Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrologie globale'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hydrologie globale"
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Keljo, Kurt S. "Effects of Hydrologic Pulsing and Vegetation on Invertebrate Communities in Wetlands." Land 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091554.
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Constructed, mitigation wetlands in the midwestern United States are frequently dominated by a Typha spp. monoculture and their hydrologies are often determined by adjustable control structures. Wetlands provide habitat for multiple macroinvertebrate species, which in turn provide food for other organisms inhabiting the wetlands, such as waterfowl. This study examined the impacts of plant diversity and manipulated hydrology on macroinvertebrate communities. Forty 1-m2 wetland mesocosms were either planted with a monoculture of Typha spp. or with a more diverse plant community of Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Juncus effusus, and Sparganium eurycarpum. They were also assigned to one of four hydrologic regimes: steady state, pulsing, deep spring/shallow fall, and shallow spring/deep summer. After one year, macroinvertebrates were sampled in the mesocosms. Mesocosms with deep spring hydrologies were found to have greater taxon diversity than those with other hydrologies, but Chironomidae biomass was the lowest under the deep spring hydrology. Culicidae and Chironomidae were found in higher numbers in mixed vegetation than in Typha spp. Taxon richness and Chironomid biomass were significantly higher in mixed vegetation mesocosms than in Typha spp. monocultures. Results suggest vegetation diversity and hydrological regimes impact macroinvertebrate communities, with potential implications for constructed wetland design and management.
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Keeland, B. D., and R. R. Sharitz. "Seasonal growth patterns of Nyssasylvatica var biflora, Nyssaaquatica, and Taxodiumdistichum s affected by hydrologic regime." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 1084–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-120.
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Hydrologic regime is a major influence on the growth of wetland plants. We examined seasonal growth patterns of three wetland tree species, Nyssasylvatica var. biflora (Walter) Sargent, Nyssaaquatica L., and Taxodiumdistichum (L.) Rich., to determine responses to variations in hydrologie regime. Five study sites were chosen in two river-floodplain swamps to represent a gradient of hydrologie regimes, and the weekly changes in diameter of over 600 mature trees at these sites were measured with dendrometer bands throughout two growing seasons. Total growth, time of growth cessation, and length of the growth phase of canopy trees of all three species differed significantly among hydrologie regimes. Nyssasylvatica var. biflora and N. aquatica achieved greatest growth under deep periodic flooding. Maximum growth of T. distichum occurred with shallow permanent flooding. Subcanopy trees differed less among hydrologic regimes than canopy trees. These results suggest that modifications of natural hydrologie regimes can cause short-term changes in tree growth and have long-term effects on the dynamics of forested wetlands.
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Thompson, S. E., M. Sivapalan, C. J. Harman, V. Srinivasan, M. R. Hipsey, P. Reed, A. Montanari, and G. Blöschl. "Developing predictive insight into changing water systems: use-inspired hydrologic science for the Anthropocene." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 6 (June 20, 2013): 7897–961. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-7897-2013.
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Abstract. Globally, many different kinds of water resources management issues call for policy and infrastructure based responses. Yet responsible decision making about water resources management raises a fundamental challenge for hydrologists: making predictions about water resources on decadal-to-century long timescales. Obtaining insight into hydrologic futures over 100 yr timescales forces researchers to address internal and exogenous changes in the properties of hydrologic systems. To do this, new hydrologic research must identify, describe and model feedbacks between water and other changing, coupled environmental subsystems. These models must be constrained to yield useful insights, despite the many likely sources of uncertainty in their predictions. Chief among these uncertainties are the impacts of the increasing role of human intervention in the global water cycle – a defining challenge for hydrology in the Anthropocene. Here we present a research agenda that proposes a suite of strategies to address these challenges. The research agenda focuses on the development of co-evolutionary hydrologic modeling to explore coupling across systems, and to address the implications of this coupling on the long-time behavior of the coupled systems. Three research directions support the development of these models: hydrologic reconstruction, comparative hydrology and model-data learning. These strategies focus on understanding hydrologic processes and feedbacks over long timescales, across many locations, and through strategic coupling of observational and model data in specific systems. We highlight the value of use-inspired and team-based science that is motivated by real-world hydrologic problems but targets improvements in fundamental understanding to support decision-making and management.
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Shukla, S., J. Sheffield, E. F. Wood, and D. P. Lettenmaier. "On the sources of global land surface hydrologic predictability." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2013): 1987–2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-1987-2013.
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Abstract. Global seasonal hydrologic prediction is crucial to mitigating the impacts of droughts and floods, especially in the developing world. Hydrologic prediction skill at seasonal lead times (i.e. 1–6 months) comes from knowledge of initial hydrologic conditions (IHCs – primarily the state of initial soil moisture and snow) and seasonal climate forecast skill (FS). In this study we quantify the contributions of IHCs and FS to seasonal hydrologic prediction skill globally on a relative basis throughout the year. We do so by conducting two model-based experiments using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) macroscale hydrology model, one based on Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) and another based on Reverse-ESP (rESP), both for a 47 yr reforecast period (1961–2007). We compare cumulative runoff (CR), soil moisture (SM) and snow water equivalent (SWE) forecasts obtained from each experiment with a control simulation forced with observed atmospheric forcings over the reforecast period and estimate the ratio of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of both experiments for each forecast initialization date and lead time. We find that in general, the contributions of IHCs are greater than the contribution of FS over the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere during the forecast period starting in October and January (April and July). Over snow dominated regions in the Northern Hemisphere the IHCs dominate the CR forecast skill for up to 6 months lead time during the forecast period starting in April. Based on our findings we argue that despite the limited FS (mainly for precipitation) better estimates of the IHCs could lead to improvement in the current level of seasonal hydrologic forecast skill over many regions of the globe at least during some parts of the year.
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Ehsan Bhuiyan, Md Abul, Efthymios I. Nikolopoulos, Emmanouil N. Anagnostou, Jan Polcher, Clément Albergel, Emanuel Dutra, Gabriel Fink, Alberto Martínez-de la Torre, and Simon Munier. "Assessment of precipitation error propagation in multi-model global water resource reanalysis." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 1973–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1973-2019.
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Abstract. This study focuses on the Iberian Peninsula and investigates the propagation of precipitation uncertainty, and its interaction with hydrologic modeling, in global water resource reanalysis. Analysis is based on ensemble hydrologic simulations for a period spanning 11 years (2000–2010). To simulate the hydrological variables of surface runoff, subsurface runoff, and evapotranspiration, we used four land surface models (LSMs) – JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator), ORCHIDEE (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems), SURFEX (Surface Externalisée), and HTESSEL (Hydrology – Tiled European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts – ECMWF – Scheme for Surface Exchanges over Land) – and one global hydrological model, WaterGAP3 (Water – a Global Assessment and Prognosis). Simulations were carried out for five precipitation products – CMORPH (the Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA), PERSIANN (Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks), 3B42V(7), ECMWF reanalysis, and a machine-learning-based blended product. As a reference, we used a ground-based observation-driven precipitation dataset, named SAFRAN, available at 5 km, 1 h resolution. We present relative performances of hydrologic variables for the different multi-model and multi-forcing scenarios. Overall, results reveal the complexity of the interaction between precipitation characteristics and different modeling schemes and show that uncertainties in the model simulations are attributed to both uncertainty in precipitation forcing and the model structure. Surface runoff is strongly sensitive to precipitation uncertainty, and the degree of sensitivity depends significantly on the runoff generation scheme of each model examined. Evapotranspiration fluxes are comparatively less sensitive for this study region. Finally, our results suggest that there is no single model–forcing combination that can outperform all others consistently for all variables examined and thus reinforce the fact that there are significant benefits to exploring different model structures as part of the overall modeling approaches used for water resource applications.
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Thompson, S. E., M. Sivapalan, C. J. Harman, V. Srinivasan, M. R. Hipsey, P. Reed, A. Montanari, and G. Blöschl. "Developing predictive insight into changing water systems: use-inspired hydrologic science for the Anthropocene." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 12 (December 12, 2013): 5013–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-5013-2013.
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Abstract. Globally, many different kinds of water resources management issues call for policy- and infrastructure-based responses. Yet responsible decision-making about water resources management raises a fundamental challenge for hydrologists: making predictions about water resources on decadal- to century-long timescales. Obtaining insight into hydrologic futures over 100 yr timescales forces researchers to address internal and exogenous changes in the properties of hydrologic systems. To do this, new hydrologic research must identify, describe and model feedbacks between water and other changing, coupled environmental subsystems. These models must be constrained to yield useful insights, despite the many likely sources of uncertainty in their predictions. Chief among these uncertainties are the impacts of the increasing role of human intervention in the global water cycle – a defining challenge for hydrology in the Anthropocene. Here we present a research agenda that proposes a suite of strategies to address these challenges from the perspectives of hydrologic science research. The research agenda focuses on the development of co-evolutionary hydrologic modeling to explore coupling across systems, and to address the implications of this coupling on the long-time behavior of the coupled systems. Three research directions support the development of these models: hydrologic reconstruction, comparative hydrology and model-data learning. These strategies focus on understanding hydrologic processes and feedbacks over long timescales, across many locations, and through strategic coupling of observational and model data in specific systems. We highlight the value of use-inspired and team-based science that is motivated by real-world hydrologic problems but targets improvements in fundamental understanding to support decision-making and management. Fully realizing the potential of this approach will ultimately require detailed integration of social science and physical science understanding of water systems, and is a priority for the developing field of sociohydrology.
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Shukla, S., J. Sheffield, E. F. Wood, and D. P. Lettenmaier. "On the sources of global land surface hydrologic predictability." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 7 (July 16, 2013): 2781–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2781-2013.
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Abstract. Global seasonal hydrologic prediction is crucial to mitigating the impacts of droughts and floods, especially in the developing world. Hydrologic predictability at seasonal lead times (i.e., 1–6 months) comes from knowledge of initial hydrologic conditions (IHCs) and seasonal climate forecast skill (FS). In this study we quantify the contributions of two primary components of IHCs – soil moisture and snow water content – and FS (of precipitation and temperature) to seasonal hydrologic predictability globally on a relative basis throughout the year. We do so by conducting two model-based experiments using the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) macroscale hydrology model, one based on ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) and another based on Reverse-ESP (Rev-ESP), both for a 47 yr re-forecast period (1961–2007). We compare cumulative runoff (CR), soil moisture (SM) and snow water equivalent (SWE) forecasts from each experiment with a VIC model-based reference data set (generated using observed atmospheric forcings) and estimate the ratio of root mean square error (RMSE) of both experiments for each forecast initialization date and lead time, to determine the relative contribution of IHCs and FS to the seasonal hydrologic predictability. We find that in general, the contributions of IHCs to seasonal hydrologic predictability is highest in the arid and snow-dominated climate (high latitude) regions of the Northern Hemisphere during forecast periods starting on 1 January and 1 October. In mid-latitude regions, such as the Western US, the influence of IHCs is greatest during the forecast period starting on 1 April. In the arid and warm temperate dry winter regions of the Southern Hemisphere, the IHCs dominate during forecast periods starting on 1 April and 1 July. In equatorial humid and monsoonal climate regions, the contribution of FS is generally higher than IHCs through most of the year. Based on our findings, we argue that despite the limited FS (mainly for precipitation) better estimates of the IHCs could lead to improvement in the current level of seasonal hydrologic forecast skill over many regions of the globe at least during some parts of the year.
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Bisbing, Sarah M., and David V. D’Amore. "Nitrogen dynamics vary across hydrologic gradients and by forest community composition in the perhumid coastal temperate rainforest of southeast Alaska." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 2 (February 2018): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0178.
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Nitrogen (N) limitation constrains plant growth, but complex interactions among species and ecosystems hinder our ability to identify primary drivers of N availability. Hydrologic, biogeochemical, and ecological processes interact spatially and temporally, requiring measurements of N across diverse ecosystem types and as a function of both site conditions and vegetation composition. We measured initial exchangeable and mineralized N along a hydrologic gradient in the Alaskan perhumid coastal temperate rainforest to test a conceptual model of linkages between N availability and landscape, hydrologic, and ecosystem characteristics in temperate forests. Mineralization was closely associated with inorganic N concentrations. Inorganic N as NH4+ generally increased with increasing depth to groundwater but was strongly determined by plant–water interactions. Exchangeable and mineralized N were closely linked to tree species, forest biomass, and hydrologic regime regardless of ecosystem type. The emergence of tree species as indicators of N cycling highlights the effect that species have on nutrient dynamics, while the trend of increasing inorganic N with increasing soil saturation points to the role of hydrology in driving N availability. Our research quantified N dynamics for an understudied, yet critical, system and provides a framework for exploring feedbacks among soil saturation, forest composition, and nutrient cycling in temperate forests.
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Herman, J. D., J. B. Kollat, P. M. Reed, and T. Wagener. "Technical Note: Method of Morris effectively reduces the computational demands of global sensitivity analysis for distributed watershed models." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 7 (July 24, 2013): 2893–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2893-2013.
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Abstract. The increase in spatially distributed hydrologic modeling warrants a corresponding increase in diagnostic methods capable of analyzing complex models with large numbers of parameters. Sobol' sensitivity analysis has proven to be a valuable tool for diagnostic analyses of hydrologic models. However, for many spatially distributed models, the Sobol' method requires a prohibitive number of model evaluations to reliably decompose output variance across the full set of parameters. We investigate the potential of the method of Morris, a screening-based sensitivity approach, to provide results sufficiently similar to those of the Sobol' method at a greatly reduced computational expense. The methods are benchmarked on the Hydrology Laboratory Research Distributed Hydrologic Model (HL-RDHM) over a six-month period in the Blue River watershed, Oklahoma, USA. The Sobol' method required over six million model evaluations to ensure reliable sensitivity indices, corresponding to more than 30 000 computing hours and roughly 180 gigabytes of storage space. We find that the method of Morris is able to correctly screen the most and least sensitive parameters with 300 times fewer model evaluations, requiring only 100 computing hours and 1 gigabyte of storage space. The method of Morris proves to be a promising diagnostic approach for global sensitivity analysis of highly parameterized, spatially distributed hydrologic models.
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Herman, J. D., J. B. Kollat, P. M. Reed, and T. Wagener. "Technical note: Method of Morris effectively reduces the computational demands of global sensitivity analysis for distributed watershed models." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 4 (April 5, 2013): 4275–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-4275-2013.
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Abstract. The increase in spatially distributed hydrologic modeling warrants a corresponding increase in diagnostic methods capable of analyzing complex models with large numbers of parameters. Sobol' sensitivity analysis has proven to be a valuable tool for diagnostic analyses of hydrologic models. However, for many spatially distributed models, the Sobol' method requires a prohibitive number of model evaluations to reliably decompose output variance across the full set of parameters. We investigate the potential of the method of Morris, a screening-based sensitivity approach, to provide results sufficiently similar to those of the Sobol' method at a greatly reduced computational expense. The methods are benchmarked on the Hydrology Laboratory Research Distributed Hydrologic Model (HL-RDHM) model over a six-month period in the Blue River Watershed, Oklahoma, USA. The Sobol' method required over six million model evaluations to ensure reliable sensitivity indices, corresponding to more than 30 000 computing hours and roughly 180 gigabytes of storage space. We find that the method of Morris is able to correctly identify sensitive and insensitive parameters with 300 times fewer model evaluations, requiring only 100 computing hours and 1 gigabyte of storage space. Method of Morris proves to be a promising diagnostic approach for global sensitivity analysis of highly parameterized, spatially distributed hydrologic models.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hydrologie globale"
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Guinaldo, Thibault. "Paramétrisation de la dynamique lacustre dans un modèle de surface couplé pour une application à la prévision hydrologique à l’échelle globale." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0125.
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L'hydrologie continentale s'intéresse à tous les aspects du cycle de l'eau des terres émergées et représente les flux de masse d'eau qui sont échangées. Que ce soit dans le sous-sol, au sein des lacs ou dans le brassage continu des torrents, l'eau et les processus hydrologiques associés entretiennent un lien direct avec la dynamique atmosphérique et la variabilité climatique. La représentation, à l'échelle globale, de ces processus hydrologiques s'appuie sur des techniques de modélisation qui, au CNRM, passent par un système couplé composé du modèle de surface ISBA et du modèle de routage en rivière CTRIP. Ces dernières années, les progrès réalisés sur les paramétrisations existantes et la représentation des nouveaux processus dans ISBA comme dans CTRIP ont abouti à une nette amélioration des performances de ce système pour des applications hydrologiques régionales ou globales couplées avec un modèle de climat. Dans la continuité de ces efforts, l'objectif principal de cette thèse est de développer une paramétrisation dynamique des lacs pour intégrer leur bilan de masse dans le modèle global CTRIP à 1/12°. Par ailleurs, le modèle développé, MLake, propose un diagnostic sur le marnage des lacs afin de permettre le suivi du niveau d'eau basé sur des mesures satellitaires. Bénéficiant d'un réseau de mesures dense et de forçages climatiques à haute résolution, le bassin versant du Rhône a été choisi pour évaluer localement MLake sur la période 1960-2016. Les résultats sur trois stations de jaugeages montrent une progression nette des performances de CTRIP dans la simulation des débits du Rhône aboutissant à un lissage des hydrographes qui se caractérise par un écrêtement des débits de crues et un soutien à l'étiage. Par ailleurs, la confrontation du diagnostic sur les niveaux d'eau du Léman avec des mesures locales révèle une capacité du modèle à suivre les cycle annuels et inter-annuels du marnage. Une deuxième évaluation s'est ensuite portée à l'échelle globale pour confirmer le comportement du modèle dans des conditions hydroclimatiques contrastées. Cette évaluation confirme la capacité du modèle à simuler des débits réalistes mais révèle la perturbation importante du cycle hydrologique naturel par l'anthropisation. Enfin les résultats préliminaires d'une simulation globale démontre l'intérêt d'utiliser MLake avec une amélioration systématique des scores dans les zones de grande densité lacustre. Ainsi, 45% des stations évaluées, principalement dans les régions arctiques, présentent une amélioration des scores statistiques. Enfin, cette étude engage une réflexion sur les perspectives d'améliorations du modèle, notamment la mise en place d'une bathymétrie de lac à l'échelle globale, en vue d'un couplage avec un modèle de climat et de l'utilisation des données de la future mission spatiale SWOTThe water cycle encompasses the main processes related to mass fluxes that influence the atmosphere and climate variability. More specifically, continental hydrology refers to the water transfer occurring at the land surface and sub-surface. Modelling is one of the main methods used for the representation of these processes at regional to global scales. The land surface model system used in this thesis is composed of the ISBA land surface model coupled to the river routing model TRIP that combines the CNRM’s latest developments for use in stand-alone hydrological applications or coupled to a climate model. This PhD is focused on the development and evaluation of lake mass-balance dynamics and water level diagnostics using a new non-calibrated model called MLake which has been incorporated into the 1/12° version of the CTRIP model. Simulated river flows forced by high resolution hydrometeorological forcings are evaluated for the Rhone river basin against in situ observations coming from three river gauges over the period 1960-2016. Results reveal the positive contribution of MLake in simulating Rhone discharge and in representing the lake buffer effects on peak discharge. Moreover, the evaluation of the simulated and observed water level variations show the ability of MLake to reproduce the natural seasonal and interannual cycles. Based on the same framework, a final evaluation was conducted in order to assess the value of the non-calibrated MLake model for global hydrological applications. The results confirmed the capability of the model to simulate realistic river discharges worldwide. At 45% of the river gauge stations, which are mostly located within regions of high lake density, the new model resulted in improved simulated river discharge. The results also highlighted the strong effect of anthropization on the alterations of river dynamics, and the need for a global representation of human-impacted flows in the model. This study has lead to several future perspectives, such as the incorporation of a parametrization of lake hypsometry for use at global scale. The implementation of such developments will improve the representation of vertical water dynamics and facilitate both the coupling of MLake within the CNRM earth system model framework and the future spatial mission SWOT for improved future global hydrological and water resource projections
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Martinelli, Isabelle. "Infiltration des eaux de ruissellement pluvial et transfert de polluants associés dans un sol urbain : Vers une approche globale et pluridisciplinaire." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/1999ISAL0116/these.pdf.
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L'infiltration des eaux de ruissellement pluvial apparaît aujourd'hui comme une politique d'assainissement complémentaire ou alternative à l'évacuation par un réseau de drainage gravitaire. Or, les rejets pluviaux sont chargés d'une pollution spécifique au milieu urbain qui peut entamer la qualité du sol soumis à cette infiltration et parfois même celle des eaux souterraines. Un recensement des polluants et des processus mis en jeu a permis de mettre en évidence la complexité du système sol, et la difficulté qu'on a à représenter son fonctionnement. Cette complexité est due en partie à l'hétérogénéité du sol lui-même, mais aussi à l’incompatibilité des représentations qu’on en a, selon le point de vue adopté, que ce soit celui de l'hydrologie, de la chimie ou de la biologie. Chacun de ces domaines scientifiques possède en effet ses propres échelles spatio-temporelles et ses propres approches, rendant difficiles la mise en commun et la confrontation des connaissances. En terme d'acquisition de connaissances et de représentations du comportement du sol, 1 'échelle de la colonne de laboratoire semble la plus fréquemment adoptée. Les investigations doivent y être complétées par la prise en compte des interactions et des conditions réelles de fonctionnement. Le problème de l'impact des eaux ruissellement fait, en revanche, le plus souvent référence à l'échelle de l'ouvrage d'infiltration. Mais se pose alors la question de la transposabilité des modèles construits et calés à partir d'observations effectuées à plus petite échelle qui induisent des problèmes d'acquisition et de représentativité des données. Notre objectif est donc de fournir un cadre méthodologique permettant d'extraire les paramètres prépondérants du fonctionnement du sol par la compilation des connaissances acquises à petite échelle. Un test sur le problème particulier que pose les bassins d'infiltration permettra à terme d'infirmer ou de confirmer la prépondérance des paramètres retenus, et peut-être d'en voir émaner de nouveaux fournissant ainsi les caractéristiques •émergentes du sol à grande échelleStorm water run-off infiltration now appears as a supplementary or alternative strategy to gravitational drainage systems. The present study sought to draw up a framework to represent pollutant transfer in such infiltration, this phenomenon being governed by various physical, chemical and biological processes. Study of the literature was able on the one hand to specify urban storm water run-off pollution, and, on the other, to identify the various possible processes undergone or induced during infiltration in the sail. Lt was noted that experimentation in this area requires certain extra input, whether, at laboratory level, for studying interactions effects between several pollutants and several processes, or, in the field, for a better account of soil heterogeneity and of integration of various elementary phenomena. Nevertheless, the state of knowledge regarding these levels and various scientific areas made it possible to identify the main parameters seeming to govern pollutant transfer. A representation was drawn up of the soil underlying a storm water run-off infiltration system, and a experimental framework proposed both to validate and to enhance the present model
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Vergnes, Jean-Pierre. "Développement d'une modélisation hydrologique incluant la représentation des aquifères : évaluation sur la France et à l'échelle globale." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00989151.
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Les processus hydrologiques continentaux jouent un rôle essentiel dans le système climatique global en influençant les échanges d'eau et d'énergie entre les surfaces continentales et l'atmosphère. Récemment, plusieurs études ont souligné la nécessité de prendre en compte les eaux souterraines dans les modèles de surface continentaux utilisés dans les modélisations clima- tiques. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est donc de développer et d'évaluer une modélisation hydrologique globale incluant les eaux souterraines dans le système hydrologique continental ISBA-TRIP du CNRM. Dans cette thèse, un schéma d'aquifère simplifié à été implémenté dans le modèle de routage TRIP. Ce schéma a été évalué sans couplage avec le modèle de surface ISBA sur la France à fine (1/12°) et basse (0.5°) résolutions. Les débits et hauteurs de nappe ont été comparés à un dense réseau de mesures de débit et de hauteur de nappe, ainsi qu'aux sorties du modèle hydrométéorologique SIM. Enfin, les stocks d'eau continentale ont été comparés aux estimations du satellite GRACE. Les résultats ont montré que le schéma d'aquifère améliore les variables hydrologiques simulées par TRIP, le principal effet de l'aquifère étant de soutenir les débits d'étiage en période sèche. Cette évaluation a aussi démontré la capacité du schéma à capturer les variations spatio-temporelles de la nappe. Enfin, l'impact de la résolution sur les débits simulés s'est révélé être relativement faible. Une méthodologie similaire a permis de construire un système de modélisation à l'échelle globale et à basse résolution utilisant le schéma d'aquifère développé dans TRIP. Les débits simulés ont été comparés à un vaste réseau de mesures de débit provenant de plusieurs orga- nismes, le principal étant le GRDC. Les eaux souterraines améliorent les débits pour environ 70 % de ces mesures, et les détériorent pour 15 % d'entre elles. Le temps de résidence introduit par les variations basses fréquences de la nappe tend à décaler et lisser les débits et les stocks d'eau continentale simulés. Ces derniers sont de ce fait en meilleur accord avec les estimations de GRACE. Une expérience de sensibilité sur les forçages de précipitation a par ailleurs montré que le schéma d'aquifère était peu sensible aux incertitudes des précipitations. La dernière phase de développement a consisté à coupler le schéma d'aquifère de TRIP avec le sol d'ISBA dans le but de tenir compte des éventuelles remontées capillaires de la nappe vers le sol. Ce couplage a nécessité l'utilisation de la version multicouche du schéma de sol d'ISBA. L'évaluation de cette nouvelle version sur la France et à l'échelle globale met en évidence des changements dans le bilan d'eau en surface et une amélioration significative des débits simulés. Elle révèle aussi un manque de dynamique dans le schéma de sol conduisant à sous-estimer une partie des débits et à augmenter la sensibilité à la résolution. Le principal effet des remontées capillaires est d'augmenter l'évapotranspiration durant les périodes sèches. Des incertitudes demeurent cependant dans le système couplé ISBA-TRIP. Certaines hypo- thèses du schéma d'aquifère restent discutables et nécessiteraient d'être corrigées. De plus, le schéma d'aquifère remet en cause une partie des paramétrisations de la géométrie de la rivière dans TRIP. En dépit de ces incertitudes, l'impact positif des aquifères sur les variables hydro- logiques simulées suggère que le schéma d'aquifère est apte à être utilisé dans des applications hydrologiques et climatiques globales, ce que confirment les premières applications à l'échelle globale du système couplé, même si des améliorations restent à apporter. L'objectif ultime sera d'introduire le système complet ISBA-TRIP dans le modèle de climat du CNRM de manière à estimer l'impact des eaux souterraines sur la simulation du climat présent et futur.
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Campoy, Aurélien. "Influence de l'hydrologie souterraine sur la modélisation du climat à l'échelle régionale et globale." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00934826.
Full textAbstract:
Les Modèles de Circulation Générale (MCG) sont des outils permettant l'étude du climat à grande échelle et de ses principales tendances. Les bilans d'eau et d'énergie à la surface des continents y sont calculés à l'aide de modèle de surface continentale (Land Surface Model, LSM). Ces dernières années, l'intérêt d'utiliser un LSM sophistiqué pour modéliser le climat terrestre s'est affirmé, notamment au niveau des régions tempérées qui abritent des zones de transition où l'évapotranspiration est limitée d'une part par l'énergie d'autre part par l'eau disponible. Le site instrumenté du SIRTA mesure de nombreuses variables atmosphériques permettant de valider un modèle climatique en un point. Le SIRTA dispose également de données d'humidité du sol utilisées pour la première fois dans cette thèse. Ces données révèlent la présence d'une nappe perchée, en accord avec une campagne de mesures géophysiques réalisée durant cette thèse. Les données du SIRTA sont confrontées à des simulations régionales qui sont réalisées à l'aide du LSM ORCHIDEE couplé à un modèle atmosphérique. Nous développons la possibilité d'imposer une nappe au sein du sol modélisé par ORCHIDEE, ce qui permet de soutenir l'évaporation en été au SIRTA, en accord avec les observations. Nous explorons différentes hypothèses hydrologiques qui entrainent une augmentation de l'évaporation à l'échelle de l'Europe de l'Ouest et impliquent une augmentation des précipitations ainsi qu'un refroidissement de l'air. Ces hypothèses sont également testées lors de simulations globales afin d'en étudier l'influence sur les caractéristiques du climat et du changement climatique causé par une augmentation de gaz à effet de serre.
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Garry, Gérald. "Le risque d'inondation en France : recherche d'une approche globale du risque d'inondation et de sa traduction cartographique dans une perspective de prévention." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010576.
Full textAbstract:
Cette recherche présente le risque d'inondation dans sa globalité en mettant l'accent sur l'apport de la télédétection et de la cartographie. Elle analyse dans une dynamique historique et à travers diverses échelles spatio-temporelles : - les facteurs naturels et anthropiques participant à la formation des crues et au débordement des cours d'eau - l'impact des inondations sur le milieu physique, les activités, les biens et les hommes - la hiérarchisation des études et de la cartographie permettant de définir des zones de vulnérabilité selon l'occupation des sols, en privilégiant le plan d'exposition au risque (PER) - les mesures de prévention et de gestion souhaitables à mettre en place elle montre ainsi que le risque résulte de nombreuses interactions dont les composantes relèvent de domaines scientifiques ou techniques varies et qu'une approche cohérente de ses mécanismes ne peut procéder que d'une démarche générale et interdisciplinaire. Elle se veut également, par le choix de ses exemples, un essai de synthèse des principaux cas de figure rencontres en FranceThis search is an analysis of the risk of flood in its whole; it stresses the importance of teledetection and cartography. It will go through, in historical dynamic, a range of different space and time analysis : - natural and anthropic factors participating to the formation of the floods and the swellings of rivers. - the impact of such floods on the geographical environment, on its activities, goods and people. - the grading of these studies and cartography will enable us to define zones of vulnerability according to the land occupancy. - measures of prevention and management necessary to determine. Thus, this research intends to show that this risk is a consequence of numerous interactions, the different parts of which belong to various scientific or technical fields, and that a sensible approach of its mecanisms can only be made through general and interdisciplinary approach. It is also meant - by the choice of the examples given - to be the attempt of a synthesis of the main situations which can be seen in France
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Campoy, Aurélien. "Influence de l'hydrologie souterraine sur la modélisation du climat à l'échelle régionale et globale." Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066061.
Full textAbstract:
Les Modèles de Circulation Générale (MCG) sont des outils permettant l'étude du climat à grande échelle et de ses principales tendances. Les bilans d'eau et d'énergie à la surface des continents y sont calculés à l'aide de modèle de surface continentale (Land Surface Model, LSM). Ces dernières années, l'intérêt d'utiliser un LSM sophistiqué pour modéliser le climat terrestre s'est affirmé, notamment au niveau des régions tempérées qui abritent des zones de transition où l'évapotranspiration est limitée d'une part par l'énergie d'autre part par l’eau disponible. Le site instrumenté du SIRTA mesure de nombreuses variables atmosphériques permettant de valider un modèle climatique en un point. Le SIRTA dispose également de données d'humidité du sol utilisées pour la première fois dans cette thèse. Ces données révèlent la présence d'une nappe perchée, en accord avec une campagne de mesures géophysiques réalisée durant cette thèse. Les données du SIRTA sont confrontées à des simulations régionales qui sont réalisées à l'aide du LSM ORCHIDEE couplé à un modèle atmosphérique. Nous développons la possibilité d'imposer une nappe au sein du sol modélisé par ORCHIDEE, ce qui permet de soutenir l'évaporation en été au SIRTA, en accord avec les observations. Nous explorons différentes hypothèses hydrologiques qui entrainent une augmentation de l'évaporation à l'échelle de l'Europe de l'Ouest et impliquent une augmentation des précipitations ainsi qu’un refroidissement de l'air. Ces hypothèses sont également testées lors de simulations globales afin d'en étudier l'influence sur les caractéristiques du climat et du changement climatique causé par une augmentation de gaz à effet de serreGeneral Circulation Models (GCM) are tools which allow studying climate at large scale. Water and energy budget over continental surface are calculated by Land Surface Model (LSM). Interest on using a sophistical LSM to simulate earth climate grew up last years, in particular in transition area, where evaporation is limited on one side by energy and on other side by available water. The instrumented site of SIRTA observes many atmospheric variables and allows validating a climate model on one point. The SIRTA have also soil moisture data which are used for the first time in this thesis. These data reveal a shallow water table, according to geophysical campaign conducted during this thesis. Data from SIRTA are confronted to regional simulations produced with the LSM ORCHIDEE coupled to an atmospheric model. We develop the possibility to impose a water table in the soil modeled by ORCHIDEE, which allows maintaining evaporation during summer at the SIRTA, according to observations. We explore different hydrologic hypothesis which conduct to an evaporation increase at Western European scale and also involve precipitation increase and air cooling. Theses hypothesis are also tested in global simulations to study effects on climate and on climate change due to an increase of greenhouse gases
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Decharme, Bertrand. "Développement et validation d'une modélisation hydrologique globale incluant les effets sous maille et la représentation des zones inondées." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00518491.
Full textAbstract:
La modélisation hydrologique globale du CNRM repose sur le modèle de surface ISBA qui calcule un bilan hydrique sur des mailles allant typiquement de 20 à 500 km de côté et sur le modèle de routage TRIP qui permet de convertir le ruissellement quotidien en débit. A ces résolutions, la répartition sous maille des caractéristiques de la surface et des flux atmosphériques a un fort impact sur les bilans d'eau simulés. Plusieurs paramétrisations des effets sous maille originales ou préexistantes ont alors été testées avec succès en mode forcé à l'échelle régionale et globale. Néanmoins, la validation globale reste parfois problématique en raison des incertitudes liées aux précipitations, aux paramètres de surface et à la modélisation de certains processus tel la représentation des zones inondées dans TRIP. Ceci souligne donc l'intérêt des futures missions satellitaires pour mieux contraindre nos modélisations hydrologiques.
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Al-Yaari, Amen Mohammed. "Global-scale evaluation of a hydrological variable measured from space : SMOS satellite remote sensing soil moisture products." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066678/document.
Full textAbstract:
L'humidité du sol (SM) contrôle les bilans d’eau et d’énergie des surfaces continentales et joue ainsi un rôle clé dans les domaines de la météorologie, l'hydrologie et l'écologie. La communauté scientifique en télédétection micro-ondes a fait des efforts considérables pour établir des bases de données globales de l’humidité du sol en surface (SSM) découlant d'instruments micro-ondes actifs et passifs. Parmi ces instruments, SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), lancé en 2009, est le premier satellite passif conçu spécifiquement pour mesurer SSM à partir d’observations en bande L (1.4 GHz) à l'échelle globale. La validation des données SMOS SSM sur différentes régions climatiques et pour des conditions environnementales variées est une étape indispensable avant qu’elles soient utilisées de manière opérationnelle. En effet, une meilleure connaissance de la précision des estimations de SSM et des incertitudes associées permettra non seulement d'améliorer les produits SMOS SSM, mais aussi d'optimiser les approches de fusion de données utilisées pour créer des produits multi-capteurs long terme. De tels produits sont développés dans le cadre du programme Climate Change Initiative (CCI) de l'Agence spatiale européenne (ESA) pour l’ensemble des variables climatiques essentielles (ECV), dont SSM. A la suite des chapitres d'introduction I à III, les résultats de cette thèse sont présentés en trois chapitres. Le chapitre IV présente une comparaison des produits SSM issus des capteurs passifs SMOS (bande L) et AMSR-E (bande C) en prenant pour référence les estimations SSM du système d'assimilation SM-DAS-2 du Centre Européen pour les Prévisions Météorologiques à Moyen Terme (CEPMMT). Cette évaluation est menée sur la période d’observation commune à SMOS et AMSR-E (2010- 2011), en utilisant des indicateurs classiques (corrélation, RMSD, Biais). En parallèle, le chapitre V présente une comparaison des produits SMOS SSM avec les produits SSM issus du capteur actif ASCAT en bande C en utilisant comme référence les simulations SSM d’un modèle des surfaces continentales (MERRA-Land), et en utilisant des indicateurs classiques, des méthodes statistiques avancées (triple collocation), et des diagrammes de Hovmöller sur la période 2010-2012. Ces deux évaluations ont montré que la densité de la végétation (paramétrée ici par l’indice foliaire LAI) est un facteur clé pour interpréter la cohérence entre le produit SMOS et les produits AMSR-E et ASCAT. Cet effet de la végétation a été quantifié pour la première fois à l’échelle globale pour les trois capteurs micro-ondes. Ces deux chapitres ont également montré que les trois capteurs SMOS, AMSR-E et ASCAT ont des performances complémentaires selon la densité de végétation et qu’il y a ainsi un potentiel intéressant en terme de fusion des jeux de données micro-ondes passifs et actifs. Dans le chapitre VI, avec l’objectif général d’étendre vers le passé les séries de données SSM de SMOSL3 et de développer un jeu de données SSM homogène sur 2003-2014, nous avons évalué l’utilisation d’une approche de régression linéaire multiple appliquée aux mesures de températures de brillance de AMSR-E (2003 - 2011). Les coefficients de régression ont été calibrés avec les produits SSM issus de SMOS sur 2010-2011. Le produit SSM résultant, qui fusionne les observations SMOS et AMSR-E, a été évalué par comparaison avec un produit SSM AMSR-E et les produits SSM MERRA-Land sur 2007-2009. Ces résultats préliminaires montrent que la méthode de régression linéaire est une approche simple et robuste pour construire un produit SSM réaliste en termes de variations temporelles et de valeurs absolues. En conclusion, cette thèse a montré que le potentiel de synergie entre les systèmes micro-ondes passifs (AMSR-E et SMOS) et actifs (ASCAT) est très prometteur pour le développement et l'amélioration de longues séries temporelles SSM à l'échelle mondiale, telles que celles produites dans le cadre du programme CCI de l'ESASoil moisture (SM) plays a key role in meteorology, hydrology, and ecology as it controls the evolution of various hydrological and energy balance processes. The community of scientists involved in the field of microwave remote sensing has made considerable efforts to build accurate estimates of surface SM (SSM), and global SSM datasets derived from active and passive microwave instruments have recently become available. Among them, SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), launched in 2009, was the first ever passive satellite specifically designed to measure the SSM, at L-band (1.4 GHz), at the global scale. Validation of the SMOS SSM datasets over different climatic regions and environmental conditions is extremely important and a necessary step before they can be used. A better knowledge of the skill and uncertainties of the SSM retrievals will help not only to improve the individual products, but also to optimize the fusion schemes required to create long-term multi-sensor products, like the essential climate variable (ECV) SSM product generated within the European Space Agency’s (ESA's) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program. After the introductory Chapters I to III, this dissertation consists of three main parts. Chap. IV of the dissertation evaluates the passive SMOS level 3 (SMOSL3) SSM products at L-band against the passive AMSR-E SSM at C-band by comparing them with a Land Data Assimilation System estimates (SM-DAS-2) produced by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). This was achieved over the common period 2010-2011 between SMOS and AMSR-E, using classical metrics (Correlation, RMSD, and Bias). In parallel, Chap. V of the dissertation evaluates the passive SMOSL3 products against the active ASCAT SSM at C-band by comparing them with land surface model simulations (MERRA-Land) using classical metrics, advanced statistical methods (triple collocation), and the Hovmöller diagram over the period 2010-2012. These two evaluations indicated that vegetation density (parameterized here by the leaf area index LAI) is a key factor to interpret the consistency between SMOS and the other remotely sensed products. This effect of the vegetation has been quantified for the first time at the global scale for the three microwave sensors. These two chapters also showed that both SMOS and ASCAT (AMSR-E) had complementary performances and, thus, have a potential for datasets fusion into long-term SSM records. In Chap. VI of the dissertation, with the general purpose to extend back the SMOSL3 SSM time series and to produce an homogeneous SM product over 2003-2014 based on SMOS and AMSR-E, we investigated the use of a multiple linear regression model based on bi-polarization (horizontal and vertical) brightness temperatures (TB) observations obtained from AMSR-E (2003 - 2011). The regression coefficients were calibrated using SMOSL3 SSM as a reference over the 2010-2011 period. The resulting merged SSM dataset was evaluated against an AMSR-E SSM retrievals and modelled SSM products (MERRA-Land) over 2007-2009. These first results show that the multi-linear regression method is a robust and simple approach to produce a realistic SSM product in terms of temporal variation and absolute values. In conclusion, this PhD showed that the potential synergy between the passive (AMSR-E and SMOS) and active (ASCAT) microwave systems at global scale is very promising for the development of improved, long-term SSM time series at global scale, such as those pursued by the ESA’s CCI program. It also provides new ideas on the way to merge the different SSM datasets with the aim of producing the CCI (phase 2) long-term series (a coherent "SMOS-AMSR-E" SSM time series for the period 2003 -2014), that will be evaluated further in the framework of on-going ESA projects
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Al-Yaari, Amen Mohammed. "Global-scale evaluation of a hydrological variable measured from space : SMOS satellite remote sensing soil moisture products." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066678.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
L'humidité du sol (SM) contrôle les bilans d’eau et d’énergie des surfaces continentales et joue ainsi un rôle clé dans les domaines de la météorologie, l'hydrologie et l'écologie. La communauté scientifique en télédétection micro-ondes a fait des efforts considérables pour établir des bases de données globales de l’humidité du sol en surface (SSM) découlant d'instruments micro-ondes actifs et passifs. Parmi ces instruments, SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), lancé en 2009, est le premier satellite passif conçu spécifiquement pour mesurer SSM à partir d’observations en bande L (1.4 GHz) à l'échelle globale. La validation des données SMOS SSM sur différentes régions climatiques et pour des conditions environnementales variées est une étape indispensable avant qu’elles soient utilisées de manière opérationnelle. En effet, une meilleure connaissance de la précision des estimations de SSM et des incertitudes associées permettra non seulement d'améliorer les produits SMOS SSM, mais aussi d'optimiser les approches de fusion de données utilisées pour créer des produits multi-capteurs long terme. De tels produits sont développés dans le cadre du programme Climate Change Initiative (CCI) de l'Agence spatiale européenne (ESA) pour l’ensemble des variables climatiques essentielles (ECV), dont SSM. A la suite des chapitres d'introduction I à III, les résultats de cette thèse sont présentés en trois chapitres. Le chapitre IV présente une comparaison des produits SSM issus des capteurs passifs SMOS (bande L) et AMSR-E (bande C) en prenant pour référence les estimations SSM du système d'assimilation SM-DAS-2 du Centre Européen pour les Prévisions Météorologiques à Moyen Terme (CEPMMT). Cette évaluation est menée sur la période d’observation commune à SMOS et AMSR-E (2010- 2011), en utilisant des indicateurs classiques (corrélation, RMSD, Biais). En parallèle, le chapitre V présente une comparaison des produits SMOS SSM avec les produits SSM issus du capteur actif ASCAT en bande C en utilisant comme référence les simulations SSM d’un modèle des surfaces continentales (MERRA-Land), et en utilisant des indicateurs classiques, des méthodes statistiques avancées (triple collocation), et des diagrammes de Hovmöller sur la période 2010-2012. Ces deux évaluations ont montré que la densité de la végétation (paramétrée ici par l’indice foliaire LAI) est un facteur clé pour interpréter la cohérence entre le produit SMOS et les produits AMSR-E et ASCAT. Cet effet de la végétation a été quantifié pour la première fois à l’échelle globale pour les trois capteurs micro-ondes. Ces deux chapitres ont également montré que les trois capteurs SMOS, AMSR-E et ASCAT ont des performances complémentaires selon la densité de végétation et qu’il y a ainsi un potentiel intéressant en terme de fusion des jeux de données micro-ondes passifs et actifs. Dans le chapitre VI, avec l’objectif général d’étendre vers le passé les séries de données SSM de SMOSL3 et de développer un jeu de données SSM homogène sur 2003-2014, nous avons évalué l’utilisation d’une approche de régression linéaire multiple appliquée aux mesures de températures de brillance de AMSR-E (2003 - 2011). Les coefficients de régression ont été calibrés avec les produits SSM issus de SMOS sur 2010-2011. Le produit SSM résultant, qui fusionne les observations SMOS et AMSR-E, a été évalué par comparaison avec un produit SSM AMSR-E et les produits SSM MERRA-Land sur 2007-2009. Ces résultats préliminaires montrent que la méthode de régression linéaire est une approche simple et robuste pour construire un produit SSM réaliste en termes de variations temporelles et de valeurs absolues. En conclusion, cette thèse a montré que le potentiel de synergie entre les systèmes micro-ondes passifs (AMSR-E et SMOS) et actifs (ASCAT) est très prometteur pour le développement et l'amélioration de longues séries temporelles SSM à l'échelle mondiale, telles que celles produites dans le cadre du programme CCI de l'ESASoil moisture (SM) plays a key role in meteorology, hydrology, and ecology as it controls the evolution of various hydrological and energy balance processes. The community of scientists involved in the field of microwave remote sensing has made considerable efforts to build accurate estimates of surface SM (SSM), and global SSM datasets derived from active and passive microwave instruments have recently become available. Among them, SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), launched in 2009, was the first ever passive satellite specifically designed to measure the SSM, at L-band (1.4 GHz), at the global scale. Validation of the SMOS SSM datasets over different climatic regions and environmental conditions is extremely important and a necessary step before they can be used. A better knowledge of the skill and uncertainties of the SSM retrievals will help not only to improve the individual products, but also to optimize the fusion schemes required to create long-term multi-sensor products, like the essential climate variable (ECV) SSM product generated within the European Space Agency’s (ESA's) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program. After the introductory Chapters I to III, this dissertation consists of three main parts. Chap. IV of the dissertation evaluates the passive SMOS level 3 (SMOSL3) SSM products at L-band against the passive AMSR-E SSM at C-band by comparing them with a Land Data Assimilation System estimates (SM-DAS-2) produced by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). This was achieved over the common period 2010-2011 between SMOS and AMSR-E, using classical metrics (Correlation, RMSD, and Bias). In parallel, Chap. V of the dissertation evaluates the passive SMOSL3 products against the active ASCAT SSM at C-band by comparing them with land surface model simulations (MERRA-Land) using classical metrics, advanced statistical methods (triple collocation), and the Hovmöller diagram over the period 2010-2012. These two evaluations indicated that vegetation density (parameterized here by the leaf area index LAI) is a key factor to interpret the consistency between SMOS and the other remotely sensed products. This effect of the vegetation has been quantified for the first time at the global scale for the three microwave sensors. These two chapters also showed that both SMOS and ASCAT (AMSR-E) had complementary performances and, thus, have a potential for datasets fusion into long-term SSM records. In Chap. VI of the dissertation, with the general purpose to extend back the SMOSL3 SSM time series and to produce an homogeneous SM product over 2003-2014 based on SMOS and AMSR-E, we investigated the use of a multiple linear regression model based on bi-polarization (horizontal and vertical) brightness temperatures (TB) observations obtained from AMSR-E (2003 - 2011). The regression coefficients were calibrated using SMOSL3 SSM as a reference over the 2010-2011 period. The resulting merged SSM dataset was evaluated against an AMSR-E SSM retrievals and modelled SSM products (MERRA-Land) over 2007-2009. These first results show that the multi-linear regression method is a robust and simple approach to produce a realistic SSM product in terms of temporal variation and absolute values. In conclusion, this PhD showed that the potential synergy between the passive (AMSR-E and SMOS) and active (ASCAT) microwave systems at global scale is very promising for the development of improved, long-term SSM time series at global scale, such as those pursued by the ESA’s CCI program. It also provides new ideas on the way to merge the different SSM datasets with the aim of producing the CCI (phase 2) long-term series (a coherent "SMOS-AMSR-E" SSM time series for the period 2003 -2014), that will be evaluated further in the framework of on-going ESA projects
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Bilodeau, Karine. "Intégration du contrôle en temps réel des bassins d'orage dans une stratégie globale d'adaptation aux changements climatiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30267.
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L’objectif de ce projet est d’évaluer la performance du contrôle en temps réel (CTR) des bassins d’orage comme mesure d’adaptation aux changements climatiques. Le contrôle en temps réel permet de faire la gestion des eaux de ruissellement à l’aide de règles de contrôle réactif, qui considèrent l’état en différents points du réseau, et de règles de contrôle prédictif, qui considèrent les prévisions météorologiques dans la prise de décision. Le contrôle de l’orifice de sortie de l’ouvrage de stockage permet donc de limiter le choc hydraulique au cours d’eau récepteur, par la réduction et le décalage des débits de pointe, en plus de faire le traitement qualitatif par la rétention prolongée, qui permet la sédimentation des particules dans l’eau. Le CTR peut également permettre, selon la localisation adéquate de l’ouvrage contrôlé, de réduire la charge hydraulique dans les collecteurs en aval en retenant les volumes de ruissellement en temps de pluie, ce qui limite l’impact de l’augmentation des précipitations et du développement des municipalités en périphérie des centres-villes sur le réseau de conduites pluviales. Une stratégie de contrôle a été établie en fonction de la configuration des trois cas d’étude et des simulations en climat futur ont permis de démontrer que le CTR permet d’adapter un réseau de différentes façons. Le CTR d’un bassin d’orage en fin de réseau permet de décaler et limiter les débits de pointe en plus d’augmenter le temps de rétention de façon à réduire la charge en polluants dans les eaux pluviales. Pour un ouvrage de très grande dimension, le CTR réactif est suffisant pour faire la gestion de tous les événements fréquents sans causer de débordement de l’ouvrage de stockage. Pour une municipalité qui a peu d’espace en surface en fin de réseau, le CTR prédictif de conduites surdimensionnées réduit et décale les débits de pointe rejetés, ce qui permet l’ajout d’un ouvrage de traitement qualitatif. Toutefois, puisque l’espace est souvent limité dans les secteurs au centre-ville, en bordure des cours d’eau récepteur, la localisation stratégique des ouvrages contrôlés à l’amont est une solution alternative intéressante. Cette stratégie de contrôle permet non seulement de limiter le choc hydraulique au cours d’eau récepteur de la même manière qu’un CTR en fin de réseau, mais décale le ruissellement des développements en amont vers le collecteur principal, ce qui permet à une municipalité de pouvoir continuer à se développer en périphérie du centre-ville sans avoir à augmenter la capacité du réseau en aval. En résumé, le CTR permet à une municipalité d’adapter son réseau, peu importe sa configuration, de façon à faire face aux changements climatiques.
Books on the topic "Hydrologie globale"
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Eddy, Richard L. Analysis of past relationships of temperature to hydrologic parameters. Denver, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Earth Sciences Division, 1992.
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Lins, Harry F. Global Change Hydrology Program. [Reston, Va.]: U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1993.
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C, Sud Y., Kim J. H, and Goddard Space Flight Center, eds. Intercomparison of hydrologic processes in global climate models. Greenbelt, Md: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1995.
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Ligetvári, Ferenc, and László Alföldi. Felmelegedés és vizeink: Válogatott írások. Budapest: Agroinform, 2006.
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(US), National Research Council. Global change and extreme hydrology: Testing conventional wisdom. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2011.
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JSC Scientific Steering Group for GEWEX. Session. Report of the first session of the JSC Scientific Steering Group for GEWEX: Pasadena, USA, 7-10 February 1989. [Geneva]: Joint Planning Staff for WCRP, World Meteorological Organization, 1989.
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JSC Scientific Steering Group for GEWEX. Session. Report of the first session of the JSC Scientific Steering Group for GEWEX: Pasadena, USA, 7-10 February 1989. [Geneva]: Joint Planning Staff for WCRP, World Meteorological Organization, 1989.
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JSC Scientific Steering Group for GEWEX. Session. Report of the second session of the JSC Scientific Steering Group for GEWEX: Paris, France, 15-19 January 1990. [Geneva]: World Meteorological Organization, 1990.
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Nuttle, W. K. Adaption to climate change and variability in Canadian water resources. [Ottawa]: Environment Canada, 1993.
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A, McBean G., and Hantel Michael, eds. Interactions between global climate subsystems: The legacy of Hann. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Hydrologie globale"
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Tang, Guoqiang, Yixin Wen, YaoYao Zheng, Di Long, and Yang Hong. "From Tropical to Global Precipitation Measurement." In Hydrologic Remote Sensing, 1–15. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315370392-2.
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Krajewski, Witold F., Felipe Quintero, Mohamed El Saadani, and Radoslaw Goska. "Hydrologic Validation and Flood Analysis." In Advances in Global Change Research, 609–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35798-6_8.
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Lettenmaier, Dennis. "Hydrologic Processes in Global Climate Change." In Geophysics News 1990, 14–15. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/sp029p0014.
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Bonan, Gordon B. "Forests and Global Change." In Forest Hydrology and Biogeochemistry, 711–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1363-5_35.
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Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, James S. Famiglietti, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Taikan Oki, Charles J. Vörösmarty, and Eric F. Wood. "Improving Understanding of the Global Hydrologic Cycle." In Climate Science for Serving Society, 151–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6692-1_6.
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Yamanaka, Tsutomu. "Vadose Zone Hydrology and Groundwater Recharge." In Global Environmental Studies, 29–44. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54968-0_3.
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Li, Zhe, Dawen Yang, Yang Hong, Bing Gao, and Qinghua Miao. "Multiscale Evaluation and Applications of Current Global Satellite Based Precipitation Products over the Yangtze River Basin." In Hydrologic Remote Sensing, 193–214. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315370392-12.
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Ndehedehe, Christopher. "Global Freshwater Systems." In Satellite Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Hydrology, 19–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99577-5_2.
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Eagleson, Peter S. "The Emergence of Global-Scale Hydrology." In 1986, Trends and Directions in Hydrology, 6S—14S. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118782088.ch2.
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Eagleson, Peter S. "The emergence of global-scale hydrology." In History of Geophysics: Volume 4, 128–36. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/hg004p0128.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Hydrologie globale"
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Balabanova, Snezhanka, Vesela Stoyanova, and Valeriya Yordanova. "NEURAL NETWORK-BASED MODELS FOR STRUMA RIVER FLOW FORECASTING." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/3.1/s12.13.
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Accurate river flow forecasting is an extremely important issue for proper management and optimal use of water resources as well as for warnings of extreme hydrometeorological events. Rainfall-runoff simulation is essential for short and longterm forecasting of the river discharge. Determining the relationship between rainfall and runoff is one of the most important tasks faced by hydrologists. This relationship is a nonlinear and extremely complex process influenced by many factors such as watershed topology, vegetation cover, soil types, river bed characteristics, groundwater aquifers, precipitation distribution, snowmelt, rural and urban activities. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are known as powerful and flexible models and are widely used in hydrology and forecasting. This paper aims to demonstrate the research and operational application of ANN in hydrologic modeling to construct an effective operational forecasting system of stream flow and potential flood risks in the studied area. The studied area is the Struma river Basin. The availability of long historical records and a good physical understanding of the hydrologic process in the area are very important in selecting the input predictors and designing a more efficient network. Historical data from automatic stations for the period 2015 - 2022 is selected to create the networks. The six hourly precipitation, daily temperature and runoff data from eleven subwatersheds are collected and used in developing the ANN. Additional analyses of lags are performed using correlation analysis of runoff at hydrometric stations at the outlet of the watersheds and correlation analysis of runoff and accumulated precipitation data in watersheds. The statistical estimates are Nash Sutcliffe model 0.8 - 0.9, MSE - 0.04 - 0.149, MAE 0.13 -0.176 and R 0.8-0.98. Operational forecasting is based on data from the global weather model ECMWF.
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Pearlman, Jay. "Global water cycle: Introduction to breakout sections." In 2011 GEOSS Workshop XLI - Hydrology. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/geoss-xli.2011.6047981.
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"IEEE GEOSS workshop XLI: Global hydrology interoperability and field applications." In 2011 GEOSS Workshop XLI - Hydrology. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/geoss-xli.2011.6047966.
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"Summary of IEEE — GEO workshop on global hydrology interoperability and field applications." In 2011 GEOSS Workshop XLI - Hydrology. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/geoss-xli.2011.6047982.
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Ramachandra, T. V., Nupur Nagar, S. Vinay, and Bharath H. Aithal. "Modelling hydrologic regime of Lakshmanatirtha watershed, Cauvery river." In 2014 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference - South Asia Satellite (GHTC-SAS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ghtc-sas.2014.6967560.
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Dessalegne, Tibebe, Sharika U. S. Senarath, and Raul J. Novoa. "Global Sensitivity Analysis of a Distributed Hydrologic Model Using Monte Carlo Simulation." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41114(371)482.
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Cánovas-García, Fulgencio, Sandra García-Galiano, and Negar Karbalaee. "Validation of a global satellite rainfall product for real time monitoring of meteorological extremes." In Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology, edited by Christopher M. Neale and Antonino Maltese. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2278398.
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Yanfang, Sang, Wang Dong, and Wu Jichun. "One Improved SAGA-ML Method for Parameters Estimation of Hydrologic Frequency Models." In 2009 WRI Global Congress on Intelligent Systems. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcis.2009.11.
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Yanfang, Sang, Wang Dong, and Wu Jichun. "Comparative Study of Some Improved ANN-Models for Hydrologic Time Series Forecast." In 2009 WRI Global Congress on Intelligent Systems. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcis.2009.12.
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Conover, Helen, Bruce Beaumont, and Sara Graves. "Information systems research at the Global Hydrology and Climate Center." In Space Programs and Technologies Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1996-4394.
Full textReports on the topic "Hydrologie globale"
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Hameed, Maysoun. Evaluating Global Sensitivity Analysis Methods for Hydrologic Modeling over the Columbia River Basin. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2395.
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Donald Johnson, Todd Schaack. MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL AND REGIONAL HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES AND APPROPRIATE CONSERVATION OF MOIST ENTROPY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/908633.
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Mills, Richard, Forrest Hoffman, Jitendra Kumar, Robert Jacob, Zachary Langford, Sarat Sreepathi, and Nathan Collier. Computationally Tractable High-Fidelity Representation of Global Hydrology in ESMs via Machine Learning Approaches to Scale-Bridging. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1769690.
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Mayfield, Colin. Higher Education in the Water Sector: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/guxy9244.
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Higher education related to water is a critical component of capacity development necessary to support countries’ progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) overall, and towards the SDG6 water and sanitation goal in particular. Although the precise number is unknown, there are at least 28,000 higher education institutions in the world. The actual number is likely higher and constantly changing. Water education programmes are very diverse and complex and can include components of engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, hydrology, hydrogeology, ecology, geography, earth sciences, public health, sociology, law, and political sciences, to mention a few areas. In addition, various levels of qualifications are offered, ranging from certificate, diploma, baccalaureate, to the master’s and doctorate (or equivalent) levels. The percentage of universities offering programmes in ‘water’ ranges from 40% in the USA and Europe to 1% in subSaharan Africa. There are no specific data sets available for the extent or quality of teaching ‘water’ in universities. Consequently, insights on this have to be drawn or inferred from data sources on overall research and teaching excellence such as Scopus, the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education, the Ranking Web of Universities, the Our World in Data website and the UN Statistics Division data. Using a combination of measures of research excellence in water resources and related topics, and overall rankings of university teaching excellence, universities with representation in both categories were identified. Very few universities are represented in both categories. Countries that have at least three universities in the list of the top 50 include USA, Australia, China, UK, Netherlands and Canada. There are universities that have excellent reputations for both teaching excellence and for excellent and diverse research activities in water-related topics. They are mainly in the USA, Europe, Australia and China. Other universities scored well on research in water resources but did not in teaching excellence. The approach proposed in this report has potential to guide the development of comprehensive programmes in water. No specific comparative data on the quality of teaching in water-related topics has been identified. This report further shows the variety of pathways which most water education programmes are associated with or built in – through science, technology and engineering post-secondary and professional education systems. The multitude of possible institutions and pathways to acquire a qualification in water means that a better ‘roadmap’ is needed to chart the programmes. A global database with details on programme curricula, qualifications offered, duration, prerequisites, cost, transfer opportunities and other programme parameters would be ideal for this purpose, showing country-level, regional and global search capabilities. Cooperation between institutions in preparing or presenting water programmes is currently rather limited. Regional consortia of institutions may facilitate cooperation. A similar process could be used for technical and vocational education and training, although a more local approach would be better since conditions, regulations and technologies vary between relatively small areas. Finally, this report examines various factors affecting the future availability of water professionals. This includes the availability of suitable education and training programmes, choices that students make to pursue different areas of study, employment prospects, increasing gender equity, costs of education, and students’ and graduates’ mobility, especially between developing and developed countries. This report aims to inform and open a conversation with educators and administrators in higher education especially those engaged in water education or preparing to enter that field. It will also benefit students intending to enter the water resources field, professionals seeking an overview of educational activities for continuing education on water and government officials and politicians responsible for educational activities
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Letcher, Theodore, Justin Minder, and Patrick Naple. Understanding and improving snow processes in Noah-MP over the Northeast United States via the New York State Mesonet. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45060.
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Snow is a critical component of the global hydrologic cycle and is a key input to river and stream flow forecasts. In 2016, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration launched the National Water Model (NWM) to provide a high-fidelity numerical forecast of streamflow integrated with the broader atmospheric prediction modeling framework. The NWM is coupled to the atmospheric model using the Noah-MP land surface modeling framework. While snow in Noah-MP has been consistently evaluated in the western United States, less attention has been paid to understanding and optimizing its performance in the Northeast US (NEUS). The newly installed New York State Mesonet (NYSM), a network of high-quality surface meteorological stations distributed across New York State, provides a unique opportunity to evaluate Noah-MP performance in the NEUS. In this report, we document the methodology used to perform single-column simulations using meteorological inputs from the NYSM and compare the point evaluations against baseline NWM performance. We further discuss how enhanced surface energy balance measurements at a selection of NYSM sites can be used to evaluate specific components of Noah-MP and present initial results.
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Baker, Justin S., George Van Houtven, Yongxia Cai, Fekadu Moreda, Chris Wade, Candise Henry, Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, and A. J. Kondash. A Hydro-Economic Methodology for the Food-Energy-Water Nexus: Valuation and Optimization of Water Resources. RTI Press, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.mr.0044.2105.
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Growing global water stress caused by the combined effects of growing populations, increasing economic development, and climate change elevates the importance of managing and allocating water resources in ways that are economically efficient and that account for interdependencies between food production, energy generation, and water networks—often referred to as the “food-energy-water (FEW) nexus.” To support these objectives, this report outlines a replicable hydro-economic methodology for assessing the value of water resources in alternative uses across the FEW nexus–including for agriculture, energy production, and human consumption—and maximizing the benefits of these resources through optimization analysis. The report’s goal is to define the core elements of an integrated systems-based modeling approach that is generalizable, flexible, and geographically portable for a range of FEW nexus applications. The report includes a detailed conceptual framework for assessing the economic value of water across the FEW nexus and a modeling framework that explicitly represents the connections and feedbacks between hydrologic systems (e.g., river and stream networks) and economic systems (e.g., food and energy production). The modeling components are described with examples from existing studies and applications. The report concludes with a discussion of current limitations and potential extensions of the hydro-economic methodology.
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Bartolino, Valerio, Birgit Koehler, and Lena Bergström, eds. Climate effects on fish in Sweden : Species-Climate Information Sheets for 32 key taxa in marine and coastal waters. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.4lmlt1tq5j.
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The purpose of this publication is to summarize the state of knowledge on the effects of environmental variability and climate change for individual species and stocks based on literature review, giving species-climate information for 32 key taxa in Swedish marine and coastal waters. The report is written in English. The extent and scale of recent changes in climate due to global warming is unprecedented and causes increasing effects on ecosystems. In oceans, ongoing warming leads to, for example, increased water temperatures, decreased ice cover and effects on hydrology and water circulation patterns that can in turn influence salinity. The environmental alterations affect species distribution, biology, and hence also the delivery of marine ecosystem services and human well-being. The results of this review on the effects of environmental variability and climate change on marine taxa are presented as species-climate information sheets designed in a user-friendly format aimed to enhance accessibility for professionals spanning different fields and roles, including e.g. scientific experts, NGOs affiliates and managers. The species-climate information sheets presented here cover 32 key taxa selected among the economically and ecologically most important coastal and marine fish and crustacean species in Swedish waters. The species-wise evaluations show that climate change leads to a wide range of effects on fish, reflecting variations in their biology and physiological tolerances. The review also highlights important data and knowledge gaps for each species and life stage. Despite the high variability and prevailing uncertainties, some general patterns appeared. On a general level, most fish species in Swedish marine and coastal waters are not expected to benefit from climate change, and many risks are identified to their potential for recruitment, growth and development. Boreal, marine and cold-adapted species would be disadvantaged at Swedish latitudes. However, fish of freshwater origin adapted to warmer temperature regimes could benefit to some extent in the Baltic Sea under a warming climate. Freshwater fish could also be benefitted under further decreasing salinity in the surface water in the Baltic Sea. The resulting effects on species will not only depend on the physiological responses, but also on how the feeding conditions for fish, prey availability, the quality of essential fish habitats and many other factors will develop. A wide range of ecological factors decisive for the development of fish communities are also affected by climate change but have not been explored here, where we focused on the direct effects of warming. The sensitivity and resilience of the fish species to climate change will also depend on their present and future health and biological status. Populations exposed to prolonged and intense fishing exploitation, or affected by environmental deterioration will most likely have a lower capacity to cope with climate change effects over time. For both the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, it is important to ensure continued work to update and improve the species-climate information sheets as results from new research become available. It can also be expected that new important and relevant biological information and improved climate scenarios will emerge continuously. Continued work is therefore important to update and refine the species-climate information sheets, help filling in currently identified knowledge gaps, and extend to other species not included here. Moreover, there is need to integrate this type of species-level information into analyses of the effects of climate change at the level of communities and ecosystems to support timely mitigation and adaptation responses to the challenges of the climate change.
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Vegetation and hydrology of land-margin ecosystems: the mangroves of South Florida in relation to disturbance, global change and response to restoration. US Geological Survey, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/70127566.
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Hydrology and geochemistry of aquifer and stream contamination related to acidic water in Pinal Creek basin near Globe, Arizona. US Geological Survey, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wsp2466.
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