Journal articles: 'Hydrology – Australia'

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Smiles, David. "John Robert Philip 1927 - 1999." Historical Records of Australian Science 16, no. 2 (2005): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr05008.

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John Philip was struck by a car and killed on Saturday 26 June 1999 in Amsterdam where he was visiting the Centre for Mathematics and Information Science. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, a Foreign Member of the All-Union (later Russian) Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and only the second Australian Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Engineering. He was the first non-American recipient of the Robert E. Horton Medal, the highest award for hydrology of the American Geophysical Union. In 1998 he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for 'service to the science of hydrology, to scientific communication in promoting the interests of science for the community, and to Australian culture through architecture and literature'. This memoir discusses John Philip's character and his work as Australia's most distinguished environmental physicist. It explores his management of science and his role in the Australian Academy of Science as well as his poetry and his fascination with architecture.

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Smiles, David. "John Robert Philip. 18 January 1927 – 26 June 1999." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 51 (January 2005): 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2005.0021.

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John Philip was struck by a car and killed on Saturday 26 June 1999 in Amsterdam, where he was visiting the Centre for Mathematics and Information Science. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, a Foreign Member of the All–Union (later Russian) Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and only the second Australian Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Engineering. He was the first non–American recipient of the Robert E. Horton Medal, the highest award for hydrology of the American Geophysical Union. In 1998 he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for ‘service to the science of hydrology, to scientific communication in promoting the interests of science for the community, and to Australian culture through architecture and literature’.This memoir discusses John Philip's character and his work as Australia's most distinguished environmental physicist. It also explores his management of science as well as his poetry and his fascination with architecture.

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Taylor, R. J., and G. Hoxley. "Dryland salinity in Western Australia: managing a changing water cycle." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0690.

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Clearing of agricultural land has resulted in significant changes to the surface and groundwater hydrology. Currently about 10% of agricultural land in Western Australia is affected by dryland salinity and between a quarter and a third of the area is predicted to be lost to salinity before a new hydrological equilibrium is reached. This paper develops a general statement describing the changes to the surface and groundwater hydrology of the wheatbelt of Western Australia between preclearing, the year 2000 and into the future. For typical catchments in the wheatbelt it is estimated that average groundwater recharge and surface runoff have increased about tenfold when comparing the current hydrology to that preclearing. Saline groundwater discharge and flood volumes have also increased significantly. Saline groundwater discharge and associated salt load will probably double in the future in line with the predicted increase in the area of dryland salinity. In addition, future increases in the area of dryland salinity/permanent waterlogging will probably double the volumes in flood events and further increase surface runoff in average years. The outcomes of surface and groundwater management trials have been briefly described to estimate how the hydrology would be modified if the trials were implemented at a catchment scale. These results have been used to formulate possible integrated revegetation and drainage management strategies. The future hydrology and impacts with and without integrated management strategies have been compared.

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Chowdhury, Rezaul. "Industry-Practice-Based Engineering Hydrology Education at USQ, Australia." Education Sciences 9, no. 3 (August 11, 2019): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci9030213.

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Engineering education must embrace several challenges, such as increased numbers of work-based students, increased demand for online education, mismatches in employability skills and industry requirements, and lack of student engagement. The hydrology course at the University of Southern Queensland attracts more than 100 students every year, where more than 70% of students are off-campus and most of them are work-based. This study explored how an online hydrology course can embrace industry practice and engage students in order to achieve learning outcomes. Industrial careers in hydrology involve extensive use of hydroclimatological data and modeling applications. The course modules, learning objectives and outcomes, and assessment tools have been designed to align with industry practices. Active participation of students was observed in self-assessment quizzes and discussion forums. The course was rated very well in achieving learning outcomes and in overall student satisfaction. Students appreciated the well-structured real-world and professional practice in the course.

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Kotwicki, Vincent, and Peter Isdale. "Hydrology of Lake Eyre, Australia: El Niño link." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 84, no. 1-4 (May 1991): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90037-r.

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Croke, B. F. W., and A. J. Jakeman. "Predictions in catchment hydrology: an Australian perspective." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 1 (2001): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00045.

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Throughout Australia, there are strong regional differences in hydrological response to landscape and climate; however, in general terms, in Australian catchments the flows are typically peakier, base flows are of lower proportion, runoff coefficients are smaller, and dry periods are longer and more variable, than in European and North American catchments. In this context, this paper assesses the model types available to improve understanding and prediction of catchment flows and transport. Included in this is the concept of information and its influence on appropriate model complexity, as well as a characterization of the principal factors inhibiting model performance. The ability to predict the effects on flows and water quality of anything but major changes in climate and land use is limited. Improvement of understanding and prediction relies on the following: more rigorous testing of models to assess their ability to separate climate and land use effects on hydrological response; the use and improved interpretation of spatial data; more and better monitoring of hydrological response at a range of scales; complementary use of conceptual and distributed models; and integration of modelling with other information such as that from geochemical studies including tracer analysis.

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Robin, Libby, Steve Morton, and Mike Smith. "Writing a History of Scientific Endeavour in Australia’s Deserts." Historical Records of Australian Science 25, no. 2 (2014): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr14011.

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This special issue of Historical Records of Australian Science explores some of the sciences that have contributed to our understanding of inland Australia, country variously known as desert, the arid zone, drylands and the outback. The sciences that have concentrated on deserts include ecology, geomorphology, hydrology, rangeland management, geography, surveying, meteorology and geology, plus many others. In recognition that desert science has surged ahead in the past few decades, we have invited contributors who describe various different desert initiatives. We use these case studies to open up the discussion about how Australians see their desert lands, how this has changed over time and how desert scientists from the rest of the world regard the distinctive desert country in Australia.

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Charles, S. P., B. C. Bates, and N. R. Viney. "Linking atmospheric circulation to daily rainfall patterns across the Murrumbidgee River Basin." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 7 (October 1, 2003): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0445.

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The hydrological cycle in Australia covers an extraordinary range of climatic and hydrologic regimes. It is now widely accepted that Australian hydrology is significantly different from all other regions and continents with the partial exception of southern Africa. Rainfall variability is very high in almost all regions with respect to amount and the lengths of wet and dry spells. These factors are keys to the behaviour and health of Australian aquatic ecosystems and water resources. Thus assessment of how rainfall may change under a potential future climate is critical. For a case study of the Murrumbidgee River Basin (MRB), a statistical downscaling model that links broad scale atmospheric circulation to multi-site, daily precipitation is assessed using observed data. This model can be driven with climate model simulations to produce rainfall scenarios at the scale required by impacts models. These can then be used in probabilistic risk assessments of climate change impacts on river health. These issues will be discussed in the context of assessing the potential impacts of precipitation changes due to projected climate change on river health.

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Das, Sushil K., Amimul Ahsan, Md Habibur Rahman Bejoy Khan, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq, Nitin Muttil, and Anne W. M. Ng. "Impacts of Climate Alteration on the Hydrology of the Yarra River Catchment, Australia Using GCMs and SWAT Model." Water 14, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030445.

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A rigorous evaluation of future hydro-climatic changes is necessary for developing climate adaptation strategies for a catchment. The integration of future climate projections from general circulation models (GCMs) in the simulations of a hydrologic model, such as the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), is widely considered as one of the most dependable approaches to assess the impacts of climate alteration on hydrology. The main objective of this study was to assess the potential impacts of climate alteration on the hydrology of the Yarra River catchment in Victoria, Australia, using the SWAT model. The climate projections from five GCMs under two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios—RCP 4.5 and 8.5 for 2030 and 2050, respectively—were incorporated into the calibrated SWAT model for the analysis of future hydrologic behaviour against a baseline period of 1990–2008. The SWAT model performed well in its simulation of total streamflow, baseflow, and runoff, with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency values of more than 0.75 for monthly calibration and validation. Based on the projections from the GCMs, the future rainfall and temperature are expected to decrease and increase, respectively, with the highest changes projected by the GFDL-ESM2M model under the RCP 8.5 scenario in 2050. These changes correspond to significant increases in annual evapotranspiration (8% to 46%) and decreases in other annual water cycle components, especially surface runoff (79% to 93%). Overall, the future climate projections indicate that the study area will become hotter, with less winter–spring (June to November) rainfall and with more water shortages within the catchment.

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Freebairn, D. M., G. H. Wockner, N. A. Hamilton, and P. Rowland. "Impact of soil conditions on hydrology and water quality for a brown clay in the north-eastern cereal zone of Australia." Soil Research 47, no. 4 (2009): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07054.

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Hydrology and water quality impacts of alternative land management practices are poorly quantified for semi-arid environments in the northern Australia cropping zone, yet wide-scale changes in tillage practices and land use were being recommended based on experience from other environments. The objective of this study was to explore changes in soil profile and catchment hydrology and water quality associated with different soil surface conditions created by different tillage and grazing practices. Soil water, runoff, and suspended sediment concentrations were monitored on 4 contour bay catchments over an 18-year period. Soil conditions were described by soil moisture, soil cover, and surface roughness in order to explore functional relationships between management, hydrology, and water quality. The site was chosen to represent the drier margins of cropping in southern Queensland where clay soils with high water-holding capacity, in conjunction with fallowing to store water for later crop growth, are an essential risk management tool. Accumulation of soil water in fallows was inefficient, with fallow efficiencies ranging from –7 to 40% due to high evaporation and runoff losses. Runoff amount was determined by soil water content, which was strongly influenced by antecedent rainfall, water use, and evaporation patterns. Surface cover and roughness had subtle influences on runoff, and a greater effect on suspended sediment concentration. Runoff and suspended sediment losses were considerably lower under pasture than cropping. A participative approach between farmers and scientists was demonstrated to be an efficient method to carry out an extensive and long-term catchment study at a remote location. This study provides benchmark data for future hydrologic and water quality investigations.

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Shu, Yanfeng, Kerry Taylor, Prasantha Hapuarachchi, and Chris Peters. "Modelling provenance in hydrologic science: a case study on streamflow forecasting." Journal of Hydroinformatics 14, no. 4 (June 13, 2012): 944–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2012.134.

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The web, and more recently the concept and technology of the Semantic Web, has created a wealth of new ideas and innovative tools for data management, integration and computation in an open framework and at a very large scale. One area of particular interest to the science of hydrology is the capture, representation, inference and presentation of provenance information: information that helps to explain how data were computed and how they should be interpreted. This paper is among the first to bring recent developments in the management of provenance developed for e-science and the Semantic Web to the problems of hydrology. Our main result is a formal ontological model for the representation of provenance information driven by a hydrologic case study. Along the way, we support usability, extensibility and reusability for provenance representation, relying on the concept of modelling both domain-independent and domain-specific aspects of provenance. We evaluate our model with respect to its ability to satisfy identified requirements arising from the case study on streamflow forecasting for the South Esk River catchment in Tasmania, Australia.

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Kerezsy, Adam, Stephen R. Balcombe, Angela H. Arthington, and Stuart E. Bunn. "Continuous recruitment underpins fish persistence in the arid rivers of far-western Queensland, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 10 (2011): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11021.

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Fish living in highly variable and unpredictable environments need to possess life-history strategies that enable them to survive environmental extremes such as floods and drought. We used the length–frequency distributions of multiple fish species in multiple seasons and highly variable hydrological conditions to infer antecedent breeding behaviour in rivers of far-western Queensland, Australia. Hypotheses tested were as follows: (1) recruitment of some or all species of fish would occur within waterholes during no-flow periods; (2) there would be seasonal recruitment responses in some fish species; (3) recruitment of some species would be enhanced by channel flows and/or flooding. Hydrology and the incidence of flooding were highly variable across the study area during 2006–2008. Flood-influenced recruitment was evident for Hyrtl's tandan, Barcoo grunter and Welch's grunter. Silver tandan, golden goby, Cooper Creek catfish and Australian smelt showed evidence of seasonal recruitment unrelated to antecedent hydrology. However, most species demonstrated continual recruitment in isolated waterholes, irrespective of antecedent flow conditions and season. Continual and seasonal recruitment capabilities have obvious advantages over flood-pulse recruitment in rivers with highly unpredictable flood regimes and underpin the persistence of many fish species in arid and semiarid rivers.

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Croke, B. F. W., R. S. Blakers, S. El Sawah, B. Fu, J. H. A. Guillaume, R. A. Kelly, M. J. Patrick, et al. "Marrying Hydrological Modelling and Integrated Assessment for the needs of Water Resource Management." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 364 (September 16, 2014): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-364-351-2014.

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Abstract. This paper discusses the integration of hydrology with other disciplines using an Integrated Assessment (IA) and modelling approach to the management and allocation of water resources. Recent developments in the field of socio-hydrology aim to develop stronger relationships between hydrology and the human dimensions of Water Resource Management (WRM). This should build on an existing wealth of knowledge and experience of coupled human–water systems. To further strengthen this relationship and contribute to this broad body of knowledge, we propose a strong and durable "marriage" between IA and hydrology. The foundation of this marriage requires engagement with appropriate concepts, model structures, scales of analyses, performance evaluation and communication – and the associated tools and models that are needed for pragmatic deployment or operation. To gain insight into how this can be achieved, an IA case study in water allocation in the Lower Namoi catchment, NSW, Australia is presented.

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Fowler, Keirnan J. A., Suwash Chandra Acharya, Nans Addor, Chihchung Chou, and Murray C. Peel. "CAMELS-AUS: hydrometeorological time series and landscape attributes for 222 catchments in Australia." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 3847–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3847-2021.

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Abstract. This paper presents the Australian edition of the Catchment Attributes and Meteorology for Large-sample Studies (CAMELS) series of datasets. CAMELS-AUS (Australia) comprises data for 222 unregulated catchments, combining hydrometeorological time series (streamflow and 18 climatic variables) with 134 attributes related to geology, soil, topography, land cover, anthropogenic influence and hydroclimatology. The CAMELS-AUS catchments have been monitored for decades (more than 85 % have streamflow records longer than 40 years) and are relatively free of large-scale changes, such as significant changes in land use. Rating curve uncertainty estimates are provided for most (75 %) of the catchments, and multiple atmospheric datasets are included, offering insights into forcing uncertainty. This dataset allows users globally to freely access catchment data drawn from Australia's unique hydroclimatology, particularly notable for its large interannual variability. Combined with arid catchment data from the CAMELS datasets for the USA and Chile, CAMELS-AUS constitutes an unprecedented resource for the study of arid-zone hydrology. CAMELS-AUS is freely downloadable from https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.921850 (Fowler et al., 2020a).

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Greenway, M., G. Jenkins, and C. Polson. "Macrophyte zonation in stormwater wetlands: getting it right! A case study from subtropical Australia." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.494.

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In Australia stormwater wetlands are becoming an increasingly popular component of water sensitive urban design. However, they must be designed to cope with the dynamic nature of urban hydrology, in particular, fluctuations in water level. The concept of macrophyte zonation relies on a thorough understanding of the water regimes of different plant species. Water depth is crucial and the hydroperiod, i.e. duration and frequency of inundation, has a significant impact on the survival of wetland vegetation. The aim of this study was to investigate plant establishment in a newly constructed stormwater wetland in Brisbane, subtropical Australia. Changes in plant distribution and density have been monitored since 2001. Rainfall and water depth data enabled us to use a hydrologic model to predict the extent of inundation of the different macrophytes zones. The field survey showed macrophyte survival was poor with the complete loss of several species in marsh and ephemeral zones. The main reason for the lack of macrophyte establishment and survival was the extended periods of inundation (supported by the hydrologic model) and deeper water levels. Stormwater wetlands must be designed to ensure that ephemeral species are not permanently inundated or the preferred water depths in marsh zones are not exceeded for extended periods.

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Hatton, T. J., J. Ruprecht, and R. J. George. "Preclearing hydrology of the Western Australia wheatbelt: Target for the future?" Plant and Soil 257, no. 2 (December 2003): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1027310511299.

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Kotwicki, Vincent, and Robert Allan. "La Niña de Australia — contemporary and palaeo-hydrology of Lake Eyre." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 144, no. 3-4 (December 1998): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(98)00122-9.

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Leblanc, M., S. Tweed, B. J. Lyon, J. Bailey, C. E. Franklin, G. Harrington, and A. Suckow. "On the hydrology of the bauxite oases, Cape York Peninsula, Australia." Journal of Hydrology 528 (September 2015): 668–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.06.001.

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Bonell, M. "Tropical forest hydrology and the role of the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 4 (December 31, 1999): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-3-451-1999.

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Abstract. The paper outlines a perspective on tropical forest hydrology within the context of an international hydrological programme. Experience in tropical forest hydrology research in North East Australia is a focal point for comparison with international activities elsewhere. The impacts of climate variability and change are considered briefly, as well as those of reforestation of degraded land on the land use hydrology, which requires a longer term vision and support of long term experimental catchments. Sadly, too few long term experimental catchments have been maintained in the humid tropics and there have been some significant closures even of these sites in recent years. Yet the case for long-term experiments is strengthened by the problematic issue of separating anthropogenic influences (such as land use change) on the hydrology of landscapes from the effects of climate variability at a time of escalation in population and related socio-economic pressures in the humid tropics. Particular emphasis is made of the need for greater consideration for the social and cultural dimensions of forest management within forest hydrology. Furthermore, scientists must be committed to incorporating ‘societal needs' in their planning of research projects, as well as in publicizing the applications of their results, within the framework of forest-land-water policy. Alarm is expressed at the extensive disregard for the application of existing forest hydrology ‘know how' in forest-land management manipulations associated with the humid tropics.

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Douglas, Michael M., Stuart E. Bunn, and Peter M. Davies. "River and wetland food webs in Australia's wet - dry tropics: general principles and implications for management." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 3 (2005): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04084.

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The tropical rivers of northern Australia have received international and national recognition for their high ecological and cultural values. Unlike many tropical systems elsewhere in the world and their temperate Australian counterparts, they have largely unmodified flow regimes and are comparatively free from the impacts associated with intensive land use. However, there is growing demand for agricultural development and existing pressures, such as invasive plants and feral animals, threaten their ecological integrity. Using the international literature to provide a conceptual framework and drawing on limited published and unpublished data on rivers in northern Australia, we have derived five general principles about food webs and related ecosystem processes that both characterise tropical rivers of northern Australia and have important implications for their management. These are: (1) the seasonal hydrology is a strong driver of ecosystem processes and food-web structure; (2) hydrological connectivity is largely intact and underpins important terrestrial–aquatic food-web subsidies; (3) river and wetland food webs are strongly dependent on algal production; (4) a few common macroconsumer species have a strong influence on benthic food webs; and (5) omnivory is widespread and food chains are short. The implications of these ecosystem attributes for the management and protection of tropical rivers and wetlands of northern Australian are discussed in relation to known threats. These principles provide a framework for the formation of testable hypotheses in future research programmes.

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Somers, IF, and BG Long. "Note on the sediments and hydrology of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 3 (1994): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940283.

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The Gulf of Carpentaria is a large embayment less than 70 m deep on Australia's remote northern coastline. This paper, which describes aspects of its hydrology and variation in sediment types, is part of a larger study of the size and distribution of commercial fish resources of the gulf. Much of the data on the hydrology and sediments were collected during a gulf-wide survey in November and December 1990. Waters in the central part of the gulf were found to be vertically stratified, with bottom temperatures just below 25°C and surface temperatures around 30°C. The waters to the north of the gulf remained well mixed, presumably because of greater tidal mixing through the Torres Strait. In contrast to water temperature, salinity was relatively uniform throughout the water column: between 35 and 36. In depths below 20 m, there was a clear trend in sediment grain size, from sediments of >80% >63 pm (sandy) in the south-eastern gulf to sediments of > 80% < 63�m (muddy) in the north-west. A second muddy zone was also evident in the coastal zone (<20 m) in sheltered embayments or adjacent to rivers.

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Emmett, A. J., and A. L. Telfer. "Influence of karst hydrology on water quality management in southeast South Australia." Environmental Geology 23, no. 2 (March 1994): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00766988.

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Brown, Louise, Terrie Finston, Garth Humphreys, Stefan Eberhard, and Adrian Pinder. "Groundwater oligochaetes show complex genetic patterns of distribution in the Pilbara region of Western Australia." Invertebrate Systematics 29, no. 5 (2015): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is14037.

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Patterns of genetic diversity in the groundwater fauna of Australia have largely focused on obligate stygobites of relatively large size, namely, crustaceans. Oligochaete worms, with their smaller size and broader ecological niches, provide a contrasting model in which to examine such patterns. Genetic diversity in subterranean oligochaetes in the Pilbara region of Western Australia were examined using one nuclear (18S) and two mitochondrial (COI, 12S) regions. The observed variation was assessed at three levels of hydrology – river basin, creek catchment, and individual bore or site – to document geographic patterns. Most species appeared to be restricted to an individual catchment; however, five species, representing three families, were widespread, with some haplotypes being shared between bores, catchments and even basins. General patterns suggest that while hydrology plays a role in the distribution of oligochaete species, it does not always confine them to catchments, in contrast to patterns observed in groundwater isopods and amphipods in the region. We suggest that intrinsic characteristics of oligochaetes, such as body size, shape, reproductive strategy and ecological requirements, may have allowed them greater dispersal within the subterranean biome of the Pilbara. In particular, oligochaetes may occupy subterranean and surface waters, increasing their opportunities for dispersal.

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Casanova, Michelle T., and I. Joan Powling. "What makes a swamp swampy? Water regime and the botany of endangered wetlands in western Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 6 (2014): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14119.

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Freshwater temporary wetlands are a little-studied ecosystem worldwide. They have been recognised as critically endangered in south-eastern Australia under Australian biodiversity conservation legislation. However, little has been recorded about their hydrology, functioning or biodiversity values; i.e. the factors that make them intrinsically ‘swampy’. In this paper, we developed a simple threshold model of wetland hydrology based on historical rainfall records and calculated evaporation records matched to records and recollections of the owners of swamps, and documented water-plant and microalgal species richness. The model indicated that swamps were inundated to at least 10-cm depth in an average of 6.3 years per decade for most of the 20th century. The average dry time between inundations was 1.27 years (maximum of 4.5 years). Since 1998, the frequency of inundation appears to have decreased, and the average dry times have increased. Despite, or because of, their temporary nature, these swamps have high biodiversity values among the vegetation and the microalgae, more than has been recorded for near-by permanent wetlands. There is no evidence that a drier and warmer climate will have a negative impact on biodiversity values; however, land management is likely to be important for maintaining these systems as the climate changes.

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Harris, J. H., R. T. Kingsford, W. Peirson, and L. J. Baumgartner. "Mitigating the effects of barriers to freshwater fish migrations: the Australian experience." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 4 (2017): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15284.

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Declining fish communities characterise global freshwater environments, including those in Australia. Lost river connectivity through water resource development is a key cause of decline, disrupting fish migrations and threatening species productivity, viability and fisheries. Millions of dams, weirs and lesser barriers arising from water resources projects, road and rail transport and hydro-electricity schemes obstruct fish passage in rivers worldwide. Fishways are in place at few sites in Australia and globally relative to the numbers of barriers, and few mitigate the effects of barriers adequately. Most constrain the passage of fish communities and few have performed effectively when assessed against appropriate biological standards. Herein we focus on Australian experience within the global context of obstructed fish migrations, declining fish biodiversity and inadequate fishway performance. We review the migratory characteristics of Australian freshwater fish, identify the effects of different in-stream barriers and other habitat changes on the four classes of migratory behaviour and note how Australia’s highly variable hydrology presents particular challenges in mitigating fish passage barriers. Mitigation options include: basin-scale approaches; improved management of barriers, environmental flows and water quality; barrier removal; and development of improved fishway designs. Mitigation of fish-passage problems can aid in adapting to climate change effects, reversing fisheries declines and rehabilitating fish communities.

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Costelloe, J. F., J. T. Puckridge, J. R. W. Reid, J. Pritchard, P. Hudson, V. Bailey, and M. Good. "Environmental flow requirements in arid zone rivers – a case study from the Lake Eyre Basin, central Australia." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 7 (October 1, 2003): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0425.

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The ARIDFLO project takes a multi-disciplinary approach to the collection and analysis of data required to formulate appropriate environmental flow requirements for rivers in the Lake Eyre Basin. The key drivers of the ecological processes underpinning the health of these rivers are identified by modelling whole-of-ecosystem biological responses to hydrological events over a range of spatial and temporal scales. First, the hydrology of these poorly gauged (often ungauged) rivers needs to be modelled and validated to mimic real flow and inundation patterns at the catchment, reach and waterbody scale. Modelled and actual discharge data are then used to provide a suite of hydrological predictor variables which, in conjunction with other environmental variables, are used to model observed biotic responses. The key hydrologic and environmental drivers identified by the statistical models need to be taken into account when determining environmental flow requirements for these river systems. Further work is required to assess the predictive power of the models in the highly variable, complex systems of the Lake Eyre Basin rivers.

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Eberbach, P. L. "The eco-hydrology of partly cleared, native ecosystems in southern Australia: a review." Plant and Soil 257, no. 2 (December 2003): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1027392703312.

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Gillieson, D. S., J. A. Cochrane, and A. Murray. "Surface hydrology and soil movement in an arid karst: the Nullarbor Plain, Australia." Environmental Geology 23, no. 2 (March 1994): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00766986.

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Long, Kelsie, David Heslop, and Eelco J. Rohling. "Quantitative assessment of the oxygen isotope composition of fish otoliths from Lake Mungo, Australia." Quaternary Research 102 (February 1, 2021): 234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.121.

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AbstractThe Willandra Lakes region is a series of once interconnected and now-dry lake basins in the arid zone of southeastern Australia. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site of cultural, archaeological, and geological significance, preserving records of Aboriginal occupation and environmental change stretching back to at least 50 ka. Linking the archaeology with the commensurate palaeoenvironmental information is complicated by the millennial time spans represented by the past hydrological record preserved in the sediment vs. the subdecadal evidence of each archaeological site. Oxygen isotope records across annual growth rings of fish otoliths (ear stones) can elucidate flooding and drying regimes on subannual scales. Otoliths from hearth sites (fireplaces) link lake hydrology with people eating fish on the lakeshore. Oxygen isotopic trends in hearth otoliths from the last glacial maximum (LGM) were previously interpreted in terms of high evaporation under dry conditions. However, this ignored hydrology-driven changes in water δ18O. Here, a mass balance model is constructed to test the effect lake desiccation has on water δ18O and how this compares with the LGM otolith records. Based on this modelling, we suggest that Lake Mungo otolith signatures are better explained by evaporation acting on full lakes rather than by lake drying.

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PUSEY, BRADLEY J., DAMIEN W. BURROWS, MARK J. KENNARD, COLTON N. PERNA, PETER J. UNMACK, QUENTIN ALLSOP, and MICHAEL P. HAMMER. "Freshwater fishes of northern Australia." Zootaxa 4253, no. 1 (April 11, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4253.1.1.

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Northern Australia is biologically diverse and of national and global conservation signicance. Its ancient landscape contains the world’s largest area of savannah ecosystem in good ecological condition and its rivers are largely free-flowing. Agriculture, previously confined largely to open range-land grazing, is set to expand in extent and to focus much more on irrigated cropping and horticulture. Demands on the water resources of the region are thus, inevitably increasing. Reliable information is required to guide and inform development and help plan for a sustainable future for the region which includes healthy rivers that contain diverse fish assemblages. Based on a range of information sources, including the outcomes of recent and extensive new field surveys, this study maps the distribution of the 111 freshwater fishes (excluding elasmobranches) and 42 estuarine vagrants recorded from freshwater habitats of the region. We classify the habitat use and migratory biology of each species. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the diversity and distribution of fishes of the region within a standardised nomenclatural framework. In addition, we summarise the outcomes of recent phylogeographic and phylogenetic research using molecular technologies to identify where issues of taxonomy may need further scrutiny. The study provides an informed basis for further research on the spatial arrangement of biodiversity and its relationship to environmental factors (e.g. hydrology), conservation planning and phylogentic variation within individual taxa.

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Lawrence, RE. "The Effects of Grazing Activity on the Hydrology of the Bogong High Plains, Australia." Rangeland Journal 17, no. 2 (1995): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9950138.

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Stock have been grazed on the Bogong High Plains during the summer months every year for more than a century. Several severe droughts between the 1880s and 1920s resulted in abnormally large numbers of stock being depastured there in addition to the usual numbers, which contributed both to the degradation of the vegetation cover and an increase in erosion. In the 1940s, controls were placed on the number of stock permitted to graze the Bogong High Plains, and since that time total numbers 07 grazing stock have declined from 9000 cattle to just over 3000 cattle today. In this paper, historical hydrological data from the Bogong High Plains are examined to see if cattle grazing activities may be related to trends in the run-off of several streams in the subalpine and alpine zone. Long-term declining trends in both cattle grazing numbers and run-off variables were identified as statistically significant in one of the four catchments examined - albeit in the catchment with the longest run-off record. There was some evidence that the monthly run-off from three small catchments subject to differential grazing pressures supported a correlation between high grazing densities and large run-off volumes during the summer months, but this result was not substantiated by modelling daily storm hydrographs for those same months. All the hydrological data examined post-dates the period of major environmental degradation, which may have contributed to the moderate results obtained. The fact that run-off volumes declined between the 1940s and the 1980s suggests that there has been an improvement in the environmental conditions of the Bogong High Plains since grazing controls were introduced, but it is not certain whether full recovery has taken place, or ever will.

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Sallaway, M. M., D. F. Yule, D. Mayer, and P. W. Burger. "Effects of surface management on the hydrology of a vertisol in semi-arid Australia." Soil and Tillage Research 15, no. 3 (February 1990): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(90)90080-w.

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Zalnezhad, Amir, Ataur Rahman, Nastaran Nasiri, Mehdi Vafakhah, Bijan Samali, and Farhad Ahamed. "Comparing Performance of ANN and SVM Methods for Regional Flood Frequency Analysis in South-East Australia." Water 14, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 3323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14203323.

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Design flood estimations at ungauged catchments are a challenging task in hydrology. Regional flood frequency analysis (RFFA) is widely used for this purpose. This paper develops artificial intelligence (AI)-based RFFA models (artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM)) using data from 181 gauged catchments in South-East Australia. Based on an independent testing, it is found that the ANN method outperforms the SVM (the relative error values for the ANN model range 33–54% as compared to 37–64% for the SVM). The ANN and SVM models generate more accurate flood quantiles for smaller return periods; however, for higher return periods, both the methods present a higher estimation error. The results of this study will help to recommend new AI-based RFFA methods in Australia.

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Manage, Nadeeka Parana, Natalie Lockart, Garry Willgoose, George Kuczera, Anthony S. Kiem, AFM Kamal Chowdhury, Lanying Zhang, and Callum Twomey. "Statistical testing of dynamically downscaled rainfall data for the Upper Hunter region, New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 66, no. 2 (2016): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es16016.

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This study tests the statistical properties of downscaled climate data, concentrating on the rainfall which is required for hydrology predictions used in water supply reservoir simulations. The datasets used in this study have been produced by the New South Wales (NSW) / Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Regional Climate Modelling (NARCliM) project which provides a dynamically downscaled climate dataset for southeast Australia at 10 km resolution. In this paper, we present an evaluation of the downscaled NARCliM National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) / National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis simulations. The validation has been performed in the Goulburn River catchment in the Upper Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. The analysis compared time series of the downscaled NARCliM rain-fall data with ground based measurements for selected Bureau of Meteorology rainfall stations and 5 km gridded data from the Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP). The initial testing of the rainfall was focused on autocorrelations as persistence is an important factor in hydrological and water availability analysis. Additionally, a cross-correlation analysis was performed at daily, fort-nightly, monthly and annually averaged time resolutions. The spatial variability of these statistics were calculated and plotted at the catchment scale. The auto-correlation analysis shows that the seasonal cycle in the NARCliM data is stronger than the seasonal cycle present in the ground based measurements and AWAP data. The cross-correlation analysis also shows a poor agreement between NARCliM data, and AWAP and ground based measurements. The spatial variability plots show a possible link between these discrepancies and orography at the catchment scale.

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Reichle, Rolf H., Clara S. Draper, Q. Liu, Manuela Girotto, Sarith P. P. Mahanama, Randal D. Koster, and Gabrielle J. M. De Lannoy. "Assessment of MERRA-2 Land Surface Hydrology Estimates." Journal of Climate 30, no. 8 (April 2017): 2937–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0720.1.

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The MERRA-2 atmospheric reanalysis product provides global, 1-hourly estimates of land surface conditions for 1980–present at ~50-km resolution. MERRA-2 uses observations-based precipitation to force the land (unlike its predecessor, MERRA). This paper evaluates MERRA-2 and MERRA land hydrology estimates, along with those of the land-only MERRA-Land and ERA-Interim/Land products, which also use observations-based precipitation. Overall, MERRA-2 land hydrology estimates are better than those of MERRA-Land and MERRA. A comparison against GRACE satellite observations of terrestrial water storage demonstrates clear improvements in MERRA-2 over MERRA in South America and Africa but also reflects known errors in the observations used to correct the MERRA-2 precipitation. Validation against in situ measurements from 220–320 stations in North America, Europe, and Australia shows that MERRA-2 and MERRA-Land have the highest surface and root zone soil moisture skill, slightly higher than that of ERA-Interim/Land and higher than that of MERRA (significantly for surface soil moisture). Snow amounts from MERRA-2 have lower bias and correlate better against reference data from the Canadian Meteorological Centre than do those of MERRA-Land and MERRA, with MERRA-2 skill roughly matching that of ERA-Interim/Land. Validation with MODIS satellite observations shows that MERRA-2 has a lower snow cover probability of detection and probability of false detection than MERRA, owing partly to MERRA-2’s lower midwinter, midlatitude snow amounts and partly to MERRA-2’s revised snow depletion curve parameter compared to MERRA. Finally, seasonal anomaly R values against naturalized streamflow measurements in the United States are, on balance, highest for MERRA-2 and ERA-Interim/Land, somewhat lower for MERRA-Land, and lower still for MERRA (significantly in four basins).

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Sivakumar, Bellie, Fitsum M. Woldemeskel, Rajendran Vignesh, and Vinayakam Jothiprakash. "A Correlation–Scale–Threshold Method for Spatial Variability of Rainfall." Hydrology 6, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6010011.

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Rainfall data at fine spatial resolutions are often required for various studies in hydrology and water resources. However, such data are not widely available, as their collection is normally expensive and time-consuming. A common practice to obtain fine-spatial-resolution rainfall data is to employ interpolation schemes to derive them based on data available at nearby locations. Such interpolation schemes are generally based on rainfall correlation or distance between stations. The present study proposes a combined rainfall correlation-spatial scale-correlation threshold method for representing spatial rainfall variability. The method is applied to monthly rainfall data at a resolution of 0.25 × 0.25 latitude/longitude across Australia, available from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM 3B43 version). The results indicate that rainfall dynamics in northern and northeastern Australia have far greater spatial correlations when compared to the other regions, especially in southern and southeastern Australia, suggesting that tropical climates generally have greater spatial rainfall correlations when compared to temperate, oceanic, and continental climates, subject to other influencing factors. The implications of the outcomes for rainfall data interpolation and the rain gauge monitoring network are also discussed, especially based on results obtained for ten major cities in Australia.

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Pan, Yuanjin, Hao Ding, Jiangtao Li, C. K. Shum, Rishav Mallick, Jiashuang Jiao, Mengkui Li, and Yu Zhang. "Transient hydrology-induced elastic deformation and land subsidence in Australia constrained by contemporary geodetic measurements." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 588 (June 2022): 117556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117556.

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Ruprecht, JK, and NJ Schofield. "In situ neutron moisture meter calibration in lateritic soils." Soil Research 28, no. 2 (1990): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9900153.

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An in situ calibration procedure for complex lateritic soils of the jarrah forest of Western Australia is described. The calibration is based on non-destructive sampling of each access tube and on a regression of change in water content on change in neutron count ratio at 'wet' and 'dry' times of the year. Calibration equations with adequate precision were produced. ever, there were high residual errors in the calibration equations which were due to a number of factors including soil water variability, the presence of a duricrust layer, soil sampling of gravelly soils and the variability of the cement slurry annulus surrounding each access tube. The calibration equations derived did not compare well with those from other studies in south-west Western Australia, but there was reasonable agreement with the general equations obtained by the Institute of Hydrology, U.K.

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Hancock, Marty A., and Stuart E. Bunn. "Population dynamics and life history of Paratya australiensis Kemp, 1917 (Decapoda: Atyidae) in upland rainforest streams, south-eastern Queensland, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 48, no. 4 (1997): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97003.

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Aspects of the life history and population dynamics of Paratya australiensis were examined in headwater streams of the Conondale Range, south-eastern Queensland, particularly in relation to spatial and temporal variation in temperature and flow dynamics. Breeding period and population structure at nine sites in three subcatchments were examined during three years of monthly sampling using a non-destructive, photographic method. Breeding was restricted to the warmer months of late spring and summer. Peak abundances of ovigerous females and release of larvae occurred earlier at warmer, lower-altitude sites than at cooler, upper-altitude sites. This is consistent with the general trend for seasonal breeding in temperate and subtropical species of atyids, and perennial breeding in tropical species, and suggests that the summer breeding period of P. australiensis was strongly influenced by temperature. In subtropical, south-eastern Queensland, larvae were released just before and during the wet season. Although populations were quite resilient, disturbance from high-flow events also shaped the life history. Hydrology modified the breeding period by influencing overall abundance and recruitment success and by favouring the early release of larvae before peak flows. The reasonably well defined seasonal cycle and synchronized development appear to result from the combined effects of temperature and hydrology.

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Growns, Ivor, Iris Wing Tsoi, Mark Southwell, Sarah Mika, Sam Lewis, and Ben Vincent. "The effects of hydrology on macroinvertebrate traits in river channel and wetland habitats." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 24, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.024.04.12.

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Abstract Increased need for freshwater for human uses from the mid-1900s has severely impacted rivers and floodplain wetlands so that they are some of the most seriously degraded environments in the world. Research and monitoring in this area to date has focused on understanding ‘flow-ecology’ relationships, without investigating the mechanisms underlying them. The use of species traits offers a tool for defining mechanistic connections between biotic responses and environmental conditions. We examined nine macroinvertebrate trait categories in both wetlands and channels to determine whether their profiles responded to hydrology in the Gwydir River system in the northern Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. Trait responses were shown for the wetlands but not the river channels. Twelve traits showed positive relationships with the time the wetlands were connected to their river channels. It is unclear the reason(s) why the river channel invertebrate traits did not respond to hydrology. However, the use of environmental flows in the river systems may be important to other aspects of macroinvertebrate assemblages such as their role in food webs to support higher-order consumers.

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Shams, Foyez, Fiona Dyer, Ross Thompson, Richard P. Duncan, Jason D. Thiem, Zuzana Majtánová, and Tariq Ezaz. "Karyotypes and Sex Chromosomes in Two Australian Native Freshwater Fishes, Golden Perch (Macquaria ambigua) and Murray Cod (Maccullochella peelii) (Percichthyidae)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 17 (August 30, 2019): 4244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174244.

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Karyotypic data from Australian native freshwater fishes are scarce, having been described from relatively few species. Golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) and Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii) are two large-bodied freshwater fish species native to Australia with significant indigenous, cultural, recreational and commercial value. The arid landscape over much of these fishes’ range, coupled with the boom and bust hydrology of their habitat, means that these species have potential to provide useful evolutionary insights, such as karyotypes and sex chromosome evolution in vertebrates. Here we applied standard and molecular cytogenetic techniques to characterise karyotypes for golden perch and Murray cod. Both species have a diploid chromosome number 2n = 48 and a male heterogametic sex chromosome system (XX/XY). While the karyotype of golden perch is composed exclusively of acrocentric chromosomes, the karyotype of Murray cod consists of two submetacentric and 46 subtelocentric/acrocentric chromosomes. We have identified variable accumulation of repetitive sequences (AAT)10 and (CGG)10 along with diverse methylation patterns, especially on the sex chromosomes in both species. Our study provides a baseline for future cytogenetic analyses of other Australian freshwater fishes, especially species from the family Percichthyidae, to better understand their genome and sex chromosome evolution.

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Hagemann, S., C. Chen, D. B. Clark, S. Folwell, S. N. Gosling, I. Haddeland, N. Hanasaki, et al. "Climate change impact on available water resources obtained using multiple global climate and hydrology models." Earth System Dynamics 4, no. 1 (May 7, 2013): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-129-2013.

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Abstract. Climate change is expected to alter the hydrological cycle resulting in large-scale impacts on water availability. However, future climate change impact assessments are highly uncertain. For the first time, multiple global climate (three) and hydrological models (eight) were used to systematically assess the hydrological response to climate change and project the future state of global water resources. This multi-model ensemble allows us to investigate how the hydrology models contribute to the uncertainty in projected hydrological changes compared to the climate models. Due to their systematic biases, GCM outputs cannot be used directly in hydrological impact studies, so a statistical bias correction has been applied. The results show a large spread in projected changes in water resources within the climate–hydrology modelling chain for some regions. They clearly demonstrate that climate models are not the only source of uncertainty for hydrological change, and that the spread resulting from the choice of the hydrology model is larger than the spread originating from the climate models over many areas. But there are also areas showing a robust change signal, such as at high latitudes and in some midlatitude regions, where the models agree on the sign of projected hydrological changes, indicative of higher confidence in this ensemble mean signal. In many catchments an increase of available water resources is expected but there are some severe decreases in Central and Southern Europe, the Middle East, the Mississippi River basin, southern Africa, southern China and south-eastern Australia.

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Evans, Kenneth G. "Methods for assessing mine site rehabilitation design for erosion impact." Soil Research 38, no. 2 (2000): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99036.

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Erosion of rehabilitated mines may result in landform instability, which in turn may result in exposure of encapsulated contaminants, elevated sediment delivery at catchment outlets, and subsequent degradation of downstream water quality. Rehabilitation design can be assessed using erosion and hydrology models calibrated to mine site conditions. Incision rates in containment structures can be quantified using 3-dimensional landform evolution simulation techniques. Sediment delivery at catchment outlets for various landform amelioration techniques can be predicted using process-based and empirical erosion-prediction models and sediment delivery ratios. The predicted sediment delivery can be used to estimate an average annual stream sediment load that can, in turn, be used to assess water quality impacts. Application of these techniques is demonstrated through a case study applied to a proposed rehabilitation design option for the Energy Resources of Australia Ltd (ERA) Ranger Mine in the Northern Territory of Australia.

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Martin, Paul, and John C. Becker. "A Tale of Two Systems: Conflict, Law and the Development of Water Allocation in Two Common Law Jurisdictions." International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 1 (October 21, 2011): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2011.2605.

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This paper examines how the law governing water has evolved in the United States and Australia. The evolution of water law in these jurisdictions demonstrates that the ‘scientific modernism’ that prioritises economics and hydrology as the pivots around which water institutions are designed may be an incomplete model. From the history we recount, we suggest that, ranking equally with these considerations in shaping water law and policy, is the broader framework of laws and institutions, and legal culture within a society. These factors shape the types of solutions to conflicts in a society and determine, to a substantial degree, the solutions to water conflicts that become law, which then in part determine future legal solutions. This observation is of more than theoretical importance. Towards the end of this paper we consider the latest water modernist experiment, the Australian Water Act. We suggest that closer attention to social factors and legal traditions would have resulted in a more effective law. We believe this holds important lessons for water policy generally.

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Glamore, William, Duncan Rayner, Jamie Ruprecht, Mahmood Sadat-Noori, and Danial Khojasteh. "Eco-hydrology as a driver for tidal restoration: Observations from a Ramsar wetland in eastern Australia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): e0254701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254701.

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Land reclamation projects and the installation of drainage infrastructure has impacted coastal wetlands worldwide. By altering water levels and inundation extent, these activities have changed the viable ecosystems onsite and resulted in the proliferation of freshwater species. As more than 50% of tidal wetlands have been degraded globally over the last 100 years, the importance of this issue is increasingly being recognised and tidal wetland restoration projects are underway worldwide. However, there are currently limited sites where large-scale reintroduction of tidal flushing has been implemented with the explicit aim to foster the growth of a threatened ecosystem. In this study, the tidal restoration of an internationally recognised Ramsar listed wetland in eastern Australia is described to highlight how coastal saltmarsh can be targeted by mimicking inundation depths and hydroperiod across the 410-ha site. Coastal saltmarsh is particularly important to this site as it is part of the east Australasian flyway for migratory birds and the minimum saltmarsh extent, as listed within the Ramsar’s limits of acceptable change, have been breached. To recreate coastal saltmarsh habitat onsite, water level and hydroperiod criteria were established based on similar vegetation patterns within the adjacent estuary. A calibrated 2D hydrodynamic model of the site was then used to test how the preferred inundation criteria could be applied to the largest possible restored wetland area. Once optimised, a synthetic tidal signal was implemented onsite via automated hydraulic controls. The onsite vegetation response over an 8-year period was assessed to highlight the ecosystem response to controlled tidal inundation and denoted substantial saltmarsh expansion during the period. The techniques applied onsite have successfully met the restoration targets and can be applied at similar sites worldwide, offsetting sea level rise impacts to natural inundation hydroperiod.

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Grieger, Rebekah, Samantha Capon, and Wade Hadwen. "Resilience of coastal freshwater wetland vegetation of subtropical Australia to rising sea levels and altered hydrology." Regional Environmental Change 19, no. 1 (August 29, 2018): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1399-2.

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Lawrence, R. E. "The impacts of hydro-electric construction works on the hydrology of a subalpine area in Australia." Environmental Geology 40, no. 4-5 (February 7, 2001): 612–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540000223.

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Robertson, Hugh A., and James A. Fitzsimons. "Hydrology or Floristics? Mapping and Classification of Wetlands in Victoria, Australia, and Implications for Conservation Planning." Environmental Management 34, no. 4 (October 2004): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0185-0.

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Erskine, W. D., and M. J. Saynor. "Hydrology and bedload transport relationships for sand-bed streams in the Ngarradj Creek catchment, northern Australia." Journal of Hydrology 483 (March 2013): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.01.002.

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McDonald, Janece, and Russell Drysdale. "Hydrology of cave drip waters at varying bedrock depths from a karst system in southeastern Australia." Hydrological Processes 21, no. 13 (2007): 1737–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6356.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrology – Australia'

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