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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Das, Prodip. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) Tuning Gas-Diffusion-Layer Surface Wettability for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 38 (July 7, 2022): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01381709mtgabs.

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In the present scenario of a global initiative toward securing global net-zero by mid-century and keeping 1.5 degrees within reach, polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are considered to play an important role in the energy transition, particularly for the decarbonization of transit buses, trucks, rail transport, ships and ferries, and the residential heating sector. However, PEFCs are not economically competitive with the internal combustion engine powertrains [1]. Moreover, their durability standards in widely varying conditions have yet to be established and water management remains a critical issue for performance degradation and durability [1-3]. Thus, the mission of my research team is to conduct original research to make PEFCs economically viable and optimize their performance and durability [4,5]. In this talk, I will highlight our research on PEFC’s gas diffusion layer (GDL), as its interfaces with the flow channel and microporous layer play a significant role in water management. This research was aimed at selectively modifying GDL surfaces with a hydrophobic pattern to improve water transport and water removal from flow channels; thus, improving the durability and performance of PEFCs. Sigracet® GDLs were used as a base substrate and two different monomers, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) added with fumed silica (Si) and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) were used to print a selective pattern on the GDL surfaces [6]. Both the additive manufacturing and spray coating techniques were utilized for creating the hydrophobic pattern on the GDL surfaces. The results of this study demonstrated a novel but simple approach to tune GDL surfaces with selective wetting properties and superhydrophobic interfaces that would enhance water transport. I will discuss some of these results and highlight how these results will benefit the water management of next-generation high-power PEFCs. This work was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P03098X/1) and the STFC Batteries Network (ST/R006873/1) and was supported by SGL Carbon SE (www.sglcarbon.com). References [1] A.Z. Weber et al., "A critical review of modeling transport phenomena in polymer electrolyte fuel cells," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 161, pp. F1254-F1299, 2014. [2] A.D. Santamaria et al., "Liquid-water interactions with gas-diffusion layers surfaces," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 161, pp. F1184-F1193, 2014. [3] P.K. Das and A.Z. Weber, "Water management in PEMFC with ultra-thin catalyst-layers," ASME 11th Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology Conference, Paper No. FuelCell2013-18010, pp. V001T01A002, 2013. [4] L. Xing et al., "Membrane electrode assemblies for PEM fuel cells: A review of functional graded design and optimization," Energy, vol. 177, pp. 445-464, 2019. [5] L. Xing et al., "Inhomogeneous distribution of platinum and ionomer in the porous cathode to maximize the performance of a PEM fuel cell," AIChE J., vol. 63, pp. 4895-4910, 2017. [6] D. Thumbarathy et al., "Fabrication and characterization of tuneable flow-channel/gas-diffusion-layer interface for polymer electrolyte fuel cells," J. Electrochem. Energy Convers. Storage, vol. 17, pp. 011010, 2020.
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2

Trocino, Stefano, Carmelo Lo Vecchio, Sabrina Campagna Zignani, Alessandra Carbone, Ada Saccà, Vincenzo Baglio, Roberto Gómez, and Antonino Salvatore Aricò. "Dry Hydrogen Production in a Tandem Critical Raw Material-Free Water Photoelectrolysis Cell Using a Hydrophobic Gas-Diffusion Backing Layer." Catalysts 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10111319.

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A photoelectrochemical tandem cell (PEC) based on a cathodic hydrophobic gas-diffusion backing layer was developed to produce dry hydrogen from solar driven water splitting. The cell consisted of low cost and non-critical raw materials (CRMs). A relatively high-energy gap (2.1 eV) hematite-based photoanode and a low energy gap (1.2 eV) cupric oxide photocathode were deposited on a fluorine-doped tin oxide glass (FTO) and a hydrophobic carbonaceous substrate, respectively. The cell was illuminated from the anode. The electrolyte separator consisted of a transparent hydrophilic anionic solid polymer membrane allowing higher wavelengths not absorbed by the photoanode to be transmitted to the photocathode. To enhance the oxygen evolution rate, a NiFeOX surface promoter was deposited on the anodic semiconductor surface. To investigate the role of the cathodic backing layer, waterproofing and electrical conductivity properties were studied. Two different porous carbonaceous gas diffusion layers were tested (Spectracarb® and Sigracet®). These were also subjected to additional hydrophobisation procedures. The Sigracet 35BC® showed appropriate ex-situ properties for various wettability grades and it was selected as a cathodic substrate for the PEC. The enthalpic and throughput efficiency characteristics were determined, and the results compared to a conventional FTO glass-based cathode substrate. A throughput efficiency of 2% was achieved for the cell based on the hydrophobic backing layer, under a voltage bias of about 0.6 V, compared to 1% for the conventional cell. For the best configuration, an endurance test was carried out under operative conditions. The cells were electrochemically characterised by linear polarisation tests and impedance spectroscopy measurements. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs were analysed to assess the structure and morphology of the investigated materials.
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3

Yoon, Gug-Ho, Sung Bum Park, Eun Hyung Kim, Myung-Hoon Oh, Kyeong-Sik Cho, Soon Wook Jeong, Sungjin Kim, and Yong-il Park. "Novel hydrophobic coating process for gas diffusion layer in PEMFCs." Journal of Electroceramics 23, no. 2-4 (October 3, 2007): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10832-007-9321-1.

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4

Imazato, Minehisa, Hayato Hommura, Go Sudo, Kenji Katori, and Koichi Tanaka. "The Amount of Hydrophobic Resin Binder in the Micro Diffusion Layer for DMFC." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (July 5, 2004): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1794710.

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The micro-diffusion layer for DMFC consists of carbon and hydrophobic resin used as a binder. The function of the micro diffusion layer on carbon paper is not only to support the catalyst layer to conduct electricity, but also to maintain a stable mixture of gas and liquid. The amount of hydrophobic resin binder in the micro diffusion layer is therefore a critical parameter. The amount of hydrophobic resin binder is normally less than 50wt%, but we investigated this parameter and found that there is another high performance area around 80wt%.
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5

Wang, Peng, Hironori Nakajima, and Tatsumi Kitahara. "Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Microporous Layer Coated Gas Diffusion Layer for Enhancing PEFC Performance." ECS Transactions 104, no. 8 (October 1, 2021): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10408.0117ecst.

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6

Wang, Peng, Hironori Nakajima, and Tatsumi Kitahara. "Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Microporous Layer Coated Gas Diffusion Layer for Enhancing PEFC Performance." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-02, no. 36 (October 19, 2021): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-02361034mtgabs.

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7

Wang, Peng, Hironori Nakajima, and Tatsumi Kitahara. "(Digital Presentation) Effect of the Hydrophilic Layer in Double Microporous Layer Coated Gas Diffusion Layer on PEFC Performance." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 39 (October 9, 2022): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02391383mtgabs.

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The polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are commonly used in the vehicle industry, but the relatively higher costs of power generation limit the potential for further application. The PEFCs output power can be mainly undermined by the water management of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). If the water content balance in the MEA is broken by fast water expelling, the dehydrated membrane significantly raises the proton transport resistance, which results in severe ohmic resistance loss. Oppositely, the slow water removal pace makes the production water stay at the catalyst layer (CL) surface, and the reactants are prohibited from accessing the reaction area and causing high reactants concentration overpotential during the high current density range. To elongate the limiting current density and raise the output power, beneficial water management should keep the MEA from dehydration by using the water generated from electrochemical reactions and can expel additional water from the CL and gas diffusion layer (GDL) interface. To implement the favorable water balance in the cell, the GDL with the microporous layer (MPL) is necessary. Traditional MPL mainly contains carbon black and hydrophobic binder Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which can guarantee water-unoccupied pathways for gas transport. The produced water can be expelled by the relatively large pores, and the water transportability is mainly controlled by the pore size and hydrophobicity. When the pore size is excessively narrow, the easily gathered water creates flooding between the CL and GDL. Large pores can solve this issue but bring the water stored in the MPL. Thus, a double MPL is developed to achieve better water management when it cannot forwardly enlarge the pore sizes under low and high humidity conditions. A commercially available hydrophobic MPL coated GDL (SGL 22BB) is the standard sample in this study. As for double MPL coated GDL, the hydrophilic layer is coated on the hydrophobic MPL coated GDL. One candidate composition uses Nafion as the hydrophilic binder, TiO2 as the hydrophilicity improvement particles, and the rest of the part is carbon black; the other way applies only Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the hydrophilic binder and mixes with carbon black. Both types of hydrophilic slurry are directly coated on the 22BB, and the maximum pore diameter slightly changed from 45um (SGL 22BB) to a smaller size. These very thin hydrophilic layers modify the surface properties, which can help reduce the surface contact angle and make water easier to be introduced into the hydrophobic MPL. According to the tests, the performance of the double MPL containing PVA binder becomes worse than the Nafion-TiO2 double MPL, even than standard hydrophobic MPL. Due to the strong hydrophilicity of the PVA binder, even though a tiny amount of it is added to the top layer, water accumulation still occurs in the MPL, so the PVA binder is not suitable for the MPL property modification. The double MPL, which applied a Nafion-TiO2 hydrophilic layer, achieves lower oxygen transport resistance under high humidity conditions than the standard hydrophobic MPL. Besides, the appropriate composition of the hydrophilic contents is determined. With the increase of the TiO2 and Nafion content, the significantly enhanced hydrophilicity leads to more water absorption. However, it blocks the gas pathways, showing terrible reactants transport and high concentration over-potential. When the hydrophilic content becomes overly low, it is not enough to afford the water expelling, and water still occupies the MPL and CL interface. The thickness of the top hydrophilic MPL is another critical design parameter. A too thick hydrophilic layer can hold more water and cause a high risk of hampering reactants supply. The moderate thickness of the hydrophilic layer should be less than 5μm, which guarantees the function of the water transport and keeps away from severe water absorption.
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8

Munekata, Toshihisa, Takaji Inamuro, and Shi-aki Hyodo. "Gas Transport Properties in Gas Diffusion Layers: A Lattice Boltzmann Study." Communications in Computational Physics 9, no. 5 (May 2011): 1335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.301009.161210s.

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AbstractThe lattice Boltzmann method is applied to the investigations of the diffusivity and the permeability in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). The effects of the configuration of water droplets, the porosity of the GDL, the viscosity ratio of water to air, and the surface wettability of the GDL are investigated. From the simulations under the PEFC operating conditions, it is found that the heterogeneous water network and the high porosity improve the diffusivity and the permeability, and the hydrophobic surface decreases the permeability.
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9

Kudo, Kazuhiko, Akiyoshi Kuroda, Shougo Takeoka, and Yosuke Shimazu. "B112 Modeling of water transmission in hydrophobic gas diffusion layer of PEFC." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2006 (2006): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2006.39.

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10

Kudo, Kazuhiko, Akiyoshi Kuroda, Takashi Yamaguchi, Shougo Takeoka, and Hitoshi Watanabe. "G132 Modeling of Water Transmission through Hydrophobic Gas Diffusion Layer of PEFC." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2007 (2007): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2007.237.

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11

Sun, Yan, Wenqi Liu, Dongyan Xu, Xiaojin Li, and Chaoxu Li. "Self-healing of super hydrophobic and hierarchical surfaces for gas diffusion layer." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 54 (November 2020): 29774–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.09.065.

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12

Vynnycky, M., and A. Gordon. "On the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the cathode gas diffusion layer in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 469, no. 2154 (June 8, 2013): 20120695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2012.0695.

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An anomaly in the modelling of two-phase flow in the porous cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell is investigated asymptotically and numerically. Although not commented on previously in literature, the generalized Darcy model used most commonly leads to the surprising prediction that a hydrophilic GDL can lead to better cell performance, in terms of current density, than a hydrophobic one. By analysing a reduced one-dimensional steady-state model and identifying the capillary number as a small dimensionless parameter, we find a potential flaw in the original model, associated with the constitutive relation linking the capillary pressure and the pressures of the wetting and non-wetting phases. Correcting this, we find that, whereas a hydrophilic GDL can sustain a two-phase (gas/liquid) region near the water-producing catalytic layer and gas phase only region further away, a hydrophobic GDL cannot; furthermore, hydrophobic GDLs are found to lead to better cell performance than hydrophilic GDLs, as is indeed experimentally the case.
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13

Wang, Peng, Hironori Nakajima, and Tatsumi Kitahara. "(Digital Presentation) Effect of the Hydrophilic Layer in Double Microporous Layer Coated Gas Diffusion Layer on PEFC Performance." ECS Transactions 109, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10909.0085ecst.

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Water management is always one of the main problems of polymer electrolyte fuel cells performance enhancement because it dramatically influences oxygen transport resistance. Typically, the MPL coated GDL with strong hydrophobicity effectively prevents flooding between the catalyst layer and the MPL. To further improve PEFC performance, directly coating an extra hydrophilic MPL on the hydrophobic MPL coated GDL as double MPL can further promote performance. The double MPL using Nafion binder cannot provide enough hydrophilicity to lower the oxygen transport resistance. Combining utilization of the Nafion and TiO2 is efficacious in decreasing the breakthrough pressure and contact angle and ameliorating water drainage from the MEA so that the gas transport ability can be improved. Besides, the appropriate thickness of the double MPL was investigated to better design the double MPL coated GDL.
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14

Hiramitsu, Yusuke, Hitoshi Sato, Kenji Kobayashi, and Michio Hori. "Controlling gas diffusion layer oxidation by homogeneous hydrophobic coating for polymer electrolyte fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 13 (July 2011): 5453–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.01.099.

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15

Zhang, Y., A. Verma, and R. Pitchumani. "Optimum design of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with graded porosity gas diffusion layer." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 20 (June 2016): 8412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.02.077.

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16

Syarif, Nirwan, Dedi Rohendi, Ade Dwi Nanda, M. Try Sandi, and Delima Sukma Wati Br Sihombing. "Gas diffusion layer from Binchotan carbon and its electrochemical properties for supporting electrocatalyst in fuel cell." AIMS Energy 10, no. 2 (2022): 292–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2022016.

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<abstract> <p>The gas diffusion layer (GDL) in the fuel cell has been made from carbon dispersion electrochemically deposited from binchotan. We prepared GDL by spraying the ink on the surface of the conductive paper. The carbon was then characterized by its crystallography, surface functional groups and size by x-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR and PSA instrumentations. Cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy tests were applied to study the GDL electrochemical characters. Buble drop tests were used to obtain contact angles representing the hydrophobicity of the layer. The electrodeposition/oxidation of binchotan derived carbon dispersion has a crystalline phase in its dot structure. According to particle size analysis, carbon dispersion has an average particle size diameter of 176.7 nm, a range of 64.5–655.8 nm, and a polydispersity index was 0.138. The Nyquist plot revealed that the processes in the GDL matrices as the plot consist of two types of structures, i.e., semicircular curves and vertical (sloping) lines. The GDL electrical conductivity of Vulcan and carbon dots were 0.053 and 0.039 mho cm<sup>-1</sup>. The contact angle between conductive paper and water was 150.27°; between the gas diffusion layer and carbon Vulcan was 123.28°, and between the gas diffusion layer and carbon dispersion was 95.31°. The surface of the GDL with Vulcan is more hydrophobic than that made with carbon dispersion. In other words, the GDL with carbon dispersion is closer to hydrophilic properties. The results show that the carbon can support the gas diffusion layer for hydrophobic and hydrophilic conditions.</p> </abstract>
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17

Moriyama, Koji, and Takaji Inamuro. "Lattice Boltzmann Simulations of Water Transport from the Gas Diffusion Layer to the Gas Channel in PEFC." Communications in Computational Physics 9, no. 5 (May 2011): 1206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.311009.081110s.

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AbstractWater management is a key to ensuring high performance and durability of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC), and it is important to understand the behavior of liquid water in PEFC. In this study, the two-phase lattice Boltzmann method is applied to the simulations of water discharge from gas diffusion layers (GDL) to gas channels. The GDL is porous media composed of carbon fibers with hydrophobic treatment, and the gas channels are hydrophilic micro-scale ducts. In the simulations, arbitrarily generated porous materials are used as the structures of the GDL. We investigate the effects of solid surface wettabilities on water distribution in the gas channels and the GDL. Moreover, the results of X-ray computed tomography images in the operating PEFC are compared with the numerical simulations, and the mechanism of the water transport in PEFC is considered.
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18

Ko, Tae-Jun, Sae Hoon Kim, Bo Ki Hong, Kwang-Ryeol Lee, Kyu Hwan Oh, and Myoung-Woon Moon. "High Performance Gas Diffusion Layer with Hydrophobic Nanolayer under a Supersaturated Operation Condition for Fuel Cells." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7, no. 9 (March 2, 2015): 5506–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00088.

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19

Chun, Jeong Hwan, Ki Tae Park, Dong Hyun Jo, Ji Young Lee, Sang Gon Kim, Sun Hee Park, Eun Sook Lee, Jy-Young Jyoung, and Sung Hyun Kim. "Development of a novel hydrophobic/hydrophilic double micro porous layer for use in a cathode gas diffusion layer in PEMFC." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36, no. 14 (July 2011): 8422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.04.038.

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20

Paidar, Martin, Michal Zejmon, and Karel Bouzek. "Optimization of PTFE Content in Catalyst Layer of Gas Diffusion Electrode for Alkaline Fuel Cell." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 26 (July 7, 2022): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01261241mtgabs.

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Alkaline fuel cell (AFC) is historically 1st successfully applied fuel cell type. The main benefit of AFC is still possibility to use non platinum based catalysts at ambient conditions. With increase of demand for platinum metals for PEM water electrolysis and fuel cell this benefit would become more significant. Therefore it has sense to focus on AFC development. Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) are crucial part in numerous technologies. Its main function is to enable contact of gaseous reactant with electron conductor and ionic conductor. Enlargement of contact area of mentioned three phase boundary lead to increase of electrode performance. In the case of liquid electrolyte like potassium hydroxide in AFC it is crucial to balance penetration of liquid into pores of electrode and to keep part of electrode unflooded. It must be realized in catalytic layer of GDE. Variation of temperature change electrolyte viscosity and vapor pressure both influences flooding of electrode. Beside suitable structure GDE for AFC must be stable in strong alkaline solutions. Standard GDE construction is based on combination of hydrophilic a hydrophobic materials to reach desired wettability. Also, the preparation method influences the porosity of the catalytic layer. GDE consist of three layers: catalytic, diffusion and supporting. The gas/liquid interface must be realized in catalytic layer. It is usually composed of catalyst and binder. Catalyst is chosen with respect to electrochemical reaction running on electrode thus binder must deliver desired hydrophobicity. Most typical binders are perfluorinated polymers like PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with excellent chemical resistivity. Nickel, manganese, platinum, silver etc. are widely used in alkaline systems like catalysts. The most important property of the catalytic layer is the ratio of catalyst to PTFE which provides suitable hydrophobicity. The diffusion layer (GDL) is usually made of a mixture of carbon blacks/graphite and PTFE. The support layer is typically made of nickel foam or carbon paper. This work aims to optimize the ratio of PTFE to platinum catalyst in the catalytic layer. The commercial catalyst HiSPEC 40 wt. % Pt/C was used and Pt load was set to 0.5 mg/cm2. Electrodes were prepared by ink spraying technique on commercial GDL Sigracet® BC28. The ink with different ratios of PTFE to catalyst was applied to prepare GDE with PTFE content from 5 wt. % to 40 wt. %. Electrode baking under inert atmosphere was the last preparation step to increase mechanical stability. As the first characteristic the contact angle was measured. The droplet of water was placed on catalyst layer surface. The contact angle of droplet to GDE surface represents the level of hydrophobicity. A high level of hydrophobicity brings about low inundation GDE and bad contact between liquid, gas and catalyst. On the other hand, if GDE has low hydrophobicity, liquid can inundate the catalytic layer easily. As it was found already 5% of PTFE makes GDE surface hydrophobic. Higher loading of PTFE lead only to small angle increase. But significant decrease was found after GDE operation and PTFE loading over 15% is necessary to prevent further hydrophobicity decrease. In the second step prepared GDE were tested in the laboratory AFC. Pure hydrogen and pure oxygen were dosed to GDE chambers. 25% KOH solution was used as electrolyte. The I-V curve at the beginning of cell assembly, performance in time and I-V curve at the end of experiment was measure. The power of AFC with prepared electrodes improves if the hydrophobicity of GDE decreases. However, the penetration of liquid through the GDE was observed in low hydrophobic GDE in a long time testing alkaline fuel cell. Also the gradual decrease of cell performance was observed due to the flooding of the catalytic layer. After stop of operation and repeated start the performance of the cell again improved but no to the origin level. Only if the PTFE content was over 40% the performance was identical for several repeated experiments. The importance of PTFE loading in catalyst layer composition was demonstrated and its influence on AFC performance. The low loading of PTFE in GDE shows the highest performance but with fast drop. For longtime operation it is necessary to use PTFE leading at least 40%. Acknowledgment Financial support of this research by the Technological Agency of the Czech Republic under the project No TK02030001 “Research and development of advanced flow energy storage technologies” is gratefully acknowledged.
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21

Herescu, Alexandru. "The Impact of Coating Defects on Water Transport in the Gas Diffusion Layer of PEM Fuel Cells." ECS Transactions 109, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10909.0077ecst.

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Present study suggests that the breakthrough pressure of a mixed-non-wetting (MNW) meniscus is highly sensitive to the extent of coating defects. On the other hand, the wetting meniscus breakthrough pressure showed little sensitivity to the geometry of the pore. Hydrophobic coatings such as PTFE are used to improve the water transport behaviour of the gas diffusion layer. Improved performance is typically associated with high breakthrough pressure, as evidenced by experiments. Simulations employing pores consider the influence of the pore geometry, and that of heterogeneous wetting and pinning conditions of the water droplets in contact with the GDL fibrous matrix. This model examines the water percolation behavior at pore level, the pore being defined as a contact line of an evolving droplet in contact with fibers. In contrast with the pores of a pore-network model, the pore-level model captures the evolution of a liquid-gas interface having both pinned and free contact line segments. The mixed-non-wetting behaviour is caused by the hydrophobic coating which allows parts of the meniscus contact line to deform freely in contact with the fibers, while other parts of the meniscus remain pinned due to coating defects. The MNW meniscus is critical to establishing a high breakthrough pressure and a small characteristic droplet volume. The influence of the coating defects is simulated by MNW menisci having various ratios of pinned-to-free contact line segments.
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22

Herescu, Alexandru. "The Impact of Coating Defects on Water Transport in the Gas Diffusion Layer of PEM Fuel Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 39 (October 9, 2022): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02391381mtgabs.

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Present study suggests that the breakthrough pressure of a mixed-non-wetting (MNW) meniscus is highly sensitive to the extent of coating defects. On the other hand, the wetting meniscus breakthrough pressure showed little sensitivity to the geometry of the pore. Hydrophobic coatings such as PTFE are used to improve the water transport behaviour of the gas diffusion layer. Improved performance is typically associated with high breakthrough pressure, as evidenced by experiments. Simulations employing pores consider the influence of the pore geometry, and that of heterogeneous wetting and pinning conditions of the water droplets in contact with the GDL fibrous matrix. This model examines the water percolation behaviour at pore level, the pore being defined as a contact line of an evolving droplet in contact with fibers. In contrast with the pores of a pore-network model, the pore-level model captures the evolution of a liquid-gas interface having both pinned and free contact line segments. The mixed-non-wetting behaviour is caused by the hydrophobic coating which allows parts of the meniscus contact line to deform freely in contact with the fibers, while other parts of the meniscus remain pinned due to coating defects. The MNW meniscus is critical to establishing a high breakthrough pressure and a small characteristic droplet volume. The influence of the coating defects is simulated by MNW menisci having various ratios of pinned-to-free contact line segments.
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23

Gu, Yan, Dongmei Chang, Haiyan Sun, Jicong Zhao, Guofeng Yang, Zhicheng Dai, and Yu Ding. "Theoretical Study of InAlN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) with a Polarization-Graded AlGaN Back-Barrier Layer." Electronics 8, no. 8 (August 10, 2019): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080885.

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An inserted novel polarization-graded AlGaN back barrier structure is designed to enhance performances of In0.17Al0.83N/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), which is investigated by the two-dimensional drift-diffusion simulations. The results indicate that carrier confinement of the graded AlGaN back-barrier HEMT is significantly improved due to the conduction band discontinuity of about 0.46 eV at interface of GaN/AlGaN heterojunction. Meanwhile, the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) concentration of parasitic electron channel can be reduced by a gradient Al composition that leads to the complete lattice relaxation without piezoelectric polarization, which is compared with the conventional Al0.1Ga0.9N back-barrier HEMT. Furthermore, compared to the conventional back-barrier HEMT with a fixed Al-content, a higher transconductance, a higher current and a better radio-frequency performance can be created by a graded AlGaN back barrier.
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24

Raciti, David, Trevor Michael Braun, Brian Tackett, Heng Xu, Mutya Cruz, Benjamin Wiley, and Thomas P. Moffat. "Self-Supporting Ag Nanowire Mat Electrodes on PTFE Gas Diffusion Layers for Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 to CO." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 40 (October 9, 2022): 1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02401489mtgabs.

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High surface area nanocatalysts combined with conductive carbon-based gas-diffusion layers (GDL) enable high CO2 flux and conversion, but can suffer from ineffective catalyst utilization and flooding of the GDL ultimately limiting the lifetime of electrolyzer operation. Herein we explore an alternative gas-diffusion electrode that incorporates a self-conducting network of Ag nanowires on a non-conductive PTFE GDL (Figure 1 a-b) as a gas-diffusion electrode (GDE) for CO2 conversion (Figure 1 c-d). Properties influenced by Ag nanowire mat thickness and durability of the Ag nanowires are explored. Furthermore a 1-D model of the electrode morphology and microstructure quantitatively captures the steady-state compositional gradients (Figure 1d) within the catalyst layer giving insight into the observed empirical differences in catalyst layer thickness. The self-conductive nanowire network and robust hydrophobic porous support structure provide an effective platform to further understanding of meso-scale properties and microenvironment present during CO2 electroreduction. Figure Caption: (a) Top-down and (b) Cross-section electron micrographs of a Ag nanowire covered PTFE GDL. (c) Schematic depicting the utilization of the Ag NW covered PTFE GDL as an electrode for electrochemical CO2 reduction and (d) resulting relationships between catalyst layer thickness, mass activity and simulated local pH. Figure 1
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25

Kannan, A. M., L. Cindrella, and L. Munukutla. "Functionally graded nano-porous gas diffusion layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cells under low relative humidity conditions." Electrochimica Acta 53, no. 5 (January 2008): 2416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.10.013.

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26

Olesen, Anders Christian, Søren Knudsen Kær, and Torsten Berning. "A Multi-Fluid Model for Water and Methanol Transport in a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 6869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15196869.

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Direct-methanol fuel cell (DMFC) systems are comparatively simple, sometimes just requiring a fuel cartridge and a fuel cell stack with appropriate control devices. The key challenge in these systems is the accurate determination and control of the flow rates and the appropriate mixture of methanol and water, and fundamental understanding can be gained by computational fluid dynamics. In this work, a three-dimensional, steady-state, two-phase, multi-component and non-isothermal DMFC model is presented. The model is based on the Eulerian approach, and it can account for gas and liquid transport in porous media subject to mixed wettability, i.e., the simultaneous presence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic pores. Other phenomena considered are variations in surface tension due to water–methanol mixing and the capillary pressure at the gas diffusion layer–channel interface. Another important aspect of DMFC modeling is the transport of methanol and water across the membrane. In this model, non-equilibrium sorption–desorption, diffusion and electro-osmotic drag of both species are included. The DMFC model is validated against experimental measurements, and it is used to study the interaction between volume porosity of the anode gas diffusion layer and the capillary pressure boundary condition at the anode, and how it affects performance and limiting current density.
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García de Arquer, F. Pelayo, Cao-Thang Dinh, Adnan Ozden, Joshua Wicks, Christopher McCallum, Ahmad R. Kirmani, Dae-Hyun Nam, et al. "CO2 electrolysis to multicarbon products at activities greater than 1 A cm−2." Science 367, no. 6478 (February 6, 2020): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay4217.

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Electrolysis offers an attractive route to upgrade greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) to valuable fuels and feedstocks; however, productivity is often limited by gas diffusion through a liquid electrolyte to the surface of the catalyst. Here, we present a catalyst:ionomer bulk heterojunction (CIBH) architecture that decouples gas, ion, and electron transport. The CIBH comprises a metal and a superfine ionomer layer with hydrophobic and hydrophilic functionalities that extend gas and ion transport from tens of nanometers to the micrometer scale. By applying this design strategy, we achieved CO2 electroreduction on copper in 7 M potassium hydroxide electrolyte (pH ≈ 15) with an ethylene partial current density of 1.3 amperes per square centimeter at 45% cathodic energy efficiency.
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Sarker, Mrittunjoy, Md Azimur Rahman, Felipe Mojica, Shirin Mehrazi, Wilton J. M. Kort-Kamp, and Po-Ya Abel Chuang. "Experimental and computational study of the microporous layer and hydrophobic treatment in the gas diffusion layer of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell." Journal of Power Sources 509 (October 2021): 230350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230350.

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29

Lin, Jui-Hsiang, Wei-Hung Chen, Yen-Ju Su, and Tse-Hao Ko. "Performance Analysis of a Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) with Various Hydrophobic Agents in a Gas Diffusion Layer." Energy & Fuels 22, no. 2 (March 2008): 1200–1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef7007024.

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30

Truong, Van Men, Chih-Liang Wang, Mingkun Yang, and Hsiharng Yang. "Effect of tunable hydrophobic level in the gas diffusion substrate and microporous layer on anion exchange membrane fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 402 (October 2018): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.09.053.

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31

Lin, Guangyu, and Trung Van Nguyen. "Effect of Thickness and Hydrophobic Polymer Content of the Gas Diffusion Layer on Electrode Flooding Level in a PEMFC." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 152, no. 10 (2005): A1942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2006487.

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32

Dominguez-Benetton, Xochitl. "Synthesis of Nanostructures Using Gas-Diffusion Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 24 (October 9, 2022): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0224994mtgabs.

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Gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) intertwine an ionically conducting liquid and a gas with an electrically conducting solid, supporting electrochemical reactions involving constituents linked to the three phases (i.e., chemical species, electrons). GDEs are broadly used in electrochemical energy-conversion devices, such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries, as well as in electrolyzers aiming at chemical synthesis, like in the chlor-alkali industry, hydrogen peroxide production, CO2 conversions to fuels and fine chemicals, or N2 reduction to ammonia. Recently, the use of GDEs was pioneered for metal recovery and the synthesis of nanostructures, in a process named gas-diffusion electrocrystallization (GDEx).[1–4] A liquid solution containing dissolved metal or metalloid ions (e.g., Cu2+, Fe3+, As3+, PtCl2 −6) flows through an electrochemical cell equipped with a GDE, filling in its porosity. The gas (e.g., O2, O2 in air, CO2, etc.) percolates through a hydrophobic backing (e.g., PTFE) on the GDE. After the gas diffuses to the electrically conducting layer acting as an electrocatalyst (e.g., hydrophilic porous activated carbon), the gas is electrochemically reduced. For instance, by imposing specific cathodic polarization conditions (e.g., at −0.145 VSHE O2 is reduced producing H2O2, H2O and OH–). As the highly abundant hydroxyl ions accompanied by redox reactive species spread to the bulk electrolyte, a reaction front develops throughout the hydrodynamic boundary layer. This creates local saturation conditions at the electrochemical interface, where metal ions precipitate in metastable or stable phases, depending on the operational variables. When O2 is the oxidizing gas, GDEx has been explained with an oxidation-assisted alkaline precipitation mechanism.[4] Conversely, when CO2 is used, the reaction front, rich in reducing species, yields elemental nanoparticles. This centennial celebration talk will explain the underlying principles of GDEx, portray reflections on its design and scale-up, and substantiate some of the experimental merits achieved. It will include the GDEx: (a) synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles with high control of their magnetic susceptibility[1]; (b) recovery and immobilization of arsenic into crystalline scorodite[2]; (c) synthesis of nanoparticles with novel magnetic ground states (e.g., spin liquids and spin glasses)[3]; (d) synthesis of libraries of electrochemically-active materials[5] and (e) formation of elemental nanoparticles of platinum group metals (PGMs). References: [1] Prato et al. (2019) Sci Rep https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51185-x [2] Pozo et al. (2020) React Chem Eng https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RE00054J [3] Pozo et al. (2020) Nanoscale https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR09884D [4] Eggermont et al. (2021) React Chem Eng https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RE00463D [5] Prato et al. (2020) J Mat Chem A https://doi.org/ 10.1039/D0TA00633E Acknowledgements: This research has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements No 958302 (PEACOC project), No 730224 (Platirus project), No 796320 (MAGDEx project), and No 654100 (CHPM2030 project). Support from the Flemish SIM MaRes programme, under grant agreement No 150626 (Get-A-Met project) is also acknowledged. The author thanks Rafael Prato, Sam Eggermont, Guillermo Pozo, Luis Fernando Leon Fernandez, Omar Martinez Mora, Ramin Rabani, Kudakwashe Chayambuka, Elisabet Andres Garcia, Katrijn Gijbels, Yolanda Alvarez Gallego, and Jan Fransaer for their valuable contributions to the development of the GDEx process.
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Sun, Chao, Qing Du, Yan Yin, and Bin Jia. "Numerical Simulation of Water Removal Process in the Microstructure of Gas Diffusion Layer with Mechanics Properties and Material Properties." Advanced Materials Research 625 (December 2012): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.625.41.

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The performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell is greatly influenced by the presence, distribution and transport of liquid water in the gas diffusion layer (GDL). In this study, air-water flow in a 3D GDL microstructure along the in-plane direction is studied numerically by using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The GDL microstructure is considered initially filled with water, air flows into the structure under the driving force of a set pressure drop and the flow is supported by the capillary pressure due to the hydrophobic nature of the GDL structure. It is found that water removal can be accelerated by improving pressure drop. Pressure drop has little influence on the state-steady water volume fraction when the pressure drop is over a critical value.
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34

Balzarotti, Riccardo, Saverio Latorrata, Marco Mariani, Paola Gallo Stampino, and Giovanni Dotelli. "Optimization of Perfluoropolyether-Based Gas Diffusion Media Preparation for PEM Fuel Cells." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 1831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071831.

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A hydrophobic perfluoropolyether (PFPE)-based polymer, namely Fluorolink® P56, was studied instead of the commonly used polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), in order to enhance gas diffusion media (GDM) water management behavior, on the basis of a previous work in which such polymers had already proved to be superior. In particular, an attempt to optimize the GDM production procedure and to improve the microporous layer (MPL) adhesion to the substrate was carried out. Materials properties have been correlated with production routes by means of both physical characterization and electrochemical tests. The latter were performed in a single PEM fuel cell, at different relative humidity (namely 80% on anode side and 60%/100% on cathode side) and temperature (60 °C and 80 °C) conditions. Additionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed in order to assess MPLs properties and to determine the influence of production procedure on cell electrochemical parameters. The durability of the best performing sample was also evaluated and compared to a previously developed benchmark. It was found that a final dipping step into PFPE-based dispersion, following MPL deposition, seems to improve the adhesion of the MPL to the macro-porous substrate and to reduce diffusive limitations during fuel cell operation.
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35

Kitahara, Tatsumi, Hironori Nakajima, and Kyohei Mori. "Hydrophilic and hydrophobic double microporous layer coated gas diffusion layer for enhancing performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells under no-humidification at the cathode." Journal of Power Sources 199 (February 2012): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.10.002.

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36

Pak, Chanho, Hyeon Seung Jung, Do-Hyung Kim, and Chun Hyunsoo. "Effect of Catalyst Double Layer on Performance without Micro Porous Layer in Anode for High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 35 (July 7, 2022): 1425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01351425mtgabs.

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Catalyst double layer (CDL) structure on gas diffusion electrode (GDE) without microporous layer (MPL) is developed for the anode of high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT–PEMFC). Polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride is applied for the outer and inner layer as the hydrophobic binder for fabricating 3D electrode structure. The effect of Pt ratio in anode CDLs on the GDE performance was investigated by single cell test and electrochemical analysis using poly(benzimidazole) (PBI)–based membrane, with Pt loading under 0.3 mg/cm2 at ambient pressure air on 150℃. The results show that optimal CDL anodes present performance of 0.65V at 0.2A/cm2 and peak power density is 0.41W/cm2 at mass transfer region which is higher than conventional single layer anode with MPL. Furthermore, the 3D structure of the outer catalyst layer in anode read high catalyst utilization and preventing leakage of electrolyte with a short–term durability test shows good stability with PBI membrane.
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37

KITAHARA, Tatsumi, Hironori NAKAJIMA, and Masaoki INAMOTO. "Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Double MPL Coated Gas Diffusion Layer to Prevent Drying-Up and Flooding of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Series B 78, no. 794 (2012): 1849–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.78.1849.

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38

Vediyappan, Veeramani, Qiwen Lai, Yoshitsugu Sone, Shoichi Furukawa, and Hiroshige Matsumoto. "High Pressure Water Electrolysis Using a Hydrophobic Gas Diffusion Layer with a New Cell Structure of Water Absorbing Electrolyte Cell." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-02, no. 38 (November 23, 2020): 2482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-02382482mtgabs.

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39

UNGAN, Hande, and Ayşe BAYRAKÇEKEN YURTCAN. "Water management improvement in PEM fuel cells via addition of PDMS or APTES polymers to the catalyst layer." TURKISH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 44, no. 5 (October 26, 2020): 1227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/kim-2002-49.

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Water management is one of the obstacles in the development and commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Sufficient humidification of the membrane directly affects the PEM fuel cell performance. Therefore, 2 different hydrophobic polymers, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), were tested at different percentages (5, 10, and 20 wt.%) in the catalyst layer. The solution was loaded onto the surface of a 25 BC gas diffusion layer (GDL) via the spraying method. The performance of the obtained fuel cells was compared with the performance of the commercial catalyst. Characterizations of each surface, including different amounts of PDMS and APTES, were performed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. Molecular bond characterization was examined via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and surface hydrophobicity was measured via contact angle measurements. The performance of the fuel cells was evaluated at the PEM fuel cell test station and the 2 hydrophobic polymers were compared. Surfaces containing APTES were found to be more hydrophobic. Fuel cells with PDMS performed better when compared to those with APTES. Fuel cells with 5wt.% APTES with a current density of 321.31 mA/cm2and power density of 0.191 W/cm2, and 10wt.% PDMS with a current density of 344.52 mA/cm2and power density of 0.205 W/cm2 were the best performing fuel cells at 0.6V.
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40

Kitahara, Tatsumi, Hironori Nakajima, Masaoki Inamoto, and Masashi Morishita. "Novel hydrophilic and hydrophobic double microporous layer coated gas diffusion layer to enhance performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells under both low and high humidity." Journal of Power Sources 234 (July 2013): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.150.

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41

Zhang, Tianyu, Max Pupucevski, and Hui Xu. "Water Management Gas Diffusion Layer Design Enables Improved Selectivity and Stability for CO2 Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 49 (October 9, 2022): 1889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02491889mtgabs.

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Electrochemical CO2 reduction to chemicals and fuels is a promising strategy to mitigate the ever-increasing carbon emission. The industrial application of CO2 electrolysis requires the electrolyzers to be operated at a high reaction rate, energy efficiency, and sufficient long-term stability. In the past, CO2 electrochemical reduction has focused on improving Faradaic efficiency and productivity in the past decades. For example, the Faradaic efficiency of CO2 to C2H4 conversion has reached 70% at a current density beyond 1 A cm-2. However, CO2 reduction long-term stability still faces multiple challenges. Flooding of gas diffusion layer (GDL) is among several crucial stability issues which block the CO2 transport pathway, thus resulting in low CO2 availability in the catalyst layer (CL). Specifically, regular GDLs suffer from low water breakthrough pressure, degrading hydrophobicity, and electro-osmosis. Some strategies have emerged to counter the flooding issue. For example, PTFE membranes with micropores were designed to replace regular carbon paper. The PTFE membrane is super-hydrophobic and chemically inert, which relieves the water breakthrough pressure and mitigates the hydrophobicity degradation. However, the PTFE membrane is non-conductive, thus imposing challenges for large-scale applications. In this work, we have designed a water management GDL, combining the advantages of regular carbon paper and PTFE membrane. This GDL comprises a PTFE microporous layer (MPL) for water management and a carbon fiber network for electron conduction. The PTFE MPL and carbon fiber network are compressed into one single layer. Using this design, the CO2 to C2H4 selectivity achieves over 50% at -0.66 V vs. RHE under current density beyond 300 mA cm-2. These results demonstrate the excellent gas transport efficiency and stability of the water management GDL, which can significantly facilitate the development of large-scale CO2 electrochemical conversion. Acknowledgment: The project is financially supported by the Department of Energy’s Office of EERE under the Grant DE-EE000942l
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KITAHARA, Tatsumi, Toshiaki KONOMI, Hironori NAKAJIMA, and Junichiro SHIRAISHI. "Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Double MPL Coated Gas Diffusion Layer for Enhanced PEFC Performance under No-Humidification at the Cathode(Thermal Engineering)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 76, no. 772 (2010): 2218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.76.772_2218.

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43

Lee, Myoungseok, and Xinyu Huang. "An improved hydrophobic coating for the porous gas diffusion layer in a PEM-based electrochemical hydrogen pump to mitigate anode flooding." Electrochemistry Communications 117 (August 2020): 106777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106777.

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44

Suresh, P. V., and S. Jayanti. "Effect of air flow on liquid water transport through a hydrophobic gas diffusion layer of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35, no. 13 (July 2010): 6872–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.04.052.

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45

Ferreira, Rui B., D. S. Falcão, V. B. Oliveira, and A. M. F. R. Pinto. "Experimental study on the membrane electrode assembly of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell: effects of microporous layer, membrane thickness and gas diffusion layer hydrophobic treatment." Electrochimica Acta 224 (January 2017): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.074.

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46

Randall, Corey R., and Steven C. DeCaluwe. "Predicted Impacts of Graded Catalyst Layer Ionomer and Pt Distributions on PEMFC Performance." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 38 (July 7, 2022): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01381699mtgabs.

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As the world moves away from a dependence on fossil fuels, it is crucial to develop cleaner replacement technologies for transportation, electricity production, and more. In regards to the transportation sector, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) made with proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) provide much promise. These FCEVs offer high energy densities, long-distance ranges, and quick refueling times. Although companies like Toyota, Honda, and Hyundai already have some FCEVs in production, maintaining high levels of performance and durability in low-cost PEMFCs continue to limit the technology. Addressing this challenge has proven difficult due to complex coupled physiochemical resistances in the heterogeneous catalyst layer (CL). One method to further our understanding of PEMFC performance limitations is to model the device. These models should incorporate known physical processes and structures that occur in the CL, such as ionic and molecular transport, and electrochemical reactions. One complication of such a model is providing accurate parameters for species transport through nano-thin films of Nafion ionomer. Due to confinement, these thin-film polymers have been shown to have unique interfacial structuring and reduced water uptake with decreasing thickness [1,2]. Furthermore, the conductivity of these films has been shown to vary with local water content, temperature, and ionomer thickness – as the water absorption and composition change [2,3]. To capture these structure-property relationships, we developed numerical approximations for ionic conductivity and oxygen diffusion in our previous work [4]. The relationships are derived from quantitative measured structures from neutron reflectometry experiments along with separate conductivity measurements with thin-film Nafion. In this presentation, we extend our previous modeling efforts to incorporate two-phase transport. This allows for an analysis on the impacts of CL flooding. Additionally, the model has been updated to allow for novel CL microstructures – e.g. graded ionomer and Pt loadings. The graded designs concentrate higher loadings near the membrane and lower loadings near the gas diffusion layer in an attempt to lower molecular and ionic transport resistances. After validating the model against PEMFC data with low Pt loadings [5], physical processes are investigated to identify limiting phenomena. A parametric study on the performance of the graded microstructures is also completed. Preliminary results suggest that individually these graded CLs lead to reduced performance caused by higher levels of localized flooding or reduced ionomer conductivities. A microstructure with combined graded ionomer and graded Pt distributions however leads to improved performance over a uniformly loaded CL by simultaneously lowering ohmic overpotentials and reducing flooding. These predictions suggest modifications for future PEMFC designs that could accelerate the development and adoption of high-performance and low-cost FCEVs. [1] J.A. Dura, V.S. Murthi, M. Hartman, S.K. Satija, and C.F. Majkrzak, “Multilamellar Interface Structures in Nafion,” Macromolecules, vol. 42, no. 13, pp. 4769–4774, 2009. [2] S.C. DeCaluwe, A.M. Baker, P. Bhargava, J.E. Fischer, and J.A. Dura, “Structure-property Relationships at Nafion Thin-film Interfaces: Thickness Effects on Hydration and Anisotropic Ion Transport,” Nano Energy, vol. 46, pp. 91–100, 2018. [3] D.K. Paul, R. McCreery, and K. Karan, “Proton Transport Property in Supported Nafion Nanothin Films by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 161, no. 14, 2014. [4] C.R. Randall and S.C. DeCaluwe, “Physically Based Modeling of PEMFC Cathode Catalyst Layers: Effective Microstructure and Ionomer Structure-Property Relationship Impacts,” Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage, vol. 17, no. 4, 2020. [5] J.P. Owejan, J.E. Owegan, and W. Gu, “Impact of Platinum Loading and Catalyst Layer Structure on PEMFC Performance,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 160, no. 8, 2013.
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47

Lee, Myoungseok, and Xinyu Huang. "Development of a hydrophobic coating for the porous gas diffusion layer in a PEM-based electrochemical hydrogen pump to mitigate anode flooding." Electrochemistry Communications 100 (March 2019): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2019.01.017.

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48

Huang, Ziqiang, Genchun Cai, Wei Liu, and Zhichun Liu. "Performance Optimization and Water Management of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell with Two-Direction Graded Porosity Design of Cathode Gas Diffusion Layer." Journal of Energy Engineering 147, no. 2 (April 2021): 04021002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ey.1943-7897.0000748.

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49

Zhan, Ninghua, Wei Wu, and Shuangfeng Wang. "Pore network modeling of liquid water and oxygen transport through the porosity-graded bilayer gas diffusion layer of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells." Electrochimica Acta 306 (May 2019): 264–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.115.

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50

Wang, Guozhuo, Yoshio Utaka, and Shixue Wang. "Effect of Dual Porous Layers with Patterned Wettability on Low-Temperature Start Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 3529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143529.

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The low-temperature start problem of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is a factor limiting their large-scale application. To improve the low-temperature start performance of a PEMFC, a novel microporous layer (MPL) and a gas diffusion layer (GDL) with planar wettability distribution, in which the hydrophilic and hydrophobic lines were arranged alternately in the in-plane direction, were investigated in this study. The influence of the dual planar-distributed wettability of the MPL and GDL on the normal temperature and low-temperature start performance of the PEMFC was investigated. Before performing the major experiment, the effect of the assembly pressure of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which has a significant effect on the PEMFC performance, was examined and determined to use in the experiment. The experimental results show that the dual hybrid MPL and GDL can further prolong the operation time of the PEMFC at different below-freezing temperatures owing to efficient water management and thus significantly improve the low-temperature start performance of the PEMFC.
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