Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrolics'

Synthesis of analog L--metil-Dopa from eugenol has been achieved through conversion of allyl group to ketone, followed by reaction with NH3 and KCN and by hydrolisis. The addition reaction of methyleugenol with formic acid yield methyleugenyl formate (60,69%). The hydrolis of methyileugenylformate with KOH in aqaueous-ethanolic solution produced methyleugenyl alcohol (73,68%). The oxidation of methyleugenyl alcohol with PCC yield methyleugenyl ketone (67,71%). The reaction of methyleugenyl ketone with NH3 and KCN yield D,L--amino--(3,4-dimetoxybenzyl) propionitril (84,14%). The hydrolisis of D,L--amino--(3,4-dimetoxybenzyl) propionitril with concentrated hydrochloric acid gave Analog L--metil-Dopa as a main target (91,98%). The structure elucidation of these products were analyzed by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS Keywords: Analog L--metil-Dopa; eugenol.

ABSTRACT Liquid sugar syrup which made by sago's starch material can be use as fermentation media for sefalosporin. The hydrolisis is a one way to obtain a liquid sugar syrup itself. The enzymatically hydrolisis divided into two process, they are Liquification and sacharification. The research purpose to understanding the way of hydrolisis sago's starch by enzymatically. Next, glucose quality result. Then the influence of the syrup by enzymatically hydrolisis as fermentation media toward quality of sefalosporin. The sample of this research was taken from PT. Selat Panjang, Riau. In Liquification process, the result showed that the maximum glucose quality was obtained about 3874 ppm from concentration of starch and enzym (60g/L: 300µL) meanwhile, the minimum glucose quality was obtained about 3501ppm from concentration of starch and enzym (40g/L: 200µL). Next, sacharification process (lasting 24-48 hours) maximum glucose quality was obtained about 12070 ppm with duration 48hours of hydrolisa. The addition liquid syrup of hydrolisis with five levels concentration, there are 1.5; 2.0; 2.5; 3.0, and 3.5% affected sefalosporin quality. The maximum quality of sefalosporin about 3709 ppm by concentration lyquid syrup GS 3.0% and minimum quality about 2044 ppm by concentration lyquid syrup Gs 1.5%. Meanwhile, by the positive control (glucose monohidrat) with similar treatment, the sefalosporin's quality was about 2170 ppm. Key words: Sago, Sago Starch, Enzymatic Hydrolysis, Fermentation, Cephalosporins C. ABSTRAK Sirup gula cair dari pati sagu dapat digunakan sebagai media fermentasi sefalosporin. Sirup gula cair dapat dengan cara dihidrolisis. Hidrolisis pati sagu secara enzimatis meliputi proses likuifikasi dan sakarifikasi. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui cara hidrolisis pati sagu secara enzimatis dan kadar glukosa yang dihasilkan, serta pengaruh sirup gula cair hasil hidrolisis enzimatis sebagai media fermentasi terhadap kadar Sefalosporin C. Sampel pati sagu diperoleh dari PT Selat Panjang, Riau. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pada tahap likuifikasi (2 jam) diperoleh kadar glukosa maksimum sebesar 3874 ppm dari konsentrasi pati sagu dan enzim (60g/L:300µL). Sedangkan kadar glukosa minimum diperoleh sebesar 3501 ppm dari konsentrasi pati sagu dan enzim (40g/L:200µL). Pada tahap sakarifikasi (24-48 jam) kadar glukosa maksimum diperoleh sebesar 12070 ppm dengan waktu hidrolisa 48 jam. Dalam penambahan sirup gula cair hasil hidrolisis dengan lima level konsentrasi sirupgula cair 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 dan 3,5% mempengaruhi kadar Sefalosporin C. Kadar maksimum Sefalosporin C dihasilkan sebesar 3709 ppmdari konsentrasi sirup gula cair GS 3,0% dan kadar minimum diperoleh sebesar 2044 ppm dari konsentrasi sirup gula cair GS 1,5%. Sedangkan pada kontrol positif (glukosa monohidrat) dengan perlakuan yang sama diperoleh kadar Sefalosporin C sebesar 2170 ppm. Kata kunci: Sagu, Pati Sagu, Hidrolisis enzimatis, Fermentasi,Sefalosporin C.

The treatment of deep well water of Trisakti University by coagulation and flocculation using baffle channel system has been conducted. The detention time of hydrolic were varied. The coagulant dose was varied as 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 ppm. Water of well sampel was added by coagulant with rotation velocity 200 rpm for 1 minute. The optimal coagulant dose was determined by measuring turbidity, colour, total suspended solids and organic compound. The result showed that the organic compound and colour of deep well water of Trisakti University could be reduced by coagulation and flocculation process by hydrolyc system. The optimal dose of the coagulant was 250 ppm. The removal efficiency of colour and organic compound using optimal dose for continuous flow reactor reached after water flow passed the reactor for 3 - 5 times detention time in the reactor. The optimal gradient velocity (G) was 30 - 35 sec-1 and collision energy (GT) was 65.000 - 79.000 to get optimal flocculation. With this condition, the removal efficiency of turbidity, colour and organic was more than 90%. Keywords: coagulation, flocculation, colour, organic compound, deep well

This paper develops the dynamic response of a hydrolic-transmission system of wave-power devices under random wave conditions. Through theoretical calculation and experiment analysis, the mathematical model of the hydrolic-transmission system was built to make clear which parameters are related to electric-energy output. The working characteristics of the main parameters are developed through the designed experimental platform. The charging pressure of the accumulator, which affects the rigidity of the hydrolic-transmission system, is analyzed. The throttle valve opening and symmetrical electric loads, which affect the stability and efficiency of the electric energy output, are analyzed. Thus, the energy output curve under different parameter regulations is drawn. Through the orthogonal experimental method, the law curve is further modified, the design principle of hydraulic system parameters under the sea level condition is established, and the optimal design scheme and regulation strategy to the hydraulic conversion system of the power generation device is obtained, to solve the problem that the multiparameter coupling cannot be adjusted quickly and effectively. The energy regulation response mechanism of the hydrolic-transmission system in the wave energy power-generation system is proved.

Three chemical representation is an important aspect of chemistry learning. However, the database study shows that interactive chemistry learning media containing three levels of representation is not available. This research aims to develop and assess the feasibility of an interactive Android-based learning module for senior high school students containing three chemical representation levels on the material of salt hydrolys-is. The study was conducted using research and development (RD) method. Stages of research were con-ducted as follows, analysis, development process, product validation and assessment. The Android module was subsequently validated by media and concept experts and then limitedly assessed by five chemistry teachers and ten senior high school students. The instrument used was validated by an instrument expert. The validation results by media and concept experts indicated that the media was valid in terms of media performance and salt hydrolysis material. Based on teachers' and students' assessments, the media received a score of 87.5% and 83.0%, with very good category. It can be concluded that the interactive Android-based learning module containing three chemical representations on the material of salt hydrolysis was successful-ly developed and can be tested extensively in senior high school. The developed media closed a significant gap in the need of interactive chemistry learning media containing three levels of chemical representation, especially in the material of salt hydrolisis

Hydrolic system is tecknology wich uses fluid, work fluid that is used is oil with viscosity number of 10 SAE. This system work based on the principle of Pascal Low, that is if fluid given pressure, so that pressure will go to all direction by not added or less its pressure. By calculating of type H design hoist car system where as can be result teol that the permession strength of force material is bigger than the happenned strength of force material b = 9.25 kg/mm2  b =0.34 kg/mm2 and g= 70,98 kg/mm2  g= 10,46 kg/mm2. So that the construction of type H design hoist car system by using of material BJ 37 is said saved and strong to be used. On this type H design hoist car system based on SNI 05-3659-1995 which is about hydrolic fluid power with the rod end spherical eyes could be operated perfectly to hoist the car of 2.5 tonnes load. By desig specification of pump hydrolic capasity which is used 0.2 dm3/minutes, power of pump as big 5.4 KW and maximum of load capasity of 2.5 tonnes.

The technological parameters affecting the recovery yield of Morinda citrifolia L. juice are the concentration of pectinase enzyme, hydrolisis temperature, and hydrolisis time. From that, a process of extraction and recovery of Morinda citrifolia L. juice was developed, with some technological parameters being the concentration of pectinase enzyme used at 0.4%, hydrolisis temperature of 40oC, hydrolisis time of 240 minutes, in this condition, the recovery efficiency yield of Morinda citrifolia L. juice is more than 90%. Besides, it has also been determined that the pressure to recover Morinda citrifolia L. juice is 200kg\cm2, the pressing time is 10 minutes\batch, the centrifugation speed is 8000 rpm and the centrifugation time is 15 minutes. The obtained Morinda citrifolia L. juice is stored in a specialized dark PE plastic bottle with a capacity of 1.5 liters and stored at a temperature of 2 - 4oC. Some biochemical indicators such as total sugar, total protein, vitamin C and color, odor, taste, and clarity parameters of Morinda citrifolia L. juice were determined by analytical methods.

Dans un scénario de transition énergétique où la production et les grands réseaux de distribution d’électricité sont remis en cause, le potentiel de production au niveau des écoulements à faible vitesse est important et reste encore peu exploité. Cette thèse étudie un concept novateur d’hydrolienne permettant de répondre en partie à cette problématique : le système hydrolien à aile oscillante passive. Bioinspiré de la nage d’animaux aquatiques, ce dispositif de récupération de l’énergie cinétique des courants consiste en une aile décrivant des mouvements périodiques de pilonnement et de tangage, entièrement induits par les interactions fluide-structure. Une première partie du travail a porté sur la construction d’un modèle numérique permettant de reproduire fidèlement le comportement du système. Un prototype d’aile oscillante passive à échelle réduite a ensuite été conçu et testé dans un canal hydraulique. Grâce à une technique de réglage dynamique des paramètres structuraux, le système a pu être étudié expérimentalement sur une large gamme de paramètres mécaniques et hydrauliques. L’étude des performances énergétiques du prototype a permis d’identifier des conditions de fonctionnement optimales. Dans ces conditions, des rendements hydrauliques supérieurs à 30% ont été obtenus. Les résultats de ce travail de thèse permettent d’envisager maintenant l’installation d’un système hydrolien à aile oscillante passive en milieu naturel. En effet, les configurations optimales identifiées à l’échelle réduite peuvent s’étendre naturellement à des conditions hydrauliques réelles
Given the current energy transition conjuncture, where the electricity production and the electricity grid are challenged, the hydraulic potential of low current sites is relevant and remains under-exploited. In such context, this thesis studies a novel concept of an energy harvester device: the fully passive flapping foil turbine. Bioinspired from aquatic animals swimming technique, this hydrokinetic energy harvester consists of an oscillating foil describing periodic heaving and pitching motions, entirely induced by fluid-structure interactions. The first part of this thesis deals with the development of a numerical model for accurately simulating the harvester behavior. Then, a reduced scale prototype of the fully passive flapping foil has been designed and tested in a water channel. Thanks to an original dynamic tuning strategy of the structural parameters, experiments have been conducted for a wide range of configurations of the harvester. The investigation of the harvesting performances of the prototype helped identifying several optimized parameters sets. In such cases, hydraulic efficiencies as high as 30% have been reached. The main results of this thesis allow to consider a full scale fully passive flapping foil harvester in realistic conditions. As a matter of fact, the optimized cases identified for the reduced scale prototype can be naturally extended to real operating conditions

Les eaux florales sont des matières premières aromatiques issues de la distillation, contenant généralement moins de 1 g/L de composés volatils leur conférant leurs propriétés organoleptiques. Elles sont utilisées principalement en industrie agroalimentaire et cosmétique. Elles sont sujettes à des problèmes d’instabilité microbienne incompatibles avec leurs applications. Ces microorganismes, leurs dynamiques, ainsi que les nutriments disponibles nécessaires à leur croissance restent mal connus. Les eaux florales sont actuellement stabilisées par ajout de conservateurs dont certains sont controversés et visent à être retirés du marché. De plus, leur efficacité dans les eaux florales n’a pas été évaluée.L’objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter une meilleure connaissance de la composition des eaux florales et de ses contaminants afin de proposer une méthode de stabilisation adaptée.La composition en huile essentielle et le microbiote de 22 échantillons d’eau de fleur d’oranger (Citrus aurantium L. ssp. amara L.) et de rose (Rosa damascena Miller et Rosa centifolia L.), provenant de différents producteurs autour du bassin méditerranéen, ont été analysés afin de déterminer les facteurs responsables de leur altération. Bien que les composés volatils soient connus pour leurs propriétés antimicrobiennes, leurs concentrations dans les hydrolats ne sont pas suffisantes pour assurer la stabilité microbiologique. En plus des composés volatils, les hydrolats contiennent des composés non-volatils tels que des sucres, entraînés vers le distillat par effet de primage ou de moussage pendant la distillation, et pouvant être utilisés comme substrat de croissance par les microorganismes. La population microbienne peut atteindre 106 à 107 UFC/mL en quelques jours à température ambiante et jusqu’à 3 mois à 5°C. Des bactéries environnementales, oligotrophes, et acido-tolérantes, appartenant principalement aux genres Pseudomonas sp. et Burkholderia sp. ont été isolées et identifiées. Parmi ces bactéries, B. vietnamiensis et Novosphingobium capsulatum ont été capables de métaboliser des composés volatiles tels que le géraniol ou l’acétate de 2-phényléthyle pour produire la 6-méthyl-5-heptèn-2-one ou le 2-phényléthanol, et modifier ainsi les propriétés organoleptiques des hydrolats. Enfin, la capacité de croissance de bactéries pathogènes et d’altération dans les hydrolats a été évaluée, et différents conservateurs ont été testés sur les souches capables de se multiplier dans les hydrolats.Une distillation aseptique et un conditionnement stérile permettrait d’assurer la stabilité des hydrolats sans ajout de conservateurs. En l’absence de conditions aseptiques, l’ajout de conservateurs est nécessaire pour assurer la stabilité des hydrolats
Hydrosols are hydrodistillation products mainly used as food flavoring agents or ingredient in cosmetics. They contain less than 1 g/L of dispersed essential oils giving the organoleptic properties. These are subjected to microbial proliferation that can prevent use due to non-compliance to professional microbiological standards. The microorganisms, their growth dynamics, and the available nutrients in hydrosols remain unknown. Hydrosols can contain few preservatives, but there is no data about their efficiency in hydrosols.The aim of this study was to have a better knowledge on hydrosols composition, their microbiota, and spoilage conditions, in order to propose an adapted stabilization method.The composition in volatile compounds and the microbiota of 22 hydrosol samples of Citrus aurantium L. ssp. amara L. (orange blossom), Rosa damascena Miller (rose D.), and Rosa centifolia L. (rose C.) flowers were analyzed to determine factors responsible for decay. Some non-volatile compounds were likely carried over during distillation by a priming and foaming effect, and could be used as nutrients by microorganisms. Concentrations of volatile compounds in hydrosols are not high enough to prevent microbial proliferation, and bacteria concentrations can reach up to 106 CFU/mL in both hydrosols. The isolated microbial population was composed of oligotrophic Gram-negative bacteria, arranged in four major genera: Pseudomonas sp., Burkholderia cepacia complex, and presumably two new genera belonging to Acetobacteraceae and Rhodospirillaceae. Among those bacteria, Burkholderia vietnamiensis and Novosphingobium capsulatum were able to metabolize volatile compounds, such as geraniol to produce 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one or geranic acid, or 2-phenylethyl acetate to produce 2-phenylethanol. Finally, the growth potential of a range of bacteria isolated from hydrosols and of pathogenic micro-organisms was evaluated, then the anti-microbial activity in nutrient broth and/or in hydrosols of a range of chemical preservatives authorized for food and cosmetic applications was tested.Additional hurdles such as chemical preservatives or aseptic packaging will be necessary to insure microbial stability

The PhD project presented in this thesis focused on two research topics turned to contribute to the development of a modern model of production, that is able to reduce the environmental impact of the chemical industry. For this purpose, preparation and characterization of heterogeneous catalysts for the transformation of renewable raw materials into valuable chemicals has been studied. The first part of the work concerned the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, the most abundant renewable source presents on Earth, into monosaccharides and bio-building blocks, such as HMF, furfural and levulinic acid. Solid acid metal phosphate catalysts were synthetized for lignocellulose transformation; the catalytic behaviors shown by prepared metal phosphates were correlated to their physical-chemical properties: in particular, the role of acid features on the hydrolysis reaction has been studied. The synthesis of interesting industrial monosaccharides that cannot be obtained in appreciable amount from natural resources, called rare sugars, was the topic of the second part of the work. For this purpose, the rearrangement of glucose by the use of heterogeneous catalysts containing titanium was studied: especially, the influence of the different Ti species on products distribution has been investigated.

Ce mémoire traite de la problématique d’hybridation éolienne-hydrolienne. Elle pose d’abord l’hypothèse d’une éolienne basée sur une Machine Synchrone à Aimants Permanents (MSAP) et une hydrolienne utilisant une Machine Asynchrone à Double Alimentation (MADA). Puis, elle présente la modélisation des différents éléments qui composent chacune des chaines de conversion, de la turbine à la connexion au réseau en passant par la machine électrique et les convertisseurs statiques. Des stratégies de commande y sont aussi développées. Celles-ci permettent d’extraire le maximum d’énergie tout en tenant compte des limites des systèmes. La thèse étudie également deux possibilités de couplage d’une éolienne et hydrolienne qui toutes deux utilisent une MSAP. Les résultats de simulation obtenus des modèles que nous avons développés dans l’environnement Matlab/Simulink/ SimpowerSystem permettent de valider les stratégies de commande utilisées et de conclure qu’un bon choix serait d’opter pour le couplage au niveau du bus continu
AThis thesis addresses the problem of wind-tidal turbines hybridization. It first raises the hypothesis of a wind turbine based on Synchronous Permanent Magnet Machine (PMSM) and a tidal using a Double-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). So, it presents the modeling of different elements that make up each system studied, from the turbine to the network connection through the electric machine and static converters. Control strategies are also developed. These are used to extract the maximum energy while taking into account the limitations of the systems. The thesis also examines two possible coupling of wind and tidal turbines which both use a PMSM. The simulation results of the models that we have developed in Matlab / Simulink / SimpowerSystem allow to validate the control strategies and conclude that a good choice would be to opt for coupling to the DC bus

Att rena vatten är kostsamt, från både en ekonomisk och miljömässig synpunkt, då behovet av fällningskemikalier, kolkällor och energi är stort. Det är därför önskvärt att titta på alternativa lösningar som möjliggör reningsverk att bli mer självförsörjande och kretsloppsanpassande. Hammarby Sjöstadverket är en pilotanläggning för avloppsvattenrening belägen i Stockholms sydöstra stadsdel i Henriksdal och ägs av IVL, Svenska Miljöinstitutet samt KTH. Sedan pilotanläggning byggdes år 2002, har flera olika reningstekniker utvärderats där fokus ligger på att sträva efter miljövänliga och kretsloppsanpassade system. Bland annat har en förfällningsteknik, så kallad trepunktsfällning utvärderats. Trepunktsfällningen innebär att ett metallsalt följt av två olika polymer tillsätts i flockningskammaren i inbördes ordning för att på så sätt kunna reducera en högre halt av det organiska materialet. Tidigare fällningsförsök på Hammarby Sjöstadsverket, har visat på att trepunktsfällningen kan avskilja det organiska materialet med upp till 90 %, vilket kan jämföras med en avskiljning på endast 75 % med vanlig förfällning. Detta examensarbete syftar till att validera redan framtagna resultat inom trepunktsfällning samt att genom biologisk hydrolys av primärslam, utvinna en kolkälla till efterdenitrifikationen innehållande så höga halter flyktiga fettsyror, Volatile Fatty Acids, (VFA) som möjligt samt undersöka kostnaderna för ett avloppsreningsverk med trepunktsfällning, biogasutvinning och uttag av intern kolkälla från primärslammet vid en uppskalning motsvarande 100 000 personekvivalenter. Fällningsförsöken utfördes i pilotskala med fällningskemikalien PAX XL-36 kombinerat med en lågmolekylär organisk polymer, Purfix-120, följt av en högmolekylär oorganisk polymer Superflock C-494. Syftet med trepunktsfällningen var att validera redan framtagna resultat inom trepunktsfällning och på så sätt avskilja så stora mänger organiskt material som möjligt i förfällningen så att ett primärslam innehållande en hög halt Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) erhålls. Två olika doseringar med PAX XL-36 testades, 145 respektive 193,5 g/m3. Bäst reduktion av COD och fosfor erhölls då 193 g/m3 PAX XL-36 kombinerades med 60 g/m3 Purfix-120 samt 0,025 g/m3 Superflock C-494. Då erhölls en COD-reduktion på 75 % samt en totalfosforreduktion på 83 %. Genom hydrolys av primärslam i laboratorieskala undersöktes torrsubstanshalter (TS-halter) på 1, 2 respektive 3 % och uppehållstider på upptill åtta dagar. Syftet med hydrolysen var i detta fall att undersöka vilken torrsubstanshalt samt vilken uppehållstid som gav högst produktion av VFA. Försöken visade att en TS-halt på 3 % producerade högst andel VFA och att produktionen av VFA för samtliga TS-halter var som störst under dygn två. VFA- och COD-produktionen ökade linjärt för samtliga TS-halter fram till och med dygn fem. Efter dygn fem började produktionen av VFA och COD för TS-halterna 1 och 2 % avta något. TS 3 % visade dock inte samma avtagande trend för VFA.  Även den dagliga ammoniumhalten och pH undersöktes. Ammoniumhalten ökade i takt med att VFA-halten ökade. pH hade generellt sett en avtagande trend. Fyra olika denitrifikationsförsök genomfördes i laboratorieskala med det uttagna hydrolysatet där den tillsatta COD-halten antingen var 3,3 eller 4 gånger den initiala nitratkvävekoncentrationen. Syftet med denitrifikationsförsöken var att utvärdera det framtagna hydrolysatets funktion som en kolkälla. Denitrifikationsförsöken uppvisade denitrifikationshastigheter mellan 4,3 och 7 mg NO3-N/g volatile suspended solids*h med kol-kvävekvoter (C/N-kvoter) mellan 3,9 och 12,3 mg COD/mg NO3-N. Lägst C/N-kvot erhöll lägst denitrifikationshastighet. Dock kunde inte slutsatsen dras att högst C/N-kvot gav högst denitrifikatioshastighet. Även de ekonomiska aspekterna undersöktes i syfte att utreda kostnaderna för ett avloppsreningsverk med trepunktsfällning, biogasutvinning och uttag av intern kolkälla från primärslammet vid en uppskalning motsvarande 100 000 personekvivalenter. Uttaget av en intern kolkälla skulle trots förlust i biogasutvinning vara ekonomiskt gynnsamt. Vinsten, i form av att ej behöva inhandla en extern kolkälla, i detta fall etanol, motsvarar biogasförlustens belopp. Trepunktsfällningens fällningskemikaliekostnader var den största posten och uppgick till 8 060 000 kr. Denna kostnad kontra mindre energiförbrukning i biosteget undersöktes också. Här uppgick besparingarna i biosteget till ca 1/8 av fällningskemikaliekostnaderna. Då trepunktsfällningen endast kunde ge en 75-procentig COD-reduktion, vilket motsvarar en vanlig förfällning, anses trepunktsfällningen vara ekonomisk ogynnsam då den medför extra kostnader av polymerer.  Istället borde trepunktsfällningen ersättas med en förfällning. Sammanfattningsvis kan det konstateras att en intern kolkälla i form av hydrolyserat primärslam skulle kunna ersätta en extern kolkälla rent funktionsmässigt. Dock måste åtgärder göras för att minimera produktionen av ammonium under slamhydrolysen. Ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv skulle utvinningen av en intern kolkälla endast vara ekonomisk gynnsam då trepunktsfällningen ersätts med förfällning.
Water treatment is costly, from both an economic and environmental point of view, since the need for precipitation chemicals, carbon sources and energy is high. It is therefore desirable to look for alternative solutions that enable plants to be more self-sustaining. Hammarby Sjöstadsverket is a pilot plant for wastewater treatment located in Henriksdal, a southeastern neighborhood of Stockholm. The plant is owned by IVL, Svenska Miljöinstitutet and Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH). Since the pilot plant was built in 2002, several different cleaning techniques have been evaluated with focus on striving for eco-friendly and eco-adapted systems. For instance, a pre-precipitation technique, so-called three step precipitation have been evaluated. The three step precipitation implicates that a metal salt followed by two different polymers are added in the flocculation chamber in the particular order to thereby enable to reduce a higher content of the organic material. In previous precipitation tests at Hammarby Sjöstadsverket, one managed to remove up to 90 % of the organic material using the three step precipitation (IVL, Hammarby Sjöstadsverket, 2011). This can be compared to a removal of only 75 % with ordinary pre-precipitation. This thesis aims to validate already obtained results within three step precipitation and with biological hydrolysis of primary sludge, extract a carbon source for post-denitrification containing as high concentrations of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) as possible and to investigate the cost of a wastewater treatment plant with three step precipitation, biogas generation and collection of internal carbon source from primary sludge at an upscaling corresponding to 100,000 person equivalents. Precipitation experiments were carried out in pilot scale with the precipitation chemicals, PAX-XL 36, combined with a low molecular weight organic polymer, Purfix-120, followed by a high molecular weight inorganic polymer, Super Flock C-494. The purpose of the three step precipitation was to validate the already produced results within three step precipitation and thus separate as large amounts of organic material as possible in the precipitation so that a primary sludge containing a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) can be obtained.Two different dosages of Purfix-120 were tested: 45 and 60 g/m3. The best reduction of COD and phosphorus were obtained when 193 g/m3 PAX XL-36 was combined with 60 g/m3 Purfix-120 and 0.025 g/m3 Super Flock C-494. Hereby a COD reduction of 75 % and a total phosphorus removal of 83 % were obtained. By hydrolysis of primary sludge in batch experiments Total Solid (TS) concentrations of 1, 2 and 3 % and residence times of up to eight days were examined. The purpose of the hydrolysis in this case was to investigate which TS concentration and residence time that gave the highest production of VFA. The experiments showed that a TS concentration of 3 % produced the highest amount of VFA and that the VFA production of the three different TS concentrations peaked at the second day. The VFA and COD production increased linearly for the three TS concentrations up until day five. After day five the COD and VFA production, for the TS concentrations of 1 and 2 %, started to decrease slightly. However TS 3 % did not show the same declining trend for VFA. Furthermore the daily ammonium and pH were investigated.  As the VFA and COD concentration increased the ammonium concentration increased as well. pH had overall a  decreasing trend. Four different denitrification tests were performed in batch experiments with the extracted hydrolyzate. The added COD content from the hydolyzate was either 3.3 or 4 times the initial nitrate concentration. The denitrification tests showed denitrification rates between 4.3 and 7 mg NO3-N / g volatile suspended solids * h with carbon-nitrogen ratios (C/N ratio) between 3.9 and 12.3 mg COD/mg NO3-N. The lowest C/N ratio received the lowest denitrification rate. However, it could not be concluded that the maximum C/N ratio had the highest denitrification rate. Futhermore the financial aspects were examined in order to investigate the cost of a wastewater treatment plant with three step precipitation, biogas generation and collection of internal carbon source from primary sludge at an upscaling corresponding to 100,000 person equivalents. The extraction of an internal carbon source would, despite loss of biogas production, be economically beneficial. Gain, in terms of not having to purchase an external carbon source, in this case ethanol, amounts to the amount of the biogas loss. The three step precipitation chemical costs were the largest item, amounting to 8,060,000 SEK. This cost versus less energy utilization in the biological step was also examined. In this case the savings in the biological step amounted to about 1/8 of precipitation chemical cost. Since the three step precipitation only managed to remove 75 % of the COD, a removal which corresponds to an ordinary pre-precipitation, the three step precipitation is considered to be economically unfavorable as it involves additional costs of polymers. Instead the three step precipitation should be replaced with a pre-precipitation. In summary it can be stated that an internal carbon source in the form of hydrolyzed primary sludge could replace an external carbon source in a functional way. However, steps must be taken to minimize the production of ammonium during sludge hydrolysis. From an economic perspective, the extraction of an internal carbon source would only be economical favorable if the three step precipitation is replaced with pre-precipitation.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A crescente necessidade de ampliar de modo sustentável o uso de fontes renováveis de energia, para proporcionar maior segurança ao suprimento energético, e reduzir os impactos ambientais associados aos combustíveis fósseis, encontra no bioetanol uma alternativa viável economicamente e com significativo potencial de expansão. Atualmente, a produção de etanol de mandioca por processo fermentativo, visando sua utilização como combustível veicular, é limitada, principalmente em comparação a processos que utilizam a cana-de-açúcar como matéria prima, e o eficiente uso do bagaço gerado. Todavia, a possibilidade de se produzir etanol refinado a partir de mandioca in natura vem obtendo o interesse de alguns industriais da área, devido ao fato do produto apresentar um maior valor de mercado que o etanol carburante. Este trabalho teve como finalidade contribuir para a inovação do processo de obtenção de etanol a partir da mosturação de raízes da mandioca, a etapa de fermentação e caracterização dos produtos, utilizando um sistema de produção em escala laboratorial que simulou as operações numa planta industrial. Buscou-se definir as melhores condições de tempos de processo, catalisadores enzimáticos e concentrações de substrato. No sentido de promover uma inovação tecnologicamente viável, traçou-se um planejamento experimental que minimizasse as operações de preparo, definindo as condições mais adequadas para o processo de hidrólise e fermentativo. A primeira etapa do trabalho consistiu em estudar o tempo de sacarificação do amido contido na polpa de raízes de mandioca, utilizando um delineamento central composto rotacional (DCCR) 23 onde o valor da variável dependente (concentração de glicose do sacarificado) ficou em função das variáveis independentes (concentração de matéria seca, concentração de enzima dextrinizante e concentração...
Based on the increasing need of enlarging the use of renewable sources sustainably to provide greater security for energy supply and reduce environmental impacts associated with fossil fuels, bioethanol represents an economically viable alternative with significant potential of expansion. Currently, ethanol production from cassava through fermentation aimed at its use as vehicle fuel has been limited, mainly compared to processes employing sugarcane as raw material and the efficient use of the generated bagasse. However, the possibility of producing refined ethanol from cassava in natura has attracted the interest of some industries in the area, since this product has a higher market value than combustible ethanol. This work aimed to contribute to the innovation of the process of obtaining ethanol from cassava root mashing, as well as the stage of fermentation and characterization of products, using a production system in laboratory scale simulating operations in an industrial plant. We attempted to define the best... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Les travaux de thèse concernent le développement d’une plateforme d’émulation temps réel destinée aux études théoriques et expérimentales des systèmes hybrides éolien- hydrolien. Diverses architectures de couplages énergétiques sont traitées sur la base des similitudes fonctionnelles des deux systèmes et par des concepts d’émulation à la fois numériques et expérimentaux. La notion de simulation en temps « accéléré » a été développée. Le concept a été validé sur la plateforme expérimentale en utilisant l’évolution de la puissance moyenne délivrée par une turbine éolienne de petite puissance. Cette approche pourra permettre de réduire les temps d’observation des campagnes de mesure, d’accélérer les études sur le potentiel éolien des sites en développement. Nous avons développé également deux types de couplage du système hybride éolien-hydolien. Un couplage électrique basé sur la connexion en parallèle sur un bus continu des deux turbines. Nous avons développé un concept innovant d’un couplage électromécanique basé sur l’utilisation d’une seule génératrice asynchrone sur laquelle sont simultanément couplés les arbres de la turbine éolienne et de la turbine hydrolienne. Pour cela, un servomoteur à commande vectorielle nous a servi à émuler la turbine éolienne pendant qu’un moteur synchrone nous a servi d'émulateur de turbine hydrolienne. L’arbre de la génératrice sert de couplage mécanique entre les deux systèmes. Nous avons mis en évidence dans les expérimentations effectuées, la complémentarité des productions électriques des deux systèmes, et également le besoin de leur adjoindre un système de stockage pour palier à une baisse simultanée de deux productions d’énergie
The thesis work concerns the development of a real-time emulation platform for theoretical and experimental studies of offshore wind and tidal power hybrid systems. Various energy coupling architectures are processed on the basis of the functional similarities of two systems and by both numerical and experimental emulation concepts. The notion of accelerated time used for real time simulation has been developed. The concept was validated on the experimental platform using the evolution of the mean power delivered by a small wind turbine. This approach can reduce the observation times of the measurement campaigns and could accelerate the studies for the wind potential of developing sites. We have also developed two types of coupling of the wind-tidal hybrid system. An electrical coupling based on the connection in parallel on a continuous bus of two turbines. We have developed an innovative concept of an electromechanical coupling based on the use of a single asynchronous generator on which the wind turbine and tidal turbine are simultaneously coupled. For this purpose, a vector-controlled servomotor was used to emulate the wind turbine while a synchronous motor was used as a tidal turbine emulator. The generator shaft is used as a mechanical coupling between the two systems. We have demonstrated in the experiments that we have developed the complementarity of the electrical productions of the two systems; we highlighted the need to add a storage system to compensate the simultaneous decrease of the two energy productions. The real time simulations results allow us to validate the feasibility of such a coupling

Traditionellt har större fartyg bestyckade med ekolod använts för att utföra batymetriska mätningar av sjö- och havsbottnar. Att utföra mätningar i grunda vatten har varit problematiskt eftersom större fartyg inte kan nå dessa grunda vatten. För att tackla det problemet har mindre obemannade ytfarkoster (USV) utvecklats för att mäta grunda vatten. Dessa USVs hjälper även till vid områden nära stenar som inte har fått uppdaterade djupvärden. Den här undersökningens syfte är att utvärdera hur en Seafloor HydroLite TM enkelstrålsekolod monterad på en USV skiljer sig från insamlingsmetoderna GNSS och med måttband. Den syftar även till att utvärdera vilken interpolationsteknik som är mest lämpad för skapande av djupmodeller med enkelstrålsekolodsdata. Det kommer också studeras hur tvärsektioner påverkar djupmodellerna skapade med enkelstrålsekolod. De experimentella mätningarna med GNSS, måttband och enkelstrålsekolod utfördes i sjön Öjaren som ligger utanför Sandviken. I undersökningen inmättes totalt 91 punkter med GNSS och måttband samt 8 mätstråk och 9 tvärsektioner med enkelstrålsekolod monterad på en USV. Djupmodellerna skapades i Surfer 10 med interpolationsteknikerna kriging, natural neighbor och triangulation with linear interpolation. Alla beräkningar genomfördes i Microsoft Excel och data insamlat med måttband ansågs vara det sanna värdet vid jämförelsen mellan insamlingsmetoderna. Resultaten visade att djupmodellerna skapade med GNSS-data är snarlika till djupmodellerna skapade med måttbandsdata samt att djupmodellerna med GNSS-data visar på den minsta skillnaden mot djupmodellerna skapade med enkelstrålsekolodsdata. Resultatet från jämförelsen mellan interpolationsteknikerna visar på att användandet av de olika interpolationsteknikerna inte har en signifikant påverkan på djupmodellen. Våra slutsatser av undersökningen blev att användande av ett enkelstrålsekolod kan bidra till att skapa en mer detaljerad djupmodell än om enbart GNSS eller måttbandsdata används. Det är också en mer kostnadseffektiv metod eftersom mer data kan samlas in på kortare tid. Det kan dock uppstå felmätningar vid insamlade av data med enkelstrålsekolod som kan vara svåra att upptäcka. Tilläggande av tvärsektioner kan bidra till att skapa en ännu mer detaljerad djupmodell och kan användas som kontrollpunkter vid kontroll av enkelstrålsekolodsdata.
Traditionally, large vessels armed with echo sounders have been used to conduct bathymetric surveys of the seas and oceans. Conducting surveys of shallow water have been troublesome since larger vessels cannot reach and survey shallow waters. To tackle that problem smaller unmanned surface vessels (USV) have been developed to survey shallow waters. It also helps in the areas closest to rocks that do not have updated depth measurements. This study aims to assess how a Seafloor HydroLite TM single-beam echo sounder mounted on a USV differs from other surveying methods. It also aims to evaluate which interpolation methods is most suitable for creating depth models by utilizing single-beam echo sounder data. It will also be studied how cross section lines affect the created depth using the USV. The experimental surveys with GNSS, measuring tape and single-beam echo sounder were used in the lake Öjaren that is located outside of Sandviken. In this study a total of 91 points were collected with GNSS and measuring tape and 8 sounding lines and 9 cross sections lines were collected using echo sounder mounted on the USV. The depth models were created in Surfer 10 using different interpolation methods i.e. kriging, natural neighbor and triangulation with linear interpolation. All calculation were performed in Microsoft Excel and the measurements collected with measuring tape were assumed as a “true” value to evaluate the different surveying techniques. The results showed that the depth model obtained using GNSS data is close to the depth model created using measuring tape data and shows lowest difference in comparison to the USV technique. The results from the comparison between interpolation methods showed that the use of different interpolation methods not have a significant impact on the depth model. The study concludes that the use of a single-beam echo sounder can help to create a more detailed depth model than using GNSS or measuring tape. It is also a cost effective method that helps collect more data in a short time. Though, some errors can appear in the data collected using the single-beam echo sounder that can be hard to detect. The cross section lines can contribute to a more detailed depth model and can be used as control points.

(-)-Glycinoeclepin A 3 is effective at pg/mL concentrations as a hatch-stimulating agent for the soybean cyst nematode. Approaching the synthesis of 3, Keiji Tanino of Hokkaido University envisioned (Chemistry Lett. 2010, 39, 835) the convergent coupling of the allylic tosylate 2 with the bridgehead anion 1. The assembly of the fragment 2 was particularly challenging, because the synthesis would require not just the establishment of the two adjacent cyclic quaternary centers but also control of the relative configuration on the sidechain. The preparation of 1 began with the prochiral diketone 3. Enantioselective reduction of the mono enol ether 4 set the absolute configuration of 5. Iodination followed by cyclization then completed the assembly of 1. The construction of the bicyclic tosylate 2 began with m-methyl anisole 7. Following the Rubottom procedure, Birch reduction followed by mild hydrolysis gave the ketone 8. Epoxidation followed by β-elimination delivered the racemic 9, which was exposed to lipase to give, after seven days, the residual alcohol in 40% yield and high ee. The sidechain nitrile was prepared from the diol 12. Homologation gave the nitrile 14, which was equilibrated to the more stable enol ether 15. The two cyclic quaternary centers of 3 were set in a single step by the conjugate addition of the anion of 16 to the crystalline enone 11. Mild hydrolysis of 17 gave the keto aldehyde, which underwent aldol condensation to give the enone 18. The hydroboration of 19 followed by coupling of the intermediate organoborane with 20 delivered 21 with 94:6 relative diastereocontrol. Formylation of the enone 22 followed by triflation and reduction then led to 2. Altough the ketone 1 could be deprotonated with LDA, the only product observed, even at –78°C, was the derived aldol dimer. The metalated dimethylhydrazone 25, in contrast, coupled smoothly with 2 to give, after hydrolyis, the desired adduct 26. Pd-mediated carboxylation of the enol triflate followed by selective oxidative cleavage and hydrolysis then completed the synthesis of (-)-glycinoecleptin A 3.