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Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrothermal metasomatism'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Hydrothermal metasomatism"

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Luong, Khang Quang, Hung The Khuong, Dung Tien Vo, and Tuyen Danh Nguyen. "Mineralogical and geological characteristics of the Nui Phao tungsten deposit and its resource in the Dai Tu area, northeastern Vietnam." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 63, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2022.63(6).01.

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Typically, granitic intrusions that document the lengthy and intricate history of the magmatic-hydrothermal system are linked to tungsten deposits. Uncertainty persists about the genetic relationship between tungsten mineralization and magmatic-hydrothermal development. The primary tungsten deposit in the Dai Tu region, known as the Nui Phao deposit, has been the subject of a petrographical and microscopic examination. Tungsten mineralization in the Dai Tu area often occurs in association with the formation of skarn and greisen bodies, and it has drawn much attention from geoscientists. Based on microscopic observations, tungsten ores can be divided into three mineralization stages, namely skarnisation, greisenization, and hydrothermal stage. To examine the geochemical features of the tungsten ores, the SEM-EDS and Microscope analytical methods were performed in this study. Research results indicate that the Nui Phao tungsten deposit was formed due to different tectonic and magmatism episodes. Accordingly, the Nui Phao tungsten deposit is relatively complicated with the multi-sources of ore components. Most of the tungsten ore was accumulated in association with the metasomatism between the Ordovician-Silurian carbonate-terrigenous sedimentary rocks of the Phu Ngu formation and the Cretaceous two-mica granite of the Pia Oac complex. The research results indicate that tungsten resources obtained at levels 122 and 333 are about 227.6 thousand tons. Moreover, the hydrothermal alteration and metasomatism in the study area are influenced by at least three metasomatic episodes, including skarnisation, greisenisation, and the late hydrothermal alteration of medium to a low temperature that is genetically related to fluorite-polymetallic mineralization.
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Paoli, Dini, Petrelli, and Rocchi. "HFSE‐REE Transfer Mechanisms During Metasomatism of a Late Miocene Peraluminous Granite Intruding a Carbonate Host (Campiglia Marittima, Tuscany)." Minerals 9, no. 11 (November 4, 2019): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9110682.

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The different generations of calc‐silicate assemblages formed during sequential metasomatic events make the Campiglia Marittima magmatic–hydrothermal system a prominent case study to investigate the mobility of rare earth element (REE) and other trace elements. These mineralogical assemblages also provide information about the nature and source of metasomatizing fluids. Petrographic and geochemical investigations of granite, endoskarn, and exoskarn bodies provide evidence for the contribution of metasomatizing fluids from an external source. The granitic pluton underwent intense metasomatism during post‐magmatic fluid–rock interaction processes. The system was initially affected by a metasomatic event characterized by circulation of K‐rich and Ca(‐Mg)‐rich fluids. A potassic metasomatic event led to the complete replacement of magmatic biotite, plagioclase, and ilmenite, promoting major element mobilization and crystallization of K‐feldspar, phlogopite, chlorite, titanite, and rutile. The process resulted in significant gain of K, Rb, Ba, and Sr, accompanied by loss of Fe and Na, with metals such as Cu, Zn, Sn, W, and Tl showing significant mobility. Concurrently, the increasing fluid acidity, due to interaction with Ca‐rich fluids, resulted in a diffuse Ca‐metasomatism. During this stage, a wide variety of calc‐silicates formed (diopside, titanite, vesuvianite, garnet, and allanite), throughout the granite body, along granite joints, and at the carbonate–granite contact. In the following stage, Ca‐F‐rich fluids triggered the acidic metasomatism of accessory minerals and the mobilization of high-field-strength elements (HFSE) and REE. This stage is characterized by the exchange of major elements (Ti, Ca, Fe, Al) with HFSE and REE in the forming metasomatic minerals (i.e., titanite, vesuvianite) and the crystallization of HFSE‐REE minerals. Moreover, the observed textural disequilibrium of newly formed minerals (pseudomorphs, patchy zoning, dissolution/reprecipitation textures) suggests the evolution of metasomatizing fluids towards more acidic conditions at lower temperatures. In summary, the selective mobilization of chemical components was related to a shift in fluid composition, pH, and temperature. This study emphasizes the importance of relating field studies and petrographic observations to detailed mineral compositions, leading to the construction of litho‐geochemical models for element mobilization in crustal magmatic‐hydrothermal settings.
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Willan, R. C. R., R. J. Pankhurst, and F. Hervé. "A probable Early Triassic age for the Miers Bluff Formation, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands." Antarctic Science 6, no. 3 (September 1994): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410209400060x.

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Fifteen samples of very low-grade mudstones from two widely separated sections in the Miers Bluff Formation on Hurd Peninsula yield an Rb-Sr errorchron (MSWD=8.9) corresponding to an age of 243 ± 8 Ma. This age is interpreted as representing effective homogenization, on a kilometres scale, during turbidite deposition and diagenesis in early Triassic times. The initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio 0.7085 ± 0.0003 represents a mature crustal source and is consistent with the re-working of material comparable to that eroded from the Chilean fore-arc accretionary complex. Four further samples, collected near to a zone of quartz-carbonate veins, lie to the right of the errorchron, with two samples having unusually low Sr contents. These samples fall on a 113 Ma reference line and indicate metasomatic disturbance in Cretaceous times. Metasomatism was probably related to hydrothermal alteration accompanying widespread silicification and quartz veining on western Hurd Peninsula. A mid-to late Cretaceous age for metasomatic disturbance agrees with field relations which indicate that the hydrothermal activity preceded or was coeval with the mid- to late Cretaceous period of volcanism on Livingston Island. Hence the hydrothermal rocks are not related to the Eocene Barnard Point pluton, as previously suggested.
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Zanchetta, Stefano, Sofia Locchi, Gregorio Carminati, Manuel Mancuso, Chiara Montemagni, and Andrea Zanchi. "Metasomatism by Boron-Rich Fluids along Permian Low-Angle Normal Faults (Central Southern Alps, N Italy)." Minerals 12, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12040404.

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Low-Angle Normal Faults (LANFs) represent in the central Southern Alps area (N Italy) the main structures along which the Variscan basement is in contact with the Upper Carboniferous-Permian volcanic-sedimentary succession. Tourmalinites frequently occur along LANFs, usually replacing former cataclasites. The mineralogy and chemical composition of tourmalinites point to a metasomatic origin. LANFs, together with high-angle faults, controlled the opening of the Permian Orobic Basin and likely acted as a preferred pathway for hydrothermal fluids that triggered the Boron-metasomatism. Along the Aga-Vedello LANF, tourmalinites appear to have formed after the cessation of fault activity, as no brittle post-metasomatism deformation overprint has been observed. These relationships suggest that the circulation of B-rich fluids occurred after the opening of the Orobic Basin that is broadly constrained to the Early Permian. At the same time, ca. 285–270 Ma, a strong magmatic activity affected all the Southern Alps, ranging in composition from mafic to acidic rocks and from intrusions at deep crustal levels to effusive volcanic products. The Early Permian magmatism was likely the source of the late-stage hydrothermal fluids that formed the tourmalinites. The same fluids could also have played a significant role in the formation of the Uranium ore deposit of the Novazza-Vedello mining district, as the ore bodies in the Vedello valley are concentrated along the basement-cover contact.
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German, C. R., B. A. Barreiro, N. C. Higgs, T. A. Nelsen, E. M. Ludford, and M. R. Palmer. "Seawater-metasomatism in hydrothermal sediments (Escanaba Trough, northeast Pacific)." Chemical Geology 119, no. 1-4 (January 1995): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)00052-a.

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Kepezhinskas, Pavel, Nikita Kepezhinskas, and Nikolai Berdnikov. "Gold, platinum and palladium enrichments in arcs: role of mantle wedge, arc crust and halogen-rich slab fluids." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 08010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199808010.

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Arc-related magmas are frequently enriched in Au, Pt and Pd in respect to MORB and OIB igneous suites. Magmatic arcs commonly host large-scale hydrothermal Au and Au-Cu and PGE mineralization related to young volcanic systems and zoned ultramafic complexes respectively. Island-arc mantle xenoliths show Au, Pt, Pd enrichments related to mantle wedge metasomatism by slab-derived fluids. Long-lived plumbing systems in arc crust (arc magma chambers) show further enhancement of Au, Pt and Pd enrichments through subduction-related metamorphic and metasomatic processes in the presence of halogen-rich, aqueous fluids. We propose that Au-Pt-Pd enrichments in arcs are caused by mantle wedge-slab interactions followed by differentiation and metamorphism of magmatic conduits in arc crust.
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Neumayr, P., J. R. Ridley, and D. I. Groves. "sPhysicochemical conditions of fluid–wall rock interaction at amphibolite-facies conditions in two Archean hydrothermal gold deposits in the Mt. York District, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 993–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e95-083.

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Synamphibolite facies Archean gold mineralization in the Mt. York District, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, is hosted in metamorphosed banded iron formation (Main Hill–Breccia Hill prospect), amphibolites, and ultramafic schists (Zakanaka prospect). Mineralization at Main Hill occurs in quartz breccias with sulfide matrices and in altered wall rock adjacent to quartz–biotite–amphibole ± clinopyroxene veins. Alteration associated with quartz veins is zoned, with biotite—pyrrhotite vein selvedges and a distal calcic-amphibole, arsenopyrite–lôllingite zone. Hydrothermal biotite and actinolite have highest Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratios where associated with abundant sulfarsenides in the distal alteratin zone. Whole-rock geochemical analyses and calculated metasomatic reactions indicate the addition of K, Al, S, As, Au, Ag, and Ni during hydrothermal alteration. Mineralization at Zakanaka is characterized by a broad wall rock alteration halo of biotite–amphibole, and zoned quartz–calc silicate veins proximal to ore. Wall rock adjacent to the veins contains pyrrhotite, pyrite, and gold. The alteration is explained by K-metasomatism distal to mineralization and K and Ca metasomatism proximal to mineralization. Balanced metasomatic reactions and mass-balance calculations indicate addition of K and depletion of Na, Ca, Mg, and Fe in distal alteration zones and addition of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Ti in proximal zones. Gold precipitation at both prospects occurred through loss of S, and possibly As, from the ore fluid during sulfidation reactions with Fe-rich amphiboles and biotites to form Mg-enriched equivalents and sulfarsenides. Changes in the oxidation state of the ore fluid may have enhanced gold precipitation, though pH changes are unlikely to have been important. The controls on mineralization are thus similar to those at many lower temperature, mesothermal deposits. The lack of consistently increasing Mg ratios of calc-silicate phases with increasing intensity of alteration and sulfidation at Main Hill may be the result of coupled substitutions in amphiboles and biotites during infiltration of a fluid with high-S, but low-As, activities.
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Groves, David I., Liang Zhang, and M. Santosh. "Subduction, mantle metasomatism, and gold: A dynamic and genetic conjunction." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 7-8 (November 4, 2019): 1419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35379.1.

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Abstract Global gold deposit classes are enigmatic in relation to first-order tectonic scale, leading to controversial genetic models and exploration strategies. Traditionally, hydrothermal gold deposits that formed through transport and deposition from auriferous ore fluids are grouped into specific deposit types such as porphyry, skarn, high- and low-sulfidation–type epithermal, gold-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Carlin-type, orogenic, and iron-oxide copper-gold (IOCG), and intrusion-related gold deposits (IRGDs). District-scale mineral system approaches propose interrelated groups such as porphyry Cu-Au, skarn Cu-Au-Ag, and high-sulfidation Au-Ag. In this study, the temporal evolution of subduction-related processes in convergent margins was evaluated to propose a continuum of genetic models that unify the various types of gold deposits. At the tectonic scale of mineral systems, all hydrothermal gold deposits are interrelated in that they formed progressively during the evolution of direct or indirect subduction-related processes along convergent margins. Porphyry-related systems formed initially from magmatic-hydrothermal fluids related to melting of fertile mantle to initiate calc-alkaline to high-K felsic magmatism in volcanic arcs directly related to subduction. Formation of gold-rich VMS systems was related to hydrothermal circulation driven by magmatic activity during rifting of oceanic arcs. Orogenic gold deposits formed largely through fluids derived from devolatilization of the downgoing slab and overlying sediment wedge during late transpression in the orogenic cycle. Carlin-type deposits, IRGDs, and some continental-arc porphyry systems formed during the early stages of orogenic collapse via fluids directly or indirectly related to hybrid magmatism from melting of lithosphere that was metasomatized and gold-fertilized by earlier fluid release from subduction zones near margins of continental blocks. The IOCGs were formed during postorogenic asthenosphere upwelling beneath such subduction-related metasomatized and fertilized lithospheric blocks via fluid release and explosive emplacement of volatile-rich melts. Thus, importantly, subduction is clearly recognized as the key unifying dynamic factor in gold metallogenesis, with subduction-related fluids or melts providing the critical ore components for a wide variety of gold-rich deposit types.
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Kontonikas-Charos, Alkis, Cristiana L. Ciobanu, Nigel J. Cook, Kathy Ehrig, Roniza Ismail, Sasha Krneta, and Animesh Basak. "Feldspar mineralogy and rare-earth element (re)mobilization in iron-oxide copper gold systems from South Australia: a nanoscale study." Mineralogical Magazine 82, S1 (February 28, 2018): S173—S197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2017.081.040.

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ABSTRACTNanoscale characterization (TEM on FIB-SEM-prepared foils) was undertaken on feldspars undergoing transformation from early post-magmatic (deuteric) to hydrothermal stages in granites hosting the Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit, and from the Cu-Au skarn at Hillside within the same iron-oxide copper-gold (IOCG) province, South Australia. These include complex perthitic textures, anomalously Ba-, Fe-, or REE-rich compositions, and REE-flourocarbonate + molybdenite assemblages which pseudomorph pre-existing feldspars. Epitaxial orientations between cryptoperthite (magmatic), patch perthite (dueteric) and replacive albite (hydrothermal) within vein perthite support interface-mediated reactions between pre-existing alkali-feldspars and pervading fluid, irrespective of micro-scale crystal morphology. Such observations are consistent with a coupled dissolution-reprecipitation reaction mechanism, which assists in grain-scale element remobilization via the generation of transient interconnected microporosity. Micro-scale aggregates of hydrothermal hyalophane (Ba-rich K-feldspar), crystallizing within previously albitized areas of andesine, reveal a complex assemblage of calc-silicate, As-bearing fluorapatite and Fe oxides along reaction boundaries in the enclosing albite-sericite assemblage typical of deuteric alteration. Such inclusions are good REE repositories and their presence supports REE remobilization at the grain-scale during early hydrothermal alteration. Iron-metasomatism is recognized by nanoscale maghemite inclusions within ‘red-stained’ orthoclase, as well as by hematite in REE-fluorocarbonates, which reflect broader-scale zonation patterns typical for IOCG systems. Potassium-feldspar from the contact between alkali-granite and skarn at Hillside is characterized by 100–1000 ppm REE, attributable to pervasive nanoscale inclusions of calc-silicates, concentrated along microfractures, or pore-attached. Feldspar replacement by REE-fluorcarbonates at Olympic Dam and nanoscale calc-silicate inclusions in feldspar at Hillside are both strong evidence for the role of feldspars in concentrating REE during intense metasomatism. Differences in mineralogical expression are due to the availability of associated elements. Lattice-scale intergrowths of assemblages indicative of Fe-metasomatism, REE-enrichment and sulfide deposition at Olympic Dam are evidence for a spatial and temporal relationship between these processes.
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Wang, Yiyun, Guangming Li, Wei Liang, and Zhi Zhang. "The Chemical Characteristics and Metallogenic Mechanism of Beryl from Cuonadong Sn-W-Be Rare Polymetallic Deposit in Southern Tibet, China." Minerals 12, no. 5 (April 19, 2022): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050497.

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The Cuonadong deposit is the first large scale Sn-W-Be rare polymetallic deposit located in southern Tibet, China, where beryl is the main beryllium-bearing mineral. In this paper, the beryl crystals in the pegmatitic and hydrothermal vein orebody from the Xianglin area of the Cuonadong deposit are the research objects, marked as Beryl-I and Beryl-II, and they are investigated by EPMA, LA-ICP-MS and in situ micro-X-ray diffraction (XRD). Data by EPMA and LA-ICP-MS reveal that beryls from this area are alkaline beryls, among which Beryl-I is composed of Li-Cs beryl, and Beryl-II is composed of Na beryl and Na-Li beryl, indicating that beryls have undergone noticeable alkali metasomatism during formation. The Cs/Na ratio in Beryl-I ranges from 0.10 to 0.44, and the Mg/Fe ratio is almost 0, showing that Beryl-I is formed under high-differentiation evolution conditions and is rarely affected by hydrothermal transformation, whereas the Mg/Fe ratio in Beryl-II ranges from 2.73 to 17.31, and the Cs/Na ratio is nearly 0, indicating that Beryl-II has been obviously affected by late hydrothermal metasomatism. In situ XRD analysis shows that both Beryl-I and Beryl-II are t-beryl, and the c/a ratio of Beryl-I (1.0010–1.0012) is slightly higher than that of Beryl-II (1.0005–1.0008), which may also reflect the transition from magmatism to hydrothermal metasomatism in the late stage of pegmatitic magmatism. Based on comprehensive analysis, we believe that the precipitation of Beryl-I is mainly caused by the emplacement of highly fractionated magma containing Be to the top of the rock mass or surrounding rock, the melt-fluid undercooling, and the crystallization of volatile-bearing minerals (such as tourmaline and fluorite). Moreover, the Be-bearing ore-forming fluid has further migrated upward along the near north–south faults formed in the middle Miocene (16–15 Ma), during which Beryl-II precipitates owing to the hydrothermal water mixing, the ore-forming fluid cooling, and large amounts of crystallization of volatile-bearing minerals (mainly fluorite). Therefore, it can be concluded that beryl mineralization largely reflects the process of magmatic–hydrothermal mineralization. Because of a large number of mineralized areas with the similar metallogenic backgrounds to the Cuonadong deposit in the Himalayan region, it has great potential to be a new globally significant rare metal metallogenic belt.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hydrothermal metasomatism"

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Reis, Rafael Souza dos. "Origem e evolução dos halos de alteração clorítica no flanco leste do Granito Caçapava, RS." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/150943.

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Na região da ocorrência Cel. Linhares, localizado no flanco leste do Complexo Granítico de Caçapava do Sul, apófises desse corpo ígneo intrudem em rochas carbonáticas da Formação Passo Feio (Neoproterozóico) e produzem novas assembleias mineralógicas de alteração hidrotermal-metassomática. A interação entre as rochas carbonáticas e os fluídos magmáticos forma escarnitos magnesianos e outras rochas metassomáticas compostas majoritariamente por cloritas, os clorititos. Nos mármores da área estudada, a dolomita é preponderante entre os carbonatos e ocorre como grãos subédricos e anédricos de tamanho médio a fino formando textura granoblástica. Uma paragênese associada aos mármores e alteração clorítica ocorre ao longo dos contatos entre as apófises do corpo intrusivo e os mármores encaixantes. Nesta ocorrência, os minerais: calcita, talco, serpentina, clorita, tremolita e diopsídio estão associados majoritariamente aos sulfetos pirita, calcopirita e molibdenita conforme definido em trabalhos anteriores. Localmente, os sulfetos também estão associados com clorita em brechas. O forte metassomatismo magnesiano transforma progressivamente as apófises do biotita-granodiorito em rochas cloríticas ao longo do contato com os mármores dolomíticos (Remus et al., 2000a). As apófises do Granito Caçapava assimilam o magnésio dos mármores dolomiticos encaixantes e produzem uma alteração hidrotermal-metassomática composta dominantemente por clorita. O enxofre dos sulfetos pode ter origem nas soluções hidrotermais do granito ou das rochas encaixantes da unidade Passo Feio Na busca de uma melhor compreensão sobre o processo de interação metassomática, o trabalho apresenta a caracterização petrográfica dos diferentes litótipos e um estudo analítico geoquímico. Para tal, essa investigação considerou as apófises de biotita granítóides, como produto inicial, e as rochas cloríticas como produto final desse processo. A integração da análise petrográfica, estudo da mobilidade química por diagrama de isóconas e análise mineral por microssonda eletrônica, identificam os tipos de alteração hidrotermal-metassomática dominantes como cloritização e albitização através de processos de infiltração de fluidos. O balanço de massa pelo método da isócona indica que o processo de cloritização evoluiu através do enriquecimento de MgO e FeO e empobrecimento em SiO2, K2O e Na2O dos protólitos granitóides. Os padrões de abundância e fracionamento de ETR das rochas indica a correlação dos clorititos com duas fácies pertencentes ao Complexo Granítico de Caçapava do Sul e comparável a alteração propilítica em alguns depósitos de metais base. Métodos empíricos de geotermometria são aplicados utilizando composição da clorita obtida por meio de microssonda eletrônica. Através dessa metodologia, são obtidas temperaturas de formação das cloritas, em média, de 280º e 300º.
In the Cel. Linhares region, located in the eastern flank of the Southern Caçapava Granitic Complex, apophyses of this igneous body intrudes into carbonate rocks of the Passo Feio Formation (Neoproterozoic) and produce new mineralogical assemblages of hydrothermal-metasomatic alteration. The interaction between the carbonate rocks and the magmatic fluids generates magnesian skarns and other metasomatic rocks composed mainly of chlorites, the chloritites. In the marbles of the studied area, the dolomite is preponderant between the carbonates and occurs in medium- and fine-sized subhedral and anhedral grains forming a granoblastic texture. The paragenesis associated with marbles and chlorite alteration occurs along the contacts between the apophyses of the intrusive body and the wall rock marbles. In this occurrence, the minerals: calcite, talc, serpentine, chlorite, tremolite and diopside are mainly associated to the sulfides pyrite, chalcopyrite and molybdenite as defined in previous work. Locally, sulfides are also associated with chlorite in fractures. The strong magnesian metasomatism progressively transforms the biotite-granodiorite apophyses into chlorite rocks along the contact with the dolomitic marbles (Remus et al., 2000a). The apophyses of the Caçapava Granite assimilate the magnesium of the nearby dolomitic marbles and produce a hydrothermal-metasomatic alteration composed mainly by chlorite. The sulfur of the sulfides can be originated in the hydrothermal solutions of the granite or assimilated from the Passo Feio host rocks. In the search for a better understanding about the process of metasomatic interaction, this work presents the petrographic characterization of the different lithotipes and a geochemical analytical study. To this aim, this investigation considered the apophyses of biotite-granitoid as the initial product, and the chlorite rocks as the final product of this process The integration of petrographic analysis, study of chemical mobility by isocon diagram and mineral analysis by electron microprobe, identifies the dominant hydrothermal-metasomatic types alteration such as chloritization and albitization through fluid infiltration processes. The mass balance by the isocon method indicates that the chloritization process evolved through the enrichment of MgO and FeO and depletion in SiO2, K2O and Na2O of the granitoid protoliths. The abundance and REE fractionation patterns of altered rocks indicate a correlation of the chloritites with two facies belonging to the Caçapava Granitic Complex and comparable to propylitic alteration that occurs in some base metal deposits. Empirical methods of geothermometry are applied by using the chlorite composition data obtained by electron microprobe. Through this methodology, we obtain the average chlorite formation temperatures between 280° and 300°.
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Barra-Pantoja, Luis Fernando. "A Re-Os Study of Sulfides from the Bagdad Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit, Northern Arizona, USA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/249252.

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Use of Re-Os systematics in sulfides from the Bagdad porphyry Cu-Mo deposit provide information on the timing of mineralization and the source of the ore -forming elements. Analyzed samples of pyrite, chalcopyrite and molybdenite mainly from the quartz monzonite and porphyritic quartz monzonite units are characterized by a moderate to strong potassic alteration (secondary biotite and K- feldspar). Rhenium concentrations in molybdenite are between 330 and 730 ppm. Two molybdenite samples from the quartz monzonite and porphyritic quartz monzonite provide a Re-Os isotope age of 71.7 ± 0.3 Ma. A third sample from a molybdenite vein in Precambrian rocks yields an age of 75.8 ± 0.4 Ma. These molybdenite ages support previous suggestions of two mineralization episodes in the Bagdad deposit. An early event at 76 Ma and a later episode at 72 Ma. Pyrite Os and Re concentrations range between 0.008-0.016 and 3.9-6.8 ppb, respectively. Chalcopyrite contains a wide range of Os (6 to 91 ppt) and Re (1.7 to 69 ppb) concentrations and variable ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios that range between 0.13 to 22.27. This variability in the chalcopyrite data may be attributed to different copper sources, one of them the Proterozoic volcanic massive sulfides in the district, or to alteration and remobilization of Re and Os. Analyses from two pyrite samples yield an eight point isochron with an age of 77 ± 15 Ma and an initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio of 2.12. This pyrite Re-Os isochron age is in good agreement with the molybdenite ages. We interpret the highly radiogenic initial 1870s/188Os as an indication that the source of Os and, by inference, the ore-forming elements for the Bagdad deposit, was mainly the crust. This conclusion agrees with previous Pb and Nd isotope studies and supports the notion that a significant part of the metals and magmas have a crustal source.
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Kimpton, B. J. "The geological relationship between Kanmantoo Cu-Au deposit mineralisation, hydrothermal metasomatism and igneous intrusives." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/130628.

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The Kanmantoo Cu-Au deposit has been in episodic operation since 1846, one decade after the capital city of Adelaide was established some 40 kilometres to the NW. Regionally and within the host stratigraphy there exists archetypal evidence of the Cambrian Delamerian Orogeny through a complex structural, metamorphic and intrusive history. Consequently, numerous theories exist within the literature regarding a syngenetic or epigenetic style of mineralisation and the debated contribution, if any, of magmatic hydrothermal fluids. This study has documented numerous felsic intrusive vein sets within the Kanmantoo Cu-Au deposit which have been utilised to constrain the role of igneous activity on mineralisation within a wider Delamerian context. Monazite U–Pb ages of felsic veins show that intrusion first occurred at syn-peak metamorphic, syn-orogenic conditions (495.11 ± 2.79 Ma), continuing periodically until post-peak metamorphic, extensional conditions (483.43 ± 2.52 Ma). Intrusions are coeval with mineralisation and are temporally and geochemically analogous to magmatic activity in the adjacent Monarto and Murray Bridge provinces. Analysis of trace elements in monazites identifies the Kanmantoo Cu-Au deposit as a syn- to post-peak metamorphic hydrothermal anomaly which, combined with the presence of felsic veins, indicates that mineralisation resulted partly from fluids generated by a pluton at depth. These findings broadly confirm the prospectivity of Delamerian-affected terranes throughout large parts of South Eastern Australia where pervasive intrusive geology exists.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2018
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Hohf, Riveros Michael. "Magmatic-Hydrothermal Events, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Tourmaline Breccia in the Giant Río Blanco – Los Bronces Porphyry Copper Deposit, Central Chile." 2020. https://tubaf.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A74410.

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The Río Blanco–Los Bronces (Chile) is one of the richest endowed porphyry copper-molybdenum districts worldwide, where about 20% of the known mineralization is hosted by tourmaline-cemented hydrothermal breccia. This work seeks: (1) to find a relationship between tourmaline chemical and/or isotopic composition and the degree of mineralization in the breccia, (2) to constrain the source of the mineralizing fluid in the breccia, and (3) to determine of the composition and age of intrusive units in three new exploration projects and correlate them with the known intrusive rocks of the mine areas. Tourmaline from mineralized and barren breccias has similar boron isotopic compositions but differences in Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios, Al-contents and Al-Fe correlation, which may have exploration value. Boron and sulfur isotopes results are consistent with a magmatic source of hydrothermal fluids. Results of whole rock geochemistry and U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of intrusive units, breccia and late-stage veins are combined with previous U-Pb, Ar/Ar and Re-Os ages to elucidate the magmatic and hydrothermal history of the district.:1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation of the study and statement of research questions 1.2 Scope of the study 2 Porphyry copper deposits (PCDs) 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Global copper inventory 2.1.2 Definition and classification of PCDs 2.2 Regional scale characteristics of PCDs 2.2.1 Tectonic setting 2.2.2 Space and time distribution 2.2.3 Porphyry stocks and their pluton and volcanic connections 2.2.4 Wall-rock Influence 2.3 Deposit-scale characteristics 2.3.1 Porphyry stocks and dikes 2.3.2 Hydrothermal breccia 2.3.3 Alteration-mineralization zoning 2.4 Processes of PCD formation 2.4.1 Arc magmatism 2.4.2 Magmatic volatiles 2.4.3 Genetic models 3 Regional setting of the study area 3.1 Tectono-magmatic setting 3.2 Metallogenic belts 4 Río Blanco – Los Bronces mining district 4.1 Mining history 4.2 District geology 4.2.1 Stratified rocks 4.2.2 Plutonic and hypabyssal intrusions 4.2.3 Structures 4.2.4 Alteration and mineralization 4.2.1 Geochronology database 5 Results 5.1 Plutonic units 5.1.1 Petrography 5.1.2 Whole rock (WR) geochemistry 5.1.3 Geochronology 5.2 Mineralization 5.2.1 Petrography 5.2.2 Tourmaline occurrence and composition 5.2.3 Sulfides and sulfates 6 Discussion 6.1 Time-space relationships of intrusion, brecciation and hydrothermal alteration 6.2 Stable isotope constraints on fluid source and evolution 6.2.1 Oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur isotopes 6.2.2 Boron isotopes 6.3 Tourmaline as a redox indicator and significance for exploration 7 Summary and conclusions 8 References Digital supplement Appendix (Methods) 9 Appendix Methods 9.1 Optical microscopy (OM) 9.2 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) 9.3 Whole rock chemical analysis 9.4 Electron microprobe analyses (EMPA) 9.5 Boron isotopes 9.6 Sulfur isotopes 9.7 40Ar/39Ar dating 9.8 Zircon separation and characterization 9.9 U-Pb zircon LA-ICP-MS dating 9.10 U-Pb zircon CA-ID-TIMS dating 9.11 Single zircon evaporation as screening method
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Books on the topic "Hydrothermal metasomatism"

1

Zolotye samorodki. Moskva: "Nauka", 1993.

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Symposium, on Deep-Crust Fluids "High-Temperature Acid Fluids and Associated Alteration and Mineralization" (3rd 1990 Tsukuba-shi Japan). High-temperature acid fluids and associated alteration and mineralization: Extended abstracts of the 3rd Symposium on Deep-Crust Fluids "High-Temperature Acid Fluids and Associated Alteration and Mineralization", held at Tsukuba, October 1990. Tsukuba-shi, Japan: Geological Survey of Japan, 1991.

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Zhukov, N. M. Infilʹtrat͡s︡ionnyĭ metasomatizm i prirodnye kolonny gidrotermalitov. Alma-Ata: "Gylym", 1991.

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Kunt︠s︡, A. F. Gidrotermalʹno-metasomaticheskoe rudoobrazovanie v karbonatnykh porodakh: Ėksperimentalʹnye modeli i ikh prilozhenii︠a︡. Ekaterinburg: Uralʹskoe otdelenie RAN, 2002.

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Collins, Lorence G. Hydrothermal differentiation and myrmekite: A clue to many geologic puzzles. Athens, Greece: Theophrastus Publications, 1988.

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Collins, Lorence G. Hydrothermal differentiation and myrmekite: A clue to many geologic puzzles. Athens, Greece: Theophrastus Publications, 1988.

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Veniaminovich, Fishman Mark, and I͡Ushkin Nikolaĭ Pavlovich, eds. Gidrotermalʹno-metasomaticheskoe mineraloobrazovanie v karbonatnykh porodakh: Ėksperimentalʹnye modeli. Leningrad: Izd-vo "Nauka," Leningradskoe otd-nie, 1987.

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A. J. B. Thompson (Editor) and J. F. H. Thompson (Editor), eds. Atlas Of Alteration: A Field And Petrographic Guide To Hydrothermal Alteration Minerals. Geological Assn of Canada, 1996.

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A, Prokin V., Grabezhev A. I, and Akademii͡a︡ nauk SSSR. Uralʹskoe otdelenie., eds. Metasomatity ėndogennykh mestorozhdeniĭ Urala: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Sverdlovsk: UrO AN SSSR, 1989.

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Bridges, John C. Evolution of the Martian Crust. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.18.

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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Planetary Science. Please check back later for the full article.Mars, which has a tenth of the mass of Earth, has cooled as a single lithospheric plate. Current topography gravity maps and magnetic maps do not show signs of the plate tectonics processes that have shaped the Earth’s surface. Instead, Mars has been shaped by the effects of meteorite bombardment, igneous activity, and sedimentary—including aqueous—processes. Mars also contains enormous igneous centers—Tharsis and Elysium, with other shield volcanoes in the ancient highlands. In fact, the planet has been volcanically active for nearly all of its 4.5 Gyr history, and crater counts in the Northern Lowlands suggest that may have extended to within the last tens of millions of years. Our knowledge of the composition of the igneous rocks on Mars is informed by over 100 Martian meteorites and the results from landers and orbiters. These show dominantly tholeiitic basaltic compositions derived by melting of a relatively K, Fe-rich mantle compared to that of the Earth. However, recent meteorite and lander results reveal considerable diversity, including more silica-rich and alkaline igneous activity. These show the importance of a range of processes including crystal fractionation, partial melting, and possibly mantle metasomatism and crustal contamination of magmas. The figures and plots of compositional data from meteorites and landers show the range of compositions with comparisons to other planetary basalts (Earth, Moon, Venus). A notable feature of Martian igneous rocks is the apparent absence of amphibole. This is one of the clues that the Martian mantle had a very low water content when compared to that of Earth.The Martian crust, however, has undergone hydrothermal alteration, with impact as an important heat source. This is shown by SNC analyses of secondary minerals and Near Infra-Red analyses from orbit. The associated water may be endogenous.Our view of the Martian crust has changed since Viking landers touched down on the planet in 1976: from one almost entirely dominated by basaltic flows to one where much of the ancient highlands, particularly in ancient craters, is covered by km deep sedimentary deposits that record changing environmental conditions from ancient to recent Mars. The composition of these sediments—including, notably, the MSL Curiosity Rover results—reveal an ancient Mars where physical weathering of basaltic and fractionated igneous source material has dominated over extensive chemical weathering.
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Book chapters on the topic "Hydrothermal metasomatism"

1

Pirajno, Franco. "Alkali Metasomatism and Related Mineral Deposits." In Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits, 247–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75671-9_9.

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Steinthórsson, S., N. Óskarsson, S. Arnórsson, and E. Gunnlaugsson. "Metasomatism in Iceland: Hydrothermal Alteration and Remelting of Oceanic Crust." In Chemical Transport in Metasomatic Processes, 355–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4013-0_14.

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Peters, Tj. "Hydrothermal. Alteration of a Variscian Granite, Magmatic Autometasomatism and Fault Related Vein Metasomatism." In Chemical Transport in Metasomatic Processes, 577–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4013-0_21.

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Bucher-Nurminen, Kurt. "The Composition of Hydrothermal Fluids Responsible for Silicate Reaction Veins in Dolomitic Marbles." In Chemical Transport in Metasomatic Processes, 759–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4013-0_33.

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Janecky, D. R., and W. E. Seyfried. "Transition Metal Mobility in Oceanic Ridge Crest Hydrothermal Systems at 350°C–425°C." In Chemical Transport in Metasomatic Processes, 657–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4013-0_24.

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Bowers, Teresa Suter, and Hugh P. Taylor. "Some Calculations Pertaining to an Integrated Chemical and Stable-Isotope Model of the Origin of Mid-Ocean Ridge Hydrothermal Systems." In Chemical Transport in Metasomatic Processes, 633–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4013-0_23.

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Jenner, Gordon A. "IGC Field Trip 131: Eocene igneous activity and related metasomatic and hydrothermal events, Bear Lodge Mountains, Crook County, Wyoming." In Devils Tower—Black Hills Alkalic Igneous Rocks and General Geology, 50–66. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft131p0050.

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Fadda, Sandro, Maddalena Fiori, Silvana Maria Grillo, and Walter Prochaska. "REE Mobilization in Complex Hydrothermal–Metasomatic Systems: Fluid Chemistry Evidence of Albitite And Chlorite-Talc Mineralisations in Central Sardinia, Italy." In Proceedings of the 10th International Congress for Applied Mineralogy (ICAM), 171–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27682-8_22.

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Kelley, Karen D., Eric P. Jensen, Jason S. Rampe, and Doug White. "Chapter 17: Epithermal Gold Deposits Related to Alkaline Igneous Rocks in the Cripple Creek District, Colorado, United States." In Geology of the World’s Major Gold Deposits and Provinces, 355–73. Society of Economic Geologists, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.23.17.

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Abstract Cripple Creek is among the largest epithermal districts in the world, with more than 800 metric tons (t) Au (>26.4 Moz). The ores are associated spatially, temporally, and genetically with ~34 to 28 Ma alkaline igneous rocks that were emplaced into an 18-km2 diatreme complex and surrounding Proterozoic rocks. Gold occurs in high-grade veins, as bulk tonnage relatively low-grade ores, and in hydrothermal breccias. Pervasive alteration in the form of potassic metasomatism is extensive and is intimately associated with gold mineralization. Based on dating of intrusions and molybdenite and gangue minerals (primarily using 40Ar/39Ar and Re-Os techniques), the region experienced a protracted but intermittent history of magmatism (over a period of at least 5 m.y.) and hydrothermal activity (intermittent over the final ~3 m.y. of magmatic activity). Key factors that likely played a role in the size and grade of the deposit were (1) the generation of alkaline magmas during a transition between subduction and extension that tapped a chemically enriched mantle source; (2) a long history of structural preparation, beginning in the Proterozoic, which created deep-seated structures to allow the magmas and ore fluids to reach shallow levels in the crust, and which produced a fracture network that increased permeability; and (3) an efficient hydrothermal system, including effective gold transport mechanisms, and multiple over-printed hydrothermal events.
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Harper, Gregory D. "Pumpellyosite and prehnitite associated with epidosite in the Josephine ophiolite—Ca metasomatism during upwelling of hydrothermal fluids at a spreading axis." In Low-Grade Metamorphism of Mafic Rocks, 101–22. Geological Society of America, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/spe296-p101.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hydrothermal metasomatism"

1

Moritz, Harold, Robert P. Wintsch, Bill Devlin, and Ryan J. McAleer. "PERMIAN HIGH-TEMPERATURE HYDROTHERMAL VEINS AND AMPHIBOLITE METASOMATISM IN SOUTHWESTERN CONNECTICUT – EVIDENCE FOR THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH ALLEGHENIAN INTRUSIVES." In Northeastern Section-56th Annual Meeting-2021. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021ne-361410.

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Karvinen, S., A. Heinonen, and C. Beier. "Apatite as a tracer for magmatic-hydrothermal ore-forming processes." In Project KO5125 ARLIN Arctic Layered Intrusions as a Source of Critical Metals for Green Economy European Neighbourhood Instrument Cross-Border Cooperation Programme Kolarctic 2014-2020. GI KSC RAS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31241/arlin.2021.019.

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This project focuses on the trace element chemistry of igneous apatite in various magmatic systems with the use of in situ analytical techniques. The composition of apatite may possibly be used as a tracer for various magmatic-hydrothermal processes due to the breadth of chemical substitutions possible within the structure. Apatite is found in many mineralized layered intrusions as a minor phase. Apatite may be utilized in the tracking of metasomatic fluids in layered intrusions or in geochronological studies in the absence of other commonly used phases i.e. zircon. Apatite accumulations can be exploited economically for phosphorus and possibly for rare earth elements as well.
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Liu, Yang. "APATITE AS A RECORDER OF HYDROTHERMAL AND METASOMATIC EVENTS ON MARS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-304121.

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Ryan-Davis, Juliet, Jade Star Lackey, Megan D'Errico, Kouki Kitajima, Michelle L. Gevedon, Jaime D. Barnes, Cin-Ty A. Lee, and John Valley. "SKARN-GARNET ARCHIVES OF METASOMATIC AND HYDROTHERMAL CONDITIONS IN THE MINERAL KING ROOF PENDANT, SOUTH-CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADA." In 112th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016cd-274256.

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