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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydroxyapatite/carbon composite'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Yang, Li, and Zuli Mao. "Effect of SiC Particle Contents and Size on the Microstructure and Dissolution of SiC-Hydroxyapatite Coatings." Coatings 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101166.

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Carbon/carbon composites, when used as bone implant materials, do not adhere well to the bone tissues because of their non-bioactive characteristics. Therefore, we electro-deposited SiC-hydroxyapatite coatings (with an ultrasound-assisted step) on carbon/carbon composites. We analyzed how the content and size of the SiC particles affected the structure, morphology, bonding strength and dissolution of the SiC-hydroxyapatite coatings. The hydroxyapatite coating dissolution properties were assessed by the released Ca2+ and the weight loss. The SiC-hydroxyapatite coating on naked carbon/carbon composites showed a more compact microstructure in comparison to the hydroxyapatite coating on carbon/carbon composites. The reasons for the changes in the microstructure and the improvement in the adhesion of the coatings on C/C were discussed. Moreover, the addition of SiC particles increased the binding strengths of the hydroxyapatite coating on C/C composite, as well as reduced the dissolution rate of the hydroxyapatite coating.
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2

Kealley, Catherine S., Bruno A. Latella, Arie van Riessen, Margaret M. Elcombe, and Besim Ben-Nissan. "Micro- and Nano-Indentation of a Hydroxyapatite-Carbon Nanotube Composite." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 3936–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.188.

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The mechanical properties of pure synthetic hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-carbon nanotube composites were examined. Vickers microhardness and nanoindentation using a Berkovich tipped indenter were used to determine the hardness, fracture toughness and Young's modulus of the pure hydroxyapatite matrix and the composite materials. Microscopy showed that for the composites produced the carbon nanotubes were present as discrete clumps. These clumps induced a detrimental effect on the hardness of the materials, while the fracture toughness values were not affected. This would be undesirable in terms of using the material for biomedical implant applications. It should be noted that the carbon nanotubes used contained free graphite. As the properties of the composite materials studied were not greatly improved over the matrix, it is speculated that if the graphite phase were removed from the reagent, this could in-turn enhance the properties of the material.
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3

Figueroa-Rosales, Edna X., Javier Martínez-Juárez, Esmeralda García-Díaz, Daniel Hernández-Cruz, Sergio A. Sabinas-Hernández, and Maria J. Robles-Águila. "Photoluminescent Properties of Hydroxyapatite and Hydroxyapatite/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites." Crystals 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2021): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070832.

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Hydroxyapatite (HAp) and hydroxyapatite/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites were obtained by the co-precipitation method, followed by ultrasound-assisted and microwave radiation and thermal treatment at 250 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the presence of a hexagonal phase in all the samples, while Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy elucidated the interaction between HAp and MWCNTs. The photoluminescent technique revealed that HAp and the composite with non-functionalized MWCNTs present a blue luminescence, while the composite with functionalized MWCNTs, under UV-vis radiation shows an intense white emission. These findings allowed presentation of a proposal for the use of HAp and HAp with functionalized MWCNTs as potential materials for optoelectronic and medical applications.
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4

Li, Ying Hua, Li Yun Cao, Jian Feng Huang, and Xie Rong Zeng. "Preparation of Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan Biological Coatings on Carbon/Carbon Composites." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.502.

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Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan (HAp/CS) bio-coatings were prepared on the surface of carbon/ carbon (C/C) composites by hydrothermal electrophoretic deposition, using sonochemical process resulted HAp nanoparticles, isopropyl alcohol and chitosan as raw materials. The influences of hydro- thermal conditions and deposition voltage on the microstructures and morphologies of the as-prepared coatings were investigated. It was shown that homogenous and dense HAp/CS coatings on C/C composites are obtained by hydrothermal electrophoretic deposition. With the increase of deposition voltage, density and homogeneity of the as-prepared HAp/CS composite coatings are well improved. Due to the growth of HAp nanoparticles in the hydrothermal condition, the subsequent heat treatment of the HAp/CS coatings is not needed.
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5

Kealley, Catherine, M. Elcombe, A. van Riessen, and Besim Ben-Nissan. "Neutron Characterisation of Hydroxyapatite Bioceramics." Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (May 2006): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.61.

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This paper reports neutron diffraction data and its analysis that characterise a biocompatible hydroxyapatite composite material. The neutron data has elucidated the crystal structure, and enabled the positions of the hydrogen atoms to be determined. The data also shows the improvement of crystallinity during the heat treatment process. An extension of the work involved looking at a hydroxyapatite – carbon nanotube composite material, and neutron diffraction has shown that the retention of the carbon nanotubes in the composite material has been successful. The nanotubes have had no affect on the hydroxyapatite structure.
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6

Lu, Zhi Hua, Kang Ning Sun, and Dong Mei Zhao. "Reinforcement of Hydroxyapatite with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.72.

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Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) reinforced hydroxyapatite (HA) composite was fabricated by in-situ method and followed by hot-pressing sintering; the influence of MWNTs’ content on the mechanical and microstructure properties was explored. The results show that adding MWNTs within a certain range could enhance the mechanical properties of HA matrix significantly. The maximal increment of the bending strength and fracture toughness of the composites, compared with the pure HA, were 157% and 171% respectively. XRD and TEM showed that the primary crystal phase of the composite was HA together with the diffraction peaks of carbon nanotube. By SEM, we found that MWNTs are homogeneously dispersed within grains or at grain boundaries of the HA matrix in composites which MWNTs’ content was not more than 15vol%, otherwise MWNTs tended to be agglomerated. The reinforcement mechanism was discussed based on the microstructure investigation. The broken nanotubes and pullout of MWNTs at interfaces were efficient in transferring the load from the HA matrix to the nanotubes, leading to the improvement of the mechanical properties.
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7

White, Ashley A., Alan H. Windle, Ian Kinloch, and Serena Best. "Preparation and Properties of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Hydroxyapatite." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.419.

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Composites of hydroxyapatite (HA) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been prepared and characterised for potential application in major load-bearing medical devices. We have studied the effect of nanotube surface chemistry, composite preparation methods, and heat treatment conditions on the microstructure of the composites, dispersion of CNTs, and interaction between the HA and CNTs. The samples were characterised using SEM, XRD, FTIR, and BET surface area. It was found that, compared with pure HA, the composites had lower densities and higher surface areas. Additionally, functionalisation improved the dispersion of CNTs in the HA matrix and the interaction between the two phases.
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8

Ustundag, Cem Bulent. "Fabrication of porous hydroxyapatite-carbon nanotubes composite." Materials Letters 167 (March 2016): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.12.135.

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9

Lee, Hae-Hyoung, Ueon Sang Shin, Jong-Eun Won, and Hae-Won Kim. "Preparation of hydroxyapatite–carbon nanotube composite nanopowders." Materials Letters 65, no. 2 (January 2011): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2010.10.012.

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10

Liu, Jin Song, and Xiao Li Ji. "Hydroxyapatite–Carbon Nanotubes Composite Coatings on Ti Substrate." Advanced Materials Research 424-425 (January 2012): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.424-425.86.

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Carboxyl multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the second phase in the hydroxyapatite(HA) composite coatings on Ti substrate, produced by a sol–gel route, were developed for biomedical applications. The crystallization of hydroxyapatite phase was investigated with X-ray diffraction(XRD) and the microstructure of the obtained composite coatings were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bonding strength between coating and substrate were also investigated. The surface of the composite coatings were dense and uniform. The coatings had good adhesion to the substrate. As-prepared HA-MWCNTs composite coatings combining the osteconductive property of HA and the excellent mechanical property of MWCNTs will provide a promising material for potential bone replacements.
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11

Xu, Wen Feng, Fei Liu, Kui Li, Fu Hang Xiong, Qiu Hong Huang, and Xiao Ling Liao. "Surface Modification and Coating of the Carbon/Carbon Composite in the Medical Fields." Applied Mechanics and Materials 320 (May 2013): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.320.435.

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Carbon/Carbon composite is considered to be one of the best biomaterials substitute to human hard tissues due to its excellent biocompatibility and the much closed elastic modulus to human skeleton. It has been widely used and studied to the fields of artificial bones materials, but the osteoinductivity need to be improved. In recent years, the commonly used surface modification to improve their bone induction, such as hydroxyapatite, chitosan and so on, which prompted the adsorption of osseous protein, adhesion and growth of cells. It is believed the surface modification and coating of the carbon/carbon composite should promote its application in artificial bones. This article reviews the modified coat of medical carbon / carbon composites in recent years, and proposed some recommendations for the development of medical carbon / carbon composite in the future.
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12

Ling, Siu Jin, Mu Sen Li, and Lu Yu Peng. "The Bond Strength and Fracture Behaviors of Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Carbon/Carbon Composites." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.233.

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The effect of the density of carbon/ carbon composites (C/C composites) and presandblasted treatment technology on the bond strength between hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings and C/C composites had been studied. The microstructure and fracture surfaces had been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The shear strength of the HA coatings-C/C substrates was detected on a RGD-5 electric tension machine. Observations of fracture surfaces showed that carbon fiber bundles could bond well with HA coatings under the power of 40 kW. Results indicated that a HA coating onto C/C composite substrates was a new promising biomaterial for replacing loaded human bones.
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13

Lee, Hong Cheol, Young Hwan Han, and Dong Yeon Lee. "Adhesion Characteristics of HA/MWCNT Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 749 (April 2015): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.749.313.

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Hydroxyapatite (HA) / Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) composites were sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). The adhesion characteristics of the composite are measured with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) at the different volume percent of MWCNT and the temperature. Experimental results have shown that the addition of MWCNT has caused the meaningful change in the adhesive force.
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14

U, Vishwa priya. "Hydroxyapatite-Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Composites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Bioactivity." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 16769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.16769ecst.

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The present study focuses on synthesis of hydroxyapatite-graphitic carbon nitride (HAP/GCN) and lithium doped hydroxyapatite-graphitic carbon nitride (Li-HAP/GCN) composites by in situ chemical precipitation method, evaluation of their characteristic properties, and in vitro bioactivity using HAP as control. X-ray diffraction measurement confirms the formation of respective phases. When compared to HAP, the crystallite size of HAP/GCN composite is decreased from 49.59 nm to 5.19 nm. FT-IR analysis validates the presence of functional groups, such as hydroxyl and phosphate groups for HAP. Besides these groups, peaks pertaining to GCN peaks are also observed for HAP/GCN and Li-HAP/GCN composites. Morphological features reveal the formation of rod-shaped crystals for HAP and a spongy structure for HAP/GCN composite. The chemical nature of HAP, HAP/GCN, and Li-HAP/GCN composites are ascertained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. HAP/GCN and Li-HAP/GCN exhibit better bioactivity and promote the formation of apatite than HAP, and among them Li-HAP/GCN seems promising.
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15

Kealley, Catherine, Besim Ben-Nissan, A. van Riessen, and M. Elcombe. "Development of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Bioceramics." Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (May 2006): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.597.

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This paper reports development of a production method to produce a composite material that is biocompatible, with high mechanical strength and resilience. The chemical precipitation conditions necessary for the production of synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp) were determined and include pH, temperature and rate of reaction. A gas phase purification method was optimised to remove the soot impurity from the nanotubes, with transmission electron microscopy showing the preservation of the carbon nanotubes. Subsequent development of chemical and physical reinforcement techniques to produce a HAp + carbon nanotube composite material have been trialled. Hot isostatically pressed samples showed excellent densification and strength.
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16

Parwez, Khalid, and SumanV Budihal. "Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Composite for Biomedical Application." Journal of Bionanoscience 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbns.2014.1194.

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17

Zheng, Li Yun, Zhi Min Liu, and Ya Jun Zhao. "Preparation and Properties of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Modified Nylon Composites." Advanced Materials Research 87-88 (December 2009): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.87-88.228.

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To enhance the mechanical property and the bioactivity of composites, nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) modified monomer casting nylon-6 (n-HA/N) composites were prepared by in situ polymerization. During the synthesis of n-HA/N composite, the n-HA and caprolactam were mixed, melt and placed in the field of ultrasonic radiation. The differences between composite with ultrasonic and without ultrasonic were investigated. The tensile strength and the viscosity average molecular weight of the nylon matrix were measured. The results show that the molecular weight of the nylon matrix decreased firstly and it had the lowest value when the content of nano-hydroxyapatite was 1.6 wt.%. After that the molecular weight increased and then it began to decrease when it reached the highest value. But the tensile strength of the n-HA/N composite were improved. The ultrasonic dispersion made the n-HA more evenly dispersed in the nylon and increased the mechanical properties of the n-HA/N composites significantly. The bioactivity and moisture absorption of n-HA/N composites in simulated body fluid (SBF) were examined and compared to pure nylon. What's more, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to characterize the structure of the materials formed on the surface of the composite. The results showed that moisture absorption of the n-HA/N composites was lower than that of the pure nylon. After composites impregnated 16 days in SBF, a layer of carbon hydroxyapatite (CHA) with weak crystalline was formed on the surface of sample. This phenomenon showed that the n-HA/N composites have good bioactivity.
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18

Ding, Lin, Yu Zheng, Qian Bing Wan, Xi Bo Pei, and Si Yu Chen. "Fluoridated Hydroxyapatite/Carbon Nanotubes Composite Coating Fabricated by Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 869–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.869.

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In this paper, the coating of Fluoridated hydroxyapatite / Carbon nanotubes (HAF/CNTs) was generated upon titanium substrate coated by the means of radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RF-MS). The coating’s microstructure of interface and surface, phase constitution, as well as elemental composition were charactered by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), whereas the cohesiveness of samples was measured by scratching adhesive tester (WS-2005). The results indicated that the surface was rough and porous and CNTs were uniformly distributed. Furthermore, line scanning of EDS showed that layer about 5μm in the coating interface, elements of titanium, calcium, phosphorus and oxygen diffused with one another, which demonstrated that the composite coating and titanium substrate were combined tightly. The bonding strength of HAF/CNTs/Ti composite coating composites was 83.1MPa, which indicated significant improvement compared with 71.40MPa of non-CNTs ones. It also proved that RF magnetron sputtering technique could provide remarkably high bonding strength for the coating/substrate composites.
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19

Zarei, Moein, Nader Tanideh, Shahrokh Zare, Fatemeh Sari Aslani, Omid Koohi-Hosseinabadi, Rajendran Muthuraj, Iman Jamhiri, Aida Rowshanghias, and Pouyan Mehryar. "Preparation and performance evaluation of electrospun poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) composite scaffolds as a potential hard tissue engineering application." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 34, no. 4-5 (July 2019): 386–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911519875984.

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In the present study, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-based composite scaffolds were prepared with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for hard tissue engineering applications by electrospinning. All the prepared scaffolds showed connective porous structure, which were suitable for cell proliferation and migration. The mechanical properties of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) scaffold were improved by 0.5% of carbon nanotube addition, whereas the addition of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles up to 10% had an insignificant effect in tensile strength. However, scanning electron microscopy and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay results suggested that the mesenchymal stem cells attachment and their metabolic activities on the surface of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) scaffolds with hydroxyapatite were enhanced compared to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) scaffolds. In addition, after 6 weeks of in vivo biocompatibility results in a model of rat indicated better tissue reactions for the scaffolds that contained hydroxyapatite. Overall, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) composite scaffolds with 10% hydroxyapatite and 0.5% carbon nanotube showed optimal performances for the potential scaffold for hard tissue engineering application.
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20

Khalid, P., MA Hussain, PD Rekha, and AB Arun. "Carbon nanotube-reinforced hydroxyapatite composite and their interaction with human osteoblast in vitro." Human & Experimental Toxicology 34, no. 5 (September 17, 2014): 548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327114550883.

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As a bone mineral component, hydroxyapatite (HA) has been an attractive bioceramic for the reconstruction of hard tissues. However, its poor mechanical properties, including low fracture toughness and tensile strength, have been a substantial challenge to the application of HA for the replacement of load-bearing and/or large bone defects. In this study, HA is reinforced with high-purity and well-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs; >99 wt%) having an average diameter of 15 nm and length from 10 to 20 μm. The cellular response of these functionalized CNTs and its composites were examined in human osteoblast sarcoma cell lines. Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O) and diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4) were used to synthesize HA in situ. MWCNTs were functionalized by heating at 100°C in 3:1 ratio of sulfuric acid and nitric acid for 60 min with stirring and dispersed in sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate by sonication. HA particles were produced in MWCNTs solution by adding Ca(NO3)2·4H2O and (NH4)2HPO4 under vigorously stirring conditions. The composite was dried and washed in distilled water followed by heat treatment at 250°C to obtain CNT-HA powder. Physiochemical characterization of the composite material was carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, and X-ray diffractometer. Furthermore, this study investigates the cytotoxic effects of functionalized-MWCNTs (f-MWCNTs) and its composites with HA in human osteoblast sarcoma cell lines. Human osteoblast cells were exposed with different concentrations of f-MWCNTs and its composite with HA. The interactions of f-MWCNT and MWCNT-HA composites were analyzed by 3-(4,5–dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The results indicate no detrimental effect on survival or mitochondrial activity of the osteoblast cells. Cell viability decreased with an increase in CNT concentration indicating that MWCNTs and its composite can be cytotoxic at higher dosages. This result provides further evidence that the bionano interface can be developed for CNT-reinforced HA composites for load-bearing bone implants, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
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21

Xinbo, Xiong, Ni Xinye, and Zhou Dong. "Functions of the Mg–HA coating on carbon/carbon composite surface to promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mBMSCs." RSC Advances 6, no. 107 (2016): 105056–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra20481c.

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This study aims to evaluate the functions of the Mg–hydroxyapatite (Mg–HA) bio-coating on carbon/carbon composite (C/C) surface to promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs).
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22

Chen, Yao, Cuihua Gan, Tainua Zhang, Gang Yu, Pucun Bai, and Alexander Kaplan. "Laser-surface-alloyed carbon nanotubes reinforced hydroxyapatite composite coatings." Applied Physics Letters 86, no. 25 (June 20, 2005): 251905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1951054.

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23

Arun, A. B. "Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Composite." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 6, no. 12 (December 20, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2013/v6i12.7.

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24

Maistrelli, GL, N. Mahomed, D. Garbuz, V. Fornasier, IJ Harrington, and A. Binnington. "Hydroxyapatite coating on carbon composite hip implants in dogs." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 74-B, no. 3 (May 1992): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.74b3.1587901.

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25

SUI, JIN-LING, WU BO, ZHOU HAI, NING CAO, and MU-SEN LI. "BEHAVIOR OF PLASMA-SPRAYED HYDROXYAPATITE COATINGS ONTO CARBON/CARBON COMPOSITES IN SIMULATED BODY FLUID." Surface Review and Letters 14, no. 06 (December 2007): 1073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x07010640.

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Two types of hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings onto carbon/carbon composite ( C / C composites) substrates, deposited by plasma spraying technique, were immersed in a simulated body fluid (SBF) in order to determine their behavior in conditions similar to the human blood plasma. Calcium ion concentration, pH value, microstructure, and phase compositions were analyzed. Results demonstrated that both the crystal Ca – P phases or the amorphous HA do dissolve slightly, and the dissolution of CaO phases in SBF was evident after 1 day of soaking. The calcium-ion concentration was decreased and the pH value of SBF was increased with the increasing of the immersing time. The precipitation was mainly composed of HA, which was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron-probe microanalyzer.
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26

Li, Feng, Xiaosong Jiang, Zhenyi Shao, Degui Zhu, and Zhiping Luo. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nano-Carbon Reinforced Titanium Matrix/Hydroxyapatite Biocomposites Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering." Nanomaterials 8, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8090729.

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Nano-carbon reinforced titanium matrix/hydroxyapatite (HA) biocomposites were successfully prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The microstructure, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and the relationship between microstructure and properties of biocomposites were systematically investigated. Results showed there are some new phases in sintered composites, such as β-Ti, TiO3, ZrO2, etc. Moreover, a small amount of Ti17P10, CaTiO3, Ca3(PO4)2 were also detected. The reaction that may occur during the preparation process is suppressed to some extent, which is because that the addition of second phases can prevent the direct contact of titanium with HA and reduce the contact areas. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis proved the existence of elemental diffusion and chemical reactions in sintered composites. Compared with results of composites prepared by hot-pressed sintering before, mechanical properties (microhardness, compressive strength, and shear strength) of 0.5-GNFs composites prepared by SPS were increased by about 2.8, 4.8, and 4.1 times, respectively. The better mechanical properties of 0.5-GNFs composite in nano-carbon reinforced composites are mainly due to the lower degree of agglomeration of tubular carbon nanotubes (CNTs) compared to lamellar graphene nanoflakes (GNFs). Moreover, the strengthening and toughening mechanisms of nano-carbon reinforced titanium alloy/HA biocomposite prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) mainly included second phase strengthening, grain refinement strengthening, solution strengthening, graphene extraction, carbon nanotubes bridging, crack tail stripping, etc. In addition, in vitro bioactivity test revealed that the addition of nano-carbon was beneficial to promote the adhesion and proliferation of cells on the surface of titanium alloy/HA composite, because nano-carbon can enhance the formation of mineralized necks in the composites after transplantation, stimulate biomineralization and promote bone regeneration.
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27

Subuki, Istikamah, Suffiyana Akhbar, and Farrah Khalidah Nor Wahid. "Influence of Thermoplastic PEG, GLY and Zein in PCL/TZ and HAp Bio Composite via Solid State Supercritical CO2 Foaming." Scientific Research Journal 17, no. 2 (August 27, 2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v17i2.9534.

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This study is aimed to investigate the characteristics of the composite containing blended poly (ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL), hydroxyapatite (HA) and thermoplastic zein (TZ). Thermoplastic zein was developed by mixing zein with glycerol (GLY) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The thermal characterization of mixed TZ and bio composite was characterized in order to investigate the characterization of PCL/TZ/HA composites. The bio composited was then moulded and produce porous structure via solid state supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) foaming process. The specimen was saturated with CO2 for 6 hours at 50˚C and saturation pressure of 20MPa at high depressurization rate. The morphology of porous specimen produced were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that after polymer saturation with CO2, high depressurization causes the formation of nucleated gas cells that give rise to pores within the foamed specimens. The blended bio composite with composition of PCL60/TZ20/HAp20 exhibit well interconnected porous structure compared to other bio composite prepared. The foaming effect produce foams with heterogeneous morphologies on bio composite material at relatively low temperature.
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28

Wang, Wenbo, Ning Cao, Jianwen Dong, Rabah Boukherroub, Wei Liu, Yujie Li, and Haibo Cong. "Chitosan/hydroxyapatite modified carbon/carbon composites: synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility evaluation." RSC Advances 9, no. 40 (2019): 23362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra10396h.

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29

Nguyen, Thom T., Nam T. Pham, Thanh T. M. Dinh, Thu T. Vu, Hai S. Nguyen, and Lam D. Tran. "Electrodeposition of Hydroxyapatite-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite on Ti6Al4V." Advances in Polymer Technology 2020 (April 15, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8639687.

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This work aims to study the optimal conditions to synthesize hydroxyapatite-multiwalled carbon nanotube (HAp-MWCNT) coatings on Ti6Al4V by electrodeposition technique. The structural behaviors, morphology, and mechanical properties of the coatings were characterized by various advanced methods. The analyzed results showed that the obtained coatings were composed of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) phases. The presence of MWCNTs in the HAp-MWCNT composite, which improved adhesion between the coatings and the substrate about 2.3 times, increased 20% of hardness and decreased about 40% the solubility of HAp-MWCNTs/Ti6Al4V in comparison with pure HAp coating on Ti6Al4V.
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30

Pei, Xibo, Jian Wang, Qianbing Wan, Lijuan Kang, Minglu Xiao, and Hong Bao. "Functionally graded carbon nanotubes/hydroxyapatite composite coating by laser cladding." Surface and Coatings Technology 205, no. 19 (June 2011): 4380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.03.036.

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31

Liu, Hairong, Leilei Xia, Yao Dai, Man Zhao, Zheng Zhou, and Hongbo Liu. "Fabrication and characterization of novel hydroxyapatite/porous carbon composite scaffolds." Materials Letters 66, no. 1 (January 2012): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2011.08.053.

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32

Lahiri, Debrupa, Sanat Ghosh, and Arvind Agarwal. "Carbon nanotube reinforced hydroxyapatite composite for orthopedic application: A review." Materials Science and Engineering: C 32, no. 7 (October 2012): 1727–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2012.05.010.

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33

Chen, Y., T. H. Zhang, C. H. Gan, and G. Yu. "Wear studies of hydroxyapatite composite coating reinforced by carbon nanotubes." Carbon 45, no. 5 (April 2007): 998–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.12.021.

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34

Wu, Meiyu, Qiaoying Wang, Xinqing Liu, and Haiqing Liu. "Biomimetic synthesis and characterization of carbon nanofiber/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds." Carbon 51 (January 2013): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.08.061.

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35

Gopi, D., E. Shinyjoy, A. Karthika, S. Nithiya, L. Kavitha, D. Rajeswari, and Tingting Tang. "Single walled carbon nanotubes reinforced mineralized hydroxyapatite composite coatings on titanium for improved biocompatible implant applications." RSC Advances 5, no. 46 (2015): 36766–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra04382d.

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Carbon nanotubes reinforced mineralized hydroxyapatite (CNT/M-HAP) composite coating on titanium by pulsed electrodeposition is a promising approach to produce bioimplants with better osseointegration capacity and improved mechanical property.
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36

Rueangchai, Nattakarn, Pittayagorn Noisong, and Sira Sansuk. "A facile synthesis of hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite/activated carbon composite for paracetamol and ofloxacin removal." Materials Today Communications 34 (March 2023): 105326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105326.

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37

Chang, Q., X. Meng, S. L. Hu, F. Zhang, and J. L. Yang. "Hydroxyapatite/N-doped carbon dots/Ag3PO4 composite for improved visible-light photocatalytic performance." RSC Advances 7, no. 48 (2017): 30191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra04881e.

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A new ternary hydroxyapatite/N-doped carbon dots/Ag3PO4 (HA/N-CDs/Ag3PO4) composite with remarkable photocatalytic performance and stability was developed via a cost-effective route.
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38

Guillen-Romero, Luis Daniel, Mercedes Teresita Oropeza-Guzmán, Eduardo Alberto López-Maldonado, Ana Leticia Iglesias, Juan Antonio Paz-González, Theodore Ng, Eduardo Serena-Gómez, and Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez. "Synthetic hydroxyapatite and its use in bioactive coatings." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 17, no. 1 (January 2019): 228080001881746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2280800018817463.

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An approach to solve the limitations of autologous bone grafting procedures in bone injury treatment is to develop bioactive coatings in the implantation system. The objective of this work is to compare the temperature effect on the stability of hydroxyapatite, graphene, and collagen colloidal suspensions to be used as biocompatible and bioactive coatings on a carbon fiber composite surface. Synthesized hydroxyapatite was assessed by X-ray diffraction. Zeta potential at different temperatures was evaluated. Specimens were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Raman analysis. The results showed that the best hydroxyapatite/graphene ratio was 85/15, while those of the hydroxyapatite/collagen mixtures were 85/15. A hydroxyapatite/graphene/collagen mixture was synthesized based on these results.
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39

Cao, Shuang, Bin Huang, Zong Qiang Zhu, and Yi Nian Zhu. "The Adsorption of Heavy Metal from Aqueous Solutions onto the Porous Biomorphic-Genetic Composite of Hydroxyapatite/Carbon with Eucalyptus and Bamboo Template." Applied Mechanics and Materials 730 (January 2015): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.730.260.

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This study used two types of plant, eucalyptus and bamboo, to produce sorbents for copper (II), cadmium (II), zinc (II), and lead (II) metal ion removal in a water bath shake. The porous biomorphic-genetic composite of hydroxyapatite/carbon with eucalyptus template (PBGC-Fe/C-E) and the porous biomorphic-genetic composite of hydroxyapatite/carbon with bamboo template (PBGC-Fe/C-B) were prepared using eucalyptus and bamboo as plant templates, and through various processes including ammonia leaching, cyclical impregnation using calcium hydroxide and diammonium solutions, and aerobic firing inside muffle furnaces. Tests were conducted on the HAP/C composites to observe their adsorption effects on Cu (II), Zn (II), Pb (II), and Cd (II). The results show that the prepared composites were able to adsorb heavy metals in water effectively. The results indicated that the adsorbed amount of PBGC-Fe/C-E were found to be 16.4371, 4.6725,24.5528, 17.0194 mg/1 for Cu (II), Zn (II), Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions at initial concentration of 50mg/L (25°C), respectively. The adsorbed amount of PBGC-Fe/C-B were found to be 10.5876, 3.9142,21.2463, 13.4721 mg/1 for Cu (II), Zn (II), Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions at initial concentration of 50mg/L (25°C), respectively. The prepared adsorbent is expected to be a new material for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated water.
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40

Sun, Mengyao, Lei Zhang, Sen Xu, Bohao Yu, Yajie Wang, Lingyi Zhang, and Weibing Zhang. "Carbon dots-decorated hydroxyapatite nanowires–lanthanide metal–organic framework composites as fluorescent sensors for the detection of dopamine." Analyst 147, no. 5 (2022): 947–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2an00049k.

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A ratiometric composite fluorescent probe (HAPNWs-CDs-Tb/MOF) with hydroxyapatite carrier and the fluorescence ratio of carbon dots and lanthanide metal organic framework as the response signal was prepared for the detection of dopamine.
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41

Cao, Ning, Zhenguo Yang, Bai Yang, Wenbo Wang, Rabah Boukherroub, and Musen Li. "Construction of a bone-like surface layer on hydroxyl-modified carbon/carbon composite implants via biomimetic mineralization and in vivo tests." RSC Advances 6, no. 11 (2016): 9370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra25330f.

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42

Zhao, Xueni, Xiaohong Shi, Weigang Zhang, Xudong Wang, and Leilei Zhang. "TiAl–nHA composite coatings for sintering protection of carbon fiber and improvement of carbon fiber–hydroxyapatite composites interface." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 854 (February 2021): 157027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157027.

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43

Wang, Xin Guang, Wan Li Gu, and Zong Wei Niu. "Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Bio-Composite." Materials Science Forum 685 (June 2011): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.685.357.

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The short carbon fiber (Cf) reinforced hydroxyapatite (HA) bio-composite was prepared by an in-situ processing. Mechanical properties and microstructure of Cf/HA were investigated. Structures of HA was analyzed using XRD and fracture surface morphologies of bio-composite were analyzed using SEM. Result shows that grain size of HA under hot pressing sintering (1423K, 35MPa) grow up to approximately 50nm. Bio-composite exhibits excellent mechanical properties when Cfmass fraction is 3%, whose flexural strength and flexural modulus reach the maximum values of 130MPa and 36GPa which surpass common level of nature bone. SEM fracture surface morphologies of Cf/HA shows Cfcan be uniformly dispersed in the HA matrix when the mass fraction less than 6%, while when the mass fraction is11%, partial aggregation appears.
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44

Hassan, Mozan, Mohsin Sulaiman, Priya Dharshini Yuvaraju, Emmanuel Galiwango, Ihtesham ur Rehman, Ali H. Al-Marzouqi, Abbas Khaleel, and Sahar Mohsin. "Biomimetic PLGA/Strontium-Zinc Nano Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13010013.

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Synthetic bone graft substitutes have attracted increasing attention in tissue engineering. This study aimed to fabricate a novel, bioactive, porous scaffold that can be used as a bone substitute. Strontium and zinc doped nano-hydroxyapatite (Sr/Zn n-HAp) were synthesized by a water-based sol-gel technique. Sr/Zn n-HAp and poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) were used to fabricate composite scaffolds by supercritical carbon dioxide technique. FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM, and TGA were used to characterize Sr/Zn n-HAp and the composite scaffolds. The synthesized scaffolds were adequately porous with an average pore size range between 189 to 406 µm. The scaffolds demonstrated bioactive behavior by forming crystals when immersed in the simulated body fluid. The scaffolds after immersing in Tris/HCl buffer increased the pH value of the medium, establishing their favorable biodegradable behavior. ICP-MS study for the scaffolds detected the presence of Sr, Ca, and Zn ions in the SBF within the first week, which would augment osseointegration if implanted in the body. nHAp and their composites (PLGA-nHAp) showed ultimate compressive strength ranging between 0.4–19.8 MPa. A 2.5% Sr/Zn substituted nHAp-PLGA composite showed a compressive behavior resembling that of cancellous bone indicating it as a good candidate for cancellous bone substitute.
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45

Chen, Y., Y. Q. Zhang, T. H. Zhang, C. H. Gan, C. Y. Zheng, and G. Yu. "Carbon nanotube reinforced hydroxyapatite composite coatings produced through laser surface alloying." Carbon 44, no. 1 (January 2006): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2005.07.011.

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46

Gawronski, J., and B. Pietrzyk. "Preliminary Characteristic of Composite Coatings C/Hap Produced Respectively by Rf Pacvd and Sol–Gel Methods." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0039.

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The required high mechanical strength and the reliability of implants on one side and a lack of toxic elements in those materials, on the other side, causes restrictions in use of metal alloys for austenitic steel, alloys of cobalt matrix and even titanium alloys. However, elements harmful to human body structure such as chromium, nickel and vanadium could not have been eliminated so far. An attempt to reduce detrimental effects of above elements on the living organism are surface modifications of materials predicted for implants through the deposition of protective layers. The C/HAp composite coating was prerared by deposition of carbon layer directly on surgical steel with RF PACVD method and manufacturing of hydroxyapatite layer by sol-gel method. It was proved that carbon film significantly increases adhesion of the composite C/HAp coating. It is due to the diffusive character of bonding between carbon layer and metallic substrate not only by adhesion as in the case with hydroxyapatite deposited directly on metal base. Adhesion of both synthesized coatings was determined using nanoindentation technique. X-Ray diffraction was used for phase composition evaluation. Atomic Force Microscope revealed topography of raw, carbon and C/HAp surfaces. Elemental composition of carbon and composite layers was investigated by scanning electron microscope equipped with x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy detector.
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47

Kim, Duk-Yeon, Young-Hwan Han, Jun Hee Lee, Inn-Kyu Kang, Byung-Koog Jang, and Sukyoung Kim. "Characterization of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Composites Consolidated by Spark Plasma Sintering." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/768254.

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Pure HA and 1, 3, 5, and 10 vol% multiwalled carbon nanotube- (MWNT-) reinforced hydroxyapatite (HA) were consolidated using a spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The relative density of pure HA increased with increasing sintering temperature, but that of the MWNT/HA composite reached almost full density at 900°C, and then decreased with further increases in sintering temperature. The relative density of the MWNT/HA composites increased with increasing MWNT content due to the excellent thermal conductivity of MWNTs. The grain size of MWNT/HA composites decreased with increasing MWNT content and increased with increasing sintering temperature. Pull-out toughening of the MWNTs of the MWNT/HA composites was observed in the fractured surface, which can be used to predict the improvement of the mechanical properties. On the other hand, the existence of undispersed or agglomerate MWNTs in the MWNT/HA composites accompanied large pores. The formation of large pores increased with increasing sintering temperature and MWNT content. The addition of MWNT in HA increased the hardness and fracture toughness by approximately 3~4 times, despite the presence of large pores produced by un-dispersed MWNTs. This provides strong evidence as to why the MWNTs are good candidates as reinforcements for strengthening the ceramic matrix. The MWNT/HA composites did not decompose during SPS sintering. The MWNT-reinforced HA composites were non-toxic and showed a good cell affinity and morphologyin vitrofor 1 day.
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48

Crisan, Liana, Olga Soritau, Mihaela Baciut, Grigore Baciut, and Bogdan Vasile Crisan. "THE INFLUENCE OF LASER RADIATION ON HUMAN OSTEOBLASTS CULTURED ON NANOSTRUCTURED COMPOSITE SUBSTRATES." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 88, no. 2 (April 29, 2015): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-433.

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Background & Aims. Carbon-based nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide and graphene have been explored by researchers as well as the industry. Graphene is a new nanomaterial which has commercial and scientific advantages. Laser therapy has proven highly useful in biomedicine, with the use of different laser types and energies for distinct purposes. The low level laser therapy (LLLT) can have anti-inflammatory, analgesic and biostimulant effects. Recent research has shown that laser radiation has different effects on osteoblasts. The aim of this study was to identify the influence of laser radiation on human osteoblastic cells cultured on nanostructured composite substrates.Materials and methods. Four types of substrates were created using colloidal suspensions of nanostructured composites in PBS at a concentration of 30 µg/ml. We used human osteoblasts isolated from patella bone pieces harvested during arthroplasty. Irradiation of osteoblasts cultured on nanostructured composite substrates was made with a semiconductor laser model BTL-10 having a wavelength of 830 nm. The proliferation activity of osteoblast cells was assessed using the MTT assay. After laser irradiation procedure the viability and proliferation of osteoblast cells were analyzed using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining. Results. The osteoblast cells viability and proliferation were evaluated with MTT assay at 30 minutes, 24 hours, 5 days and 10 days after laser irradiation. In the first 30 minutes there were no significant differences between the irradiated and non-irradiated cells. At 24 hours after laser irradiation procedure a significant increase of MTT values in case of irradiated osteoblasts cultivated on nanostructured hydroxyapatite, nanostructured hydroxyapatite with gold nanoparticles and 1.6% and 3.15% graphenes composites substrates was observed. A more marked proliferation rate was observed after 10 days of irradiation for irradiated osteoblasts seeded on nanostructured hydroxyapatite with gold nanoparticles and graphenes containing substrate. Using FDA staining we obtained very similar results with MTT test. Conclusions. The association between the 830 nm laser irradiation of osteoblasts and their long-term cultivation of the nanostructured composite substrates induces the cell proliferation and differentiation and, therefore, it will be a useful alternative for bone regeneration therapy.
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Kosowska, Katarzyna, Jan Krzysztoforski, and Marek Henczka. "Foaming of PCL-Based Composites Using scCO2: Structure and Physical Properties." Materials 15, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031169.

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The process of foaming poly(caprolactone)-based composites using supercritical carbon dioxide was analyzed. The impact of the conditions of the solid-foam production process on the process efficiency and properties of porous structures was investigated. The novel application of various types of porogens—hydroxyapatite, nanocellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, and graphene oxide—was tested in order to modify the properties and improve the quality of solid foams, increasing their usefulness in specialized practical applications. The study showed a significant influence of the foaming process conditions on the properties of solid foams. The optimal process parameters were determined to be pressure 18 MPa, temperature 70 °C, and time 1 h in order to obtain structures with appropriate properties for applications in biomedical engineering, and the most promising material for their production was selected: a composite containing 5% hydroxyapatite or 0.2% graphene oxide.
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Meng, Ye, Wen Jiang Qiang, and Jing Qin Pang. "Preparation and Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite/Carbon Nanotube Laminated Ceramic Composites Consolidated by Spark Plasma Sintering." Materials Science Forum 913 (February 2018): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.913.466.

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Laminated xCNTs-HAP/yCNTs-HAP ceramic composites were consolidated using a spark plasma sintering(SPS) technique at SPS temperature 900°C, pressure 40MPa and holding time 5min. The effect of carbon nanotubes content and thickness of each layer on mechanical properties of the composites was investigated. It was demonstrated that the stratified structure improvedthe flexural strength obviously. All the flexural strength of laminar compositewashigher than that of single CNTs-HAP ceramic, up to 112.4MPa. Since the matrix of each layer wereHAP, the difference liesonly in the content of carbon nanotubes, thus avoiding the common problem of the interlayer bonding in other layered composites with different materials. In order to characterize the toughness of the layered composite, the stress-strain curve was compared showingthat the existence of the stratified structure improved the stress-strain obviously.
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