Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrology – Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hydrology – Australia"
1
Smiles, David. "John Robert Philip 1927 - 1999." Historical Records of Australian Science 16, no. 2 (2005): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr05008.
Full textAbstract:
John Philip was struck by a car and killed on Saturday 26 June 1999 in Amsterdam where he was visiting the Centre for Mathematics and Information Science. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, a Foreign Member of the All-Union (later Russian) Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and only the second Australian Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Engineering. He was the first non-American recipient of the Robert E. Horton Medal, the highest award for hydrology of the American Geophysical Union. In 1998 he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for 'service to the science of hydrology, to scientific communication in promoting the interests of science for the community, and to Australian culture through architecture and literature'. This memoir discusses John Philip's character and his work as Australia's most distinguished environmental physicist. It explores his management of science and his role in the Australian Academy of Science as well as his poetry and his fascination with architecture.
2
Smiles, David. "John Robert Philip. 18 January 1927 – 26 June 1999." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 51 (January 2005): 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2005.0021.
Full textAbstract:
John Philip was struck by a car and killed on Saturday 26 June 1999 in Amsterdam, where he was visiting the Centre for Mathematics and Information Science. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, a Foreign Member of the All–Union (later Russian) Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and only the second Australian Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Engineering. He was the first non–American recipient of the Robert E. Horton Medal, the highest award for hydrology of the American Geophysical Union. In 1998 he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for ‘service to the science of hydrology, to scientific communication in promoting the interests of science for the community, and to Australian culture through architecture and literature’.This memoir discusses John Philip's character and his work as Australia's most distinguished environmental physicist. It also explores his management of science as well as his poetry and his fascination with architecture.
3
Taylor, R. J., and G. Hoxley. "Dryland salinity in Western Australia: managing a changing water cycle." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0690.
Full textAbstract:
Clearing of agricultural land has resulted in significant changes to the surface and groundwater hydrology. Currently about 10% of agricultural land in Western Australia is affected by dryland salinity and between a quarter and a third of the area is predicted to be lost to salinity before a new hydrological equilibrium is reached. This paper develops a general statement describing the changes to the surface and groundwater hydrology of the wheatbelt of Western Australia between preclearing, the year 2000 and into the future. For typical catchments in the wheatbelt it is estimated that average groundwater recharge and surface runoff have increased about tenfold when comparing the current hydrology to that preclearing. Saline groundwater discharge and flood volumes have also increased significantly. Saline groundwater discharge and associated salt load will probably double in the future in line with the predicted increase in the area of dryland salinity. In addition, future increases in the area of dryland salinity/permanent waterlogging will probably double the volumes in flood events and further increase surface runoff in average years. The outcomes of surface and groundwater management trials have been briefly described to estimate how the hydrology would be modified if the trials were implemented at a catchment scale. These results have been used to formulate possible integrated revegetation and drainage management strategies. The future hydrology and impacts with and without integrated management strategies have been compared.
4
Chowdhury, Rezaul. "Industry-Practice-Based Engineering Hydrology Education at USQ, Australia." Education Sciences 9, no. 3 (August 11, 2019): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci9030213.
Full textAbstract:
Engineering education must embrace several challenges, such as increased numbers of work-based students, increased demand for online education, mismatches in employability skills and industry requirements, and lack of student engagement. The hydrology course at the University of Southern Queensland attracts more than 100 students every year, where more than 70% of students are off-campus and most of them are work-based. This study explored how an online hydrology course can embrace industry practice and engage students in order to achieve learning outcomes. Industrial careers in hydrology involve extensive use of hydroclimatological data and modeling applications. The course modules, learning objectives and outcomes, and assessment tools have been designed to align with industry practices. Active participation of students was observed in self-assessment quizzes and discussion forums. The course was rated very well in achieving learning outcomes and in overall student satisfaction. Students appreciated the well-structured real-world and professional practice in the course.
5
Kotwicki, Vincent, and Peter Isdale. "Hydrology of Lake Eyre, Australia: El Niño link." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 84, no. 1-4 (May 1991): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90037-r.
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Croke, B. F. W., and A. J. Jakeman. "Predictions in catchment hydrology: an Australian perspective." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 1 (2001): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00045.
Full textAbstract:
Throughout Australia, there are strong regional differences in hydrological response to landscape and climate; however, in general terms, in Australian catchments the flows are typically peakier, base flows are of lower proportion, runoff coefficients are smaller, and dry periods are longer and more variable, than in European and North American catchments. In this context, this paper assesses the model types available to improve understanding and prediction of catchment flows and transport. Included in this is the concept of information and its influence on appropriate model complexity, as well as a characterization of the principal factors inhibiting model performance. The ability to predict the effects on flows and water quality of anything but major changes in climate and land use is limited. Improvement of understanding and prediction relies on the following: more rigorous testing of models to assess their ability to separate climate and land use effects on hydrological response; the use and improved interpretation of spatial data; more and better monitoring of hydrological response at a range of scales; complementary use of conceptual and distributed models; and integration of modelling with other information such as that from geochemical studies including tracer analysis.
7
Robin, Libby, Steve Morton, and Mike Smith. "Writing a History of Scientific Endeavour in Australia’s Deserts." Historical Records of Australian Science 25, no. 2 (2014): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr14011.
Full textAbstract:
This special issue of Historical Records of Australian Science explores some of the sciences that have contributed to our understanding of inland Australia, country variously known as desert, the arid zone, drylands and the outback. The sciences that have concentrated on deserts include ecology, geomorphology, hydrology, rangeland management, geography, surveying, meteorology and geology, plus many others. In recognition that desert science has surged ahead in the past few decades, we have invited contributors who describe various different desert initiatives. We use these case studies to open up the discussion about how Australians see their desert lands, how this has changed over time and how desert scientists from the rest of the world regard the distinctive desert country in Australia.
8
Charles, S. P., B. C. Bates, and N. R. Viney. "Linking atmospheric circulation to daily rainfall patterns across the Murrumbidgee River Basin." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 7 (October 1, 2003): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0445.
Full textAbstract:
The hydrological cycle in Australia covers an extraordinary range of climatic and hydrologic regimes. It is now widely accepted that Australian hydrology is significantly different from all other regions and continents with the partial exception of southern Africa. Rainfall variability is very high in almost all regions with respect to amount and the lengths of wet and dry spells. These factors are keys to the behaviour and health of Australian aquatic ecosystems and water resources. Thus assessment of how rainfall may change under a potential future climate is critical. For a case study of the Murrumbidgee River Basin (MRB), a statistical downscaling model that links broad scale atmospheric circulation to multi-site, daily precipitation is assessed using observed data. This model can be driven with climate model simulations to produce rainfall scenarios at the scale required by impacts models. These can then be used in probabilistic risk assessments of climate change impacts on river health. These issues will be discussed in the context of assessing the potential impacts of precipitation changes due to projected climate change on river health.
9
Das, Sushil K., Amimul Ahsan, Md Habibur Rahman Bejoy Khan, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq, Nitin Muttil, and Anne W. M. Ng. "Impacts of Climate Alteration on the Hydrology of the Yarra River Catchment, Australia Using GCMs and SWAT Model." Water 14, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030445.
Full textAbstract:
A rigorous evaluation of future hydro-climatic changes is necessary for developing climate adaptation strategies for a catchment. The integration of future climate projections from general circulation models (GCMs) in the simulations of a hydrologic model, such as the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), is widely considered as one of the most dependable approaches to assess the impacts of climate alteration on hydrology. The main objective of this study was to assess the potential impacts of climate alteration on the hydrology of the Yarra River catchment in Victoria, Australia, using the SWAT model. The climate projections from five GCMs under two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios—RCP 4.5 and 8.5 for 2030 and 2050, respectively—were incorporated into the calibrated SWAT model for the analysis of future hydrologic behaviour against a baseline period of 1990–2008. The SWAT model performed well in its simulation of total streamflow, baseflow, and runoff, with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency values of more than 0.75 for monthly calibration and validation. Based on the projections from the GCMs, the future rainfall and temperature are expected to decrease and increase, respectively, with the highest changes projected by the GFDL-ESM2M model under the RCP 8.5 scenario in 2050. These changes correspond to significant increases in annual evapotranspiration (8% to 46%) and decreases in other annual water cycle components, especially surface runoff (79% to 93%). Overall, the future climate projections indicate that the study area will become hotter, with less winter–spring (June to November) rainfall and with more water shortages within the catchment.
10
Freebairn, D. M., G. H. Wockner, N. A. Hamilton, and P. Rowland. "Impact of soil conditions on hydrology and water quality for a brown clay in the north-eastern cereal zone of Australia." Soil Research 47, no. 4 (2009): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07054.
Full textAbstract:
Hydrology and water quality impacts of alternative land management practices are poorly quantified for semi-arid environments in the northern Australia cropping zone, yet wide-scale changes in tillage practices and land use were being recommended based on experience from other environments. The objective of this study was to explore changes in soil profile and catchment hydrology and water quality associated with different soil surface conditions created by different tillage and grazing practices. Soil water, runoff, and suspended sediment concentrations were monitored on 4 contour bay catchments over an 18-year period. Soil conditions were described by soil moisture, soil cover, and surface roughness in order to explore functional relationships between management, hydrology, and water quality. The site was chosen to represent the drier margins of cropping in southern Queensland where clay soils with high water-holding capacity, in conjunction with fallowing to store water for later crop growth, are an essential risk management tool. Accumulation of soil water in fallows was inefficient, with fallow efficiencies ranging from –7 to 40% due to high evaporation and runoff losses. Runoff amount was determined by soil water content, which was strongly influenced by antecedent rainfall, water use, and evaporation patterns. Surface cover and roughness had subtle influences on runoff, and a greater effect on suspended sediment concentration. Runoff and suspended sediment losses were considerably lower under pasture than cropping. A participative approach between farmers and scientists was demonstrated to be an efficient method to carry out an extensive and long-term catchment study at a remote location. This study provides benchmark data for future hydrologic and water quality investigations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hydrology – Australia"
1
Wischusen, John David Henry School of Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences UNSW. "Hydrogeology, hydrochemistry and isotope hydrology of Palm Valley, Central Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32925.
Full textAbstract:
The Palm Valley oasis in arid central Australia is characterised by stands of palm trees (Livistona mariae). How these unique plants, separated by nearly a 1000 kilometres of arid country from their nearest relatives persist, has long fascinated visitors. Defining the hydrogeology of the Hermannsburg Sandstone, a regionally extensive and thick Devonian sequence of the Amadeus Basin that underlies Palm Valley, is the major thrust of investigation. Appraisal of drilling data shows this aquifer to be a dual porosity fractured rock aquifer which, on a regional scale, behaves as a low permeability, hydraulically continuous resource. Groundwater is low salinity (TDS <1000 mg/L) and bicarbonate rich. Slight variations in cation chemistry indicate different flow paths with separate geochemical histories have been sampled. Stable isotope (????H, ???????O) results from Palm Valley show groundwater to have a uniform composition that plots on or near a local meteoric water line. Radiocarbon results are observed to vary from effectively dead (< 4%) to 87 % modern carbon. To resolve groundwater age beyond the radiocarbon window the long lived radioisotope 36Cl was also used. Ratios of 36Cl/Cl range from 130 to 290 x 10-15. In this region atmospheric 36Cl/Cl ratio is around 300 x 10-15. Thus an age range of around 300 ka is indicated if, as is apparent, radioactive decay is the only significant cause of 36Cl/Cl variation within the aquifer. A review of previous, often controversial, 36Cl decay studies shows results are usually ambiguous due to lack of certainty when factoring subsurface Cl- addition into decay calculations. Apparently, due to the thickness of the Hermannsburg Sandstone, no subsurface sources of Cl- such as aquitards or halites, are encountered along groundwater flow paths, hence the clear 36Cl decay trend seen. The classic homogenous aquifer with varying surface topography, the "Toth" flow model, is the simplest conceptual model that need be invoked to explain these isotope data. Complexities, associated with local topography flow cells superimposed on the regional gradient, signify groundwater with markedly different flow path lengths has been sampled. The long travel times (> 100 ka) indicate groundwater discharge would endure through arid phases associated with Quaternary climate oscillations. Such a flow system can explain the persistence of this arid zone groundwater-dependent ecosystem and highlight the possibility that Palm Valley has acted as a flora refuge since at least the mid- Pleistocene.
2
Eberhard, Stefan M. "Ecology and hydrology of a threatened groundwater-dependent ecosystem: the Jewel Cave karst system in Western Australia." Thesis, Eberhard, Stefan M. (2004) Ecology and hydrology of a threatened groundwater-dependent ecosystem: the Jewel Cave karst system in Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/61/.
Full textAbstract:
Groundwater is a significant component of the world's water balance and accounts for >90 % of usable freshwater. Around the world groundwater is an important source of water for major cities, towns, industries, agriculture and forestry. Groundwater plays a role in the ecological processes and 'health' of many surface ecosystems, and is the critical habitat for subterranean aquatic animals (stygofauna). Over-abstraction or contamination of groundwater resources may imperil the survival of stygofauna and other groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs). In two karst areas in Western Australia (Yanchep and Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge), rich stygofauna communities occur in cave waters containing submerged tree roots. These aquatic root mat communities were listed as critically endangered because of declining groundwater levels, presumably caused by lower rainfall, groundwater abstraction, and/or forest plantations. Investigation of the hydrology and ecology of the cave systems was considered essential for the conservation and recovery of these threatened ecological communities (TECs). This thesis investigated the hydrology and ecology of one of the TECs, located in the Jewel Cave karst system in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge. A multi-disciplinary approach was used to explore aspects pertinent to the hydrology and ecology of the groundwater system.
Thermoluminescence dating of the limestone suggested that development of the karst system dates from the Early Pleistocene and that caves have been available for colonisation by groundwater fauna since that time. Speleogenesis of the watertable maze caves occurred in a flank margin setting during earlier periods of wetter climate and/or elevated base levels. Field mapping and leveling were used to determine hydrologic relationships between caves and the boundaries of the karst aquifer. Monitoring of groundwater levels was undertaken to characterise the conditions of recharge, storage, flow and discharge. A hydrogeologic model of the karst system was developed.
The groundwater hydrograph for the last 50 years was reconstructed from old photographs and records whilst radiometric dating and leveling of stratigraphic horizons enabled reconstruction of a history of watertable fluctuations spanning the Holocene to Late Pleistocene. The watertable fluctuations over the previous 50 years did not exceed the range of fluctuations experienced in the Quaternary history, including a period 11,000 to 13,000 years ago when the watertable was lower than the present level.
The recent groundwater decline in Jewel Cave was not reflected in the annual rainfall trend, which was above average during the period (1976 to 1988) when the major drop in water levels occurred. Groundwater abstraction and tree plantations in nearby catchments have not contributed to the groundwater decline as previously suggested. The period of major watertable decline coincided with a substantial reduction in fire frequency within the karst catchment. The resultant increase in understorey vegetation and ground litter may have contributed to a reduction in groundwater recharge, through increased evapotranspiration and interception of rainfall. To better understand the relationships between rainfall, vegetation and fire and their effects on groundwater recharge, an experiment is proposed that involves a prescribed burn of the cave catchment with before-after monitoring of rainfall, leaf-area, ground litter, soil moisture, vadose infiltration and groundwater levels.
Molecular genetic techniques (allozyrne electrophoresis and mitochondria1 DNA) were used to assess the species and population boundaries of two genera and species of cave dwelling Amphipoda. Populations of both species were largely panrnictic which was consistent with the hydrogeologic model. The molecular data supported the conclusion that both species of amphipod have survived lower watertable levels experienced in the caves during the Late Pleistocene. A mechanism for the colonization and isolation of populations in caves is proposed.
Multi Dimensional Scaling was used to investigate patterns in groundwater biodiversity including species diversity, species assemblages, habitat associations and biogeography. Faunal patterns were related to abiotic environmental parameters. Investigation of hydrochemistry and water quality characterized the ecological water requirements (EWR) of the TEC and established a baseline against which to evaluate potential impacts such as groundwater pollution.
The conservation status of the listed TEC was significantly improved by increasing the number of known occurrences and distribution range of the community (from 10 m2 to > 2 x lo6 m2), and by showing that earlier perceived threatening processes (rainfall decline, groundwater pumping, tree plantations) were either ameliorated or inoperative within this catchment. The GDE in the Jewel Cave karst system may not have been endangered by the major phase of watertable decline experienced 1975-1987, or by the relatively stable level experienced up until 2000. However, if the present trend of declining rainfall in southwest Wester,,Australia continues, and the cave watertable declines > 0.5 m below the present level, then the GDE may become more vulnerable to extinction.
The occurrence and distribution of aquatic root mat communities and related groundwater fauna in other karst catchments in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge is substantially greater than previously thought, however some of these are predicted to be threatened by groundwater pumping and pollution associated with increasing urban and rural developments. The taxonomy of most stygofauna taxa and the distribution of root mat communities is too poorly known to enable proper assessment of their conservation requirements. A regional-scale survey of stygofauna in southwest Western Australia is required to address this problem. In the interim, conservation actions for the listed TECs need to be focused at the most appropriate spatial scale, which is the karst drainage system and catchment area. Conservation of GDEs in Western Australia will benefit fi-om understanding and integration with abiotic groundwater system processes, especially hydrogeologic and geomorphic processes.
3
Eberhard, Stefan M. "Ecology and hydrology of a threatened groundwater-dependent ecosystem : the Jewel Cave karst system in Western Australia /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051010.141551.
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4
au, Stefan@calm wa gov, and Stefan Eberhard. "Ecology and Hydrology of a Threatened Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystem:The Jewel Cave Karst System in Western Australia." Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051010.141551.
Full textAbstract:
Groundwater is a significant component of the world's water balance and accounts for
>90 % of usable freshwater. Around the world groundwater is an important source of
water for major cities, towns, industries, agriculture and forestry. Groundwater plays a
role in the ecological processes and 'health' of many surface ecosystems, and is the
critical habitat for subterranean aquatic animals (stygofauna). Over-abstraction or
contamination of groundwater resources may imperil the survival of stygofauna and
other groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs). In two karst areas in Western
Australia (Yanchep and Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge), rich stygofauna communities
occur in cave waters containing submerged tree roots. These aquatic root mat
communities were listed as critically endangered because of declining groundwater
levels, presumably caused by lower rainfall, groundwater abstraction, and/or forest
plantations. Investigation of the hydrology and ecology of the cave systems was
considered essential for the conservation and recovery of these threatened ecological
communities (TECs). This thesis investigated the hydrology and ecology of one of the
TECs, located in the Jewel Cave karst system in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge. A
multi-disciplinary approach was used to explore aspects pertinent to the hydrology and
ecology of the groundwater system.
Thermoluminescence dating of the limestone suggested that development of the karst
system dates from the Early Pleistocene and that caves have been available for
colonisation by groundwater fauna since that time. Speleogenesis of the watertable
maze caves occurred in a flank margin setting during earlier periods of wetter climate
and/or elevated base levels. Field mapping and leveling were used to determine
hydrologic relationships between caves and the boundaries of the karst aquifer.
Monitoring of groundwater levels was undertaken to characterise the conditions of
recharge, storage, flow and discharge. A hydrogeologic model of the karst system was
developed.
The groundwater hydrograph for the last 50 years was reconstructed from old
photographs and records whilst radiometric dating and leveling of stratigraphic horizons
enabled reconstruction of a history of watertable fluctuations spanning the Holocene to
Late Pleistocene. The watertable fluctuations over the previous 50 years did not exceed the range of fluctuations experienced in the Quaternary history, including a period
11,000 to 13,000 years ago when the watertable was lower than the present level.
The recent groundwater decline in Jewel Cave was not reflected in the annual rainfall
trend, which was above average during the period (1 976 to 1988) when the major drop
in water levels occurred. Groundwater abstraction and tree plantations in nearby
catchments have not contributed to the groundwater decline as previously suggested.
The period of major watertable decline coincided with a substantial reduction in fire
frequency within the karst catchment. The resultant increase in understorey vegetation
and ground litter may have contributed to a reduction in groundwater recharge, through
increased evapotranspiration and interception of rainfall. To better understand the
relationships between rainfall, vegetation and fire and their effects on groundwater
recharge, an experiment is proposed that involves a prescribed burn of the cave
catchment with before-after monitoring of rainfall, leaf-area, ground litter, soil moisture,
vadose infiltration and groundwater levels.
Molecular genetic techniques (allozyrne electrophoresis and mitochondria1 DNA) were
used to assess the species and population boundaries of two genera and species of cave
dwelling Amphipoda. Populations of both species were largely panrnictic which was
consistent with the hydrogeologic model. The molecular data supported the conclusion
that both species of amphipod have survived lower watertable levels experienced in the
caves during the Late Pleistocene. A mechanism for the colonization and isolation of
populations in caves is proposed.
Multi Dimensional Scaling was used to investigate patterns in groundwater biodiversity
including species diversity, species assemblages, habitat associations and biogeography.
Faunal patterns were related to abiotic environmental parameters. Investigation of
hydrochemistry and water quality characterized the ecological water requirements
(EWR) of the TEC and established a baseline against which to evaluate potential
impacts such as groundwater pollution.
The conservation status of the listed TEC was significantly improved by increasing the
number of known occurrences and distribution range of the community (from 10 m2 to >
2 x lo6 m2), and by showing that earlier perceived threatening processes (rainfall
decline, groundwater pumping, tree plantations) were either ameliorated or inoperative
within this catchment. The GDE in the Jewel Cave karst system may not have been
endangered by the major phase of watertable decline experienced 1975-1987, or by the
relatively stable level experienced up until 2000. However, if the present trend of
declining rainfall in southwest Wester,,Australia continues, and the cave watertable
declines > 0.5 m below the present level, then the GDE may become more vulnerable to
extinction.
The occurrence and distribution of aquatic root mat communities and related
groundwater fauna in other karst catchments in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge is
substantially greater than previously thought, however some of these are predicted to be
threatened by groundwater pumping and pollution associated with increasing urban and
rural developments. The taxonomy of most stygofauna taxa and the distribution of root
mat communities is too poorly known to enable proper assessment of their conservation
requirements. A regional-scale survey of stygofauna in southwest Western Australia is
required to address this problem. In the interim, conservation actions for the listed TECs
need to be focused at the most appropriate spatial scale, which is the karst drainage
system and catchment area. Conservation of GDEs in Western Australia will benefit
fi-om understanding and integration with abiotic groundwater system processes,
especially hydrogeologic and geomorphic processes.
5
Eberhard, Stefan. "Ecology and hydrology of a threatened groundwater-dependent ecosystem: the Jewel Cave karst system in Western Australia." Eberhard, Stefan (2004) Ecology and hydrology of a threatened groundwater-dependent ecosystem: the Jewel Cave karst system in Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/61/.
Full textAbstract:
Groundwater is a significant component of the world's water balance and accounts for >90 % of usable freshwater. Around the world groundwater is an important source of water for major cities, towns, industries, agriculture and forestry. Groundwater plays a role in the ecological processes and 'health' of many surface ecosystems, and is the critical habitat for subterranean aquatic animals (stygofauna). Over-abstraction or contamination of groundwater resources may imperil the survival of stygofauna and other groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs). In two karst areas in Western Australia (Yanchep and Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge), rich stygofauna communities occur in cave waters containing submerged tree roots. These aquatic root mat communities were listed as critically endangered because of declining groundwater levels, presumably caused by lower rainfall, groundwater abstraction, and/or forest plantations. Investigation of the hydrology and ecology of the cave systems was considered essential for the conservation and recovery of these threatened ecological communities (TECs). This thesis investigated the hydrology and ecology of one of the TECs, located in the Jewel Cave karst system in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge. A multi-disciplinary approach was used to explore aspects pertinent to the hydrology and ecology of the groundwater system.
Thermoluminescence dating of the limestone suggested that development of the karst system dates from the Early Pleistocene and that caves have been available for colonisation by groundwater fauna since that time. Speleogenesis of the watertable maze caves occurred in a flank margin setting during earlier periods of wetter climate and/or elevated base levels. Field mapping and leveling were used to determine hydrologic relationships between caves and the boundaries of the karst aquifer. Monitoring of groundwater levels was undertaken to characterise the conditions of recharge, storage, flow and discharge. A hydrogeologic model of the karst system was developed.
The groundwater hydrograph for the last 50 years was reconstructed from old photographs and records whilst radiometric dating and leveling of stratigraphic horizons enabled reconstruction of a history of watertable fluctuations spanning the Holocene to Late Pleistocene. The watertable fluctuations over the previous 50 years did not exceed the range of fluctuations experienced in the Quaternary history, including a period 11,000 to 13,000 years ago when the watertable was lower than the present level.
The recent groundwater decline in Jewel Cave was not reflected in the annual rainfall trend, which was above average during the period (1976 to 1988) when the major drop in water levels occurred. Groundwater abstraction and tree plantations in nearby catchments have not contributed to the groundwater decline as previously suggested. The period of major watertable decline coincided with a substantial reduction in fire frequency within the karst catchment. The resultant increase in understorey vegetation and ground litter may have contributed to a reduction in groundwater recharge, through increased evapotranspiration and interception of rainfall. To better understand the relationships between rainfall, vegetation and fire and their effects on groundwater recharge, an experiment is proposed that involves a prescribed burn of the cave catchment with before-after monitoring of rainfall, leaf-area, ground litter, soil moisture, vadose infiltration and groundwater levels.
Molecular genetic techniques (allozyrne electrophoresis and mitochondria1 DNA) were used to assess the species and population boundaries of two genera and species of cave dwelling Amphipoda. Populations of both species were largely panrnictic which was consistent with the hydrogeologic model. The molecular data supported the conclusion that both species of amphipod have survived lower watertable levels experienced in the caves during the Late Pleistocene. A mechanism for the colonization and isolation of populations in caves is proposed.
Multi Dimensional Scaling was used to investigate patterns in groundwater biodiversity including species diversity, species assemblages, habitat associations and biogeography. Faunal patterns were related to abiotic environmental parameters. Investigation of hydrochemistry and water quality characterized the ecological water requirements (EWR) of the TEC and established a baseline against which to evaluate potential impacts such as groundwater pollution.
The conservation status of the listed TEC was significantly improved by increasing the number of known occurrences and distribution range of the community (from 10 m2 to > 2 x lo6 m2), and by showing that earlier perceived threatening processes (rainfall decline, groundwater pumping, tree plantations) were either ameliorated or inoperative within this catchment. The GDE in the Jewel Cave karst system may not have been endangered by the major phase of watertable decline experienced 1975-1987, or by the relatively stable level experienced up until 2000. However, if the present trend of declining rainfall in southwest Wester,,Australia continues, and the cave watertable declines > 0.5 m below the present level, then the GDE may become more vulnerable to extinction.
The occurrence and distribution of aquatic root mat communities and related groundwater fauna in other karst catchments in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge is substantially greater than previously thought, however some of these are predicted to be threatened by groundwater pumping and pollution associated with increasing urban and rural developments. The taxonomy of most stygofauna taxa and the distribution of root mat communities is too poorly known to enable proper assessment of their conservation requirements. A regional-scale survey of stygofauna in southwest Western Australia is required to address this problem. In the interim, conservation actions for the listed TECs need to be focused at the most appropriate spatial scale, which is the karst drainage system and catchment area. Conservation of GDEs in Western Australia will benefit fi-om understanding and integration with abiotic groundwater system processes, especially hydrogeologic and geomorphic processes.
6
Puckridge, James Terence. "The role of hydrology in the ecology of Cooper Creek, Central Australia : implications for the flood pulse concept /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09php9774.pdf.
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Bari, Mohammed A. "A distributed conceptual model for stream salinity generation processes : a systematic data-based approach." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0058.
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[Truncated abstract] During the last fifty years mathematical models of catchment hydrology have been widely developed and used for hydrologic forecasting, design and water resources management. Most of these models need large numbers of parameters to represent the flow generation process. The model parameters are estimated through calibration techniques and often lead to ‘unrealistic’ values due to structural error in the model formulations. This thesis presents a new strategy for developing catchment hydrology models for representing streamflow and salinity generation processes. The strategy seeks to ‘learn from data’ in order to specify a conceptual framework that is appropriate for the particular space and time scale under consideration. Initially, the conceptual framework is developed by considering large space and time scales. The space and time scales are then progressively reduced and conceptual model complexity systematically increased until ultimately, an adequate simulation of daily streamflow and salinity is achieved. This strategy leads to identification of a few key physically meaningful parameters, most of which can be estimated a priori and with minimal or no calibration. Initially, the annual streamflow data from ten experimental catchments (control and cleared for agriculture) were analysed. The streamflow increased in two phases: (i) immediately after clearing due to reduced evapotranspiration, and (ii) through an increase in stream zone saturated area. The annual evapotranspiration losses from native vegetation and pasture, the ‘excess’ water (resulting from reduced transpiration after land use change), runoff and deep storage were estimated by a simple water balance model. The model parameters are obtained a priori without calibration. The annual model was then elaborated by analysing the monthly rainfall-runoff, groundwater and soil moisture data from four experimental catchments. Ernies (control, fully forested) and Lemon (53% cleared) catchments are located in zone with a mean annual rainfall of 725 mm. Salmon (control, fully forested) and Wights (100% cleared) are located in zone with mean annual rainfall of 1125 mm. Groundwater levels rose and the stream zone saturated area increased significantly after clearing. From analysis of this data it was evident that at a monthly time step the conceptual model framework needed to include a systematic gain/loss to storage component in order to adequately describe the observed lags between peak monthly rainfall and runoff.
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Graham, Tennille. "Economics of protecting road infrastructure from dryland salinity in Western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0207.
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[Truncated abstract] The salinisation of agricultural land, urban infrastructure and natural habitat is a serious and increasing problem in southern Australia. Government funding has been allocated to the problem to attempt to reduce substantial costs associated with degradation of agricultural and non-agricultural assets. Nevertheless, Government funding has been small relative to the size of the problem and therefore expenditure needs to be carefully targeted to interventions that will achieve the greatest net benefits. For intervention to be justified, the level of salinity resulting from private landholder decisions must exceed the level that is optimal from the point of view of society as a whole, and the costs of government intervention must be less than the benefits gained by society. This study aims to identify situations when government intervention is justified to manage dryland salinity that threatens to affect road infrastructure (a public asset). A key gap in the environmental economics literature is research that considers dryland salinity as a pollution that has off-site impacts on public assets. This research developed two hydrological/economic models to achieve this objective. The first was a simple economic model representing external costs from dryland salinity. This model was used to identify those variables that have the biggest impact on the net-benefits possible from government intervention. The second model was a combined hydro/economic model that represents the external costs from dryland salinity on road infrastructure. The hydrological component of the model applied the method of metamodelling to simplify a complex, simulation model to equations that could be easily included in the economic model. The key variables that have the biggest impact on net-benefits of dryland salinity mitigation were the value of the off-site asset and the time lag before the onset of dryland salinity in the absence of intervention. ... In the case study of dryland salinity management in the Date Creek subcatchment of Western Australia, the economics of vegetation-based and engineering strategies were investigated for road infrastructure. In general, the engineering strategies were more economically beneficial than vegetation-based strategies. In the case-study catchment, the cost of dryland salinity affecting roads was low relative to the cost to agricultural land. Nevertheless, some additional change in land management to reduce impacts on roads (beyond the changes justified by agricultural land alone) was found to be optimal in some cases. Reinforcing the results from the simple model, a key factor influencing the economics of dryland salinity management was the urgency of the problem. If costs from dryland salinity were not expected to occur until 30 years or more, the optimal response in the short-term was to do nothing. Overall, the study highlights the need for governments to undertake comprehensive and case-specific analysis before committing resources to the management of dryland salinity affecting roads. There were many scenarios in the modelling analysis where the benefits of interventions would not be sufficient to justify action.
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Smith, Margaret G. "Hydrogeology of the Lake Muir–Unicup Catchment, Western Australia: an ecologically important area experiencing hydrologic change." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1580.
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Identified in the Western Australian Government’s 1996 Salinity Action Plan as an important natural diversity area at risk from changing hydrology, the Lake Muir– Unicup Natural Diversity Catchment is in need of urgent management to minimise impacts to lake hydrology and vegetation health. Many of the wetlands in the south of the catchment have been designated under the Ramsar Convention as Wetlands of International Importance. Other wetlands elsewhere in the catchment have been prioritised according to the Convention guidelines and are awaiting to be officially listed.In the 1980 to 1990s changing hydrology related to land clearing was considered to result in dry-land salinisation. Although low pH groundwater was noted during the groundwater monitoring between 1997 and 2001, the implications of groundwater acidification were not realised. Groundwater acidification cannot be taken in isolation, and it quickly became apparent that a viable management plan could not be formulated until the hydrogeology and geochemistry were better understood.The aquifers present today are the result of a landscape that evolved during and since Australia and Antarctica rifted apart. The separation of these two land masses has resulted in the formation and preservation of five regolith units that make up the three aquifers: the surficial; the sedimentary; and the fractured and/or weathered basement rock aquifers. The late Eocene topography was modelled using known depth to basement rock and reprocessed airborne magnetic data, enabling the lateral and verticals extent of the aquifers to be determined.The hydraulic head data within the mapped aquifers led to the identification of a closed groundwater basin in the south of the study area with groundwater TDS values up to three times seawater.Three distinct hydrochemical facies have been recognised and in keeping with the marine aerosol signature the majority of the groundwater is a Na–Cl type water. The fractured and/or weathered basement rock aquifer in the south of the study area contains a water where the major cations are Ca and Na and is referred to as a Ca– Na–Cl type water. Anthropogenic process have resulted in the a Na–Mg–SO[subscript]4 type water associated with draining a peat swamp with the aim of mining the peat.All three aquifers contain iron rich water, and pyrite has been identified in the sedimentary aquifer and fractured and/or weathered basement rock aquifer. Of the three aquifers the sedimentary aquifer is the most likely to contain groundwaters with pH up to 6.3 that have minimal buffering capacity.
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Boggs, Dimity. "Playas of the Yarra Yarra drainage system, Western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0074.
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This thesis examines playas as integrated ecosystems, through investigation of long- and short-term processes associated with playa geomorphology, hydrology and diatom ecology, in playas of the Yarra Yarra drainage system of Western Australia. This landscape approach was conducted at a range of scales and consequently revealed a level of heterogeneity not previously described in Australian playas. The key result and common thread linking the three facets of the playas investigated is the importance of hydroperiod in defining the playa environment. The morphology and distribution of playas are described and the results presented of an examination of potential mechanisms determining intra-system variability. Measurements of the physical attributes of the playas, including length, area, shape, density and orientation, were made through Geographic Information System analysis and detailed interpretation of aerial photography. Two main morphological groups are distinguished: small (<10 ha), elliptical to circular playas with a NNW-SSE orientation; and large (>30 ha), elongated playas. Regional patterns in geomorphic attributes are markedly different between the west and east sides of the system. The boundary between the two regions coincides approximately with rainfall distribution. In this respect, climate is an overarching driver of geomorphological variation but sub-catchment characteristics are also critical determinants. Littoral drift and segmentation processes that are common to coastal lagoons but not commonly described in playas were identified from visual interpretation of aerial photographs of spits, bars and cuspate shorelines. Six small playas, representing an hydrological continuum from mostly wet to mostly dry, were selected for investigation of their hydrology and diatom ecology, enabling assessment ii of the variability of hydrology, hydrochemistry and of the effects of different hydrological environments on the distribution of taxa. Hydroperiod was highly variable and central to determining playa geomorphology and biology. In the six playas it ranged from 19 to over 211 days, and filling frequency from 1 to 3 cycles between 2002 and 2004, reflecting rainfall and sub-catchment variability. Monitoring a series of nested piezometers revealed that the playas were net discharge points for ground water over the period of survey. However, small local vertical head variations indicate ground water does not discharge at the same rate across the playa surfaces and that playas may have short-lived phases of ground water recharge. Hydrochemically, the playas are typical of salt lakes in Australia. They displayed a wide range of salinity values, neutral to alkaline pH and ionic composition similar to sea water. It is postulated that the geochemical evolution of waters in the playas follows a pathway where low salinity recharge waters with dilute sea water salts progress to Na-Cl dominated brines through evaporative concentration. Surface waters showed an ionic dominance consistent with sea water with minor variations attributed to transitional phases in the geochemical evolution of the waters. Shallow ground waters showed a common and consistent pattern of ionic dominance: Na+ >Mg2+ >K+ >Ca2+ : Cl- >SO4 2- >HCO3 ->CO3 2-.
Books on the topic "Hydrology – Australia"
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Western Australia. Environmental Protection Authority., ed. Inland waters of the Pilbara, Western Australia. Perth, W.A: Environmental Protection Authority, 1988.
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Ruprecht, J. K. Surface water resources data network strategy for Western Australia. Leederville, W.A: Surface Water Branch, Water Resources Directorate, Water Authority of Western Australia, 1994.
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Schofield, N. J. Water interactions with land use and climate in south western Australia: Presentation to the Hydrology and Forest Practice Workshop, Canberra, 13-17 November 1989. Leederville, WA: Water Authority of Western Australia, 1990.
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Hydrology, and Water Resources Symposium (18th 1988 Canberra A. C. T. ). Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium 1988: Australian National University, Canberra, 1-3 February 1988 : preprints of papers. [Barton, A.C.T.]: The Institution, 1988.
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Humphreys, L. R. Crawford Munro: A vision for Australia's water. Crows Nest, N.S.W: EA Books, 2009.
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Bren, Leon. Forest Hydrology and Catchment Management: An Australian Perspective. Springer, 2014.
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Bren, Leon. Forest Hydrology and Catchment Management: An Australian Perspective. Springer, 2016.
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Bren, Leon. Forest Hydrology and Catchment Management: An Australian Perspective. Springer, 2014.
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Bren, Leon. Forest Hydrology and Catchment Management: An Australian Perspective. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.
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J, Robinson, ed. The impact of forest thinning on the hydrology of three small catchments in the south west of Western Australia. East Perth, W.A: Water and Rivers Commission, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Hydrology – Australia"
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McQuade, Chris V., Jim T. Arthur, and Ian J. Butterworth. "Climate and hydrology." In Landscape and Vegetation Ecology of the Kakadu Region, Northern Australia, 17–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0133-9_2.
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Jones, H. A. "The influence of hydrology on freshwater mussel (Bivalvia: Hyriidae) distributions in a semi-arid river system, the Barwon-Darling River and Intersecting Streams." In Animals of Arid Australia, 132–42. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2007.046.
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Sivakumar, M., and S. Boroumand-Nasab. "Nutrient runoff modelling of an Australian urban catchment." In Water-Quality Hydrology, 81–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0393-0_6.
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Canterford, R. P., N. R. Pescod, H. J. Pearce, L. H. Turner, and R. J. Atkinson. "Frequency Analysis of Australian Rainfall Data as used for Flood Analysis and Design." In Hydrologic Frequency Modeling, 293–302. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3953-0_20.
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Baker, Victor R., Geoff Pickup, and Robert H. Webb. "Paleoflood Hydrologic Analysis at Ungaged Sites, Central and Northern Australia." In Regional Flood Frequency Analysis, 325–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3959-2_24.
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Stewardson, Michael J., Glen Walker, and Matthew Coleman. "Hydrology of the Murray–Darling Basin." In Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, 47–73. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818152-2.00003-6.
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Saha, Partha Pratim, Ketema Zeleke, and Mohsin Hafeez. "Impacts of land use and climate change on streamflow and water balance of two sub-catchments of the Murrumbidgee River in South Eastern Australia." In Extreme Hydrology and Climate Variability, 175–90. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-815998-9.00015-4.
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Stewart, B. J. "The Hydrology and Water Resources of Humid Northern Australia and Papua New Guinea." In Hydrology and Water Management in the Humid Tropics, 67–83. Cambridge University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511564468.010.
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Webb, John A., and Julia M. James. "Karst evolution of the Nullarbor Plain, Australia." In Perspectives on Karst Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Geochemistry - A Tribute Volume to Derek C. Ford and William B. White. Geological Society of America, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2006.2404(07).
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Gibbs, Matt, Klaus Joehnk, Ian Webster, and Theresa Heneker. "Hydrology and Hydrodynamics of the Lower Lakes, Coorong and Murray Mouth." In Natural History of the Coorong, Lower Lakes, and Murray Mouth region (Yarluwar-Ruwe). Royal Society of South Australia. University of Adelaide Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20851/natural-history-cllmm-2.7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Hydrology – Australia"
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Gontz, Allen, John Tibby, John Tibby, Jonathan Marshall, Jonathan Marshall, Cameron Barr, Cameron Barr, Harald Hofmann, and Harald Hofmann. "INITIAL INSIGHTS INTO THE EVOLUTION AND HYDROLOGY OF FERN GULLY, MINJERRIBAH, AUSTRALIA." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-367623.
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Tran, Nguyen Bang, Mihai A. Tanase, Lauren T. Bennett, and Cristina Aponte. "Fire-severity classification across temperate Australian forests: random forests versus spectral index thresholding." In Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology XXI, edited by Christopher M. Neale and Antonino Maltese. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2535616.
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"Continental hydrologic assessment using the 1 second (30m) resolution Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission DEM of Australia." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.e14.dowling.
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"Assessment of hydrologic impact of climate change on Ord River catchment of Western Australia for water resources planning: A multi-model ensemble approach." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.i6.islam.
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"Combining forest growth and hydrologic modelling to examine relative effects of climate and land use change: a case study in the Delegate River catchment, south-eastern Australia." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.i6.feikema.
Full textReports on the topic "Hydrology – Australia"
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Mayfield, Colin. Higher Education in the Water Sector: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/guxy9244.
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Higher education related to water is a critical component of capacity development necessary to support countries’ progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) overall, and towards the SDG6 water and sanitation goal in particular. Although the precise number is unknown, there are at least 28,000 higher education institutions in the world. The actual number is likely higher and constantly changing. Water education programmes are very diverse and complex and can include components of engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, hydrology, hydrogeology, ecology, geography, earth sciences, public health, sociology, law, and political sciences, to mention a few areas. In addition, various levels of qualifications are offered, ranging from certificate, diploma, baccalaureate, to the master’s and doctorate (or equivalent) levels. The percentage of universities offering programmes in ‘water’ ranges from 40% in the USA and Europe to 1% in subSaharan Africa. There are no specific data sets available for the extent or quality of teaching ‘water’ in universities. Consequently, insights on this have to be drawn or inferred from data sources on overall research and teaching excellence such as Scopus, the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education, the Ranking Web of Universities, the Our World in Data website and the UN Statistics Division data. Using a combination of measures of research excellence in water resources and related topics, and overall rankings of university teaching excellence, universities with representation in both categories were identified. Very few universities are represented in both categories. Countries that have at least three universities in the list of the top 50 include USA, Australia, China, UK, Netherlands and Canada. There are universities that have excellent reputations for both teaching excellence and for excellent and diverse research activities in water-related topics. They are mainly in the USA, Europe, Australia and China. Other universities scored well on research in water resources but did not in teaching excellence. The approach proposed in this report has potential to guide the development of comprehensive programmes in water. No specific comparative data on the quality of teaching in water-related topics has been identified. This report further shows the variety of pathways which most water education programmes are associated with or built in – through science, technology and engineering post-secondary and professional education systems. The multitude of possible institutions and pathways to acquire a qualification in water means that a better ‘roadmap’ is needed to chart the programmes. A global database with details on programme curricula, qualifications offered, duration, prerequisites, cost, transfer opportunities and other programme parameters would be ideal for this purpose, showing country-level, regional and global search capabilities. Cooperation between institutions in preparing or presenting water programmes is currently rather limited. Regional consortia of institutions may facilitate cooperation. A similar process could be used for technical and vocational education and training, although a more local approach would be better since conditions, regulations and technologies vary between relatively small areas. Finally, this report examines various factors affecting the future availability of water professionals. This includes the availability of suitable education and training programmes, choices that students make to pursue different areas of study, employment prospects, increasing gender equity, costs of education, and students’ and graduates’ mobility, especially between developing and developed countries. This report aims to inform and open a conversation with educators and administrators in higher education especially those engaged in water education or preparing to enter that field. It will also benefit students intending to enter the water resources field, professionals seeking an overview of educational activities for continuing education on water and government officials and politicians responsible for educational activities