Journal articles: 'Hydrophobic Biomolecules'

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Kim, S. M., and Hyun Kyu Kweon. "A Basic Study of the CNT-Biomolecule Conjugation by Molecular Dynamics Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (June 2008): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.361.

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This study is about the underlying conjugation mechanism between carbon nanotube and biomolecule by molecular dynamics. In order to know about the conjugation mechanism between carbon nanotube and biomolecule, molecular dynamics simulation between carbon nanotube and water molecules was taken first and then molecular dynamics simulation between biomolecules and water molecules was taken. At simulation between carbon nanotube and water molecules, kinetic energy and potential energy became decreased with time and it means that the distance between carbon nanotube and water molecules becomes distant with time by van der Waals force and hydrophobic force. Simulation results between biomolecules and water molecules are also same as the results of carbon nanotube and water molecules simulation. From these two simulations, the conjugation mechanism between carbon nanotube and biomolecules can be predicted. Also, from simulation results between carbon nanotube and biomolecules, the distance between carbon nanotube and biomolecules becames close and it supports previous two simulation results. From these results, we can know that biomolecules enter into the carbon nanotube's cavity because of van der Waals force and hydrophobic force.

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Wang, Li, Coucong Gong, Xinzhu Yuan, and Gang Wei. "Controlling the Self-Assembly of Biomolecules into Functional Nanomaterials through Internal Interactions and External Stimulations: A Review." Nanomaterials 9, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9020285.

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Biomolecular self-assembly provides a facile way to synthesize functional nanomaterials. Due to the unique structure and functions of biomolecules, the created biological nanomaterials via biomolecular self-assembly have a wide range of applications, from materials science to biomedical engineering, tissue engineering, nanotechnology, and analytical science. In this review, we present recent advances in the synthesis of biological nanomaterials by controlling the biomolecular self-assembly from adjusting internal interactions and external stimulations. The self-assembly mechanisms of biomolecules (DNA, protein, peptide, virus, enzyme, metabolites, lipid, cholesterol, and others) related to various internal interactions, including hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, π–π stacking, DNA base pairing, and ligand–receptor binding, are discussed by analyzing some recent studies. In addition, some strategies for promoting biomolecular self-assembly via external stimulations, such as adjusting the solution conditions (pH, temperature, ionic strength), adding organics, nanoparticles, or enzymes, and applying external light stimulation to the self-assembly systems, are demonstrated. We hope that this overview will be helpful for readers to understand the self-assembly mechanisms and strategies of biomolecules and to design and develop new biological nanostructures or nanomaterials for desired applications.

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Kellert, Martin, Jan-Simon Jeshua Friedrichs, Nadine Anke Ullrich, Alexander Feinhals, Jonas Tepper, Peter Lönnecke, and Evamarie Hey-Hawkins. "Modular Synthetic Approach to Carboranyl‒Biomolecules Conjugates." Molecules 26, no. 7 (April 3, 2021): 2057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072057.

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The development of novel, tumor-selective and boron-rich compounds as potential agents for use in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) represents a very important field in cancer treatment by radiation therapy. Here, we report the design and synthesis of two promising compounds that combine meta-carborane, a water-soluble monosaccharide and a linking unit, namely glycine or ethylenediamine, for facile coupling with various tumor-selective biomolecules bearing a free amino or carboxylic acid group. In this work, coupling experiments with two selected biomolecules, a coumarin derivative and folic acid, were included. The task of every component in this approach was carefully chosen: the carborane moiety supplies ten boron atoms, which is a tenfold increase in boron content compared to the l-boronophenylalanine (l-BPA) presently used in BNCT; the sugar moiety compensates for the hydrophobic character of the carborane; the linking unit, depending on the chosen biomolecule, acts as the connection between the tumor-selective component and the boron-rich moiety; and the respective tumor-selective biomolecule provides the necessary selectivity. This approach makes it possible to develop a modular and feasible strategy for the synthesis of readily obtainable boron-rich agents with optimized properties for potential applications in BNCT.

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Sato, Takumi, Keiko Esashika, Eiji Yamamoto, Toshiharu Saiki, and Noriyoshi Arai. "Theoretical Design of a Janus-Nanoparticle-Based Sandwich Assay for Nucleic Acids." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 8807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158807.

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Nanoparticles exhibit diverse self-assembly attributes and are expected to be applicable under unique settings. For instance, biomolecules can be sandwiched between dimer nanoparticles and detected by surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Controlling the gap between extremely close dimers and stably capturing the target molecule in the gap are crucial aspects of this strategy. Therefore, polymer-tethered nanoparticles (PTNPs), which show promise as high-performance materials that exhibit the attractive features of both NPs and polymers, were targeted in this study to achieve stable biomolecule sensing. Using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, the dependence of the PTNP interactions on the length of the grafted polymer, graft density, and coverage ratio of a hydrophobic tether were examined. The results indicated that the smaller the tether length and graft density, the smaller was the distance between the PTNP surfaces (Rsurf). In contrast, Rsurf decreased as the coverage ratio of the hydrophobic surface (ϕ) increased. The sandwiching probability of the sensing target increased in proportion to the coverage ratio. At high ϕ values, the PTNPs aggregated into three or more particles, which hindered their sensing attributes. These results provide fundamental insight into the sensing applications of NPs and demonstrate the usefulness of PTNPs in sensing biomolecules.

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Kurimoto, Rio, Kei Kanie, Naokazu Idota, Mitsuo Hara, Shusaku Nagano, Takehiko Tsukahara, Yuji Narita, et al. "Combinational Effect of Cell Adhesion Biomolecules and Their Immobilized Polymer Property to Enhance Cell-Selective Adhesion." International Journal of Polymer Science 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2090985.

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Although surface immobilization of medical devices with bioactive molecules is one of the most widely used strategies to improve biocompatibility, the physicochemical properties of the biomaterials significantly impact the activity of the immobilized molecules. Herein we investigate the combinational effects of cell-selective biomolecules and the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the polymeric substrate on selective adhesion of endothelial cells (ECs), fibroblasts (FBs), and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). To control the polymeric substrate, biomolecules are immobilized on thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-carboxyisopropylacrylamide) (poly(NIPAAm-co-CIPAAm))-grafted glass surfaces. By switching the molecular conformation of the biomolecule-immobilized polymers, the cell-selective adhesion performances are evaluated. In case of RGDS (Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser) peptide-immobilized surfaces, all cell types adhere well regardless of the surface hydrophobicity. On the other hand, a tri-Arg-immobilized surface exhibits FB-selectivity when the surface is hydrophilic. Additionally, a tri-Ile-immobilized surface exhibits EC-selective cell adhesion when the surface is hydrophobic. We believe that the proposed concept, which is used to investigate the biomolecule-immobilized surface combination, is important to produce new biomaterials, which are highly demanded for medical implants and tissue engineering.

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Wang, Chong, Sze Nga Tong, Yuk Hang Tse, and Min Wang. "Conventional Electrospinning vs. Emulsion Electrospinning: A Comparative Study on the Development of Nanofibrous Drug/Biomolecule Delivery Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 410 (November 2011): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.410.118.

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Over the past decade, intensive research has been conducted on electrospinning of fibrous tissue engineering scaffolds and their applications in body tissue regeneration. For providing multifunctions and/or enhancing the biological performance, drugs or biomolecules can be incorporated in electrospun fibers using normally one of these techniques: (1) direct dissolution, (3) emulsion electrospinning, and (3) coaxial electrospinning. In this investigation, for constructing nanofibrous delivery vehicles, conventional electrospinning using polymer solutions with directly dissolved drugs or biomolecules and emulsion electrospinning were studied and compared. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a model protein and the drug was rifamycin, a hydrophobic antibiotic. A poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) containing the protein or drug was electrospun into fibers. In these two routes of fabricating drug-or biomolecule-loaded nanofibers, different polymer concentrations and emulsion formulations were investigated. Various aspects of the fibrous delivery vehicles were investigated using several techniques and the in vitro release behaviour was studied.

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Lou, Lillian L., and John C. Martin. "Selected Thoughts on Hydrophobicity in Drug Design." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 7, 2021): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040875.

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The fundamental aim of drug design in research and development is to invent molecules with selective affinity towards desired disease-associated targets. At the atomic loci of binding surfaces, systematic structural variations can define affinities between drug candidates and biomolecules, and thereby guide the optimization of safety, efficacy and pharmacologic properties. Hydrophobic interaction between biomolecules and drugs is integral to binding affinity and specificity. Examples of antiviral drug discovery are discussed.

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Nagase, Kenichi, Jun Kobayashi, Akihiko Kikuchi, Yoshikatsu Akiyama, Hideko Kanazawa, and Teruo Okano. "Thermoresponsive hydrophobic copolymer brushes modified porous monolithic silica for high-resolution bioseparation." RSC Advances 5, no. 81 (2015): 66155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11038f.

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Thermoresponsive-hydrophobic copolymer brushes were prepared on porous monolithic silica rods through surface initiated ATRP. The monolithic silica can separate biomolecules with high resolution and in short analysis times.

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Ishihara, Kazuhiko, Shohei Hachiya, Yuuki Inoue, Kyoko Fukazawa, and Tomohiro Konno. "Water-Soluble and Cytocompatible Phospholipid Polymers for Molecular Complexation to Enhance Biomolecule Transportation to Cells In Vitro." Polymers 12, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 1762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081762.

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Water-soluble and cytocompatible polymers were investigated to enhance a transporting efficiency of biomolecules into cells in vitro. The polymers composed of a 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) unit, a hydrophobic monomer unit, and a cationic monomer unit bearing an amino group were synthesized for complexation with model biomolecules, siRNA. The cationic MPC polymer was shown to interact with both siRNA and the cell membrane and was successively transported siRNA into cells. When introducing 20–50 mol% hydrophobic units into the cationic MPC polymer, transport of siRNA into cells. The MPC units (10–20 mol%) in the cationic MPC polymer were able to impart cytocompatibility, while maintaining interaction with siRNA and the cell membrane. The level of gene suppression of the siRNA/MPC polymer complex was evaluated in vitro and it was as the same level as that of a conventional siRNA transfection reagent, whereas its cytotoxicity was significantly lower. We concluded that these cytocompatible MPC polymers may be promising complexation reagent for introducing biomolecules into cells, with the potential to contribute to future fields of biotechnology, such as in vitro evaluation of gene functionality, and the production of engineered cells with biological functions.

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Rajendiran, N., and M. Suresh. "Study of the Interaction of Ciprofloxacin and Sparfloxacin with Biomolecules by Spectral, Electrochemical and Molecular Docking Methods." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 78 (April 2018): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.78.1.

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Interactions of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin with different biomolecules (DNA, RNA and BSA) are investigated by UV–Visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and molecular docking methods. Upon increasing the concentration of the biomolecules, the absorption maxima of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin are red shifted in the aqueous solutions whereas red or blue shift noticed in the fluorescence spectra. The negative free energy changes suggest that the interaction processes are spontaneous. Cyclic voltammetry results suggested that when the drug concentration is increased, the anodic electrode potential increased. Molecular docking results showed that hydrophobic forces, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonds played vital roles in the interaction drugs with biomolecules. The molecular docking calculation clarifies the binding mode and the binding sites are in good accordance with the experiment results.

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Rajendiran, N., and M. Suresh. "Study of the Interaction of Ciprofloxacin and Sparfloxacin with Biomolecules by Spectral, Electrochemical and Molecular Docking Methods." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 78 (April 10, 2018): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-k70zhx.

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Interactions of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin with different biomolecules (DNA, RNA and BSA) are investigated by UV–Visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and molecular docking methods. Upon increasing the concentration of the biomolecules, the absorption maxima of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin are red shifted in the aqueous solutions whereas red or blue shift noticed in the fluorescence spectra. The negative free energy changes suggest that the interaction processes are spontaneous. Cyclic voltammetry results suggested that when the drug concentration is increased, the anodic electrode potential increased. Molecular docking results showed that hydrophobic forces, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonds played vital roles in the interaction drugs with biomolecules. The molecular docking calculation clarifies the binding mode and the binding sites are in good accordance with the experiment results.

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Nagarajan, Sakthivel, Céline Pochat-Bohatier, Sébastien Balme, Philippe Miele, S. Narayana Kalkura, and Mikhael Bechelany. "Electrospun fibers in regenerative tissue engineering and drug delivery." Pure and Applied Chemistry 89, no. 12 (November 27, 2017): 1799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0511.

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AbstractElectrospinning is a versatile technique to produce micron or nano sized fibers using synthetic or bio polymers. The unique structural characteristic of the electrospun mats (ESM) which mimics extracellular matrix (ECM) found influential in regenerative tissue engineering application. ESM with different morphologies or ESM functionalizing with specific growth factors creates a favorable microenvironment for the stem cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation. Fiber size, alignment and mechanical properties affect also the cell adhesion and gene expression. Hence, the effect of ESM physical properties on stem cell differentiation for neural, bone, cartilage, ocular and heart tissue regeneration will be reviewed and summarized. Electrospun fibers having high surface area to volume ratio present several advantages for drug/biomolecule delivery. Indeed, controlling the release of drugs/biomolecules is essential for sustained delivery application. Various possibilities to control the release of hydrophilic or hydrophobic drug from the ESM and different electrospinning methods such as emulsion electrospinning and coaxial electrospinning for drug/biomolecule loading are summarized in this review.

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Teal, Hami E., Zhibing Hu, and Douglas D. Root. "Native Purification of Biomolecules with Temperature-Mediated Hydrophobic Modulation Liquid Chromatography." Analytical Biochemistry 283, no. 2 (August 2000): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abio.2000.4640.

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Łagiewka, Jakub, Tomasz Girek, and Wojciech Ciesielski. "Cyclodextrins-Peptides/Proteins Conjugates: Synthesis, Properties and Applications." Polymers 13, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111759.

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Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of macrocyclic oligosaccharides mostly composed of six, seven, or eight α-D-glucopyranose units with α-1,4-glycosidic bonds to form toroidal structures. The CDs possess a hydrophilic exterior and hydrophobic interior with the ability to form an inclusion complex, especially with hydrophobic molecules. However, most existing studies are about conjugation CDs with peptide/protein focusing on the formation of new systems. The CD-peptide/protein can possess new abilities; particularly, the cavity can be applied in modulation properties of more complexed proteins. Most studies are focused on drug delivery, such as targeted delivery in cell-penetrating peptides or co-delivery. The co-delivery is based mostly on polylysine systems; on the other hand, the CD-peptide allows us to understand biomolecular mechanisms such as fibryllation or stem cell behaviour. Moreover, the CD-proteins are more complexed systems with a focus on targeted therapy; these conjugates might be controllable with various properties due to changes in their stability. Finally, the studies of CD-peptide/protein are promising in biomedical application and provide new possibilities for the conjugation of simple molecules to biomolecules.

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Leader, Avia, Daniel Mandler, and Meital Reches. "The role of hydrophobic, aromatic and electrostatic interactions between amino acid residues and a titanium dioxide surface." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 47 (2018): 29811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp05775c.

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Cameotra, Swaranjit Singh, and Randhir S. Makkar. "Biosurfactant-enhanced bioremediation of hydrophobic pollutants." Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, no. 1 (January 3, 2010): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-09-02-10.

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Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds synthesized by a wide variety of micro-organisms. They are molecules that have both hydrophobic and -philic domains and are capable of lowering the surface tension and the interfacial tension of the growth medium. Biosurfactants possess different chemical structures—lipopeptides, glycolipids, neutral lipids, and fatty acids. They are nontoxic biomolecules that are biodegradable. Biosurfactants also exhibit strong emulsification of hydrophobic compounds and form stable emulsions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), crude oil sludge, and pesticides can be toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic compounds that pollute the environment. They are released into the environment as a result of oil spillage and by-products of coal treatment processes. The low water solubility of these compounds limits their availability to microorganisms, which is a potential problem for bioremediation of contaminated sites. Microbially produced surfactants enhance the bioavailability of these hydrophobic compounds for bioremediation. Therefore, biosurfactant-enhanced solubility of pollutants has potential bioremediation applications.

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He, Jian, Zhengxing Chen, Yao Gu, Ya'nan Li, Ren Wang, Yuan Gao, Wei Feng, and Tao Wang. "Hydrophilic co-assemblies of two hydrophobic biomolecules improving the bioavailability of silybin." Food & Function 11, no. 12 (2020): 10828–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0fo01882a.

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Benefitting from the versatility and biocompatibility of food sourced materials, the construction of hybrid structures via their molecular interplay generates novel platforms with unexpected properties.

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Salerno, Michael B., Sam Rothstein, Chisomaga Nwachukwu, Haithem Shelbi, Darrell Velegol, and Bruce E. Logan. "Differences between Chemisorbed and Physisorbed Biomolecules on Particle Deposition to Hydrophobic Surfaces†." Environmental Science & Technology 39, no. 17 (September 2005): 6371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es050204l.

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Gauckler, Ludwig J., and Kurosch Rezwan. "Adsorption of Biomolecules on Ceramic Particles and the Impact on Biomedical Applications." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 741–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.741.

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Protein adsorption onto metal oxide surfaces is an essential aspect of the cascade of biological reactions taking place at all interfaces between implanted materials and the biological environment. The types and amounts of adsorbed proteins mediate subsequent adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of cells. Protein adsorption to surfaces of metal oxides and their kinetics are important in the formation and growth of seashells, one of the toughest natural ceramics, in modern bio-analytical devices as well as in bone and teeth implant technology. This paper describes results obtained in a feasibility study of how to use metal-oxide particles to obtain biosensors with a high turnover. The most important features of proteins are outlined describing them as purpose-built "polymers" from amino acids with specific conformations. Some key aspects of Metaloxide (MeO) surfaces in water and the influence of electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction on protein adsorption are reported. Results concerning the interaction between different proteins and MeO surfaces in water are discussed in detail. Examples of purely electrostatic interactions of proteins with MeO surfaces as well as the influence of hydrophobic interaction are elucidated. An outlook of the implications of the new insights on natural and synthetic materials will be given concerning bio-compatibility, bio-mineralization and self assembly of materials.

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Lievore, Giulio, Desiree Bozza, Martina Catani, Alberto Cavazzini, Tatiana Chenet, Luisa Pasti, Lucia Ferrazzano, et al. "Benefits of a Mixed-Mode Stationary Phase to Address the Challenging Purification of an Industrially Relevant Peptide: A Proof-of-Concept Study." Separations 9, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9050125.

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Peptides are a class of biomolecules with a great potential from the therapeutic point of view, because of their unique biological properties. Industrially, the production stategies adopted produce both the target peptide and a series of impurities that must be removed. Preparative chromatography is the technique of choice for the large-scale purification of biomolecules, generally performed in reversed-phase mode, using hydrophobic adsorbents (e.g., C8 stationary phases). A promising and innovative alternative is represented by mixed-mode columns, which bear two different ligands on the particle surface, exploiting two different retention mechanisms to improve the separation. This work represents a proof-of-concept study focused on the comparison of a hydrophobic adsorbent and a mixed-mode one (bearing both hydrophobic groups and charged ones) for the purification of a crude peptide mixture. Thanks to more-favourable thermodynamics, it was found that, when collecting the whole peak excluding fractions of the peak tail, the mixed-mode column led to an increase in the recovery of roughly +15%, together with a slight improvement in purity at the same time, with respect to the traditional hydrophobic column. In addition, if the whole peak, including the tail, is collected, the performance of the two columns are similar in terms of purity and recovery, but the pepetide elutes as a narrower peak with the mixed mode. This leads to a collection pool showing a much-higher peptide concentration and to lower solvent volumes needed, which is a beneficial achievement when targeting more sustainable processes. These results are very advantageous from the industrial viewpoint, because they also involve a decrease in the peptide amount contained in the peak tail, which must be reprocessed again to satisfy purity requirements.

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Rahmani, Roja, and Alexander P. Lyubartsev. "Biomolecular Adsorprion at ZnS Nanomaterials: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of the Adsorption Preferences, Effects of the Surface Curvature and Coating." Nanomaterials 13, no. 15 (August 2, 2023): 2239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13152239.

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The understanding of interactions between nanomaterials and biological molecules is of primary importance for biomedical applications of nanomaterials, as well as for the evaluation of their possible toxic effects. Here, we carried out extensive molecular dynamics simulations of the adsorption properties of about 30 small molecules representing biomolecular fragments at ZnS surfaces in aqueous media. We computed adsorption free energies and potentials of mean force of amino acid side chain analogs, lipids, and sugar fragments to ZnS (110) crystal surface and to a spherical ZnS nanoparticle. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA) coating on the adsorption preferences of biomolecules to ZnS. We found that only a few anionic molecules: aspartic and glutamic acids side chains, as well as the anionic form of cysteine show significant binding to pristine ZnS surface, while other molecules show weak or no binding. Spherical ZnS nanoparticles show stronger binding of these molecules due to binding at the edges between different surface facets. Coating of ZnS by PMMA changes binding preferences drastically: the molecules that adsorb to a pristine ZnS surface do not adsorb on PMMA-coated surfaces, while some others, particularly hydrophobic or aromatic amino-acids, show high binding affinity due to binding to the coating. We investigate further the hydration properties of the ZnS surface and relate them to the binding preferences of biomolecules.

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Mirani, Mohammad Reza, and Farshad Rahimpour. "Thermodynamic modelling of hydrophobic interaction chromatography of biomolecules in the presence of salt." Journal of Chromatography A 1422 (November 2015): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.019.

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Labisch, Jennifer J., G. Philip Wiese, and Karl Pflanz. "Steric Exclusion Chromatography for Purification of Biomolecules—A Review." Separations 10, no. 3 (March 8, 2023): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10030183.

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Steric exclusion chromatography (SXC) is a purification method that is based on steric exclusion effects from the surface of the target and a hydrophilic stationary phase after the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG), which leads to an association of the target with the stationary phase without direct binding, such as covalent, electrostatic, and hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions. The gentle nature of the method has led to an increased focus on sensitive targets such as enveloped viruses with potential for other sensitive entities, e.g., extracellular vesicles and virus-like particles. SXC is related to PEG-mediated protein precipitation, but investigation of further process parameters was crucial to gain a better understanding of the SXC method. After explaining mechanistic fundamentals and their discovery, this review summarizes the findings on SXC from its first reference 11 years ago until today. Different applications of SXC are presented, demonstrating that the method can be used for a wide variety of targets and achieves high recovery rates and impurity removal. Further, critical process parameters for successful process implementation are discussed, including technical requirements, buffer composition, and scalability.

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Kim, Seyeon, Chanoong Park, and Jongback Gang. "Effect of pH and Salt on Adsorption of Double-Stranded DNA on Graphene Oxide." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 7913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11217.

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Graphene oxide (GO) has a large surface-to-volume ratio and hydrophobic hexagonal rings that can interact with biomolecules. Single-stranded DNA adsorbs strongly to the surface of GO via hydrophobic interactions. GO has been used in optical biosensors and biomedical platforms for the detection of DNA, proteins, and small molecules. This study was designed to measure the adsorption of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) onto GO according to DNA length, salt concentration, and pH of the reaction. Results showed that dsDNA molecules were adsorbed progressively as the pH changed from 6.0 to 4.0. At high pH, dsDNA adsorption was enhanced by the presence of MgCl2 rather than NaCl. Desorption of DNA from GO, with triton X-100 led to the rapid release of DNA from GO in the presence of MgCl2.

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Rocha, L. A., A. I. C. Gonçalves, D. Bicho, R. Martins, and F. Silva. "Screening of gellan gum as an ionic and hydrophobic chromatographic matrix for biomolecules purification." Separation and Purification Technology 132 (August 2014): 452–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.06.004.

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Kirilova, Elena M., Inta Kalnina, Georgiy K. Kirilov, and Imants Meirovics. "Spectroscopic Study of Benzanthrone 3-N-Derivatives as New Hydrophobic Fluorescent Probes for Biomolecules." Journal of Fluorescence 18, no. 3-4 (May 22, 2008): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10895-008-0340-3.

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Lhee, SangMoon, Jae Kyoo Lee, Jooyoun Kang, Shota Kato, Sunhee Kim, Richard N. Zare, and Hong Gil Nam. "Spatial localization of charged molecules by salt ions in oil-confined water microdroplets." Science Advances 6, no. 41 (October 2020): eaba0181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba0181.

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Cells contain more than 100 mM salt ions that are typically confined to dimensions of 5 to 10 micrometers by a hydrophobic cellular membrane. We found that in aqueous microdroplets having the same size as cells and that are confined in hydrocarbon oil, negatively charged molecules were distributed rather uniformly over the interior of the microdroplet, whereas positively charged molecules were localized at and near the surface. However, the addition of salt (NaCl) to the microdroplet caused all charged molecules to be localized near the oil-water interface. This salt-induced relocalization required less salt concentration in microdroplets compared to bulk water. Moreover, the localization became more prominent as the size of the microdroplet was reduced. The relocatization also critically depended on the type of oil. Our results imply that salt ions and different hydrophobic interfaces together may govern the local distribution of charged biomolecules in confined intracellular environments.

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Li, Ning, Shuzhen Dou, Lei Feng, Qunyan Zhu, and Nan Lu. "Eliminating sweet spot in MALDI-MS with hydrophobic ordered structure as target for quantifying biomolecules." Talanta 218 (October 2020): 121172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121172.

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Guo, Zhijun, Jiahai Wang, and Erkang Wang. "Selective discrimination of small hydrophobic biomolecules based on ion-current rectification in conically shaped nanochannel." Talanta 89 (January 2012): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.022.

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Makrodimitris, Kosta, Erik J. Fernandez, Thomas B. Woolf, and John P. O'connell. "ALLD: An object-oriented mesoscopic simulation program for polar biomolecules in hydrophobic chromatography or biomembranes." Molecular Simulation 31, no. 9 (August 2005): 623–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927020500108262.

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Idota, Naokazu, Akihiko Kikuchi, Jun Kobayashi, Kiyotaka Sakai, and Teruo Okano. "Modulation of graft architectures for enhancing hydrophobic interaction of biomolecules with thermoresponsive polymer-grafted surfaces." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 99 (November 2012): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.10.033.

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Ortega-Oller, Inmaculada, Miguel Padial-Molina, Pablo Galindo-Moreno, Francisco O’Valle, Ana Belén Jódar-Reyes, and Jose Manuel Peula-García. "Bone Regeneration from PLGA Micro-Nanoparticles." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/415289.

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Poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is one of the most widely used synthetic polymers for development of delivery systems for drugs and therapeutic biomolecules and as component of tissue engineering applications. Its properties and versatility allow it to be a reference polymer in manufacturing of nano- and microparticles to encapsulate and deliver a wide variety of hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. It additionally facilitates and extends its use to encapsulate biomolecules such as proteins or nucleic acids that can be released in a controlled way. This review focuses on the use of nano/microparticles of PLGA as a delivery system of one of the most commonly used growth factors in bone tissue engineering, the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). Thus, all the needed requirements to reach a controlled delivery of BMP2 using PLGA particles as a main component have been examined. The problems and solutions for the adequate development of this system with a great potential in cell differentiation and proliferation processes under a bone regenerative point of view are discussed.

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Baud, A., L. Aymé, F. Gonnet, I. Salard, Y. Gohon, P. Jolivet, K. Brodolin, et al. "SOLEIL shining on the solution-state structure of biomacromolecules by synchrotron X-ray footprinting at the Metrology beamline." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 24, no. 3 (March 24, 2017): 576–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577517002478.

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Synchrotron X-ray footprinting complements the techniques commonly used to define the structure of molecules such as crystallography, small-angle X-ray scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance. It is remarkably useful in probing the structure and interactions of proteins with lipids, nucleic acids or with other proteins in solution, often better reflecting the in vivo state dynamics. To date, most X-ray footprinting studies have been carried out at the National Synchrotron Light Source, USA, and at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France. This work presents X-ray footprinting of biomolecules performed for the first time at the X-ray Metrology beamline at the SOLEIL synchrotron radiation source. The installation at this beamline of a stopped-flow apparatus for sample delivery, an irradiation capillary and an automatic sample collector enabled the X-ray footprinting study of the structure of the soluble protein factor H (FH) from the human complement system as well as of the lipid-associated hydrophobic protein S3 oleosin from plant seed. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that the structural integrity of both proteins was not affected by the short exposition to the oxygen radicals produced during the irradiation. Irradiated molecules were subsequently analysed using high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify and locate oxidized amino acids. Moreover, the analyses of FH in its free state and in complex with complement C3b protein have allowed us to create a map of reactive solvent-exposed residues on the surface of FH and to observe the changes in oxidation of FH residues upon C3b binding. Studies of the solvent accessibility of the S3 oleosin show that X-ray footprinting offers also a unique approach to studying the structure of proteins embedded within membranes or lipid bodies. All the biomolecular applications reported herein demonstrate that the Metrology beamline at SOLEIL can be successfully used for synchrotron X-ray footprinting of biomolecules.

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Keller, Bernd O., and Liang Li. "Nanoliter Solvent Extraction Combined with Microspot MALDI TOF Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Hydrophobic Biomolecules." Analytical Chemistry 73, no. 13 (July 2001): 2929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac001323g.

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Xu, Congcong, Kaiming Zhang, Hongran Yin, Zhefeng Li, Alexey Krasnoslobodtsev, Zhen Zheng, Zhouxiang Ji, et al. "3D RNA nanocage for encapsulation and shielding of hydrophobic biomolecules to improve the in vivo biodistribution." Nano Research 13, no. 12 (September 4, 2020): 3241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2996-1.

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Charych, Deborah H., and Mark D. Bednarski. "Self-Assembled and Langmuir-Blodgett Organic Thin Films As Functional Materials." MRS Bulletin 17, no. 11 (November 1992): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400046698.

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Biological membranes provide numerous functions for the survival of cells, ranging from molecular recognition to signal transduction and energy conversion. The spacial organization of proteins, enzymes, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in the membrane is provided by the lipid bilayer matrix. The lipids of the membrane are small molecules which have the common characteristic of having both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic moiety. In aqueous media, they are entropically driven to self-organize in bimolecular sheets (see the article by Alper in this issue). These sheets, in addition to providing a fluid matrix for a wide variety of biomolecules, also serve to impede the flow of molecules across the membrane.

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Choi, Yunsoo, Hung-Vu Tran, and T. Randall Lee. "Self-Assembled Monolayer Coatings on Gold and Silica Surfaces for Antifouling Applications: A Review." Coatings 12, no. 10 (October 4, 2022): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101462.

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The resistance of surfaces to biomaterial adsorption/adhesion is paramount for advancing marine and biomedical industries. A variety of approaches that involve bioinert materials have been developed to modify surfaces. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are powerful platforms in which the surface composition is easily fabricated and a well-defined structure is provided; thus, the molecular-level interaction between biomolecules/biofoulants and the surface can be understood. In this review, we describe a wide variety of SAM structures on gold and silica surfaces for antifouling applications and the corresponding mechanism of nonfouling surfaces. Our analysis divides the surface properties of films into the following types: (1) hydrophilic, (2) hydrophobic, and (3) amphiphilic films.

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Chen, Zhihua, Abaid ur Rehman Virk, Mustafa Habib, Tariq Javed Zia, Imran Ahmed, Ce Shi, and Waqas Nazeer. "Irregularity Indices of Dendrimer Structures Used as Molecular Disrupter in QSAR Study." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (December 4, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5371254.

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Dendrimers are rising polymeric structures known for their flexibility in medication conveyance and high usefulness, whose properties are same biomolecules. These nanostructured macromolecules have shown potential capacities in capturing as well as conjugating the high subatomic weight hydrophilic/hydrophobic substances by host-visitor collaborations and covalent holding (prodrug approach) individually. In quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR), topological indices are utilized to gather properties of dendrimers. Topological indices catch symmetry of dendrimer structures and give it a logical reasoning to predict properties, for instance, viscosity, boiling points, the radius of gyrations, etc. In this report, we intend to examine dendrimers through irregularity indices that are valuable in QSPR studies. We studied sixteen irregularity indices if diverse dendrimer structures.

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Azuma, Wakana A., Satoru Nakashima, Eri Yamakita, and Tamihisa Ohta. "Water Adsorption to Leaves of Tall Cryptomeria japonica Tree Analyzed by Infrared Spectroscopy under Relative Humidity Control." Plants 9, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091107.

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Leaf water storage is a complex interaction between live tissue properties (anatomy and physiology) and physicochemical properties of biomolecules and water. How leaves adsorb water molecules based on interactions between biomolecules and water, including hydrogen bonding, challenges our understanding of hydraulic acclimation in tall trees where leaves are exposed to more water stress. Here, we used infrared (IR) microspectroscopy with changing relative humidity (RH) on leaves of tall Cryptomeria japonica trees. OH band areas correlating with water content were larger for treetop (52 m) than for lower-crown (19 m) leaves, regardless of relative humidity (RH). This high water adsorption in treetop leaves was not explained by polysaccharides such as Ca-bridged pectin, but could be attributed to the greater cross-sectional area of the transfusion tissue. In both treetop and lower-crown leaves, the band areas of long (free water: around 3550 cm−1) and short (bound water: around 3200 cm−1) hydrogen bonding OH components showed similar increases with increasing RH, while the band area of free water was larger at the treetop leaves regardless of RH. Free water molecules with longer H bonds were considered to be adsorbed loosely to hydrophobic CH surfaces of polysaccharides in the leaf-cross sections.

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Chuang, Skylar T., Siobanth Cruz, and Vasanthy Narayanaswami. "Reconfiguring Nature’s Cholesterol Accepting Lipoproteins as Nanoparticle Platforms for Transport and Delivery of Therapeutic and Imaging Agents." Nanomaterials 10, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050906.

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Apolipoproteins are critical structural and functional components of lipoproteins, which are large supramolecular assemblies composed predominantly of lipids and proteins, and other biomolecules such as nucleic acids. A signature feature of apolipoproteins is the preponderance of amphipathic α-helical motifs that dictate their ability to make extensive non-covalent inter- or intra-molecular helix–helix interactions in lipid-free states or helix–lipid interactions with hydrophobic biomolecules in lipid-associated states. This review focuses on the latter ability of apolipoproteins, which has been capitalized on to reconstitute synthetic nanoscale binary/ternary lipoprotein complexes composed of apolipoproteins/peptides and lipids that mimic native high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) with the goal to transport drugs. It traces the historical development of our understanding of these nanostructures and how the cholesterol accepting property of HDL has been reconfigured to develop them as drug-loading platforms. The review provides the structural perspective of these platforms with different types of apolipoproteins and an overview of their synthesis. It also examines the cargo that have been loaded into the core for therapeutic and imaging purposes. Finally, it lays out the merits and challenges associated with apolipoprotein-based nanostructures with a future perspective calling for a need to develop “zip-code”-based delivery for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

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Guo, Zhen, Zhiwei Shen, Yujiao Wang, Tingyuan Tan, and Yi Zhang. "Peptides Co-Assembling into Hydrangea-Like Microstructures." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 3239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17393.

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Supramolecular assembly in vitro is a simple and effective way to produce multi-level biostructures to mimic the self-assembly of biomolecules in organisms. The study on peptide assembly behaviors would benefit a lot to understand what goes on in life, as well as in the construction of plenty of functional biomaterials that have potential applications in various fields. Since cellular microenvironments are crowded and contain various biomolecules, studying protein and peptide co-assembly is of great interest. Here, we introduced the co-assembly of 5-FAM-ELVFFAE-NH2 (EE-7) and (CY5)-KLVFFAK-NH2 (KK-7), which are sequences derived from the core of the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, a key protein in Alzheimer’s diseases. Morphologic studies employing atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the co-assembled entities had a novel hydrangea-like microstructure, in contrast to micro-sheet structures formed from monocomponent EE-7 or KK-7, respectively. Fluorescence co-localization experiments confirmed that the hydrangealike microstructures were indeed made of both EE-7 and KK-7. We suggest that the formation of the hydrangea-like microstructures is driven by both the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between EE-7 and KK-7. A molecular mechanism has been provided to explain the formation of the hydrangea-like microstructures.

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Rubio, Noemí, Víctor Martínez-Junza, Jordi Estruga, José I. Borrell, Margarita Mora, M. Lluïsa Sagristá, and Santi Nonell. "Ground- and excited-state interactions of 2,7,12,17-tetraphenylporphycene with model target biomolecules for type-I photodynamic therapy." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 13, no. 01 (January 2009): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424609000103.

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Biosubstrate-sensitizer binding is one of the factors that enhances the type-I mechanism over the type-II in the whole photodynamic process. 2,7,12,17-Tetraphenylporphycene (TPPo), a second-generation photosensitizer, is a hydrophobic compound with good photophysical properties for photodynamic therapy applications that has proved its ability for the photoinactivation of different cell lines. Nevertheless, little is known about its mechanism of action. This paper focuses on the study of the interaction/binding of TPPo with different model biomolecules that may favor the type-I mechanism in the overall photodynamic process, including nucleosides, proteins, and phospholipids. Compared with more hydrophilic photosensitizers, it is concluded that TPPo is more likely to undergo type-II (singlet oxygen) than type-I (electron transfer) photodynamic processes in biological environments.

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Jenne, Felix, Sergey Biniaminov, Nathalie Biniaminov, Philipp Marquardt, Clemens von Bojničić-Kninski, Roman Popov, Anja Seckinger, Dirk Hose, and Alexander Nesterov-Mueller. "Resemblance-Ranking Peptide Library to Screen for Binders to Antibodies on a Peptidomic Scale." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 3515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073515.

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A novel resemblance-ranking peptide library with 160,000 10-meric peptides was designed to search for selective binders to antibodies. The resemblance-ranking principle enabled the selection of sequences that are most similar to the human peptidome. The library was synthesized with ultra-high-density peptide arrays. As proof of principle, screens for selective binders were performed for the therapeutic anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. Several features in the amino acid composition of antibody-binding peptides were identified. The selective affinity of rituximab increased with an increase in the number of hydrophobic amino acids in a peptide, mainly tryptophan and phenylalanine, while a total charge of the peptide remained relatively small. Peptides with a higher affinity exhibited a lower sum helix propensity. For the 30 strongest peptide binders, a substitutional analysis was performed to determine dissociation constants and the invariant amino acids for binding to rituximab. The strongest selective peptides had a dissociation constant in the hundreds of the nano-molar range. The substitutional analysis revealed a specific hydrophobic epitope for rituximab. To show that conformational binders can, in principle, be detected in array format, cyclic peptide substitutions that are similar to the target of rituximab were investigated. Since the specific binders selected via the resemblance-ranking peptide library were based on the hydrophobic interactions that are widespread in the world of biomolecules, the library can be used to screen for potential linear epitopes that may provide information about the cross-reactivity of antibodies.

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Madankar, Chandu S., and Ashwini Meshram. "Review on classification, physicochemical properties and applications of microbial surfactants." Tenside Surfactants Detergents 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tsd-2021-2353.

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Abstract Biosurfactants are amphiphilic microbial compounds synthesized from plants and micro organisms that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic zones, which are classified into liquid-liquid, liquid-solid and liquid-gas interfaces. Due to their versatile nature, low toxicity, and high reactivity at extreme temperatures, as well as – extremely important – their good biodegradability and environmental compatibility, biobased surfactants provide approaches for use in many environmental industries. Biosurfactants produced by microorganisms have potential applications in bioremediation as well as in the petroleum, agricultural, food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. In this review article, we include a detailed overview of the knowledge obtained over the years, such as factors influencing bio-surfactant production and developments in the incorporation of biomolecules in different industries and future research needs.

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Ghorani, B., S. J. Russell, A. J. Hebden, and P. Goswami. "Single step assembly of biomolecule-loaded sub-micron polysulfone fibers." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 3 (July 22, 2016): 340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516629148.

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Enrichment of chemically resistant hydrophobic polymers with polar biomolecules is relevant to the production of fiber-based drug delivery devices and adsorptive filtration media, as well as fibers for selective molecular recognition of antibodies, enzymes and nucleic acids. Polysulfone (PSU) is an amorphous polymer possessing high-strength, rigidity and excellent thermal stability. The preparation of PSU spinning solutions requires lengthy dissolution times at elevated temperature that tends to degrade commixed polar biomolecules. Using the highly polar metabolite creatinine, as a model system, a variety of co-solvents was evaluated for electrospinning commixed solutions of PSU and creatinine at room temperature. The selection of solvent systems was informed by Hansen solubility parameters. A binary system of N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc):methanol (4:1) was not found to be a suitable solvent because of the need for elevated temperature (80℃) to facilitate dissolution, and a binary solvent system of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF):dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (3:2) resulted in nozzle blockage during spinning. A binary system of DMAc:DMSO (13:7) enabled preparation of PSU with creatinine at ambient temperature, and sub-micron fibers substantially free of beads were produced continuously via electrospinning, yielding fiber diameters in the range 470–870 nm. The presence of creatinine was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and fiber morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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Español, Edilma, and Mauricio Villamil. "Calixarenes: Generalities and Their Role in Improving the Solubility, Biocompatibility, Stability, Bioavailability, Detection, and Transport of Biomolecules." Biomolecules 9, no. 3 (March 5, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9030090.

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The properties and characteristics of calix[n]arenes are described, as well as their capacity to form amphiphilic assemblies by means of the design of synthetic macrocycles with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Their interaction with various substances of interest in pharmacy, engineering, and medicine is also described. In particular, the role of the calix[n]arenes in the detection of dopamine, the design of vesicles and liposomes employed in the manufacture of systems of controlled release drugs used in the treatment of cancer, and their role in improving the solubility of testosterone and anthelmintic drugs and the biocompatibility of biomaterials useful for the manufacture of synthetic organs is emphasized. The versatility of these macrocycles, able to vary in size, shape, functional groups, and hydrophobicity and to recognize various biomolecules and molecules with biological activity without causing cytotoxicity is highlighted.

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Braun, Robert, Nora Schönberger, Svenja Vinke, Franziska Lederer, Jörn Kalinowski, and Katrin Pollmann. "Application of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in Phage Displayed Peptide Selection to Support the Identification of Arsenic-Binding Motifs." Viruses 12, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121360.

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Next generation sequencing (NGS) in combination with phage surface display (PSD) are powerful tools in the newly equipped molecular biology toolbox for the identification of specific target binding biomolecules. Application of PSD led to the discovery of manifold ligands in clinical and material research. However, limitations of traditional phage display hinder the identification process. Growth-based library biases and target-unrelated peptides often result in the dominance of parasitic sequences and the collapse of library diversity. This study describes the effective enrichment of specific peptide motifs potentially binding to arsenic as proof-of-concept using the combination of PSD and NGS. Arsenic is an environmental toxin, which is applied in various semiconductors as gallium arsenide and selective recovery of this element is crucial for recycling and remediation. The development of biomolecules as specific arsenic-binding sorbents is a new approach for its recovery. Usage of NGS for all biopanning fractions allowed for evaluation of motif enrichment, in-depth insight into the selection process and the discrimination of biopanning artefacts, e.g., the amplification-induced library-wide reduction in hydrophobic amino acid proportion. Application of bioinformatics tools led to the identification of an SxHS and a carboxy-terminal QxQ motif, which are potentially involved in the binding of arsenic. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of PSD combined with NGS of all relevant biopanning fractions.

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Akther, Fahima, Shazwani Binte Yakob, Nam-Trung Nguyen, and Hang T. Ta. "Surface Modification Techniques for Endothelial Cell Seeding in PDMS Microfluidic Devices." Biosensors 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10110182.

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Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip cell culture techniques have been gaining popularity by offering the possibility of reducing the amount of samples and reagents and greater control over cellular microenvironment. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the commonly used polymer for microfluidic cell culture devices because of the cheap and easy fabrication techniques, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, high gas permeability, and optical transparency. However, the intrinsic hydrophobic nature of PDMS makes cell seeding challenging when applied on PDMS surface. The hydrophobicity of the PDMS surface also allows the non-specific absorption/adsorption of small molecules and biomolecules that might affect the cellular behaviour and functions. Hydrophilic modification of PDMS surface is indispensable for successful cell seeding. This review collates different techniques with their advantages and disadvantages that have been used to improve PDMS hydrophilicity to facilitate endothelial cells seeding in PDMS devices.

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Araujo, Jéssica, Joveliane Monteiro, Douglas Silva, Amanda Alencar, Kariny Silva, Lara Coelho, Wallace Pacheco, et al. "Surface-Active Compounds Produced by Microorganisms: Promising Molecules for the Development of Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Healing Agents." Antibiotics 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2022): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081106.

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Surface-active compounds (SACs), biomolecules produced by bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi, have interesting properties, such as the ability to interact with surfaces as well as hydrophobic or hydrophilic interfaces. Because of their advantages over other compounds, such as biodegradability, low toxicity, antimicrobial, and healing properties, SACs are attractive targets for research in various applications in medicine. As a result, a growing number of properties related to SAC production have been the subject of scientific research during the past decade, searching for potential future applications in biomedical, pharmaceutical, and therapeutic fields. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential of biosurfactants and emulsifiers as antimicrobials, modulators of virulence factors, anticancer agents, and wound healing agents in the field of biotechnology and biomedicine, to meet the increasing demand for safer medical and pharmacological therapies.

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Lazzari, Federica, Amedea Manfredi, Jenny Alongi, Raniero Mendichi, Fabio Ganazzoli, Giuseppina Raffaini, Paolo Ferruti, and Elisabetta Ranucci. "Self-Structuring in Water of Polyamidoamino Acids with Hydrophobic Side Chains Deriving from Natural α-Amino Acids." Polymers 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2018): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10111261.

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This paper reports on synthesis, acid-base properties and self-structuring in water of chiral polyamidoamino acids (PAACs) obtained by polyaddition of N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide with l-alanine, l-valine and l-leucine (M-l-Ala, M-l-Val, M-l-Leu) with potential for selective interactions with biomolecules. The polymers maintained the acid-base properties of amino acids. In water, the circular dichroism spectra of PAACs revealed pH-dependent structuring in the range 3–11 and in the wavelength interval 200–280 nm. Taking as reference the values at pH 3, the differential molar ellipticities were plotted in the pH interval 3–11. Sigmoidal curves were obtained presenting inflection points at pH 8.1, 6.8 and 7.3 for M-l-Ala, M-l-Val and M-l-Leu, respectively, corresponding to the amine half-ionization. Theoretical modeling showed that PAACs assumed stable folded conformations. Intramolecular interactions led to transoid arrangements of the main chain reminiscent of protein hairpin motif. Oligomers with ten repeat units had simulated gyration radii consistent with the hydrodynamic radii obtained by dynamic light scattering.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrophobic Biomolecules'

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