Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hydrologie globale'
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Guinaldo, Thibault. "Paramétrisation de la dynamique lacustre dans un modèle de surface couplé pour une application à la prévision hydrologique à l’échelle globale." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0125.
Full textThe water cycle encompasses the main processes related to mass fluxes that influence the atmosphere and climate variability. More specifically, continental hydrology refers to the water transfer occurring at the land surface and sub-surface. Modelling is one of the main methods used for the representation of these processes at regional to global scales. The land surface model system used in this thesis is composed of the ISBA land surface model coupled to the river routing model TRIP that combines the CNRM’s latest developments for use in stand-alone hydrological applications or coupled to a climate model. This PhD is focused on the development and evaluation of lake mass-balance dynamics and water level diagnostics using a new non-calibrated model called MLake which has been incorporated into the 1/12° version of the CTRIP model. Simulated river flows forced by high resolution hydrometeorological forcings are evaluated for the Rhone river basin against in situ observations coming from three river gauges over the period 1960-2016. Results reveal the positive contribution of MLake in simulating Rhone discharge and in representing the lake buffer effects on peak discharge. Moreover, the evaluation of the simulated and observed water level variations show the ability of MLake to reproduce the natural seasonal and interannual cycles. Based on the same framework, a final evaluation was conducted in order to assess the value of the non-calibrated MLake model for global hydrological applications. The results confirmed the capability of the model to simulate realistic river discharges worldwide. At 45% of the river gauge stations, which are mostly located within regions of high lake density, the new model resulted in improved simulated river discharge. The results also highlighted the strong effect of anthropization on the alterations of river dynamics, and the need for a global representation of human-impacted flows in the model. This study has lead to several future perspectives, such as the incorporation of a parametrization of lake hypsometry for use at global scale. The implementation of such developments will improve the representation of vertical water dynamics and facilitate both the coupling of MLake within the CNRM earth system model framework and the future spatial mission SWOT for improved future global hydrological and water resource projections
Martinelli, Isabelle. "Infiltration des eaux de ruissellement pluvial et transfert de polluants associés dans un sol urbain : Vers une approche globale et pluridisciplinaire." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/1999ISAL0116/these.pdf.
Full textStorm water run-off infiltration now appears as a supplementary or alternative strategy to gravitational drainage systems. The present study sought to draw up a framework to represent pollutant transfer in such infiltration, this phenomenon being governed by various physical, chemical and biological processes. Study of the literature was able on the one hand to specify urban storm water run-off pollution, and, on the other, to identify the various possible processes undergone or induced during infiltration in the sail. Lt was noted that experimentation in this area requires certain extra input, whether, at laboratory level, for studying interactions effects between several pollutants and several processes, or, in the field, for a better account of soil heterogeneity and of integration of various elementary phenomena. Nevertheless, the state of knowledge regarding these levels and various scientific areas made it possible to identify the main parameters seeming to govern pollutant transfer. A representation was drawn up of the soil underlying a storm water run-off infiltration system, and a experimental framework proposed both to validate and to enhance the present model
Vergnes, Jean-Pierre. "Développement d'une modélisation hydrologique incluant la représentation des aquifères : évaluation sur la France et à l'échelle globale." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00989151.
Full textCampoy, Aurélien. "Influence de l'hydrologie souterraine sur la modélisation du climat à l'échelle régionale et globale." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00934826.
Full textGarry, Gérald. "Le risque d'inondation en France : recherche d'une approche globale du risque d'inondation et de sa traduction cartographique dans une perspective de prévention." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010576.
Full textThis search is an analysis of the risk of flood in its whole; it stresses the importance of teledetection and cartography. It will go through, in historical dynamic, a range of different space and time analysis : - natural and anthropic factors participating to the formation of the floods and the swellings of rivers. - the impact of such floods on the geographical environment, on its activities, goods and people. - the grading of these studies and cartography will enable us to define zones of vulnerability according to the land occupancy. - measures of prevention and management necessary to determine. Thus, this research intends to show that this risk is a consequence of numerous interactions, the different parts of which belong to various scientific or technical fields, and that a sensible approach of its mecanisms can only be made through general and interdisciplinary approach. It is also meant - by the choice of the examples given - to be the attempt of a synthesis of the main situations which can be seen in France
Campoy, Aurélien. "Influence de l'hydrologie souterraine sur la modélisation du climat à l'échelle régionale et globale." Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066061.
Full textGeneral Circulation Models (GCM) are tools which allow studying climate at large scale. Water and energy budget over continental surface are calculated by Land Surface Model (LSM). Interest on using a sophistical LSM to simulate earth climate grew up last years, in particular in transition area, where evaporation is limited on one side by energy and on other side by available water. The instrumented site of SIRTA observes many atmospheric variables and allows validating a climate model on one point. The SIRTA have also soil moisture data which are used for the first time in this thesis. These data reveal a shallow water table, according to geophysical campaign conducted during this thesis. Data from SIRTA are confronted to regional simulations produced with the LSM ORCHIDEE coupled to an atmospheric model. We develop the possibility to impose a water table in the soil modeled by ORCHIDEE, which allows maintaining evaporation during summer at the SIRTA, according to observations. We explore different hydrologic hypothesis which conduct to an evaporation increase at Western European scale and also involve precipitation increase and air cooling. Theses hypothesis are also tested in global simulations to study effects on climate and on climate change due to an increase of greenhouse gases
Decharme, Bertrand. "Développement et validation d'une modélisation hydrologique globale incluant les effets sous maille et la représentation des zones inondées." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00518491.
Full textAl-Yaari, Amen Mohammed. "Global-scale evaluation of a hydrological variable measured from space : SMOS satellite remote sensing soil moisture products." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066678/document.
Full textSoil moisture (SM) plays a key role in meteorology, hydrology, and ecology as it controls the evolution of various hydrological and energy balance processes. The community of scientists involved in the field of microwave remote sensing has made considerable efforts to build accurate estimates of surface SM (SSM), and global SSM datasets derived from active and passive microwave instruments have recently become available. Among them, SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), launched in 2009, was the first ever passive satellite specifically designed to measure the SSM, at L-band (1.4 GHz), at the global scale. Validation of the SMOS SSM datasets over different climatic regions and environmental conditions is extremely important and a necessary step before they can be used. A better knowledge of the skill and uncertainties of the SSM retrievals will help not only to improve the individual products, but also to optimize the fusion schemes required to create long-term multi-sensor products, like the essential climate variable (ECV) SSM product generated within the European Space Agency’s (ESA's) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program. After the introductory Chapters I to III, this dissertation consists of three main parts. Chap. IV of the dissertation evaluates the passive SMOS level 3 (SMOSL3) SSM products at L-band against the passive AMSR-E SSM at C-band by comparing them with a Land Data Assimilation System estimates (SM-DAS-2) produced by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). This was achieved over the common period 2010-2011 between SMOS and AMSR-E, using classical metrics (Correlation, RMSD, and Bias). In parallel, Chap. V of the dissertation evaluates the passive SMOSL3 products against the active ASCAT SSM at C-band by comparing them with land surface model simulations (MERRA-Land) using classical metrics, advanced statistical methods (triple collocation), and the Hovmöller diagram over the period 2010-2012. These two evaluations indicated that vegetation density (parameterized here by the leaf area index LAI) is a key factor to interpret the consistency between SMOS and the other remotely sensed products. This effect of the vegetation has been quantified for the first time at the global scale for the three microwave sensors. These two chapters also showed that both SMOS and ASCAT (AMSR-E) had complementary performances and, thus, have a potential for datasets fusion into long-term SSM records. In Chap. VI of the dissertation, with the general purpose to extend back the SMOSL3 SSM time series and to produce an homogeneous SM product over 2003-2014 based on SMOS and AMSR-E, we investigated the use of a multiple linear regression model based on bi-polarization (horizontal and vertical) brightness temperatures (TB) observations obtained from AMSR-E (2003 - 2011). The regression coefficients were calibrated using SMOSL3 SSM as a reference over the 2010-2011 period. The resulting merged SSM dataset was evaluated against an AMSR-E SSM retrievals and modelled SSM products (MERRA-Land) over 2007-2009. These first results show that the multi-linear regression method is a robust and simple approach to produce a realistic SSM product in terms of temporal variation and absolute values. In conclusion, this PhD showed that the potential synergy between the passive (AMSR-E and SMOS) and active (ASCAT) microwave systems at global scale is very promising for the development of improved, long-term SSM time series at global scale, such as those pursued by the ESA’s CCI program. It also provides new ideas on the way to merge the different SSM datasets with the aim of producing the CCI (phase 2) long-term series (a coherent "SMOS-AMSR-E" SSM time series for the period 2003 -2014), that will be evaluated further in the framework of on-going ESA projects
Al-Yaari, Amen Mohammed. "Global-scale evaluation of a hydrological variable measured from space : SMOS satellite remote sensing soil moisture products." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066678.pdf.
Full textSoil moisture (SM) plays a key role in meteorology, hydrology, and ecology as it controls the evolution of various hydrological and energy balance processes. The community of scientists involved in the field of microwave remote sensing has made considerable efforts to build accurate estimates of surface SM (SSM), and global SSM datasets derived from active and passive microwave instruments have recently become available. Among them, SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), launched in 2009, was the first ever passive satellite specifically designed to measure the SSM, at L-band (1.4 GHz), at the global scale. Validation of the SMOS SSM datasets over different climatic regions and environmental conditions is extremely important and a necessary step before they can be used. A better knowledge of the skill and uncertainties of the SSM retrievals will help not only to improve the individual products, but also to optimize the fusion schemes required to create long-term multi-sensor products, like the essential climate variable (ECV) SSM product generated within the European Space Agency’s (ESA's) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program. After the introductory Chapters I to III, this dissertation consists of three main parts. Chap. IV of the dissertation evaluates the passive SMOS level 3 (SMOSL3) SSM products at L-band against the passive AMSR-E SSM at C-band by comparing them with a Land Data Assimilation System estimates (SM-DAS-2) produced by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). This was achieved over the common period 2010-2011 between SMOS and AMSR-E, using classical metrics (Correlation, RMSD, and Bias). In parallel, Chap. V of the dissertation evaluates the passive SMOSL3 products against the active ASCAT SSM at C-band by comparing them with land surface model simulations (MERRA-Land) using classical metrics, advanced statistical methods (triple collocation), and the Hovmöller diagram over the period 2010-2012. These two evaluations indicated that vegetation density (parameterized here by the leaf area index LAI) is a key factor to interpret the consistency between SMOS and the other remotely sensed products. This effect of the vegetation has been quantified for the first time at the global scale for the three microwave sensors. These two chapters also showed that both SMOS and ASCAT (AMSR-E) had complementary performances and, thus, have a potential for datasets fusion into long-term SSM records. In Chap. VI of the dissertation, with the general purpose to extend back the SMOSL3 SSM time series and to produce an homogeneous SM product over 2003-2014 based on SMOS and AMSR-E, we investigated the use of a multiple linear regression model based on bi-polarization (horizontal and vertical) brightness temperatures (TB) observations obtained from AMSR-E (2003 - 2011). The regression coefficients were calibrated using SMOSL3 SSM as a reference over the 2010-2011 period. The resulting merged SSM dataset was evaluated against an AMSR-E SSM retrievals and modelled SSM products (MERRA-Land) over 2007-2009. These first results show that the multi-linear regression method is a robust and simple approach to produce a realistic SSM product in terms of temporal variation and absolute values. In conclusion, this PhD showed that the potential synergy between the passive (AMSR-E and SMOS) and active (ASCAT) microwave systems at global scale is very promising for the development of improved, long-term SSM time series at global scale, such as those pursued by the ESA’s CCI program. It also provides new ideas on the way to merge the different SSM datasets with the aim of producing the CCI (phase 2) long-term series (a coherent "SMOS-AMSR-E" SSM time series for the period 2003 -2014), that will be evaluated further in the framework of on-going ESA projects
Bilodeau, Karine. "Intégration du contrôle en temps réel des bassins d'orage dans une stratégie globale d'adaptation aux changements climatiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30267.
Full textArboleda-Obando, Pedro Felipe. "Feedback from groundwater and irrigation on past and future climate simulated by the IPSL climate model." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS045.
Full textContinental fluxes play an important role in the water cycle, and in the evolution of climate at different time scales. It is particularly interesting to note the control that soil moisture can exert on evapotranspiration, since an anomaly of the former can induce a change of the latter. This produces changes in the seasonal and long-term evolution of climatic variables such as precipitation and temperature. The coupling between soil moisture and evapotranspiration, and their effects on climate, have led to focus on those landscape factors that have some effect on soil moisture. This study focuses on two: downward hillslope flows (surface and subsurface) caused by topography, of natural origin, and water transfers for irrigation activities, of human origin. One of the tools for studying climate is the use of general circulation models, consisting of an atmospheric model and a land surface model. Land surface models, although increasingly complex, have limited or no representation of the effect of topography on land surface fluxes and of the anthropogenic effects on water resources. The objective of this thesis is to understand the effect of each landscape driver on terrestrial fluxes and on present and future climate, using the ORCHIDEE land surface model, which is part of the IPSL climate model. The first part of this thesis uses a simple representation of hillslope flows within ORCHIDEE. The typical model grid-cell is divided into an upland and lowland zone to represent the topography, with the lowland fraction being potentially wetter. LMDZOR, which couples ORCHIDEE to the IPSL atmospheric model, known as LMDZ, was used to run two long-term simulations (between 1980 and 2100) under climate change, with and without hillslope flow. The results show increases in soil moisture and evapotranspiration, a slight increase in rainfall and lower air temperature. Under climate change, hillslope flows attenuate part of the climate change-induced decreases in soil moisture, evapotranspiration and precipitation, and slightly decrease warming. In the second part, an irrigation scheme was implemented in ORCHIDEE, for use at global scale. The water demand is calculated according to the soil moisture deficit and the irrigated area, and the supply depends on natural reservoirs under two constraints: a volume left available for ecosystems (ecological flow) and water allocation according to existing local infrastructure. The new scheme was tested in offline mode, (forced with meteorological data). Comparison with observed data shows that including irrigation decreases negative modeling biases for evapotranspiration, but increases positive biases for leaf area index (except in intensively irrigated areas, where the negative bias of leaf area index decreases). Likewise, irrigation decreases the discharge of large rivers, but this does not lead to a better representation of discharge dynamics compared to observations. The results show that landscape drivers increase certain fluxes of the water and energy balances, and in the case of hillslope flows, attenuates part of the decreases due to climate change. In the case of irrigation, online simulations are needed to know its effect on the evolution of hydroclimatic variables under climate change. In addition, considering the joint effects of the two landscape drivers is necessary, which calls for including hillslope flows and irrigation in a new version of ORCHIDEE
Heberger, Matthew. "Improved observation of the global water cycle with satellite remote sensing and neural network modeling." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS012.
Full textSatellite remote sensing is commonly used to observe the hydrologic cycle at spatial scales ranging from river basins to the globe. Yet, it remains difficult to obtain a balanced water budget using remote sensing data, which highlights the errors and uncertainties in earth observation (EO) data. This research aimed to improve estimates of precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, and total water storage change at the global scale using a combination of analytical methods (optimal interpolation, OI) and statistical modeling methods including neural networks (NN). Models were trained on a set of 1,358~river basins and validated them on an independent set of 340~basins and in-situ observations of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and river discharge. The models are extended to make pixel-scale predictions in 0.5° grid cells for near-global coverage. Calibrated datasets result in lower water budget residuals in validation basins: the mean and standard deviation of the imbalance is 11±44 mm/mo when calculated with uncorrected EO data and 0.03±24 mm/mo after calibration by the NN models. The results allow us to make more accurate estimates of missing water cycle components, for example to estimate evapotranspiration in un-instrumented areas, or to predict discharge in ungaged basins. The results can also indicate to data producers where their products seem incoherent with other datasets and where enhanced calibration could lead to improvements. Finally, this research demonstrates the use of neural networks and machine learning for the integration of satellite data and for the study of the water cycle
Schneider, Ana Claudia. "Estimation of the base flow time constant for global scale applications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066132.
Full textThe base flow time constant (τ) represents the mean amount of time the groundwater takes to reach the stream from the recharge zone in a given watershed. τ is a key element to simulate base flow in simple groundwater models as ORCHIDEE. τ was estimated at global scale based on a solution of the Boussinesq equation for unconfined sloping aquifers. τ depends on the effective porosity, transmissivity, aquifer slope, and drainage density (δ). When estimated from global available datasets, τ results are overestimated when compared to recession analysis results. A sensitivity analysis showed that transmissivity and δ are the main uncertainty sources of τ. A river network extraction based on lithology, climate, slope, and observed δ allowed to obtain δ values close to reference data and spatially variable at regional scale. The use of a new δ and the combination of two hydraulic conductivity datasets of soil and aquifer reduced τ of two orders of magnitude, however the values remained overestimated. The use of τ in ORCHIDEE land surface model showed a strong sensitivity of the river discharge buffer effect to τ, which worsen simulated river discharge when compared to observations. This methodology needs more adequate porosity and transmissivity values when compared to global available datasets that will result in close results to observed river discharge
Reidy, Liermann Catherine. "Ecohydrologic impacts of dams : A global assessment." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Univ, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1394.
Full textSmith, Yvonne. "Nestlé and the Global Water Governance Arena." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-144085.
Full textSmith, Katie A. "Investigating uncertainty in global hydrology modelling." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31875/.
Full textPerrin, Charles. "Vers une amélioration d'un modèle global pluie-débit." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006216.
Full textKittavong, Sisouvanh. "Exploration de nouvelles structures de modélisation hydrologique globale conceptuelle." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66670.
Full textMany hydrologic models were developed in the last few decades. They should be capable of simulating all of the catchments but, in practice, their performance is dependent on the geology and climate, so no model structure is suitable for all modeling tasks. This doctoral thesis aims at proposing a model selection method, from a grand pool of candidates, which accounts for the identification of a pool of successful models in diversified climates conditions and the selection of appropriate models for the catchment climatic conditions (arid, humid, and continental) and modeling objectives (high, medium and low flows). It is based on 1446 models constructed using the Ensemble Multistructure Framework (EMF) and 100 climatically diversified American catchments. The focus of this study is to value flexible modeling approaches to identify successful models for a variety of climates. The model selection is first based on the individual performance of the 1446 models, comparing them to a reference model (GR4J). A pool of 80 diversified models is then identified for further investigation. To evaluate the impact of climate and metric on model performance, the 80 preselected models are evaluated on the three types of climates and three modeling objectives. At the end, four new lumped conceptual hydrologic models are tailored for specific climate and flow conditions. Hydrological modeling remains imperfect due to a large number of uncertainties, particularly related to the description of rainfall-flow transformation by hydrological model structures. The multimodel approach is an alternative solution, because the combination of existing models gives better results than individual ones. The diversity of model structures touches one of the first principles of the operation of a multimodel is the compensation of the errors to improve the performances. The 80 preselected models and the Backward Greedy Selection (BGS) algorithm are then used to select the models set to combine. Tests are performed on six optimizations (MCRPS, KGEsqrt, Mlogs, NRD, PIT and RDmse). Results show that, the optimization by the MCRPS is most interesting when compare to other criterions.
Broxton, Patrick. "Improving Distributed Hydrologic Modeling and Global Land Cover Data." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/307009.
Full textKrewson, Corey Nicholas. "Near Real-Time Flood Forecasts from Global Hydrologic Forecasting Models." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7476.
Full textYapo, Patrice O., Hoshin Vijai Gupta, and Soroosh Sorooshian. "A multiobjective global optimization algorithm with application to calibration of hydrologic models." Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/615704.
Full textDuan, Qingyun. "A global optimization strategy for efficient and effective calibration of hydrologic models." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185655.
Full textYapo, Patrice Ogou 1967. "A multiobjective global optimization algorithm with application to calibration of hydrologic models." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290649.
Full textWei, Xi. "A modelling approach to diagnose the impacts of global changes on hydrology, suspended sediment and organic carbon in an Asian tropical basin : the case of the Red River (China and Vietnam)." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0109.
Full textThe Asian river basins are great contributors to sediments and organic carbon to the seas. However, these river basins are subject to the influence of climate variability and human activities, which alters the transport and fate of water and associated matter in rivers, and then modifies the coastal biochemical processes. The Red River is a representative Asian river basin and plays an important role in the economy and agriculture in China and Vietnam. However, lack of data sharing between countries and difficulty in in-situ observations and samplings, make the studythrough the whole basin difficult both spatially and temporally. In order to overcome these issues and better understand the water resources and matters transfer dynamics, interactive use of insitu measurements, remote sensing observations and numerical modellings are necessary. Thiswork proposed a modelling approach to simulate the transfer dynamics of water, suspended sediment (SS) and organic carbon at a daily scale in the Red River, and to understand and quantify their responses to the impacts of climate variability and dam constructions. The physicalbased SWAT model, combining the remote sensing data, was used in this study to simulate the water regime and suspended sediment. Six dams (two were operated before the study period and the other four started operation since 2008) were implemented in this model. The model was calibrated based on observed discharge (Q) and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) datafrom 2000 to 2013 at five gauge stations (the outlets of the main tributaries and of the continent basin) at a daily time step. After Q and SSC calibrated under actual conditions, a scenario ofnatural conditions (without any dams inside the basin) was modelled to disentangle and quantify the impacts of climate variability and dams on Q and sediment fluxes (SF). Dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC, POC) were calibrated based on observed Q, SSC and in-situ organic carbon sampling data. According to these relationships, the organic carbon concentrations and fluxes under actual and natural conditions are calculated, in order to further quantify the impacts of climate variability and dams on DOC and POC transfer. This study highlighted the strong impacts of dams on sediment fluxes (-80%) and organic carbon (POC, -85%; DOC, -13%), and the impacts of climate variability on Q (-9%). Without dams, the Red River basin would have a high specific sediment yield (779 t km-2 yr-1) compared to other Asian river basins, though its sediment export was low compared to them. The high soil erosion due to precipitation, slope and agricultural practice in the middle part of the basin is the main factor contributing to the specific sediment yield. The specific yields of DOC (1.62 t km2 yr-1) and POC (2.96 t km2 yr-1) of the RedRiver basin were more than twice those of other Asian basins. Soil organic carbon content and high soil erosion and leaching were the main influencing factors. The percentage of POC in total organic carbon (TOC) decreased from 86% to 74% until 2007 then to 47% with new dams. Damconstructions altered the TOC yield and POC/TOC ratio. Furthermore, simple rating curves between monthly mean Q and SF were established in this study for estimating SF at the outlet of the tributaries and the Red River, which enables stakeholders to estimate the monthly SF without using the SWAT model. Future studies on other nutrients and contaminants transfer and global changes can be carried on based on this modelling
Nguyen, Chi Cong. "Improvement of Bayesian MCMC approaches for regional flood frequency analyses." Phd thesis, UNIVERSITÉ DE NANTES, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00851169.
Full textHameed, Maysoun Ayad. "Evaluating Global Sensitivity Analysis Methods for Hydrologic Modeling over the Columbia River Basin." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2398.
Full textWidén-Nilsson, Elin. "Global-Scale Modelling of the Land-Surface Water Balance : Development and Analysis of WASMOD-M." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8352.
Full textWater is essential for all life on earth. Global population increase and climate change are projected to increase the water stress, which already today is very high in many areas of the world. The differences between the largest and smallest global runoff estimates exceed the highest continental runoff estimates. These differences, which are caused by different modelling and measurement techniques together with large natural variabilities need to be further addressed. This thesis focuses on global water balance models that calculate global runoff, evaporation and water storage from precipitation and other climate data.
A new global water balance model, WASMOD-M was developed. Already when tuned against the volume error it reasonable produced within-year runoff patterns, but the volume error was not enough to confine the model parameter space. The parameter space and the simulated hydrograph could be better confined with, e.g., the Nash criterion. Calibration against snow-cover data confined the snow parameters better, although some equifinality still persisted. Thus, even the simple WASMOD-M showed signs of being overparameterised.
A simple regionalisation procedure that only utilised proximity contributed to calculate a global runoff estimate in line with earlier estimations. The need for better specifications of global runoff estimates was highlighted.
Global modellers depend on global data-sets that can have low quality in many areas. Major sources of uncertainty are precipitation and river regulation. A new routing method that utilises high-resolution flow network information in low-resolution calculations was developed and shown to perform well over all spatial scales, while the standard linear reservoir routing decreased in performance with decreasing resolution. This algorithm, called aggregated time-delay-histogram routing, is intended for inclusion in WASMOD-M.
Boé, Julien. "Changement global et cycle hydrologique: Une étude de régionalisation sur la France." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00256811.
Full textUne méthode de désagrégation statistique, basée sur le concept de type de temps, est développée et mise en œuvre afin de régionaliser un ensemble de scénarios climatiques pour forcer un modèle hydro-météorologique. Des impacts sévères sont visibles dès le milieu du 21ème siècle, avec notamment une forte diminution des débits moyens en été et automne, et une large augmentation du nombre de jours d'étiage.
D'autres méthodes de désagrégation sont utilisées afin de tester la sensibilité des résultats
au choix de la méthode: celle-ci s'avère limitée. La principale source d'incertitude
réside en fait dans le choix du modèle climatique. Nous essayons pour finir de mieux comprendre les raisons physiques de cette dispersion des scénarios climatiques sur l'Europe.
Boe, Julien. "Changement global et cycle hydrologique : une étude de régionalisation sur la France." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/227/.
Full textAs most of Europe, France might undergo severe climate changes during the 21st century. In this thesis we study the impacts of these changes on the hydrological cycle, at the scale of the French river basins. A statistical downscaling method, based on the concept on weather types is built and applied to regionalize an ensemble of climate scenarios in order to force an hydro-meteorological model. Severe impacts occur as soon as the middle of the 21st century, characterized by a strong decrease of mean river flows and a great increase in the occurrence of low-flow. Other downscaling methods are used in order to test the sensivity of the results to the choice of the method: this sensivity is limited. Actually, the main source of uncertainty lies in the choice of the climate model. To finish, we try to better understand the reasons for the spread of the climate change scenarios over Europe
Boe, Julien Terray Laurent Habets Florence. "Changement global et cycle hydrologique une étude de régionalisation sur la France /." Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3), 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/227.
Full textKauffeldt, Anna. "Disinformative and Uncertain Data in Global Hydrology : Challenges for Modelling and Regionalisation." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-236864.
Full textVatten är en förutsättning för människors och ekosystems hälsa, men befolkningsökning och förändringar av klimat och markanvändning förväntas öka trycket på vattenresurserna i många regioner i världen. För att kunna säkerställa en god tillgång till vatten krävs kunskap om hur dessa resurser varierar i tid och rum. Tillförlitligheten hos skattningar av globala vattenresurser begränsas dock både av begränsad tillgänglighet av och kvalitet hos observerade data. Denna avhandling utforskar kvaliteten av såväl observations- som modellbaserade data, ger en överblick över modeller som används för storskalig hydrologisk modellering och utforskar möjligheterna att förutsäga varaktighetskurvor som ett sätt att hantera bristen på data i många områden. Utvärderingen av observationsbaserade datas kvalitet baserades på hydrografiska data och driv- och utvärderingsdata för storskaliga hydrologiska modeller. Resultaten visade att en uppsättning data över hydrografin baserad på GIS-polygoner representerade avrinningsområdesareorna bättre än alla de som byggde på rutor. En metod baserad på långtidsvattenbalansen identifierade att kombinationen av drivdata (nederbörd och potentiell avdunstning) och utvärderingsdata (vattenföring) var fysiskt orimlig för så många som 8–43 % av de analyserade avrinningsområdena beroende på hur olika datauppsättningar kombinerades. Sådana data kan vara desinformativa för slutsatser som dras av resultat från hydrologiska modeller och analyser. Kvaliteten hos hydrologiskt viktiga variabler från en numerisk väderprognosmodell utvärderades dels genom jämförelser med observationsdata och dels genom analys av landytans vattenbudget för ett flertal olika modellvarianter. Resultaten visade obalanser mellan långtidsvärden av nederbörd och avdunstning i global skala och mellan långtidsvärden av nederbörd, avdunstning och avrinning i både modellrute- och avrinningsområdesskala. Dessa obalanser skulle till stor del kunna förklaras av den data assimilering som görs, i vilken markvattenlagret används som en justeringsfaktor för att förbättra väderprognoserna. Regionalisering, som innebär en överföring av information från områden med god tillgång på mätdata till områden med otillräcklig tillgång, är i många fall nödvändig för hydrologisk analys på grund av att mätdata saknas i många områden. I denna avhandling utforskades möjligheten att förutsäga varaktighetskurvor för avrinningsområden utan vattenföringsdata genom flera metoder inklusive maskininlärning. Resultaten var blandade med en del kurvor som förutsas väl, och andra kurvor som visade stora systematiska avvikelser. Flera metoder resulterade i orealistiska kurvor (ickemonotona eller med negativa värden).
Kouame, Brou. "Adéquation de différents modèles globaux pluie-débit pour déterminer les apports en eau dans les zones de transition et de forêt de la Côte - d'Ivoire : essai de régionalisation des paramètres." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20249.
Full textProbst, Jean-Luc. "Géochimie et hydrologie de l'érosion continentale : mécanismes, bilan global actuel et fluctuations au cours des 500 derniers millions d'années /." Strasbourg : Institut de géologie, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb356968656.
Full textPayan, Jean-Luc. "Prise en compte de barrages-réservoirs dans un modèle global pluie-débit." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003555.
Full textMagand, Claire. "Influence de la représentation des processus nivaux sur l'hydrologie de la Durance et sa réponse au changement climatique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01027409.
Full textAshby, Kyler Ralph. "GEOGloWS HydroViewer: Open Software-as-a-Service for Localizing Global Hydrologic Forecasts of the Group on Earth Observations Global Water Sustainability Initiative." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2021. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8912.
Full textHamlet, Alan F. "Hydrologic implications of 20th century warming and climate variability in the western U.S. /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10132.
Full textBaptista, Marcio. "Contribution à l'étude de la propagation de crues en hydrologie." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1990. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00568722.
Full textMagand, Claire. "Influence de la représentation des processus nivaux sur l'hydrologie de la Durance et sa réponse au changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066398.
Full textThe Durance watershed, located in the French Alps, generates 10% of French hydropower and provides drinking water to about 3 million people. The upstream part of this catchment, where snowfall accounts for more than 50% of the precipitation, is responsible for almost half of the total runoff whereas it accounts for only 25% of the area. To assess the impacts of climate change on the water resources, hydrological models are now commonly used. The snow cover is, however, difficult to simulate because it is highly variable in both space and time. Therefore, special attention has been given to understanding the snow processes in this alpine environment, and to their representation in a land surface model, the CLSM. The analysis of snow-cover extent and height observations has lead us to modify the snow scheme of the CLSM, by introducing a hysteresis in the snow depletion curve. Then, we quantified the possible evolution of the Durance hydrosystem using 330 climate change scenarios. The results of the CLSM are compared with those of five other hydrological models. All models are in agreement in predicting a significant reduction of discharge with some different modifications of the hydrological regime depending on the different zones of the catchment. Uncertainties remain important concerning the magnitude of discharge changes, mainly due to the climatic scenarios. The uncertainty related to hydrological modelling is indeed low but varies depending on the season. This highlights some of the difficulties in using hydrological models to correctly represent snow processes and evapotranspiration processes especially under water stress
Hough-Snee, Nathaniel. "Relationships between Riparian Vegetation, Hydrology, Climate and Disturbance across the Western United States." Thesis, Utah State University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10154374.
Full textFlow regime, the magnitude, duration and timing of streamflow, controls the development of floodplain landforms on which riparian vegetation communities assemble. Streamflow scours and deposits sediment, structures floodplain soil moisture dynamics, and transports propagules. Flow regime interacts with environmental gradients like climate, land-use, and biomass-removing disturbance to shape riparian plant distributions across landscapes. These gradients select for groups of riparian plant species with traits that allow them to establish, grow, and reproduce on floodplains – riparian vegetation guilds. Here I ask, what governs the distributions of groups of similar riparian plant species across landscapes? To answer this question, I identify relationships between riparian vegetation guilds and communities and environmental gradients across the American West. In Chapter One, I discuss guild-based classification in the context of community ecology and streams. In Chapter Two, I identified five woody riparian vegetation guilds across the interior Columbia and upper Missouri River Basins, USA, based on species’ traits and morphological attributes. I modeled guild occurrence across environmental gradients, including climate, disturbance, channel form attributes that reflect hydrology, and relationships between guilds. I found guilds’ distributions were related to hydrology, disturbance, and competitive or complementary interactions (niche partitioning) between co-occurring guilds. In Chapter Three, I examine floodplain riparian vegetation across the American West, identifying how hydrology, climate, and floodplain alteration shape riparian vegetation communities and their guilds. I identified eight distinct plant communities ranging from high elevation mixed conifer forests to gallery cottonwood forests to Tamarisk-dominated novel shrublands. I aggregated woody species into four guilds based on their traits and morphological attributes: an evergreen tree guild, a mesoriparian shrub guild, a mesoriparian tree guild, and a drought and hydrologic disturbance tolerant shrub guild. Communities and guilds’ distributions were governed by climate directly, and indirectly as mediated through streamflow. In Chapter Four, I discuss the utility of guild-based assessments of riparian vegetation, current limitations to these approaches, and potential future applications of the riparian vegetation guild concept to floodplain conservation and management. The classification of vegetation into functional trait-based guilds provides a flexible, framework from which to understand riparian biogeography, complementing other models frameworks for riparian vegetation.
Emmanuel, Isabelle. "Evaluation de l'apport de la mesure de pluie par radar météorologique pour la modélisation pluie-débit de petits bassins versants." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00709754.
Full textProbst, Jean-Luc. "Geochimie et hydrologie de l'erosion continentale. Mecanismes, bilan global actuel et fluctuations au cours des 500 derniers millions d'annees." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR13145.
Full textWaibel, Michael Scott. "Model Analysis of the Hydrologic Response to Climate Change in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/45.
Full textSaadi, Mohamed. "Représentation de l’urbanisation dans la modélisation hydrologique à l’échelle du bassin versant." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS374.
Full textIn order to determine the hydrological impact of future urban development, hydrological modeling is very useful because it allows obtaining hydrological scenarios from urbanization scenarios by considering climate variability. Despite the current diversity of applicable hydrological models to urbanized catchments, those models were generally tested on few catchments, which raises the question of their robustness. The objective of this thesis is to look for a hydrological model structure that is able to reproduce the rainfall-runoff relationship for a large sample of urbanized catchments, located in France and the United States, and characterized by a wide variety of urban sprawl. To do so, we started from an hourly conceptual model structure (GR4H) which was not specifically developed nor tested on highly urbanized catchments. We followed four steps: (1) The collection and preparation of a large sample of data for more than 2000 catchments located in France and the United States. The analysis of the variability of event runoff ratio for 852 US catchments showed the dependence of catchment response not only on mean total impervious area (TIA), but also on antecedent soil moisture conditions regardless of the level of urban sprawl in the catchment; (2) The test of the starting model structure on highly urbanized catchments. This step showed the ability of GR4H parameters to reflect the behavioral specificities of urbanized catchments; (3) The regionalization of GR4H parameters in order to relate them to the fraction of urban cover in the catchment. The obtained regression relationships performed well but showed weak sensitivity to change in the fraction of urban cover, which impeded their use for scenario prediction; (4) The step-by-step modification of the GR4H model structure by including excess rainfall on impervious surfaces, and by varying the partitioning between quick flow and slow flow depending on each catchment. The evaluation of these modifications on 273 urbanized catchments indicated an improvement in reproducing the observed flows in comparison to the original structure, especially during dry and flooding periods. The added parameters showed a strong dependence on the mean total impervious area. This thesis work illustrates a constructive modeling approach by which we have succeeded in both (1) improving the representation of urbanization within the model and (2) obtaining better simulation of catchment response. An effort of regionalizing the new model structure using measures of urban landscape fragmentation will allow to better estimate the impact of different urban planning schemes on the hydrological behavior at the catchment scale
Freedman, Vicky Lynn 1963. "Erosion parameter identification in overland flow areas: Application of a global and local search algorithm." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278533.
Full textGrogan, Danielle Sarah. "Global and regional assessments of unsustainable groundwater use in irrigated agriculture." Thesis, University of New Hampshire, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10117670.
Full textGroundwater is an essential input to agriculture world-wide, but it is clear that current rates of groundwater use are unsustainable in the long term. This dissertation assesses both current use of groundwater for country- to global-scale agriculture, and looks at the future of groundwater. The focus is on 1) quantifying food directly produced as a result of groundwater use across spatially-varying agricultural systems, 2) projecting future groundwater demands with consideration of climate change and human decision-making, and 3) understanding the system dynamics of groundwater re-use through surface water systems. All three are addressed using a process-based model designed to simulate both natural and human-impacted water systems.
Irrigation can significantly increase crop production. Chapter 1 combines a hydrology model (WBM) with a crop model to quantify current crop production that is directly attributed to groundwater irrigation in China. Unsustainably-sourced groundwater — defined as groundwater extracted in excess of recharge — accounted for a quarter of China’s crop production, and had significant spatial variability. Climate variability and groundwater demand magnified one another in hot and dry years, causing increased irrigation demand at the same time as limited surface water supplies.
Human decisions about water resource management can impact both the demand and sustainability of groundwater use. Chapter 2 takes an interdisciplinary approach to projecting India’s future (to 2050) groundwater demands, combining hydrology and econometric modeling. The econometric model projects how humans make decisions to expand or contract the irrigated land area of crops in response to climate change. Even in areas with precipitation increases, human decisions to expand irrigated areas led to increasing demands for groundwater. We additionally assessed the potential impact of a large water infrastructure project to alleviate groundwater demands in India, and found that maximum alleviation (up to 16%) was dependent upon the storage volume and location of new reservoirs.
One proposed method for reducing the world’s demand for groundwater is to increase the efficiency of agricultural water use. However, these same inefficiencies cause a portion of extracted groundwater to enter surface water systems; it can then be reused, creating a complex system in which groundwater demand does not linearly decline with increased water use efficiency. Chapter 3 quantifies the amount of groundwater that enters surface water systems, the number of times this water is reused for agriculture, and the minimum amount of groundwater required by current agricultural systems in the hypothetical scenario of perfect irrigation efficiency.
Al, Nazer Safaa. "Sur la modélisation du transport réactif dans les réserves d’eaux potables." Thesis, Littoral, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020DUNK0566.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the study of reactive transport in water reserves. It is structured in two distinct parts : the first deals with the development of chemical solvers and the second with the mathematical study of a class of models describing flows in shallow water interacting with the surface water. In the first part of the work, we focus on the numerical resolution of thermodynamic equilibria which lead to complex and very badly conditioned nonlinear systems. In this work, we combine aparticular formulation of the chemical equilibrium system, called the method of positive continuous fractions, with two iterative numerical methods, the Anderson Acceleration method and vector extrapolation methods, namely the MPE (minimal polynomial extrapolation) and RRE (reduced rank extrapolation) methods.The main advantage of these approaches is to avoid forming the Jacobian matrix and thus to avoid problems linked to bad conditioning of the matrix. Numerical tests are performed, especially on the test case of gallic acid and on the reference 1D case of the MoMas benchmark. These tests illustrate the great efficiency of this approach compared to classical solutions resulting from the Newton-Raphson method. In the second part of the thesis, we introduce and study Richards-Dupuit type models to describe flows in shallow aquifers. The idea is to couple the two main types of flows in the aquifer : that of the unsaturated part with that of the saturated part. The first is described by the classic Richardsproblem in the upper capillary fringe. The second results from Dupuit’s approximation after vertical integration of the conservation laws between the bottom of the aquifer and the saturation interface. The final model consists of a strongly coupled system of parabolic type pde which are defined on a time dependent domain. We show how taking into account the low compressibility of the fluid makes it possible to eliminate the degeneration in the time derivative term of the Richards equation.Then we use the general framework of parabolic equations in non-cylindrical domains introduced by Lions to give a global existence result in time. We present the mathematical analysis of the first model which corresponds to the isotropic and non-conservative case. Then we generalize the study to the anisotropic and conservative case
Weiß, Martina [Verfasser]. "Modelling of Global Change Impacts on Hydrology with focus on Europe and Africa / Martina Weiß." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1011571692/34.
Full textGoundoul, N'golona. "Etude de la relation "averses-crues" : application d'un modèle global et essais de mise au point d'un modèle distribué sur le bassin versant du Bam-Bam (Tchad)." Avignon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AVIG1001.
Full textThe Bam-Bam catchment area is about 1196 km2. It is located in the sahelian region and its comprised by five jointed watersheds of different surfaces. The dynamic study of mrainfalls reflects the characteristics of precipitation (homogeneity of form, spatial distribution) in the sahelian region in general. A hydrological model based on the unit hydrograph technique is used with aim of analysing and predetermining the floods for each sub-watershed. The resulds obtained by a humped model approach show the predominance of surface runoff in comparison with the other types of runoff (base runoff, delayed runoff). An attempt using a distributed model shows that, for the watersheds greater than 100 km2, direct runoff is not predominant. In order to improve modelisation in the sahelian region, we suggest the application of a process which takes into account other factors (geomorphogical, pedological)
Singh, Raj Shekhar. "Hyper-Resolution Global Land Surface Model at Regional-to-Local Scales with observed Groundwater data assimilation." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3686454.
Full textModeling groundwater is challenging: it is not readily visible and is difficult to measure, with limited sets of observations available. Even though groundwater models can reproduce water table and head variations, considerable drift in modeled land surface states can nonetheless result from partially known geologic structure, errors in the input forcing fields, and imperfect Land Surface Model (LSM) parameterizations. These models frequently have biased results that are very different from observations. While many hydrologic groups are grappling with developing better models to resolve these issues, it is also possible to make models more robust through data assimilation of observation groundwater data. The goal of this project is to develop a methodology for high-resolution land surface model runs over large spatial region and improve hydrologic modeling through observation data assimilation, and then to apply this methodology to improve groundwater monitoring and banking.
The high-resolution LSM modeling in this dissertation shows that model physics performs well at these resolutions and actually leads to better modeling of water/energy budget terms. The overarching goal of assimilation methodology is to resolve the critical issue of how to improve groundwater modeling in LSMs that lack sub-surface parameterizations and also run them on global scales. To achieve this, the research in this dissertation has been divided into three parts. The first goal was to run a commonly used land surface model at hyper resolution (1 km or finer) and show that this improves the modeling results without breaking the model. The second goal was to develop an observation data assimilation methodology to improve the high-resolution model. The third was to show real-world applications of this methodology.
The need for improved accuracy is currently driving the development of hyper-resolution land surface models that can be implemented at a continental scale with resolutions of 1 km or finer. In Chapter 2, I describe our research incorporating fine-scale grid resolutions and surface data into the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Land Model (CLM v4.0) for simulations at 1 km, 25 km, and 100 km resolution using 1 km soil and topographic information. Multi-year model runs were performed over the southwestern United States, including the entire state of California and the Colorado River basin. Results show changes in the total amount of CLM-modeled water storage and in the spatial and temporal distributions of water in snow and soil reservoirs, as well as in surface fluxes and energy balance. We also demonstrate the critical scales at which important hydrological processes—such as snow water equivalent, soil moisture content, and runoff—begin to more accurately capture the magnitude of the land water balance for the entire domain. This proves that grid resolution itself is also a critical component of accurate model simulations, and of hydrologic budget closure. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)