biological properties of nano hydroxyapatite (HA) doped with yttrium and fluoride with different compositions. HAs were synthesized by precipitation method. After sintering at 900oC, 1100oC or 1300oC for 1 hour, the structural properties of HAs were investigated by XRD, FTIR spectroscopy and SEM. High relative densities (above 88 % of relative density) were achieved after sintering. No second phases were observed in XRD measurements. Hexagonal lattice parameters and unit cell volumes of doped HAs decreased indicating the substitutions of ions. Characteristics absorbtion bands of HA and additional bands due to fluoride substitutions were observed in FTIR patterns. SEM images showed that grain sizes decreased with increasing doping amounts and decreasing sintering temperatures. Discs prepared by cold pressing were sintered at 900oC, 1100oC and 1300oC for 1 hour to determine mechanical properties. Mechanical properties of HAs were found to be directly related to the sintering temperatures and amount of dopings. Biocompatibility of pure and doped HA discs was assessed with in vitro cytotoxicity studies. Cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation state of cells were studied using MTT, ALP and calcium assays and SEM. Cell attachment and proliferation were enhanced with dopings and increasing sintering temperatures. The highest ALP production and calcium deposition were observed on HAs sintered at 1100oC. In vitro studies revealed that 1100oC was the sintering temperature for best cell responses. Specifically, 2.5YFHA seemed to be promising as an alternative for pure HA among all doped HAs.

Biomaterials have been used for more than a century in the human body to improve body functions and replace damaged tissues. Currently approved and commonly used metallic biomaterials such as, stainless steel, titanium, cobalt chromium and other alloys have been found to have adverse effects leading in some cases, to mechanical failure and rejection of the implant. The physical or chemical nature of the degradation products of some implants initiates an adverse foreign body reaction in the tissue. Some metallic implants remain as permanent fixtures, whereas others such as plates, screws and pins used to secure serious fractures are removed by a second surgical procedure after the tissue has healed sufficiently. However, repeat surgical procedures increase the cost of health care and the possibility of patient morbidity. This study focuses on the development of magnesium based biodegradable alloys/metal matrix composites (MMCs) for orthopedic and cardiovascular applications. The Mg alloys/MMCs possessed good mechanical properties and biocompatible properties. Nine different compositions of Mg alloys/MMCs were manufactured and surface treated. Their degradation behavior, ion leaching, wettability, morphology, cytotoxicity and mechanical properties were determined. Alloying with Zn, Ca, HA and Gd and surface treatment resulted in improved mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, reduced cytotoxicity, lower pH and hydrogen evolution. Anodization resulted in the formation of a distinct oxide layer (thickness 5-10 μm) as compared with that produced on mechanically polished samples (~20-50 nm) under ambient conditions. It is envisaged that the findings of this research will introduce a new class of Mg based biodegradable alloys/MMCs and the emergence of innovative cardiovascular and orthopedic implant devices.

Apatite containing bioceramic materials are considered to be potentially useful for replacement or repair of natural bone. In the present study, the aim was to produce a new composite bioceramic containing crystalline apatite and wollastonite phases with a bimodal grain size distribution. The manufacturing scheme was based on the liquid phase sintering process in which the compacts pressed from powders of apatite (HAP or Si­
HAP) and pseudowollastonite was sintered in the presence of a liquid phase. Three distinct fluxing agents, magnesium flux (MCAS), sodium feldspar and sodium frit (NCAS), were prepared to act as additives for generating the liquid phase during sintering. Among those, the use of sodium frit resulted in the expected bimodal microstructural assembly. During the sintering studies, it was discovered that the apatite component of the ceramic was prone to compositional modifications by reaction with the liquid phase. This interaction resulted in a formation of siliconized HAP which crystallized in the form of rod-like grains. Meanwhile wollastonite grains tended to exhibit faceted equiaxed morphology and bonded to rod-like apatite grains with the help of a glassy phase. The results showed significant enhancement in the mechanical properties of apatite-wollastonite composites compared to phase pure hydroxyapatite. For example, the sample with 47.5 wt% Si-HAP2 + 47.5 wt% W + 5 wt% NCASfrit had the highest value of flexural strength, 83.6 MPa, which was almost twice that of hydroxyapatite, 46.3 MPa. The results for other properties such as compressive strength, hardness and fracture toughness also demonstrated the benefit of apatite-wollastonite composite approach.

Hořčík a kompozity fosforečnanu vápenatého jsou slibnými materiály pro biodegradabilní a nosné implantáty určené pro regeneraci kostí. Předložená práce je zaměřena na návrh, zpracování a charakterizaci vnitřně propojených kompozitů hořčíku s fosforečnanem vápenatým (Mg/CaP). Fosforečnany vápenaté jako jsou hydroxyapatit (HA), kalcium-deficitní hydroxyapatit (CDHA) a fosforečnan vápenatý (TCP) byly syntetizovány a použity pro výrobu skafoldů s kontrolovanou porozitou pomocí metody robocastingu. Byly připraveny porézní předlisky s ortogonální mřížkou a s vnitřními makropóry o velikosti ~500 µm, které byly následně slinovány za teploty 1100 °C po dobu 5 hodin. Vnitřně propojené Mg/CaP kompozity byly připraveny infiltrací čistého hořčíku a hořčíkových slitin obsahujících malá množství vápníku nebo zinku, například 0,2 hm.% vápníku a 1 hm.% zinku do porézních keramických skafoldů. Infiltrace byla provedena pomocí námi vyvinuté a nově popsané metody známé jako “Proudem asistovaná slinovací infiltrace” (z angl. Current Assisted Metal Infiltration (CAMI)). CAMI metoda umožňuje do 15 minut infiltrovat porézní keramický předlisek roztaveným kovem. Pulzujícím elektrickým proudem bylo dosaženo rychlého tavení a následného tuhnutí Mg/CaP kompozitů. Fyzikálně-chemické vlastnosti finálních vnitřně propojených kompozitů byly stanoveny pomocí rastrovací elektronové mikroskopie, počítačové mikro-tomografie, rentgenové difrakční analýzy a optické mikroskopie za účelem stanovení fázové distribuce a interakce mezi materiály. Kromě toho byla u připravených kompozitů hodnocena jejich mechanická pevnost v tlaku, degradační rychlost pomocí různých metod a biokompatibilita spolu s pokusem o uvedení těchto typů materiálů jako potenciálních degradabilních biomateriálů určených pro výrobu desek a/nebo šroubů pro ortopedické aplikace.

Polymerní biomateriály jsou jedním ze současných populárních témat vzhledem k možnosti potenciální aplikace v tkáňovém inženýrství a řízeného dávkování léčiv v organismech. Kolagen je jako jeden z nejčastěji se vyskytujících proteinů zvláště zajímavý díky svým rozmanitým vlastnostem bez imunoreakce organismu příjemce. Tato práce je zaměřena na samouspořádávací procesy, kinetiku, obecné zákonitosti řídící proces samouspořádání a mechanické vlastnosti kolagenních roztoků. Dále je zkoumán efekt hydroxyapatitových nanočástic na samouspořádávání kolagenu a mechanické vlastnosti výsledných nanokompozitních hydrogelů. Jsou objasněny možné mechanismy interakcí mezi kolagenem I a hydroxyapatitem spolu s popisem vývoje struktury a vlastností na různých úrovních struktury. Byly měřeny a molekulárně interpretovány závislosti viskoelastických veličin na smykové rychlosti spolu s viskoelastickým chováním. Dále byla studována struktura kolagenních scaffoldů a určen vliv HAP a síťování. Závěrem byly diskutovány výsledky v souvislosti s jejich aplikovatelností v tkáňovém inženýrství chrupavek tvrdých tkání a v regenerativní medicíně.

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Calcium phosphate ceramics have been intensely investigated as bone implant material, amongst them hydroxyapatite (HAP) outstands, which has been widely used in medicine and dentistry for presenting excellent biocompatibility. Due to its chemical similarity to the bone mineral phase, it establishes chemical liaisons with the host tissue, helps in the bone growth and allows cell proliferation. However, its use is limited for presenting poor mechanical resistance. Alternatives to overcome such limitations consist of changing the synthesis route or the composite material preparation. Recently, the hydroxyapatite synthesis in the presence of collagen has been explored, however due to problems related to cost, availability and commercial origin; the collagen was substituted by commercial gelatin in this experiment. Four processing routes, involving the precipitation method were evaluated: hydroxyapatite, with, and without gelatin, powder drying process in oven and through liofilization. X-ray fluorescence results indicate that the Ca/P molar ratio of obtained materials is lower than 1,67; IR analyses suggest the formation of calcium deficient carbonated apatite from the samples without thermal treatment and for the ones thermally treated up to 700ºC. DRX analysis confirms the biphasic ceramic formation, in the presence of β-TCP as a secondary phase, after sintering at 1200ºC. The ratio between TCP/HAP phases of samples thermally treated at 1200ºC increased with the decrease of precursor powder Ca/P molar ratio. Results of diffractograms refinement through the Rietveld Method indicated that samples synthesized in the presence of gelatin presented the lowest β-TCP percentage after sintering at 1200ºC. Particle size distribution analysis indicated that the gelatin presence led to formation of clusters of smaller average diameter. It is believed that its presence be related to changes in the nucleation process and grain growth. For mechanical evaluation, samples were prepared through uniaxial pressing followed by cold isostatic with 200MPa compaction pressure and sintered at 1200ºC for two hours in oxidant atmosphere. It was observed that the presence of gelatin enhanced densification and resulted in higher hardness for the compacts. The facture surface microstructure revealed lower porosity for samples synthesized in the presence of gelatin compared to conventional samples and for the liofilized samples compared to the ones dried in oven. Regarding resistance to bending, values obtained are comparable to the cortical bone, being the highest value obtained from the conventional liofilized hydroxyapatite sample.
Cerâmicas de fosfato de cálcio têm sido intensamente investigadas como material para implantes ósseos. Dentre elas destaca-se principalmente a hidroxiapatita (HAP), amplamente usada nas áreas médica e odontológica por apresentar excelente biocompatibilidade. Devido à similaridade química com a fase mineral do osso, estabelece ligações químicas com o tecido hospedeiro, favorece o crescimento ósseo e permite a proliferação de células. Entretanto, sua utilização é limitada, por apresentar baixa resistência mecânica. As alternativas para superar tal limitação consistem em modificar as rotas de síntese ou a preparação de materiais compósitos. Recentemente, a síntese de hidroxiapatita em presença de colágeno tem se destacado, porém, devido a problemas associados ao custo, disponibilidade e procedência comercial, substituiu-se neste trabalho o colágeno por gelatina comercial. Quatro rotas de processamento envolvendo o método de precipitação foram avaliadas: hidroxiapatita com, e sem gelatina, processo de secagem do pó em estufa e por liofilização. Os resultados de fluorescência de raios X indicam que a razão molar Ca/P dos materiais obtidos é menor que 1,67; as análises de IV sugerem a formação de uma apatita carbonatada deficiente em cálcio para as amostras sem tratamento térmico e para aquelas tratadas termicamente até 700ºC. A análise de DRX confirma a formação de cerâmica bifásica, com presença de β-TCP como fase secundária, após sinterização a 1200ºC. A razão entre as fases TCP/HAP das amostras após tratamento térmico a 1200ºC aumentou com a diminuição da razão molar Ca/P do pó precursor. Os resultados do refinamento dos difratogramas pelo método de Rietveld indicaram que as amostras sintetizadas em presença de gelatina apresentaram após sinterização a 1200ºC os menores percentuais de β-TCP. A análise de distribuição de tamanho de partícula indicou que a presença da gelatina induziu a formação de aglomerados de menor diâmetro médio. Acredita-se que sua presença esteja relacionada a mudanças nos processos de nucleação e crescimento dos grãos. Para avaliação mecânica, foram preparados corpos de prova por prensagem uniaxial seguida de isostática a frio com pressão de compactação de 200 MPa e sinterizados a 1200ºC por 2h em atmosfera oxidante. Verificou-se que a presença de gelatina auxiliou a densificação e resultou em maior dureza para os compactos. A microestrutura da superfície de fratura revelou menor porosidade para as amostras sintetizadas na presença de gelatina em comparação à amostra convencional e para as amostras liofilizadas comparadas àquelas com secagem em estufa. No que se refere aos valores de resistência à flexão, os valores obtidos são comparáveis aos do osso cortical, sendo o maior valor obtido para a amostra de hidroxiapatita convencional liofilizada.

Dans ce travail, la nanoindentation et la Microscopie à Force Atomique ont été utilisées pour déterminer les caractéristiques mécaniques et morphologiques de l'os cortical aux échelles micro et nanoscopique. Les propriétés mécaniques qui dépendent du temps, élastique et plastique ont été quantifiées par nanoindentation en utilisant une méthode spécifique. Les essais ont été réalisés sur trois différentes espèces d'os cortical. Dans un premier temps, l'os du rat fut utilisé pour quantifier l"évolution des propriétés mécaniques de la croissance à la sénescence. La variation des propriétés mécaniques avec l'âge fut démontrée et sa corrélation avec les propriétés physico-chimiques établie. Les équations de prédiction ont été proposées afin de décrire le comportement mécanique puis pour quantifier un âge de maturation apparent pour chaque propriété. Dans un deuxième temps, le comportement mécanique qui dépend du temps a été examiné sur l'os humain. Les systèmes Haversiens avec différents contenus du minéral furent identifiés à partir d'images ESEM. Les résultats démontrent l'hétérogénéité mécanique des systèmes Haversiens et l'influence des propriétés mécaniques qui dépendent du temps sur l'anisotropie de l'os. Enfin, l'os bovin fut utilisé pour quantifier les effets mécaniques et morphologiques du processus de déminéralisation. Le résidu organique de l'os déminéralisé présente un comportement mécanique quasi-isotrope. Les images AFM montrent que les fibres de collagène sont orientées dans une direction privilégiée. Les données obtenues pourront servir à développer des matériaux biomimétiques et à établir des lois de comportement multi-échelles de l'os cortical
Bone is a dynamical, anisotropic, hierarchical, inhomogeneous and time-dependent biological material. At the micro and nano scales, their mechanical and structural characterizations are still being a challenging topic. Nanoindentation and Atomic Force Microscopy are used to assess the mechanical and morphological characteristics of cortical bones. Time-dependent, elastic and plastic mechanical properties were computed using the nanoindentation method proposed by (Mazeran et al., 2012). Experiments were performed on different species of bones for different conditions. Wistar rat femoral cortical bone was used to assess the evolution of the mechanical properties in a life span model (from growth to senescence). The variation of the mechanical properties with age was evidenced and their correlation with physico-chemical properties was established. Then, prediction equations were proposed to describe these behaviours. From these equations, it is possible to estimate an apparent maturation age for each mechanical property. Our findings suggest maturation age is earlier and growth rate are higher for elastic properties than for time-dependent mechanical properties. Time-dependent mechanical behaviour of Human femoral cortical bones were assessed considering its heterogeneity. Haversian systems with different apparent mineral content were identified by means of their apparent grey levels obtained from ESEM images. Results prove the mechanical heterogeneity of the Haversian systems and highlight the influence of the time-dependent mechanical properties in the anisotropic behaviour of bone. Bovine femoral cortical bone was used to quantify the mechanical and morphological effects of the demineralization process. Bone seems to have a quasi-isotropic mechanical behaviour after mineral loss. AFM images of the remaining organic components show that collagen fibrils are oriented in a possible privileged direction. According to our knowledge, few investigations have been performed simultaneously on mechanical, morphological and physico-chemical properties of bone. All these results provide a better understanding of the interactions of the collagen-mineral matrix, bone remodelling and their influence especially in the time-dependent mechanical response. Data reported in this work could be useful to develop and to improve multi-scale bone models and multi-scale constitutive laws for cortical bone

Für das Tissue Engineering von Knochen werden poröse dreidimensionale Substrate (Scaffolds) als Zellträger benötigt, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit über keramische Technologie hergestellt wurden. Neben dem strukturierten und getrockneten Verbundwerkstoff (Grünkörper) und der Sinterkeramik wurde auch der Zwischenzustand nach Ausheizen der organischen Phase (Braunkörper) evaluiert. Bei der Herstellung blieb die Architektur der parallel orientierten Kanalporen, die über den Sol-Gel-Prozess der gerichteten ionotropen Gelbildung des Alginates erzeugt wurde, in allen Materialzuständen erhalten. Die Herstellungstechnologie wurde derart optimiert, dass die neuartigen anisotropen Scaffolds allen prinzipiell gestellten Forderungen für das Tissue Engineering entsprachen – sie waren porös mit weithin einstellbarer Porengröße, sterilisierbar, gut handhabbar unter Zellkulturbedingungen, biokompatibel und degradabel. Der unerwartete Favorit der Biomaterialentwicklung, der Braunkörper – eine nanokristalline, poröse Hydroxylapatit-Biokeramik – lag in einer ersten in vivo-Studie nach 4 Wochen integriert im Knochen vor. Die beobachtete Knochenneubildung deutete auf eine osteokonduktive Wirkung des Materials hin. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchten Technologien und Biomaterialien bieten eine Basis für weitere Forschung und motivieren zur Weiterentwicklung und Nutzung als Scaffold für das Tissue Engineering oder Knochenersatzmaterial unter Verwendung der interessanten Architektur.

The relatively new and still growing field of 3D-printing has opened up the possibilities to manufacture patient-specific medical devices with high geometrical accuracy in a precise and quick manner. Additionally, biocompatible materials are a demand for all medical applications while biodegradability is of importance when developing scaffolds for tissue growth for instance. With respect to this, this project consisted of developing biocompatible and bioresorbable polymer blend and composite filaments, for fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were used as supporting polymer matrix while hydroxyapatite (HA), a calcium phosphate with similar chemical composition to the mineral phase of human bone, was added to the composites to enhance the biological activity. PLA and PCL content was varied between 90–70 wt% and 10-30 wt%, respectively, while the HA content was 15 wt% in all composites. All materials were characterized in terms of mechanical properties, thermal stability, chemical composition and morphology. An accelerated degradation study of the materials was also executed in order to investigate the degradation behavior as well as the impact of the degradation on the above mentioned properties. The results showed that all processed materials exhibited higher mechanical properties compared to the human trabecular bone, even after degradation with a mass loss of around 30% for the polymer blends and 60% for the composites. It was also apparent that the mineral accelerated the polymer degradation significantly, which can be advantageous for injuries with faster healing time, requiring only support for a shorter time period.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
材料科學與工程學研究所
93
Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the bio-compatible material for surgical implants, at present, due to the major mineral constituents of it are similar to animals frames. Although the technique to synthesize HA has been developed for a long period, synthetic HA is still limited by its poor mechanical properties. In the present study, we have prepared two HA matrixes with different particle size and doping gold wire as the toughened phase in hydroxyapatite((Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HA) matrix which was synthesized by solid-state synthesis to form ceramic composite reinforcement and to expect the possible strategies to improve the toughness of HA are proposed. Solid-state synthesis was used to prepare the hydroxyapatute, and get two different size HA powder by ball milling and attrition mill methods. The different vatio of Au wire then add entered in two kinds of HA matrix that with different particle size. These composites undergo sintering at 1300℃.The relative density of these composites after sintering have obviously improved because the smaller particle size, and furthermore there are catalyst reaction by Au wire that better the densification and mechanical properties of composites. The flexural strength was determined by using the 4-point bending technique. The strength of HA/Au wire composites does not increase when a small amount of Au wire is added. It illustrated that the Au wire would not influence flexural strength. Thus it could be known, the strength variation of HA/Au wire composites corresponds closely to their density variation. The fracture toughness was determined by using the single-edge-notched beam method. The different results were obtained as that for strength. The toughness of HA/Au wire composites has superior increased by doping trace Au wire. The toughness data shows that the increase of toughness is related to density and the doped of Au ductility material.

碩士
義守大學
材料科學與工程學系
90
Abstract Two types of starting powders were used in this study, commercial and coprecipitated forms. As to coprecipitation powder, the correlation between its morphology and pH was observed in this study. Anion F- has a smaller ionic size than OH-. When these two ions were subjected to mutual ion-exchanges in the oral environments. The mechanical properties of natural teeth were expected to be affected. For further understanding the effect of mutual ion-exchanges for these two ions, sintered HA (hydroxyapatite) ceramics were used in vitro to study their mechanical properties. For ion-exchange practices, polished or further annealed specimens were ion-exchanged in the 2wt﹪NaF aqueous solution at 105℃ or further double ion-exchanged a water solution at 100℃ for different periods of time. A four-point bending method was used to measure the flexural strength of these tested specimens. The relationships between sintering temperature and mechanical properties were summarized as follows. 1. As to the effect of sintering temperature, flexural strength of these sintered specimens increased with the increasing sintering temperature. But a reverse phenomenon was found in the mechanical reliability. For example, flexural strength is 45MPa for samples sintered at T=1350℃ and 31MPa at T=1180℃. 2. HA specimens sintered at 1300℃, had a lower porosity, and its flexural strength was found not significantly affected by the various surface treatments. However, mechanical reliability of these specimens was affected by the surface roughness. 3. Even though HA ceramics sintered at 1200℃ had a higher porosity, its flexural strength was still not significantly increasing after a single, or double ion-exchange. However, mechanical reliability was about 30﹪ increasing for samples with a double ion-exchange. This was because the maximum compressive stress was located at sub-surface. The correlations among powder morphology and pH value (after 7 days) were summarized as follows. The major phase was HA when its precursor solution’s pH=3,7,＆10, and b-TCP for pH=4 and 5. Therefore, with an increasing pH value, powders with HA crystal form (plate) were predominated over b-TCP (needle like).

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Technology: Dental Technology, Durban University of Technology, 2013.
Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in exothermic polymerisation characteristics and a range of mechanical properties in PMMA/HA composites (of varying HA concentrations) against a control sample of pure PMMA. Methods Specimens of pure PMMA, and 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 percent HA composites were made according to the specification of appropriate testing standards using the flask and packing method. Exothermic polymerisation testing was conducted on respective samples using an internal j-type thermocouple temperature sensor. The rate of temperature change and maximum temperature in relation to time were recorded. Mechanical tests included tests of flexural strength and modulus, compressive strength and modulus, tensile strength and modulus and shear strength. All specimens were kept in a controlled environment prior to testing, which was performed on a LIoyd® LR30K universal testing machine, and recorded in computer-generated logs. Results Exothermic polymerisation testing revealed a decrease in mean maximum temperature values with increasing HA content. The mean exothermic temperatures of all six groups were above 100 ̊C, with small relative temperature reductions as the HA percentage increased. The results of mechanical testing revealed that there was a significant reduction in flexural strength in the range between pure PMMA and 15 percent HA and no statistical difference in flexural modulus. There was a notable trend toward a decrease in compressive strength as HA percentage increased, achieving statistical significance at 20 and 25 percent HA, with no statistical difference in compressive modulus between samples. The tensile strength test results no significant difference between pure PMMA and composites containing up to 15 percent HA. A significant difference was noted between the 20 percent- and 25 percent HA composites and those of lower HA concentration with an increased failure risk as HA concentration was increased above 10 percent. There was a tensile modulus peak at 15 percent HA, and a significant difference between 15 percent HA composites and pure PMMA and the 10 percent HA composite. Shear strength was noted to decrease with HA percentage, with significant reduced strength between the 15 percent HA composite and pure PMMA, as well as between the 20 and 25 percent HA composites and composites of less than 10 percent HA. Conclusions The study revealed that the addition of HA to pure PMMA negatively affects the mechanical strength measured in compression, bending or shear. Tensile, compression and flexural moduli showed a gentle increase with the addition of increasing amounts of HA. The peak values were noted at 15 percent for tensile modulus and 25 percent for compressive and flexural moduli. It was recommended that the best compromise across all properties (mechanical and thermal) should be based upon the context of composite use. It was further recommended that PMMA/HA composite materials with 10 – 15 percent HA be investigated further, with due cognisance of the limitations of the present study. The researcher recommended replication of the study using a larger sample size, more refined methodology and the incorporation of additional tests, including shear modulus testing, impact resistance, bioactivity and composite degradation.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
104
Abstract In this study, a Mg-based metal matrix composite was produced by casting a mixture of Mg97Zn1Y2 and 0.2 wt% of hydroxyapatite, followed by homogenization at 500℃ for 10 hours. The microstructure, mechanical properties and in vitro degradation of the material were investigated. The results show that MgZnY alloy consisting of α-Mg and Mg12YZn phase. After adding the hydroxyapatite, Vickers microhardness is slightly increased but the tensile mechanical properties are decreased; however, better corrosion resistance properties are observed after the addition of the hydroxyapatite. The corrosion mode changes from the original localized pitting corrosion mode to a more desirable uniform corrosion. The long-time corrosion rate decreases from 2.93 mm/year to 1.11 mm/year. The tensile mechanical properties of materials after homogenization are better than those after casting. The ultimate tensile strength increases from 170 MPa to 175 MPa and elongation increases from 9% to 15%. However, due to the expansion of the LPSO phase into theα-Mg region, the Galvanic corrosion becomes more severe. As a result, the corrosion properties show a downward trend.

Materials with appropriate combinations of multifunctional properties (strength, toughness, electrical conductivity and piezoelectricity) together with desired biocompatibility are promising candidates for biomedical applications. Apart from these material properties, recent studies have shown the efficacy of electric field in altering cell functionality in order to elicit various cell responses, like proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis (programmed cell death) on conducting substrates in vitro. In the above perspective, the current work demonstrates how CaTiO3 (CT) addition to Hydroxyapatite (HA) can be utilised to obtain an attractive combination of long crack fracture toughness (up to 1.7 MPa.m1/2 measured using single edge V-notch beam technique) and a flexural strength of 155 MPa in addition to moderate electrical conductivity. The enhancement of fracture toughness in HA-CT composites has been explained based on the extensive characterization of twinned microstructure in CT along with the use of theoretical models for predicting the enhancement of toughening through crack tip tilt and twist mechanisms. Subsequent in vitro studies on HA-CT composites with human Mesenchymal Stem cells (hMSCs) in the presence of electric field has shown enhanced differentiation towards bone like cells (osteogenic lineage) as evaluated by ALP activity, Collagen content and gene expression analyses through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) at the end of two weeks. he extracellular matrix mineralization analysis at the end of 4 weeks of hMSC culture further substantiated the efficacy of electric field as a biochemical cue that can influence the stem cell fate processes on conducting substrates. The electric field stimulation strategy was also implemented in in vitro studies with C2C12 mouse myoblast (muscle) cells on elastically compliant poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF)-multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) composite substrates. PVDF is a piezoelectric polymer and the addition of MWNTs makes the composite electrically conducting. Upon, electric field stimulation of C2C12 mouse myoblast cells on these composites, has been observed that in a narrow window of electric field parameters, the cell viability was enhanced along with excellent cell alignment and cell-cell contact indicating a potential application of PVDF-based materials in the muscle cell regeneration. In an effort to rationalise such experimental observations, a theoretical model is proposed to explain the development of bioelectric stress field induced cell shape stability and deformation. A single cell is modelled as a double layered membrane separating the culture medium and the cytoplasm with different dielectric properties. This system is linearized by invoking Debye-Huckel approximation of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. With appropriate boundary conditions, the system is solved to obtain intracellular and extracellular Maxwell stress as a function of multiple parameters like cell size, intracellular and extracellular permittivity and electric field strength. Based on the stresses, we predict shape changes of cell membrane by approximating the deformation amplitude under the influence of electric field. Apart from this, the shear stress on the membrane has been used to determine the critical electric field required to induce membrane breakdown. The analysis is conducted for a cell in suspension/on a conducting substrate and on an insulating substrate to illustrate the effect of substrate properties on cell response under the influence of external electric field.

Für das Tissue Engineering von Knochen werden poröse dreidimensionale Substrate (Scaffolds) als Zellträger benötigt, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit über keramische Technologie hergestellt wurden. Neben dem strukturierten und getrockneten Verbundwerkstoff (Grünkörper) und der Sinterkeramik wurde auch der Zwischenzustand nach Ausheizen der organischen Phase (Braunkörper) evaluiert. Bei der Herstellung blieb die Architektur der parallel orientierten Kanalporen, die über den Sol-Gel-Prozess der gerichteten ionotropen Gelbildung des Alginates erzeugt wurde, in allen Materialzuständen erhalten. Die Herstellungstechnologie wurde derart optimiert, dass die neuartigen anisotropen Scaffolds allen prinzipiell gestellten Forderungen für das Tissue Engineering entsprachen – sie waren porös mit weithin einstellbarer Porengröße, sterilisierbar, gut handhabbar unter Zellkulturbedingungen, biokompatibel und degradabel. Der unerwartete Favorit der Biomaterialentwicklung, der Braunkörper – eine nanokristalline, poröse Hydroxylapatit-Biokeramik – lag in einer ersten in vivo-Studie nach 4 Wochen integriert im Knochen vor. Die beobachtete Knochenneubildung deutete auf eine osteokonduktive Wirkung des Materials hin. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchten Technologien und Biomaterialien bieten eine Basis für weitere Forschung und motivieren zur Weiterentwicklung und Nutzung als Scaffold für das Tissue Engineering oder Knochenersatzmaterial unter Verwendung der interessanten Architektur.