Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrological tracing'
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K�ss, W. A. "Hydrological tracing practice on underground contaminations." Environmental Geology 23, no. 1 (February 1994): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00773135.
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KAGABU, Makoto. "Tracing the Hydrological Cycle Using Environmental Isotopes." Journal of Japanese Association of Hydrological Sciences 51, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4145/jahs.51.45.
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Florent, Perrine, Henry-Michel Cauchie, and Leslie Ogorzaly. "A Virological Perspective on the Use of Bacteriophages as Hydrological Tracers." Water 14, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 3991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14243991.
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Hydrological tracers, commonly used for characterizing water flow paths and sources, do not often meet all the requirements of an ideal tracer. Trans-disciplinary approaches are advocated as the way forward to enlarge the number of tracers available for investigating hydrological processes. Since the 19th century, hydrological tracers have been increasingly used, particularly in underground areas. The tracer toolbox at hand includes a large variety of options, including fluorescent dyes, isotopes, salts or bacteriophages, with each tracer offering specific qualities and complementarities. While their potential for hydrological studies has been studied in karstic environments since the 1960s, bacteriophages remain insufficiently understood. According to the selection methodology used in this review, more than thirty experiments have been listed, involving in total around seventeen different bacteriophages. These have facilitated the investigation of groundwater, surface water (i.e., river, lake and marine water), wetland and wastewater hydrological processes. The tracing experiments have also highlighted the possible interaction between bacteriophages and the surrounding environments. Bacteriophages have successfully helped researchers to understand the water flow within watersheds. Certain advantages, such as the sensitivity of detection, the ease of producing high concentrations of bacteriophages to be injected, their specificity for a host and their non-pathogenicity for human and animal cells, make bacteriophages appreciable tracer candidates for tracing experiments. However, the adsorption process or environmental factors such as temperature, pH and UV light considerably impact the fate of bacteriophages, thereby leading to an attenuation of the phage signal. Considering both the flaws and the qualities of bacteriophages, their use as hydrological tracers requires new insight and further discussions regarding experimental tracing conditions.
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Dai, Liyi, Yinghu Zhang, Ying Liu, Lumeng Xie, Shiqiang Zhao, Zhenming Zhang, and Lv Xizhi. "Assessing hydrological connectivity of wetlands by dye-tracing experiment." Ecological Indicators 119 (December 2020): 106840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106840.
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Benischke, Ralf. "Review: Advances in the methodology and application of tracing in karst aquifers." Hydrogeology Journal 29, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02278-9.
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AbstractTracer methods have been widely used in many fields of environmental and natural sciences, and also in human health sciences. In particular, tracers are used in the study of karst hydrogeology, typically focusing on phenomena such as sinkholes, sinking rivers and large karst springs. It is known that tracers have been used since antiquity. The aim of tracer tests has been to investigate underground flow paths, transport processes and water–rock interactions, and to get an insight into the functioning of a karst aquifer. In karst hydrogeology, tracer methods are the most important investigation tools beside conventional hydrological methods. In early times, tracer methods were applied only to investigate underground flow-paths. Later they were also used to elucidate transport processes associated with water flow, and today they are often the basis, together with detailed hydrological information, of groundwater protection investigations and aquifer modelling. Many substances (spores, microspheres, bacteriophages, salt tracers, fluorescent dyes, radioactive substances) have been investigated for their properties and potential usage in environmental investigations, in particular the often unknown and inaccessible underground systems of karst areas. A great number of analytical techniques is available. This includes instrumentation for laboratory applications and direct online, on-site or in-situ field measurements. Modern instruments have a high capability for data acquisition, storage and transmission in short intervals, as a basis for quantitative evaluation and modelling. This enables research on the hydrological and hydrochemical dynamics of aquifers and their response to different natural or anthropogenic impacts.
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Clason, C. C., C. Coch, J. Jarsjö, K. Brugger, P. Jansson, and G. Rosqvist. "Dye tracing to determine flow properties of hydrocarbon-polluted Rabots glaciär, Kebnekaise, Sweden." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 6 (June 15, 2015): 2701–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2701-2015.
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Abstract. Over 11 000 L of kerosene was deposited on the surface of Rabots glaciär on the Kebnekaise Massif, northern Sweden, following the crash of a Royal Norwegian Air Force aircraft in March 2012. An environmental monitoring programme was subsequently commissioned, including a series of dye tracing experiments during the 2013 melt season, conducted to investigate the transport of pollutants through the glacier hydrological system. This experimental set-up provided a basis from which we could gain new insight into the internal hydrological system of Rabots glaciär. Results of dye tracing experiments reveal a degree of homogeneity in the topology of the drainage system throughout July and August, with an increase in efficiency as the season progresses, as reflected by decreasing temporary storage and dispersivity. Early onset of melting likely led to formation of an efficient, discrete drainage system early in the melt season, subject to decreasing sinuosity and braiding as the season progressed. Four distinct meltwater flow regimes are identified to summarize the temporal and spatial evolution of the system. Analysis of turbidity-discharge hysteresis further supports the formation of discrete, efficient drainage, with clockwise diurnal hysteresis suggesting easy mobilization of readily available sediments in channels. Dye injection immediately downstream of the pollution source zone reveals prolonged storage of dye followed by fast, efficient release. Twinned with a low dye recovery, and supported by sporadic detection of hydrocarbons in the proglacial river, we suggest that meltwater, and thus pollutants in solution, may be released periodically through an efficient, and likely pressurized, hydrological system within the upper reaches of the glacier.
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Clason, C. C., C. Coch, J. Jarsjö, K. Brugger, P. Jansson, and G. Rosqvist. "Dye tracing for investigating flow and transport properties of hydrocarbon-polluted Rabots glaciär, Kebnekaise, Sweden." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 12 (December 15, 2014): 13711–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-13711-2014.
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Abstract. Over 11 000 L of hydrocarbon pollution was deposited on the surface of Rabots glaciär on the Kebnekaise Massif, northern Sweden, following the crash of a Royal Norwegian Air Force aircraft in March 2012. An environmental monitoring programme was subsequently commissioned, including water, snow and ice sampling. The scientific programme further included a series of dye tracing experiments during the 2013 melt season, conducted to investigate flow pathways for pollutants through the glacier hydrological system, and to gain new insight to the internal hydrological system of Rabots glaciär. Results of dye tracing reveal a degree of homogeneity in the topology of the drainage system throughout July and August, with an increase in efficiency as the season progresses, as reflected by decreasing temporary storage and dispersivity. Early onset of melting likely led to formation of an efficient, discrete drainage system early in the melt season, subject to decreasing sinuosity and braiding as the season progressed. Analysis of turbidity-discharge hysteresis further supports the formation of discrete, efficient drainage, with clockwise diurnal hysteresis suggesting easy mobilisation of readily-available sediments in channels. Dye injection immediately downstream of the pollution source zone revealed prolonged storage of dye followed by fast, efficient release. Twinned with a low dye recovery, and supported by sporadic detection of hydrocarbons in the proglacial river, we suggest that meltwater, and thus pollutants in solution, may be released periodically from this zone of the glacier hydrological system. The here identified dynamics of dye storage, dispersion and breakthrough indicate that the ultimate fate and permanence of pollutants in the glacier system is likely to be governed by storage of pollutants in the firn layer and ice mass, or within the internal hydrological system, where it may refreeze. This shows that future studies on the fate of hydrocarbons in pristine, glaciated mountain environments should address the extent to which pollutants in solution act like water molecules or whether they are more susceptible to, for example, refreezing into the surrounding ice, becoming stuck in micro-fractures and pore spaces, or sorption onto subglacial sediments.
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Zhang, Wenqi, Lu Wang, Zhiying Tang, and Yinghu Zhang. "Effects of the Root System Architecture of Pinus taeda and Phyllostachys edulis on the Index of Hydrological Connectivity in Subtropical Forest Ecosystems." Forests 13, no. 12 (November 27, 2022): 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13122008.
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The hydrological connectivity below the soil surface can influence the forest structure and function, especially soil and plant productivity. However, few studies have determined the changes in the hydrological connectivity below the soil surface with increasing soil depth and have quantified the effects of root systems on the hydrological connectivity in forest ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated the index of the hydrological connectivity (IHC) below the soil surface using a field dye tracing method and compared the difference in the index of hydrological connectivity in two subtropical forest stands (i.e., pine trees [SS] and bamboo [ZL]). We analyzed the interactions between the parameters of root system architecture and the index of hydrological connectivity. Back propagation (BP) neural networks were used to quantify which parameter can contribute the most relative importance to the changes of the IHC. The results revealed that the maximum value of the index of hydrological connectivity occurs at the soil surface, and it exhibits a non-linear decreasing trend with increasing soil depth. The parameters of root system architecture (root length, root projected area, root surface area, root volume, and root biomass) were rich in the top soil layers (0–20 cm) in the two sites. Those parameters were positively correlated with the IHC and the root length had the largest positive influence on the hydrological connectivity. Furthermore, we found that root system architecture with different root diameters had different degrees of influence on the index of hydrological connectivity. The very fine root systems (0 < D < 1 mm) had the greatest effect on the hydrological connectivity (p < 0.01). The results of this study provide more information for the assessment of the hydrological connectivity below the soil surface and a better understanding of the effects of root systems in soil hydrology within the rhizosphere.
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Foets, Jasper, Carlos E. Wetzel, Núria Martínez-Carreras, Adriaan J. Teuling, Jean-François Iffly, and Laurent Pfister. "Technical note: A time-integrated sediment trap to sample diatoms for hydrological tracing." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 4709–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4709-2020.
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Abstract. Diatoms, microscopic single-celled algae, are present in almost all habitats containing water (e.g. streams, lakes, soil and rocks). In the terrestrial environment, their diversified species distributions are mainly controlled by physiographical factors and anthropic disturbances which makes them useful tracers in catchment hydrology. In their use as a tracer, diatoms are generally sampled in streams by means of an automated sampling method; as a result, many samples must be collected to cover a whole storm run-off event. As diatom analysis is labour-intensive, a trade-off has to be made between the number of sites and the number of samples per site. In an attempt to reduce this sampling effort, we explored the potential for the Phillips sampler, a time-integrated mass-flux sampler, to provide a representative sample of the diatom assemblage of a whole storm run-off event. We addressed this by comparing the diatom community composition of the Phillips sampler to the composite community collected by automatic samplers for three events. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) showed that, based on the species composition, (1) all three events could be separated from each other, (2) the Phillips sampler was able to sample representative communities for two events and (3) significantly different communities were only collected for the third event. These observations were generally confirmed by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM), permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), and the comparison of species relative abundances and community-derived indices. However, sediment data from the third event, which was sampled with automatic samplers, showed a large amount of noise; therefore, we could not verify if the Phillips sampler sampled representative communities or not. Nevertheless, we believe that this sampler could not only be applied in hydrological tracing using terrestrial diatoms, but it might also be a useful tool in water quality assessment.
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Zhang, Yijie, Shugang Wang, Jing Wang, Bo Zhang, Haiyan Li, Liping Li, Chunjin Lin, Zhenhao Xu, Guodong Zhao, and Junfei Han. "A Targeted Grouting and Water Blocking Method Based on Hydrological Tracer Testing and Its Engineering Applications." Water 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2019): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051000.
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Hydrological tracer testing is an effective way to determine the law of recharge and the transport of groundwater. In karst collapse mine water treatment, the hydrological tracing test can determine information such as the runoff velocity and the pattern of underground runoff, so that targeted grouting becomes possible. In this paper, NaCl was used as a tracer, and the content of the tracer was determined by the chloride ion selective electrode method. The NaCl concentration–time curve was plotted, and we obtained a tracer test method that can determine the runoff of the karst quantificationally. The method can quantificationally obtain the groundwater transport velocity, runoff pattern, and connectivity. This combination of grouting rate, grouting pressure, and setting time realized the localized targeted grouting and achieved a significant water damage control effect.
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Pfister, Laurent, Carlos E. Wetzel, Núria Martínez-Carreras, Jean François Iffly, Julian Klaus, Ladislav Holko, and Jeffrey J. McDonnell. "Examination of aerial diatom flushing across watersheds in Luxembourg, Oregon and Slovakia for tracing episodic hydrological connectivity." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 63, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2015-0031.
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Abstract Hydrological processes research remains a field that is severely measurement limited. While conventional tracers (geochemicals, isotopes) have brought extremely valuable insights into water source and flowpaths, they nonetheless have limitations that clearly constrain their range of application. Integrating hydrology and ecology in catchment science has been repeatedly advocated as offering potential for interdisciplinary studies that are eventually to provide a holistic view of catchment functioning. In this context, aerial diatoms have been shown to have the potential for detecting of the onset/cessation of rapid water flowpaths within the hillslope-riparian zone-stream continuum. However, many open questions prevail as to aerial diatom reservoir size, depletion and recovery, as well as to their mobilisation and transport processes. Moreover, aerial diatoms remain poorly known compared to freshwater species and new species are still being discovered. Here, we ask whether aerial diatom flushing can be observed in three catchments with contrasting physiographic characteristics in Luxembourg, Oregon (USA) and Slovakia. This is a prerequisite for qualifying aerial diatoms as a robust indicator of the onset/cessation of rapid water flowpaths across a wider range of physiographical contexts. One species in particular, (Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehr.) Grunow), was found to be common to the three investigated catchments. Aerial diatom species were flushed, in different relative proportions, to the river network during rainfall-runoff events in all three catchments. Our take-away message from this preliminary examination is that aerial diatoms appear to have a potential for tracing episodic hydrological connectivity through a wider range of physiographic contexts and therefore serve as a complementary tool to conventional hydrological tracers.
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He, Chansheng, and L. Allan James. "Watershed science: Linking hydrological science with sustainable management of river basins." Science China Earth Sciences 64, no. 5 (April 15, 2021): 677–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-020-9723-4.
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AbstractOver the past decades, a number of water sciences and management programs have been developed to better understand and manage the water cycles at multiple temporal and spatial scales for various purposes, such as ecohydrology, global hydrology, sociohydrology, supply management, demand management, and integrated water resources management (IWRM). At the same time, rapid advancements have also been taking place in tracing, mapping, remote sensing, machine learning, and modelling technologies in hydrological research. Despite those programs and advancements, a water crisis is intensifying globally. The missing link is effective interactions between the hydrological research and water resource management to support implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at multiple spatial scales. Since the watershed is the natural unit for water resources management, watershed science offers the potential to bridge this missing link. This study first reviews the advances in hydrological research and water resources management, and then discusses issues and challenges facing the global water community. Subsequently, it describes the core components of watershed science: (1) hydrological analysis; (2) water-operation policies; (3) governance; (4) management and feedback. The framework takes into account water availability, water uses, and water quality; explicitly focuses on the storage, fluxes, and quality of the hydrological cycle; defines appropriate local water resource thresholds through incorporating the planetary boundary framework; and identifies specific actionable measures for water resources management. It provides a complementary approach to the existing water management programs in addressing the current global water crisis and achieving the UN SDGs.
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Hidayat, Arif. "SIMBOLISME-RELIGIUS SYAIR KESENIAN COWONG." IBDA` : Jurnal Kajian Islam dan Budaya 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2011): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/ibda.v9i1.26.
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This article discusses the religious symbolism contained in the lyric of Cowong arts. Interpretation of the symbol refers to Ricoeur thought as reading strategies. Language in the Cowong art poem recited in the middle-Javanese language, that asking the Creator for the coming rain. It’s very unique cycle with tracing the hydrological cycle, but the procedure for disclosure of poetry is the prayers that are being said to the Creator. Those prayers believed as granted revelation of rain after the ritual is done.
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Maréchal, Jean-Christophe, Jean-Jacques Braun, Jean Riotte, Jean-Pierre Bedimo Bedimo, and Jean-Loup Boeglin. "Hydrological processes of a rainforest headwater swamp from natural chemical tracing in Nsimi watershed, Cameroon." Hydrological Processes 25, no. 14 (February 23, 2011): 2246–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7989.
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Bowen, Gabriel J., Zhongyin Cai, Richard P. Fiorella, and Annie L. Putman. "Isotopes in the Water Cycle: Regional- to Global-Scale Patterns and Applications." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 47, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 453–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060220.
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Stable isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen have been applied to water cycle research for over 60 years. Over the past two decades, however, new data, data compilations, and quantitative methods have supported the application of isotopic data to address large-scale water cycle problems. Recent results have demonstrated the impact of climate variation on atmospheric water cycling, provided constraints on continental- to global-scale land-atmosphere water vapor fluxes, revealed biases in the sources of runoff in hydrological models, and illustrated regional patterns of water use and management by people. In the past decade, global isotopic observations have spurred new debate over the role of soils in the water cycle, with potential to impact both ecological and hydrological theory. Many components of the water cycle remain underrepresented in isotopic databases. Increasing accessibility of analyses and improved platforms for data sharing will refine and grow the breadth of these contributions in the future. ▪ Isotope ratios in water integrate information on hydrological processes over scales from cities to the globe. ▪ Tracing water with isotopes helps reveal the processes that govern variability in the water cycle and may govern future global changes. ▪ Improvements in instrumentation, data sharing, and quantitative analysis have advanced isotopic water cycle science over the past 20 years.
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Windhorst, D., P. Kraft, E. Timbe, H. G. Frede, and L. Breuer. "Stable water isotope tracing through hydrological models for disentangling runoff generation processes at the hillslope scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 10 (October 16, 2014): 4113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4113-2014.
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Abstract. Hillslopes are the dominant landscape components where incoming precipitation becomes groundwater, streamflow or atmospheric water vapor. However, directly observing flux partitioning in the soil is almost impossible. Hydrological hillslope models are therefore being used to investigate the processes involved. Here we report on a modeling experiment using the Catchment Modeling Framework (CMF) where measured stable water isotopes in vertical soil profiles along a tropical mountainous grassland hillslope transect are traced through the model to resolve potential mixing processes. CMF simulates advective transport of stable water isotopes 18O and 2H based on the Richards equation within a fully distributed 2-D representation of the hillslope. The model successfully replicates the observed temporal pattern of soil water isotope profiles (R2 0.84 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) 0.42). Predicted flows are in good agreement with previous studies. We highlight the importance of groundwater recharge and shallow lateral subsurface flow, accounting for 50 and 16% of the total flow leaving the system, respectively. Surface runoff is negligible despite the steep slopes in the Ecuadorian study region.
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Windhorst, D., P. Kraft, E. Timbe, H. G. Frede, and L. Breuer. "Stable water isotope tracing through hydrological models for disentangling runoff generation processes at the hillslope scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2014): 5179–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-5179-2014.
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Abstract. Hillslopes are the dominant landscape components where incoming precipitation is transferred to become groundwater, streamflow or atmospheric water vapor. However, directly observing flux partitioning in the soil is almost impossible. Hydrological hillslope models are therefore being used to investigate the involved processes. Here we report on a modeling experiment using the Catchment Modeling Framework (CMF) where measured stable water isotopes in vertical soil profiles along a tropical mountainous grassland hillslope transect are traced through the model to resolve potential mixing processes. CMF simulates advective transport of stable water isotopes 18O and 2H based on the Richards equation within a fully distributed 2-D representation of the hillslope. The model successfully replicates the observed temporal pattern of soil water isotope profiles (R2 0.84 and NSE 0.42). Predicted flows are in good agreement with previous studies. We highlight the importance of groundwater recharge and shallow lateral subsurface flow, accounting for 50% and 16% of the total flow leaving the system, respectively. Surface runoff is negligible despite the steep slopes in the Ecuadorian study region.
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Li, Hongyi, Xin Li, Dawen Yang, Jian Wang, Bing Gao, Xiaoduo Pan, Yanlin Zhang, and Xiaohua Hao. "Tracing Snowmelt Paths in an Integrated Hydrological Model for Understanding Seasonal Snowmelt Contribution at Basin Scale." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. 16 (August 17, 2019): 8874–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019jd030760.
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Rock, L., and B. Mayer. "Tracing nitrates and sulphates in river basins using isotope techniques." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 10 (May 1, 2006): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.314.
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The objective of this paper is to outline how stable isotope techniques can contribute to the elucidation of the sources and the fate of riverine nitrate and sulphate in watershed studies. The example used is the Oldman River Basin (OMRB), located in southern Alberta (Canada). Increasing sulphate concentrations and decreasing δ34S values along the flowpath of the Oldman River indicate that oxidation of pyrite in tills is a major source of riverine sulphate in the agriculturally used portion of the OMRB. Chemical and isotopic data showed that manure-derived nitrogen contributes significantly to the increase in nitrate concentrations in the Oldman River and its tributaries draining agricultural land. It is suggested that hydrological conditions control agricultural return flows to the surface water bodies in southern Alberta and impart significant seasonal variations on concentrations and isotopic compositions of riverine nitrate. Combining isotopic, chemical, and hydrometric data permitted us to estimate the relative contribution of major sources to the total solute fluxes. Hence, we submit that isotopic measurements can make an important contribution to the identification of nutrient and pollutant sources and to river basin management.
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Xuexuan, Xu, Zhao Jiaona, and Zhang Xiaoni. "Hydrological cycle research by D & 18 O tracing in small watershed in the loess hilly region." International Soil and Water Conservation Research 1, no. 3 (December 2013): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2095-6339(15)30033-2.
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Liu, Jing, Bo Chen, Zhu-Yan Xu, Yuan Wei, Zhi-Hua Su, Rui Yang, Yong-Xue Ji, et al. "Tracing solute sources and carbon dynamics under various hydrological conditions in a karst river in southwestern China." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 10 (January 21, 2020): 11375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07650-6.
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Kluge, T., J. Ilmberger, C. von Rohden, and W. Aeschbach-Hertig. "Tracing and quantifying groundwater inflow into lakes using radon-222." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 3 (June 12, 2007): 1519–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-1519-2007.
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Abstract. Due to its high activities in groundwater, the radionuclide 222Rn is a sensitive natural tracer to detect and quantify groundwater inflow into lakes, provided the comparatively low activities in the lakes can be measured accurately. Here we present a simple method for radon measurements in the low-level range down to 3 Bq m−3, appropriate for groundwater-influenced lakes, together with a concept to derive inflow rates from the radon budget in lakes. The analytical method is based on a commercially available radon detector and combines the advantages of established procedures with regard to efficient sampling and sensitive analysis. Large volume (12 l) water samples are taken in the field and analyzed in the laboratory by equilibration with a closed air loop and alpha spectrometry of radon in the gas phase. After successful laboratory tests, the method has been applied to a small dredging lake without surface in- or outflow in order to estimate the groundwater contribution to the hydrological budget. The inflow rate calculated from a 222Rn balance for the lake is around 530 m3 per day, which is comparable to the results of previous studies. In addition to the inflow rate, the vertical and horizontal radon distribution in the lake provides information on the spatial distribution of groundwater inflow to the lake. The simple measurement and sampling technique encourages further use of radon to examine groundwater-lake interaction.
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Werder, Mauro A., Alexandre Loye, and Martin Funk. "Dye tracing a jökulhlaup: I. Subglacial water transit speed and water-storage mechanism." Journal of Glaciology 55, no. 193 (2009): 889–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214309790152447.
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AbstractWe present results of an investigation of two jökulhlaups (glacial lake outburst floods) at Gornergletscher, Switzerland, using dye-tracer experiments and complementary hydrological measurements. Repeated dye injections into moulins showed that tracer transit speeds were larger after the lake had emptied, but when proglacial discharge was still high, than during the main phase of the jökulhlaup. This counter-intuitive finding was modelled by tracer retardation inside the injection moulin. This model, together with an estimate of the maximum time the tracer takes to transit the injection moulin, allows us to calculate bounds on the transit speed in the main drainage channel where the lake water flows. These results indicate that the main drainage channel transit speeds are indeed highest during the peak of the flood. Moreover, it is known from a previous study that water amounting to half of the lake volume is temporarily stored within the glacier during a Gornergletscher jökulhlaup. Our observations suggest that this process occurred via lateral spreading of water at the glacier bed.
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Tian, Lijun, Yongli Gao, Guang Yang, Benjamin Schwartz, Binggui Cai, Christopher Ray, Yunxia Li, and Haibin Wu. "Isotopic tracers of sources of water for springs from the Edwards Aquifer, Central Texas, USA." Hydrology Research 52, no. 3 (May 20, 2021): 787–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2021.011.
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Abstract The Edwards Aquifer (EA) in Central Texas provides water supply for over two million people and contains springs that are hydrologically and ecologically important to the region. The residence time of groundwater in the EA ranges from a few days to many thousands of years, since water in the aquifer is contained and transported within both matrix porosity and large conduits. In this study, stable isotopes of water from five springs are investigated for tracing the origin of water and hydrological processes in the EA system during 2017–2019. There is a quick response of the isotopic signals measured at these springs to changes in the isotopic compositions of precipitation. By utilizing an isotope mixing model, we have identified sources of water for these springs with a bi-modal distribution of groundwater supply in the EA: water supplied from deep groundwater with a longer residence time (an average of 67%) and supplemental epikarst interflow with a shorter residence time (an average of 33%). The evolution of hydrochemical water types from HCO3–Ca to HCO3·Cl–Ca·Mg along the EA flowpaths indicates that inputs from epikarst interflow are greater in springs within the artesian zone than the springs within the contributing zone.
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Chen, Liwei, Weihua Chen, Jiazhen Lin, Chunhua Chen, Yalin Luo, and Longlong Tao. "Study on the Dispersion of Radionuclides under Different Hydrological Conditions of Spent Fuel Shipping in Daya Bay." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2022 (June 10, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7265821.
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The radionuclide dispersion in coastal water is mainly controlled by the water flow and tidal effect. Tracing and analysis of radioactive pollutant dispersion in coastal water can predict distribution of radionuclide under marine transportation accident of spent fuel. In this work, factors such as continuous emission, radioactive decay, and water depth are considered, and a hydrodynamic model of radionuclide dispersion based on shallow water equations is established to simulate the dispersion of the radioactive pollutant in coastal waters under different hydrological conditions. As far as the characteristics of the radionuclide dispersion in coastal water are concerned, the simulation of pollutants by the hydrodynamic model is in good agreement with the work of Bailly du Bois et al., which validated the correctness of this model. The model has been applied to simulate the distribution of radionuclides in coastal water following a marine transport accident of spent fuel near Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in China. The simulation reveals that the distribution features are significantly affected by different hydrological conditions. In addition to limiting the diffusion range, the vortex effect can also cause the accumulation of radionuclides near the vortex, which helps to provide more practical information for nuclear emergency decision makers.
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Rozemeijer, J., C. Siderius, M. Verheul, and H. Pomarius. "Tracing the spatial propagation of river inlet water into an agricultural polder area using anthropogenic gadolinium." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2012): 1411–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-1411-2012.
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Abstract. The inlet of diverted river water into agricultural areas or nature reserves is a frequently applied management strategy to prevent fresh water shortage. However, the inlet water might have negative consequences for water quality in the receiving water bodies. This study aimed to obtain a spatial image of the inlet water propagation into a hydrological complex polder area. We used anthropogenic gadolinium (Gd-anomaly) as a tracer for diverted river water. A clear reduction in the river water contribution was found from very dry conditions on 5 August 2010 to very wet conditions on 22 October. Despite the large inlet water impact on 5 August, the diverted river water did not propagate up into the small agricultural headwater ditches. Gadolinium proved to be an effective tracer for diverted river water in a polder system. We applied our results to upgrade the interpretation of water quality monitoring data and to validate our integrated nutrient transport models.
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Orlowski, Natalie, Philipp Kraft, Jakob Pferdmenges, and Lutz Breuer. "Exploring water cycle dynamics by sampling multiple stable water isotope pools in a developed landscape in Germany." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 9 (September 20, 2016): 3873–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3873-2016.
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Abstract. A dual stable water isotope (δ2H and δ18O) study was conducted in the developed (managed) landscape of the Schwingbach catchment (Germany). The 2-year weekly to biweekly measurements of precipitation, stream, and groundwater isotopes revealed that surface and groundwater are isotopically disconnected from the annual precipitation cycle but showed bidirectional interactions between each other. Apparently, snowmelt played a fundamental role for groundwater recharge explaining the observed differences to precipitation δ values. A spatially distributed snapshot sampling of soil water isotopes at two soil depths at 52 sampling points across different land uses (arable land, forest, and grassland) revealed that topsoil isotopic signatures were similar to the precipitation input signal. Preferential water flow paths occurred under forested soils, explaining the isotopic similarities between top- and subsoil isotopic signatures. Due to human-impacted agricultural land use (tilling and compression) of arable and grassland soils, water delivery to the deeper soil layers was reduced, resulting in significant different isotopic signatures. However, the land use influence became less pronounced with depth and soil water approached groundwater δ values. Seasonally tracing stable water isotopes through soil profiles showed that the influence of new percolating soil water decreased with depth as no remarkable seasonality in soil isotopic signatures was obvious at depths > 0.9 m and constant values were observed through space and time. Since classic isotope evaluation methods such as transfer-function-based mean transit time calculations did not provide a good fit between the observed and calculated data, we established a hydrological model to estimate spatially distributed groundwater ages and flow directions within the Vollnkirchener Bach subcatchment. Our model revealed that complex age dynamics exist within the subcatchment and that much of the runoff must has been stored for much longer than event water (average water age is 16 years). Tracing stable water isotopes through the water cycle in combination with our hydrological model was valuable for determining interactions between different water cycle components and unravelling age dynamics within the study area. This knowledge can further improve catchment-specific process understanding of developed, human-impacted landscapes.
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Li, Zong-Jie, Zong-Xing Li, Ling-Ling Song, Juan Gui, Jian Xue, Bai Juan Zhang, and Wen De Gao. "Hydrological and runoff formation processes based on isotope tracing during ablation period in the source regions of Yangtze River." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 8 (August 26, 2020): 4169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4169-2020.
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Abstract. This study focused on the hydrological and runoff formation processes of river water by using stable isotope tracing in the source regions of the Yangtze River during different ablation episodes in 2016 and the ablation period from 2016 to 2018. The effects of altitude on stable isotope characteristics for the river in the glacier permafrost area were greater than for the main stream and the permafrost area during the ablation period in 2016. There was a significant negative correlation (at the 0.01 level) between precipitation and δ18O, while a significant positive correlation was evident between precipitation and d-excess. More interestingly, significant negative correlations appeared between δ18O and temperature, relative humidity, and evaporation. A mixed segmentation model for end-members was used to determine the proportion of the contributions of different water sources to the target water body. The proportions of precipitation, supra-permafrost water, and glacier and snow meltwater for the main stream were 41.70 %, 40.88 %, and 17.42 %, respectively. The proportions of precipitation, supra-permafrost water, and glacier and snow meltwater were 33.63 %, 42.21 %, and 24.16 % for the river in the glacier permafrost area and 20.79 %, 69.54 %, and 9.67 %, respectively, for that in the permafrost area. The supra-permafrost water was relatively stable during the different ablation periods, becoming the main source of runoff in the alpine region, except for precipitation, during the ablation period.
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Patiris, D. L., G. Eleftheriou, A. P. Karageorgis, D. Georgopoulos, V. Papadopoulos, K. Stamoulis, K. G. Ioannides, R. Vlastou, and C. Tsabaris. "Radio-tracing techniques applied in a marine ecosystem, the case of a submarine groundwater source at southern Peloponnesus." HNPS Proceedings 18 (November 23, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2530.
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The submarine discharge of groundwater (SGD) into the coastal zone has been recognized as an important component of the hydrological cycle. Quantities of groundwater flowing toward coastal aquifers are leaded under the seafloor and due to geomorphologic causes may discharge into the coastal zone. At some locations the quantity of the water is large enough to establish these springs as valuable water sources. The estimation of the submarine groundwater flux is complicated by conventional methods. Instead, measurements of a variety of radioisotopes (222Rn, 214Pb, 226Ra, 228Ra, 40K, 3H) as tracers provide a means to obtain integrated flux estimations as well as residence time, the age of the water and a factor of ground-sea water mixing process. Results from the current study at Stoupa’s (S. Peloponnesus) SGD source are presented revealing the importance of radio-tracing methods to the investigation of marine ecosystems.
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Ziułkiewicz, Maciej, Michał Górecki, Anna Fortuniak, Aneta Walas, and Rafał Grulke. "24-hour nutrient mass balance of small storage reservoir included in municipal rainwater drainage system." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000093.
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The paper presents the results of research, which aimed at tracing the quantitative and qualitative effect of the ”Tomaszowska” urban retention reservoir (located in the Łódź city) on the Olechówka River flowing through it over a period of one day. For this purpose, two measurement-control points were established located directly above the inflow of river to the reservoir, and below the weir. Hydrological and hydrochemical measurements were performed every two hours. Results obtained in this research present the reservoir as an object that in terms of the inflowing river, among others, in a daily balance of pollutants retains mineral and biogenic compounds, and releases dissolved and suspended organic compounds, and also changes the structure of pollution (in the case of total dissolved solids and total nitrogen, increasing the contribution of their organic forms).
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Fischer, A., B. Seiser, M. Stocker-Waldhuber, C. Mitterer, and J. Abermann. "Tracing glacial disintegration from the LIA to the present using a LIDAR-based hi-res glacier inventory." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 5 (October 15, 2014): 5195–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-5195-2014.
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Abstract. Glacier inventories provide the basis for further studies on mass balance and volume change, relevant for local hydrological issues as well as for global calculation of sea level rise. In this study, a new Austrian glacier inventory updating data from 1969 (GI I) and 1998 (GI II) has been compiled, based on high resolution LiDAR DEMs and orthophotos dating from 2004 to 2011 (GI III). To expand the time series of digital glacier inventories in the past, the glacier inventory of the Little Ice Age maximum state (LIA) has been digitalized based on the LiDAR DEM. The resulting glacier area for GI III of 415.11 ± 11.18 km2 is 44% of the LIA area. The area losses show high regional variability, ranging from 11% annual relative loss to less than 1% for the latest period. The glacier sizes reduced from LIA to the latest period, so that in GI III 47% of the glaciers' areas are smaller than 0.1 km2.
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Huang, J. C., T. Y. Lee, S. J. Kao, S. C. Hsu, H. J. Lin, and T. R. Peng. "Land use effect and hydrological control on nitrate yield in subtropical mountainous watersheds." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 3 (March 6, 2012): 699–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-699-2012.
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Abstract. Nitrate export in small subtropical watersheds is rarely observed and the estimation of individual land use nitrate yield from a mixed combination within catchments has scarcely been studied. In this study the nitrate concentrations at 16 nested catchments in the Chi-Chia-Wan watershed in Central Taiwan were measured during 2007–2008. A 3-layer TOPMODEL was applied to estimate daily discharge for ungauged sub-catchments. The observed nitrate concentrations and the simulated discharges were used for nitrate flux estimations through four flux methods. Meanwhile, a new deconvolution computation was developed to resolve the nitrate yield of each land use from within the mixed combinations. The results showed that the observed mean NO3-N concentration in relatively pristine catchments was approximately 0.145 ± 0.103 mg l−1, which is comparable with other forestry catchments around the world. However, the higher rainfall/runoff, substantial N deposition, and other nitrogen sources resulted in significantly higher annual export of approximately 238–1018 kg-N km−2 yr−1. Our deconvolution computation showed that the background yield of natural forestry was ~351 ±62 kg-N km−2 yr−1. On the other hand, the extremely high nitrate yield of active farmland was ~308, 170 ± 19 241 kg-N km−2 yr−1 due to over-fertilization. The deconvolution computation technique is capable of tracing the mixed signals at the outlet back to the nitrate productions from varied land use patterns. It advances the application of river monitoring network. The typical values of nitrate yields can serve as a guideline for land management. Comparing the nitrogen input and output, we found some nitrogen missing in the cycling which may indicate certain removal processes and we therefore suggest further study to be carried out to fully understand nitrogen cycling in subtropics.
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Joerin, C., K. J. Beven, A. Musy, and D. Talamba. "Study of hydrological processes by the combination of environmental tracing and hill slope measurements: application on the Haute-Mentue catchment." Hydrological Processes 19, no. 16 (2005): 3127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5836.
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Jex, Catherine. "Tracing hydrological variability and isotopic composition of waters from surface to cave at the Wellington Caves in SE Australia: Paleoclimate implications." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.462.
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Sun, Linhua. "Hydrochemistry of groundwater from loose layer aquifer system in northern Anhui Province, China: source of major ions and hydrological implications." Water Practice and Technology 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2015.030.
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Groundwater from the loose layer aquifer system is important in northern Anhui Province, China, because it is an important water supplier for agriculture, industrial and domestic use. However, it is also a threat for the safety of coal mining. In this study, major ion concentrations of 43 groundwater samples from the loose layer aquifer system in Huaibei coalfield, northern Anhui Province, China have been measured and analyzed by EPA Unmix model for tracing their sources. The results suggest that they can be classified to be Na-Cl type according to their major ion concentrations. Statistical analysis (coefficients of variations and the Anderson–Darling normality test) indicates that more than one source is responsible for the major ions. Three sources have been identified by Umix model with different contributions for each sample, and the total dissolved solids contributed by the chloride, silicate-carbonate and sulfate sources are 10%, 47%, and 43%, respectively. The variations of contributions from the three sources for the samples probably relate to: (1) the inhomogeneity of mineral compositions and (2) the different locations (recharge or discharge) of the samples collected.
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Bailly-Comte, Vincent, and Séverin Pistre. "A parsimonious approach for large-scale tracer test interpretation." Hydrogeology Journal 29, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 1539–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02327-x.
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AbstractDye tracing is an efficient method for spring watershed delineation, but is also used in surface waters to assess pollution migration over several kilometers. The aim of this study is to develop a simple and parsimonious approach that accounts for a linear relationship between dispersivity and scale that could be used for the simulation of large-scale transport processes in aquifers. The analysis of 583 tracer recoveries is used to validate an inverse relationship between arrival time and peak concentration, which is shown to be a consequence of the linear relationship between dispersivity and scale. These results show that the tracer displacement through a given tracing system can be characterized at a large scale by a constant Peclet number. This interpretation is used to propose a new approach for tracer test design based on the analytical expression of the peak/time factor. It is also used for Peclet number assessment and simulation of the whole tracer residence-time distribution using a new method based on the ratio between the mode of the residence time distribution (hmod) and the corresponding time from injection (tmod), which is called the hmod/tmod method. This methodology is applied to two tracer tests carried out in a karst aquifer over 13 km between the same injection and detection points under distinct hydrological conditions. These results found practical applications in generalizing tracer test results to various flow conditions, or guiding the parameterization of physically-based vulnerability mapping methods.
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Kluge, T., J. Ilmberger, C. von Rohden, and W. Aeschbach-Hertig. "Tracing and quantifying groundwater inflow into lakes using a simple method for radon-222 analysis." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 5 (September 28, 2007): 1621–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1621-2007.
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Abstract. Due to its high activities in groundwater, the radionuclide 222Rn is a sensitive natural tracer to detect and quantify groundwater inflow into lakes, provided the comparatively low activities in the lakes can be measured accurately. Here we present a simple method for radon measurements in the low-level range down to 3 Bq m−3, appropriate for groundwater-influenced lakes, together with a concept to derive inflow rates from the radon budget in lakes. The analytical method is based on a commercially available radon detector and combines the advantages of established procedures with regard to efficient sampling and sensitive analysis. Large volume (12 l) water samples are taken in the field and analyzed in the laboratory by equilibration with a closed air loop and alpha spectrometry of radon in the gas phase. After successful laboratory tests, the method has been applied to a small dredging lake without surface in- or outflow in order to estimate the groundwater contribution to the hydrological budget. The inflow rate calculated from a 222Rn balance for the lake is around 530 m³ per day, which is comparable to the results of previous studies. In addition to the inflow rate, the vertical and horizontal radon distribution in the lake provides information on the spatial distribution of groundwater inflow to the lake. The simple measurement and sampling technique encourages further use of radon to examine groundwater-lake water interaction.
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Fischhendler, Itay. "When Ambiguity in Treaty Design Becomes Destructive: A Study of Transboundary Water." Global Environmental Politics 8, no. 1 (February 2008): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2008.8.1.111.
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Ambiguity has a clear role in facilitating closure in negotiations to regulate natural resources. However, there are no empirical studies that examine whether such “constructive ambiguity” can in fact become destructive. The aim of the present study is thus to determine when ambiguity becomes destructive during the management phase of environmental regimes. The implementation of the Israeli-Jordanian water agreement is used as a case study. It was found that when political and hydrological conditions are unstable, the parties see the process of clarifying the ambiguities in a water agreement as broader than simply a question of bilateral relations over resource allocation. As a result, the cost of clarifying ambiguity at the implementation phase dramatically increases. The anatomy of resolving ambiguous agreements teaches us that there are early signs that indicate when ambiguity becomes destructive. Tracing these signals is crucial, since the cost of ambiguity is not linear. Rather, when a disagreement around ambiguity passes a threshold, it can escalate into a conflict in a very short time.
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Smart, C. C., and D. C. Ford. "Structure and function of a conduit aquifer." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 919–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e86-093.
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The hydrological function of a karst aquifer is strongly controlled by its physical structure. Observations of physical hydrology and water chemistry along with artificial tracing allow aquifer behaviour to be identified so that hypothetical aquifer structures can be envisaged. Such structures can be evaluated in terms of the geology and geomorphology of the area in question and explained in terms of the geomorphological evolution of the aquifer. A study of the Castleguard Meadows karst aquifer (Rocky Mountains, Alberta) is used to demonstrate this. Four karst springs (one perennial, the remainder intermittent) in one group are considered to be the outlets to a number of conduits. The oldest and largest of these is possibly choked by sediment and acts as a reservoir rather than a conduit, while others convey overflow floods from the upper Saskatchewan Glacier. The aquifer is of great antiquity but has been disrupted by glaciation. The aquifer model developed is a simple hypothesis but provides a valuable research tool suitable for both simulation modelling and the design of further field experiments.
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Popescu, Raluca, Tanja Mimmo, Oana Romina Dinca, Calogero Capici, Diana Costinel, Claudia Sandru, Roxana Elena Ionete, Ioan Stefanescu, and Damian Axente. "Using stable isotopes in tracing contaminant sources in an industrial area: A case study on the hydrological basin of the Olt River, Romania." Science of The Total Environment 533 (November 2015): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.078.
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Mojtahid, Meryem, Matthieu Durand, Pierre-Olivier Coste, Samuel Toucanne, Hélène Howa, Jean Nizou, Frédérique Eynaud, and Aurélie Penaud. "Millennial-scale Holocene hydrological changes in the northeast Atlantic: New insights from ‘La Grande Vasière’ mid-shelf mud belt." Holocene 29, no. 3 (December 10, 2018): 467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618816478.
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A mid- to late-Holocene paleohydrological reconstruction from the northeast Atlantic is proposed through the study of a high-resolution sedimentary record from the northern continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay (BoB). Three foraminiferal species dominate the assemblages with Rosalina globularis showing an overall decrease in absolute and relative abundances from ~7 to 0.4 cal. ka BP, whereas the opposite trend is observed for Cibicides refulgens and Lobatula. These long-term patterns are interpreted as a response to the overall cooling trend and/or the progressive deepening of the water column because of the relative sea-level (RSL) rise. Foraminiferal δ18O and grain-size analyses show a significant shift around 3.5–2.5 cal. ka BP toward a heavier isotopic signature and finer sediments. We mainly link this change to enhanced contribution of continental freshwaters and fine sediments after the near-stabilization of the RSL rise. By reducing coastal accommodation spaces, this led to a better channelization of river outflows and probably to the formation of the modern winter thermohaline front. Superimposed on these long-term patterns, our data highlight strong millennial-scale variability (1250-year peak). Such cyclicity is consistent with several records tracing changes in rainfall and storminess regimes in northern Europe, and the dynamics of the subpolar gyre (SPG). We suggest a millennial time-scale control of a NAO-like (North Atlantic Oscillation) climatic process modulating continental humidity (and the associated river discharges) and SPG dynamics through wind stress. Spectral analyses reveal an additional 500-year frequency peak implying a possible solar forcing.
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Zolghadr, Masih, Mohamad R. Rafiee, Fatemeh Esmaeilmanesh, Abazar Fathi, Ravi Prakash Tripathi, Upaka Rathnayake, Sreedhar Rao Gunakala, and Hazi Mohammad Azamathulla. "Computation of Time of Concentration Based on Two-Dimensional Hydraulic Simulation." Water 14, no. 19 (October 7, 2022): 3155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14193155.
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Time of concentration (TC) is a parameter in runoff estimation, used to study and design different types of projects in watersheds. Any error in TC calculation leads to an inaccurate estimation of the design flow, which can lead to over-sizing or under-sizing of designed facilities that can have great economic and environmental consequences. Therefore, choosing the correct method to estimate TC is of great importance. Due to the diversity of estimation methods in the literature, the obtained TC values are different. This study aims to present a new method to calculate TC, based on its main concept, i.e., the time required for a water parcel to reach its outlet from the farthest hydrological point of a watershed. A two-dimensional hydraulic simulation was used to model the water parcel travel. A watershed was selected as a case study, and its time of concentration was determined by salt solution tracing. The field measurement results were used for calibration of the numerical simulation model. Meanwhile, 31 empirical relations in the literature were reviewed to determine the most accurate ones. Estimated TC values were compared with the measured ones, and the relative error percentage was used to evaluate the accuracy of the result. In the empirical TC methods, the maximum error was above 300%, and the minimum error was 6.7% for the field studied area. The relative errors of hydraulic simulation outputs were between 3 and 27%. The results showed that only three empirical methods, namely Simas and Hawkins, SCSlag, and Yen and Chow, had the least errors respectively equal to 6.7%, 8.660%, and 13.5%, which can be recommended for the studied area and those with similar hydrological characteristics. On the other hand, hydraulic simulation is also introduced as an efficient method to determine TC which can be used in any desired watershed.
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Goessling, H. F., and C. H. Reick. "What do moisture recycling estimates tell? Lessons from an extreme global land-cover change model experiment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 2 (April 12, 2011): 3507–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-3507-2011.
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Abstract. Moisture evaporated from the continents (recycled moisture) contributes up to 80% to the total atmospheric moisture content and, hence, precipitation in some regions. Recycling estimates are traditionally used to indicate a region's rainfall-dependence on land-surface evaporation. Accordingly, recycling estimates are employed to deduce the hydrological consequences of land-cover change. However, moisture is not a passive but an active constituent of the atmosphere. Recent studies indicate that at small scales (up to 1000 km) local to regional evaporation-precipitation coupling by far dominates the atmospheric precipitation response, while the water-balance effect from moisture recycling in the traditional sense seems to be of minor importance. The value of moisture recycling estimates as indicator for consequences of land-cover change is therefore questionable. However, since atmospheric moisture is still subject to mass conservation, the relevance of moisture recycling may come into play at the continental scale. To explore the relevance of recycling estimates regarding land-cover change at the continental scale, we conduct two global experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model: (I) with present-day conditions and (II) with extreme land-cover change conditions, namely with totally suppressed continental evaporation. Using the simulated fields of moisture, wind, and evaporation from the present-day experiment, we quantify continental moisture recycling with a vertically integrating tracing scheme. We then compare the computed recycling patterns with the hydrological changes that follow the suppression of continental evaporation. While under present-day conditions the fraction of recycled moisture increases from continental upstream to downstream regions with respect to the prevailing winds, the suppression of continental evaporation leads to severe precipitation loss in almost all continental regions, no matter if situated upstream or downstream. Over the ocean the hydrological response is ambigious, even where under present-day conditions large fractions of the atmospheric moisture stem from continental evaporation. This suggests that continental moisture recycling can not act across large ocean basins. Over land the absence of evaporative cooling at the surface leads to substantial warming which acts to suppress precipitation. In large parts of the continents the precipitation decrease compensates for much of the missing evaporation, such that the continental moisture-sink is not much amplified. Consequently, the atmospheric moisture content is not systematically reduced in the evaporation-free experiment, as would be necessary for the traditional moisture recycling mechanism to be active. Noteworthy exceptions are continental regions that are substantial moisture sources for some time of the year, first of all tropical wet-dry climates during the dry season. Apart from these exceptions, our results challenge the relevance of moisture recycling estimates for the hydrological consequences of land-cover change even at the continental scale.
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Munier, Simon, and Bertrand Decharme. "River network and hydro-geomorphological parameters at 1∕12° resolution for global hydrological and climate studies." Earth System Science Data 14, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): 2239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2239-2022.
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Abstract. Global-scale river routing models (RRMs) are commonly used in a variety of studies, including studies on the impact of climate change on extreme flows (floods and droughts), water resources monitoring or large-scale flood forecasting. Over the last two decades, the increasing number of observational datasets, mainly from satellite missions, and increasing computing capacities have allowed better performance by RRMs, namely by increasing their spatial resolution. The spatial resolution of a RRM corresponds to the spatial resolution of its river network, which provides the flow directions of all grid cells. River networks may be derived at various spatial resolutions by upscaling high-resolution hydrography data. This paper presents a new global-scale river network at 1/12∘ derived from the MERIT-Hydro dataset. The river network is generated automatically using an adaptation of the hierarchical dominant river tracing (DRT) algorithm, and its quality is assessed over the 70 largest basins of the world. Although this new river network may be used for a variety of hydrology-related studies, it is provided here with a set of hydro-geomorphological parameters at the same spatial resolution. These parameters are derived during the generation of the river network and are based on the same high-resolution dataset, so that the consistency between the river network and the parameters is ensured. The set of parameters includes a description of river stretches (length, slope, width, roughness, bankfull depth), floodplains (roughness, sub-grid topography) and aquifers (transmissivity, porosity, sub-grid topography). The new river network and parameters are assessed by comparing the performances of two global-scale simulations with the CTRIP model, one with the current spatial resolution (1/2∘) and the other with the new spatial resolution (1/12∘). It is shown that, overall, CTRIP at 1/12∘ outperforms CTRIP at 1/2∘, demonstrating the added value of the spatial resolution increase. The new river network and the consistent hydro-geomorphology parameters, freely available for download from Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6482906, Munier and Decharme, 2022), may be useful for the scientific community, especially for hydrology and hydro-geology modelling, water resources monitoring or climate studies.
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Hürkamp, Kerstin, Nadine Zentner, Anne Reckerth, Stefan Weishaupt, Karl-Friedrich Wetzel, Jochen Tschiersch, and Christine Stumpp. "Spatial and Temporal Variability of Snow Isotopic Composition on Mt. Zugspitze, Bavarian Alps, Germany." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 67, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2018-0019.
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Abstract High amounts of precipitation are temporarily stored in high-alpine snow covers and play an important role for the hydrological balance. Stable isotopes of hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen (δ18O) in water samples have been proven to be useful for tracing transport processes in snow and meltwater since their isotopic ratio alters due to fractionation. In 18 snow profiles of two snowfall seasons, the temporal and spatial variation of isotopic composition was analysed on Mt. Zugspitze. The δ18O and δ2H ranged between -26.7‰ to -9.3‰ and -193.4‰ to -62.5‰ in 2014/2015 and between -26.5‰ to -10.5‰ and -205.0‰ to -68.0‰ in 2015/2016, respectively. Depth-integrated samples of entire 10 cm layers and point measurements in the same layers showed comparable isotopic compositions. Isotopic composition of the snowpack at the same sampling time in spatially distributed snow profiles was isotopically more similar than that analysed at the same place at different times. Melting and refreezing were clearly identified as processes causing isotope fractionation in surficial, initial base or refrozen snow layers. For the future, a higher sampling frequency with detailed isotopic composition measurements during melt periods are recommended to improve the understanding of mass transport associated with snowmelt.
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Lawrence, Michael G., Stacy D. Jupiter, and Balz S. Kamber. "Aquatic geochemistry of the rare earth elements and yttrium in the Pioneer River catchment, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 57, no. 7 (2006): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf05229.
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The rare earth elements are strong provenance indicators in geological materials, yet the potential for tracing provinciality in surface freshwater samples has not been adequately tested. Rare earth element and yttrium concentrations were measured at 33 locations in the Pioneer River catchment, Mackay, central Queensland, Australia. The rare earth element patterns were compared on the basis of geological, topographical and land-use features in order to investigate the provenancing potential of these elements in a small freshwater system. The rare earth element patterns of streams draining single lithological units with minor land modification show strongly coherent normalised behaviour, with a loss of coherence in agricultural locations. Evidence is reported for an anthropogenic Gd anomaly that may provide a useful hydrological tracer in this region since the introduction of magnetic resonance imaging in 2003. Several samples display a superchondritic Y/Ho mass ratio (up to 44), which is not explainable within the constraints imposed by local geology. Instead, it is suggested that the additional Y is derived from a marine source, specifically marine phosphorites, which are a typical source of fertiliser phosphorus. The data indicate that, under some circumstances, scaled and normalised freshwater rare earth patterns behave conservatively.
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Liu, Hao, Shujiang Li, and Zexun Wei. "Interannual variability in the subduction of the South Atlantic subtropical underwater." Climate Dynamics 57, no. 3-4 (April 10, 2021): 1061–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05758-0.
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AbstractThe South Atlantic subtropical underwater (STUW) is a high-salinity water mass formed by subduction within the subtropical gyre. It is a major component of the subtropical cell and affects stratification in the downstream direction due to its high salinity characteristics. Understanding the interannual variability in STUW subduction is essential for quantifying the impact of subtropical variability on the tropical Atlantic. Using the output from the ocean state estimate of the Consortium for Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO), this study investigates the interannual variability in STUW subduction from 1992 to 2016. We find that heat fluxes, wind stress, and wind stress curl cause interannual variability in the subduction rate. Heat fluxes over the subduction area modulate the sea surface buoyancy and regulate the mixed layer depth (MLD) during its deepening and shoaling phases. Additionally, the wind stress curl and zonal wind stress can modulate the size of the subduction area by regulating the probability of particles entrained into the mixed layer within 1 year of tracing. This analysis evaluates the influence of subtropical wind patterns on the South Atlantic subsurface high-salinity water mass, highlighting the impact of heat and wind on the interannual changes in the oceanic component of the hydrological cycle.
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Pershin, Dmitry, Natalia Malygina, Dmitry Chernykh, Roman Biryukov, Dmitry Zolotov, and Lilia Lubenets. "Variability in Snowpack Isotopic Composition between Open and Forested Areas in the West Siberian Forest Steppe." Forests 14, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010160.
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The stable water isotopes in snow (primarily 18O and 2H) are widely used for tracing hydrological and ecological processes. However, isotopic signatures of snow can be significantly modified by topography and land cover. This study assesses spatial and temporal variability of the bulk snowpack isotopic composition (δ18O, δ2H, d-excess) between forested (pine and birch) and open areas in the West Siberian forest steppes. Isotopic samples were collected over the peak snow accumulation in 2017–2019. The snow isotopic composition within forested areas differed from open steppes, mainly in reducing d-excess (1.6‰ on average). We did not find a significant effect of canopy interception on snow enrichment in heavier isotopes. Snowpack in the pine forests was even lighter by 3.6‰ for δ2H compared to open areas, probably, due to low energy inputs and interception capacity. Additionally, snow depth significantly influenced the isotopic composition spatial variability. As snow depth increased, δ18O and δ2H values decreased due to conservation within the snowpack and less influence of sublimation and moisture exchange with the soil. However, this pattern was only evident in winters with below-average snow depth. Therefore, taking into account snow depth spatial and seasonal variability is advisable when applying the isotopic methods.
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Fischer, A., B. Seiser, M. Stocker Waldhuber, C. Mitterer, and J. Abermann. "Tracing glacier changes in Austria from the Little Ice Age to the present using a lidar-based high-resolution glacier inventory in Austria." Cryosphere 9, no. 2 (April 27, 2015): 753–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-753-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Glacier inventories provide the basis for further studies on mass balance and volume change, relevant for local hydrological issues as well as for global calculation of sea level rise. In this study, a new Austrian glacier inventory has been compiled, updating data from 1969 (GI 1) and 1998 (GI 2) based on high-resolution lidar digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthophotos dating from 2004 to 2012 (GI 3). To expand the time series of digital glacier inventories in the past, the glacier outlines of the Little Ice Age maximum state (LIA) have been digitalized based on the lidar DEM and orthophotos. The resulting glacier area for GI 3 of 415.11 ± 11.18 km2 is 44% of the LIA area. The annual relative area losses are 0.3% yr−1 for the ~119-year period GI LIA to GI 1 with one period with major glacier advances in the 1920s. From GI 1 to GI 2 (29 years, one advance period of variable length in the 1980s) glacier area decreased by 0.6% yr−1 and from GI 2 to GI 3 (10 years, no advance period) by 1.2% yr−1. Regional variability of the annual relative area loss is highest in the latest period, ranging from 0.3 to 6.19% yr−1. The mean glacier size decreased from 0.69 km2 (GI 1) to 0.46 km2 (GI 3), with 47% of the glaciers being smaller than 0.1 km2 in GI 3 (22%).
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Hssaisoune, Mohammed, Lhoussaine Bouchaou, Mohamed Qurtobi, Hamid Marah, Mohamed Beraaouz, and Jamal Stitou El Messari. "Isotopic and Chemical Tracing for Residence Time and Recharge Mechanisms of Groundwater under Semi-Arid Climate: Case from Rif Mountains (Northern Morocco)." Geosciences 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2022): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020074.
Full textAbstract:
Karstic aquifers play an important role for drinking and irrigation supply in Morocco. However, in some areas, a deeper understanding is needed in order to improve their sustainable management under global changes. Our study, based on chemical and isotopic investigation of 67 groundwater samples from the karst aquifer in the Rif Mountains, provides crucial information about the principal factors and processes influencing groundwater recharge and residence time. The δ18O and δ2H isotopic values indicate that the recharge is derived from meteoric water at high, intermediate, and low elevations for Lakraa Mountain, North of Lao River, and Haouz and Dersa Mountain aquifers, respectively. All samples show an isotopic signature from Atlantic Ocean except for those from the Lakraa Mountain aquifer, which shows Mediterranean Sea influence. Groundwater age determined by radiocarbon dating using the IAEA model indicates that the ages range from modern to 1460 years. This short residence time is consistent with the detectable tritium values (>2.7 TU) measured in groundwater. These values are similar to those of precipitation at the nearest GNIP stations of Gibraltar and Fez-Saiss, situated around 100 km north and 250 km south of the study area, respectively. This evidence indicates that groundwater in the Rif Mountains contains modern recharge (<60 years), testifying to significant renewability and the vulnerability of the hydrological system to climate variability and human activities. The results also indicate the efficiency of isotopic tracing in mountainous springs and would be helpful to decision makers for water in this karstic zone.