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Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrogen sulphide – Analysis'

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Published: 4 June 2021
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Journal articles on the topic "Hydrogen sulphide – Analysis"

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Turkiewicz, Anna, Teresa Steliga, Dorota Kluk, and Zbigniew Gminski. "Biomonitoring Studies and Preventing the Formation of Biogenic H2S in the Wierzchowice Underground Gas Storage Facility." Energies 14, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 5463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175463.

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The article discusses the results of biomonitoring research at the Underground Gas Storage (UGS). Hydrogen sulphide, as one of the products of microbiological reaction and transformation, as well as a product of chemical reactions in rocks, is a subject of interest for global petroleum companies. The materials used in this research work were formation waters and stored natural gas. The biomonitoring of reservoir waters and cyclical analyses of the composition of gas stored at UGS Wierzchowice enabled the assessment of the microbiological condition of the reservoir environment and individual storage wells in subsequent years of operation. Investigations of the formation water from individual wells of the UGS Wierzchowice showed the presence of sulphate reducing bacteria bacteria (SRB), such as Desulfovibrio and Desulfotomaculum genera and bacteria that oxidize sulphur compounds. In the last cycles of UGS Wierzchowice, the content of hydrogen sulphide and sulphides in the reservoir waters ranged from 1.22 to 15.5 mg/dm3. The monitoring of natural gas received from UGS production wells and observation wells, which was carried out in terms of the determination of hydrogen sulphide and organic sulphur compounds, made it possible to observe changes in their content in natural gas in individual storage cycles. In the last cycles of UGS Wierzchowice, the content of hydrogen sulphide in natural gas from production wells ranged from 0.69 to 2.89 mg/dm3, and the content of organic sulphur compounds converted to elemental sulphur ranged from 0.055 to 0.130 mg Sel./Nm3. A higher hydrogen sulphide content was recorded in natural gas from observation wells in the range of 2.02–25.15 mg/Nm3. In order to explain the causes of hydrogen sulphide formation at UGS Wierzchowice, isotopic analyses were performed to determine the isotope composition of δ34SH2S, δ34SSO4, δ18OSO4 in natural gas samples (production and observation wells) and in the deep sample of reservoir water. The results of isotope tests in connection with microbiological tests, chromatographic analyses of sulphur compounds in natural gas collected from UGS Wierzchowice and an analysis of the geological structure of the Wierzchowice deposit allow us to conclude that the dominant processes responsible for the formation of hydrogen sulphide at UGS Wierzchowice are microbiological, consisting of microbial sulphate reduction (MSR). The presented tests allow for the control and maintenance of hydrogen sulphide at a low level in the natural gas received from the Wierzchowice Underground Gas Storage facility.
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Thomas, J. D. R. "Ion-selective electrode and enzyme sensors for flow-type environmental analysis." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 56, no. 1 (1991): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19910178.

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Illustrative examples from researches in the author’s laboratories are given of potentiometric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and catalytic membrane amperometric electrodes suitable for environmental analysis. The uses of sulphide ISEs are demonstrated for monitoring the activities of sulphate-reducing bacteria, in effluent analysis for sulphide, and in process/effluent analysis for sulphide, thiols and polysulphides. Diquat and paraquat ISEs are discussed in relation to their optimisation in terms of appropriate crown ether and ion-pairing agents, together with prospects of their uses. Catalytic membrane systems for use in electrochemical analysis may be based on metal oxide catalysts or enzymes. The best of the new metal oxide catalysts for hydrogen peroxide analysis in association with an oxygen electrode is based on manganese dioxide and offers an alternative to lead dioxide and catalase. An alternative membrane system for use with a platinum electrode is peroxidase in association with a mediator in order to permit a low potential approach for hydrogen peroxide sensing. Hydrogen peroxide is a product of many oxidase catalysed reactions and its electrochemical detection permits the analysis of a wide range of substrates, illustrated here for glucose in various food products and hypoxanthine in the spoilage of fish meats.
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Xiong, Bin, Lan Peng, Xuan Cao, Yan He, and Edward S. Yeung. "Optical analysis of biological hydrogen sulphide: an overview of recent advancements." Analyst 140, no. 6 (2015): 1763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an02204a.

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In this review we provide an overview of recent advancements in optical analysis of biological hydrogen sulphide, with a focus on fluorescence and non-fluorescence optical strategies for sensing and imaging subcellular hydrogen sulphide in living biosystems.
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Holder, G. A., G. Vaughan, and W. Drew. "Kinetic Studies of the Microbiological Conversion of Sulphate to Hydrogen Sulphide and their Relevance to Sulphide Generation within Sewers." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 2-3 (February 1, 1985): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0129.

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The relevance of the studies carried out, to the important practical problem of predicting sulphide generation rates within sewers, is discussed in the introduction section of the paper. The predictive equations presently in use are compared, and the desirability of replacing these empirical equations by a more scientific approach based on an analysis of mass transport and biochemical reaction is stressed. A theoretical analysis of mass transport and metabolism of sulphate during laminar flow in a model sewer is then described. This theoretical section is followed by the description of the laboratory experimental studies. These studies consisted of flowing simulated sewage through tubes containing biofilms of mixed cultures of sulphate reducing bacteria. The results obtained in the laboratory studies showed that the diffusional resistance in the liquid phase was negligible and that the biological conversion of sulphate to sulphide followed zero order kinetics when mass transfer was not rate limiting. The observed sulphate removal rates gave good agreement with Australian field data for sulphide generation in sewers. The value of the zero order rate constant (measured at 41 °C) was 30 mg cm−3 h−1.
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Shamim, R. O., I. Dincer, and G. Naterer. "Thermodynamic analysis of solar-based photocatalytic hydrogen sulphide dissociation for hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, no. 28 (September 2014): 15342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.07.094.

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Kuliński, Włodzisław, and Barbara Zielińska. "Analysis of Physical Therapy in Psoriasis." Acta Balneologica 61, no. 2 (2019): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/abal201902104.

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Introduction: Psoriasis is one of the most common skin diseases. It is a chronic and recurrent disorder that constitutes both a clinical and a social problem. Psoriasis can be effectively treated with comprehensive balneophysiotherapy (sulphide/hydrogen sulphide baths, PUVA therapy, cryotherapy). Aim: To analyse physical therapy in patients with psoriasis treated at a thermal resort. Material and Methods: The study was conducted at the “Jasna” thermal resort in Solec-Zdrój. The patients underwent balneophysiotherapy in the form of sulphide/hydrogen sulphide baths, PUVA therapy, and cryotherapy. The study group consisted of 40 subjects (28 females and 12 males) with psoriasis. The mean age was 43 years (range: 21 to 65 years). Subjective (a 21-item questionnaire) and objective assessment of the patients’ status was performed both before and after a series of physical therapy procedures. Results: After 3 weeks of treatment, the patients’ physical status was remarkably improved; skin lesions, pain, and burning resolved. The mental status of the subjects was improved as well. The results confirm that physical therapy is highly effective in psoriatic patients. Conclusions: The procedures performed at the thermal resort had a beneficial influence on the subjects’ health. Remarkable improvements were found using both subjective and objective methods of assessment. Thermal hospital treatment is an optimal form of management in psoriatic patients.
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Pradhananga, Raja Ram, A. Nyachhyon, A. P. Yadav, Lok Kumar Shrestha, and S. Tandukar. "Fabrication and Applications of Silver Sulphide Based Ion Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 117 (June 2010): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.117.7.

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An electrochemical sensor based on the silver sulphide precipitate was fabricated in the laboratory and characterized by x-ray diffraction, SEM equipped with EDAX, and electrochemical techniques. Ion selective electrode (ISE) was found to be sensitive enough to sense the sulphide ion concentration from 10-1 to 10-5 M in alkaline medium. The change in electrode potential per decade change in sulphide ion concentration was found to be 31.5 mV at laboratory temperature indicating adherence of the ion selective electrode to Nernst’s equation. The sensor have been successfully used for the quantitative determination of thiamine in pharmaceutical preparations, hydrogen sulphide in cigarette smoke and determination of solubility products of sparingly soluble silver salts. A trace amount of hydrogen sulphide, a toxic gas, is present in the cigarette smoke. The quantitative estimation of hydrogen sulphide in cigarette smoke is a challenging task to analytical chemist. Hydrogen sulphide in cigarette smoke had been determined by absorbing the cigarette smoke in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and the resulting solution was analyzed using silver sulphide based ion sensor by standard addition technique using modified Gran plot. The average amounts of hydrogen sulphide produced by a stick of cigarette in 8 different brands of Nepalese cigarette ware found to range from 0.0332 mg to 0.0766 mg. The sensitivity and reliability of these home made ion sensors were excellent and in par with commercial electrodes. For developing countries like Nepal, who can not afford to procure high cost commercial ion selective electrodes, these home made ion sensors are especially appealing since the sensor can be fabricated with ease from the materials that are readily available in the chemistry laboratory and the sensor is quite sensitive and gives reproducible results which are sufficiently accurate for the analysis with ion selective electrodes.
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CAPEILLÈRE-BLANDIN, Chantal, Christelle MARTIN, Nicoletta GAGGERO, Piero PASTA, Giacomo CARREA, and Stefano COLONNA. "Sulphoxidation reaction catalysed by myeloperoxidase from human leucocytes." Biochemical Journal 335, no. 1 (October 1, 1998): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3350027.

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The oxidation of alkyl aryl sulphides by myeloperoxidase (MPO) at the expense of hydrogen peroxide was investigated under steady-state conditions. The sulphide concentration effect was studied under saturating H2O2 concentrations at pH 5.0 and 20 °C. The kinetic constants, kcat and Km, of the different substrates were determined and the values were in the 1–10 s-1 range and around 43±26 µM respectively, whatever the sulphide considered. In the case of p-substituted thioanisoles, the oxidation rate was dependent upon the substituent effect. The correlation of log(kcat) with the substituent constants (δ+ values) (Hammett equation) could be explained by a reaction mechanism involving the enzyme compound II and a sulphenium radical cation. This conclusion was also supported by spectrophotometric analysis of catalytic intermediates of the enzyme, showing the accumulation of compound II. Moreover, chiral HPLC analyses showed that MPO oxidation of alkyl aryl sulphides produced the corresponding (R)-sulphoxides with a low enantioselectivity (4–8%). Chloride ion effects on the MPO-catalysed oxygenation of sulphides were also studied. Chloride acted as a substrate for MPO and as an activator in MPO-catalysed sulphoxidation. Inhibition occurred at chloride concentrations above 120 mM, whereas below 120 mM, chloride increased the reaction rate when using p-tolyl methyl sulphide as the substrate. In the presence of 100 mM chloride the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of MPO increased 3–4-fold, whatever the sulphide considered, but racemic products were obtained. These data have been interpreted in the light of known structural information on the accessibility of the distal haem cavity.
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Matos, J. S., and E. R. de Sousa. "The Forecasting of Hydrogen Sulphide Gas Build-Up in Sewerage Collection Systems." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1992): 915–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0472.

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The presence of hydrogen sulphide gas in sewerage collection systems is a common source of odour nuisance, corrosion of sewers and toxic atmospheres. The hydrogen sulphide build-up in the sewer air may be related to sulphide concentrations in the flowing sewage and with other factors, such as turbulence, aerodynamic conditions of the ventilating air now and roughness of the unsubmerged surfaces. In the present work, a mathematical model is presented for forecasting hydrogen sulphide gas build-up along gravity sewers, which is based on the analysis of a differential mass balance equation applied to a sewer reach. Good correlation was obtained, comparing the results of the model with experimental information collected in the Funchal main trunk sewer. Funchal city is the capital of Madeira, a Portuguese island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, and its main trunk sewer was put into operation at the beginning of 1980.
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Savelieva, V. A., A. M. Starik, N. S. Titova, and O. N. Favorskii. "Numerical Analysis of Hydrogen Sulphide Conversion to Hydrogen during Its Pyrolysis and Partial Oxidation." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 54, no. 2 (March 2018): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0010508218020028.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hydrogen sulphide – Analysis"

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Maleki, Rahil. "Consequences Analysis of CH4/H2S Release in Offshore Platform." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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The exploitation and development of offshore oil & gas fields continue to be one of the main source to supply energy worldwide. However, existing and new projects may involve specific geographic areas with safety challenges due to the presence of natural gas, mainly Methane (CH4), containing a certain amount of Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) in the extracted hydrocarbons (sour gas). Indeed, the combined effect of flammability and toxicity of such gases has the critical potential to increase the hazard level in the offshore installation aggravating the consequences for human and assets. The present work aims at the consequences analysis related to the release of sour gas (CH4/H2S) on an offshore production facility, by considering different H2S fractions in the gas composition. The analysis was based on the estimation of safety distances for the physical effects of accident scenarios with respect to personnel, equipment and facility structures. Two different approaches implemented into consequences modelling software, the Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool (PHAST), which is based on integral and lumped parameter model, and the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS), which is ascribed to the Computational Fluid Dynamic model, hence based on distributed parameter model. A case study concerning an actual offshore, multi-level platform for gas production was considered. Large releases from two different process equipment were simulated for three mixtures with different amount of H2S, starting from specific release points. The results showed that the H2S content is not an effective factor for the safety distance in the case of ignition of the gas cloud, hence in the case of fires. Also, the presence of obstructions slightly affects the damage distances for fires. On the contrary, the safety distance from the release point can be strongly affected by the presence of H2S concentration higher than 1%v.
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Kinsela, Andrew Stephen School of Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences UNSW. "Volatile sulfur compounds in coastal acid sulfate soils, northern N.S.W." 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40889.

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The cycling of biogenic volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) within marine and terrestrial ecosystems has been shown to play an integral role in atmospheric chemistry; by influencing global climate change through the creation of cloud condensation nuclei and controlling acid-base chemistry; as well as influencing sediment chemistry including the interactions with trace metals, particularly regarding iron sulfide formation. Despite this, the examination of VSCs within Australian coastal acid sulfate soils (ASS) is an unexplored area of research. As ASS in Australia occupy an area in excess of 9 M ha, there is a clear need for a greater understanding of the cycling of these compounds within such systems. This thesis looks at the concentrations of several VSCs within agricultural and undisturbed ASS on the east coast of Australia. Initial measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2) were made using passive diffusion samplers, which were followed by two detailed field-based studies looking at the concentrations and fluxes of both SO2 and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) using flux-gradient micrometeorological techniques. These novel results indicated that this agricultural ASS was a substantial source of atmospheric H2S (0.036-0.056 gSm-2yr-1), and SO2 (0.095-0.31 gSm-2yr-1), with flux values equating to many other salt- and freshwater marshes and swamps. The flux data also suggested that the ASS could be a continual source of H2S which is photo-oxidised during the daytime to SO2. Measurements of both compounds showed separate, inverse correlations to temperature and moisture meteorological parameters indicating possible contributing and / or causal release factors. Further identification of these and other VSCs within ASS samplers was undertaken in the laboratory using gas chromatography in combination with solid-phase microextraction. Although SO2 and H2S were not discovered within the headspace samples, two other VSCs important in atmospheric sulfur cycling and trace metal geochemistry were quantified; dimethylsulfide (DMS; > 300??g/L) and ethanethiol (ESH > 4??g/L). The measurements of H2S, DMS and ESH are the first quantifications with Australian ASS, and they may be important for refining regional or local atmospheric sulfur budgets, as well as interpreting previous SO2 emissions from ASS. Ultimately this thesis further enhances our understanding of the cycling of VSCs within acid sulfate systems.
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McCanna, David. "Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4338.

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The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations.
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Book chapters on the topic "Hydrogen sulphide – Analysis"

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"Corrosion Fatigue, Stress-Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen-Sulphide Attack of AISI 304 Stainless Steel." In ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Chemical Processing Equipment. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001652.

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Öhrström, Lars. "Of Pea-Soup, Dangers of Coffee in the Morning, and the Test of Mr Marsh." In The Last Alchemist in Paris. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199661091.003.0024.

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Friday the thirteenth is supposed to be the unlucky day, but for ex-King Eric XIV of Sweden it must have been a Thursday, because Thursdays are pea-soup days, at least in Sweden and Finland. It may only be a persistent myth that the arsenic trioxide (As2O3), which probably killed him, was put in his pea-soup on the order of his half-brother John III. That is, the pea-soup bit may be a myth, not that his brother John was the instigator. He had already held his schizophrenic older brother Eric prisoner for nine years, and a number of incriminating documents have been preserved. Eric died in 1577, and his fate mirrors that of Mary Stuart, who was sentenced to a more conventional execution by her cousin Elizabeth I ten years later. Oddly enough Eric had, with a certain hubris one must say, tried to negotiate marriages with both these distinguished ladies, and was only a few days from sailing off to meet Elizabeth in person when his father Gustav Wasa died in 1560 distracting him with other matters for a while. In 1577 there was no good way to analyse arsenic and establish murder by poison, but in 1829 the situation was different. When John Bodle was tried for having murdered his grandfather, octogenarian George Bodle, on his farm in Plumstead near Woolwich, the prosecution could provide an expert witness, James Marsh, inventor and (among other things) assistant to Michael Faraday. Marsh, through the foresight of the local police, who were already suspicious, and had preserved both the last coffee George Bodle had drunk and his stomach contents, analysed both for arsenic. This he did by adding hydrogen sulphide (H2S), a foul-smelling, flammable, and poisonous gas that used to haunt undergraduate chemistry labs when I was young. Dangerous as it may be, rather elementary precautions make it safe to handle H2S even for first-year students, and it was used in much the same way as by Marsh—for hunting down metal ions.
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"freezing out, adsorption and absorption. After concentrating, separation is achieved by classical methods such as gas chranatography (GC) or high pressure liquid chranatography (HPLC). Identification is based mainly on mass spectrometry, infra-red spectrometry and chrcmatographic data. 3. RESULTS The primary goal of these methods is to concentrate all volatile com­ pounds, mainly volatile organic compounds or VOCs, present. This mixture of VOCs, containing odorous ccmpcunds, next to a large majority of unodo-rous substance, then is analysed. This chemical analysis is based on the separation of these hundreds of compounds by gas chranatography, is hampe­ red by large amounts of water, which is always present in air, and which is also freezed out or adsorbed. The only way to escape more or less this difficulty is to use a rather apolar adsorbant, in casu Tenax GC or similar materials (e.g. Chranosorb 102) (5). A second limitation is the fact that no material will ever be capable of adsorbing all odorous com­ pounds completely, and permit to desorb then afterwards completely. For compounds with very low boiling point, e.g. hydrogen sulphide, strong ad-sorbants are necessary, while for odorants with high boiling point, e.g. skatol or the sesquiterpenes, thermal desorption is difficult with strong adsorbant s. So a compromise has to be accepted, or several complementa­ ry adsorbants have to be used. At this moment this compromise for concen­ trating all odorous substances is found in the adsorbant mentioned, kno­ wing that the most volatile compounds might escape partly. Many systems have been described and even carenercialised, but we use a home-built sy­ stem, which is schematically represented in figure 1 (6). On an outer side wall of the gas chromatograph (GC) an oven in which the Tenax-adsorp-tion-sampling tubes fit is constructed. Connections with pressurized he­ lium (transfer gas) is provided and their is a connection with a high tem­ perature resistant sixway valve, which replaces the normal GC-injector. During thermal desorption (position 1 in figure 1) the transfer gas, car­ rying desorbed volatiles, passes the sixway valve, a cold trap (stainless steel loop cold with liquid air) and enters the ambient air. The helium carrier gas is connected to the GC-column via the sixway valve. After the desorption stage which usually takes about 45 minutes, with a desorption oven temperature of 220°C for 30 minutes at least, the sixway valve is switched (position 2 in figure 1). At that moment transfer gas flows through the sixway valve directly into the ambient whereas the carrier gas passes the cold trap before entering the GC-column. The liquid air is removed from the cold trap and the latter is quickly heated by a high in­ tensity fload light. In this way condensed compounds are flash-evaporated and injected into the GC-system. Concentrating odorants by adsorption-desorption techniques produces a terribly complex mixture of VOCs, which is separated by gas chranato­ graphy. Fortunately this technique allows formidable separation power, but still then the result is not always sufficient far a clear-cut odour analysis. In figure 2 the GC-analysis is shown of an air sample in the neighbourhood of a rendering plant, showing a great number of VOCs; however almost all of them are hydrocarbons produced by cars and heating systems and sane other products, which do not contribute to the odour. Very small peaks of odorants are detected, which shows the difficult task of odour ana­ lysis with a general concentrating technique. Of course this analysis is far more relevant if emission gases are examined as is demonstrated in fi­ gure 3 (7). Part of these difficulties can be overcane if the odorants can." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 169. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-75.

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"be detected specifically, which is possible for sane groups of odorants (thiols or mercaptans, sulphides, amines) with specific GC-detectors. Spe­ cific detectors are available for haloganted compounds, sulphur-, phosphor-and nitrogen compounds. Figure 4 shews the analysis of the sulphur-ccmpounds produced by the acidic decomposition of phosphate-rock and causing the typi­ cal smell of fertilizer plants. Another approach is to aim at selective concentration methods. Indeed odour problems are caused by a limited number of compounds, on rather a li­ mited number of classes of compounds, mentioned in figure 5. For most odour nuisance problems, chemical plants, refineries, live­ stock production, food processing, rendering, water purification plants etc., the compounds responsible for the odour are known. So chemical analysis of the odour can be limited to these odorants, and selective concentrating techniques can be used. Selective concentrating methods are based on speci­ fic absorption techniques, using particular chemical reactions of odorant classes. Semet imes several absorption methods have to be used in order to describe the odour problem, thus increasing the labor cost of the analysis. On the other hand absorption methods allow better quantitative results. Se­ lective absorption of odorants from air produces a far less complex mixture. We developed or are developing several of these methods for aldehydes, amines, acids, thiols etc. Carbonyl ccnpounds for instance can be trapped by absorption in a rea­ gent solution containing 2,4-dinitrcphenylhydrazine and hydrogen chloride. Details of this method are extensively described elsewhere (8). The prin­ ciple of the method is that the carbonyl ccnpounds, in case of rendering plant emission the aldehydes, react with the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and form 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones (2,4-DNPH's) according to the scheme. These 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones have seme interesting properties. It are cristalline caipounds so that after extract of the 2,4-DNPH's fran the reagens, they can be concentrated by evaporation of the solvent without losing product. Besides these caipounds shown intense absorption of UV-light (X 356 nm) and so they can easily be detected with an UV-detec-tor. These properties make the 2,4-DNPH's particularly suitable for HPDC-analyse. This methods is used since seme time. A chranatogram is given in figure 6 and results of the quantitative determination of carbonyl com­ pounds in different situations are given in table 2. For amines absorption in an acid solution, or preferably adsorption onto an acid ion exchange column (acidified divinylbenzene-styrenesulfo-nic acid copolymer) is used. 10-50 1 of ambient air is sent over*a wet 100nnix3irmI.D. column; the ion exchange polymer is put into a vial, made alkaline and the water solution is analysed on packed Carbowax-KDH GC-column with a thermionic selective detector (TSD), which is specific for nitrogen- and phosphorus-catpounds. Trimethylamine is detected easi­ ly at 1 ppb. Aibids can be absorbed specifically in an alkaline impringer, which is extracted with ether after acidification to pH 2. This method was used for rendering plant emissions, shewing a series of linear and branched." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 170. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-76.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hydrogen sulphide – Analysis"

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Al Rawahi, S., and J. Al Harthi. "Hydrogen sulphide mapping study for existing facilities." In RISK ANALYSIS 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/risk140181.

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Yasin, Nik Muhammad Faisal Mat, Nor Hidayah Meri, Norhayati Talib, Wan Azlina Wan Abdul Karim Ghani, Zulkifli Abdul Rashid, and Azil Bahari Alias. "Breakthrough Analysis of Empty Fruit Bunch-Based Hydrogel Biochar Composite (EFB-HBC) for Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) Adsorption Study Removal." In Third International Conference on Separation Technology 2020 (ICoST 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.201229.030.

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Amelia Simbolon, Veronika, and Nurmaini Wirsal Hasan. "Analysis of Hydrogen Sulphide (H2s) and Respiratory Symptoms in Scavengers at Ganet Landfill, Tanjungpinang, Riau." In Mid-International Conference on Public Health 2018. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/mid.icph.2018.01.31.

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Alessandrescu, Aurel M. "Twenty Years After the Production of the First Heavy Water Drop in Romania: July 17th, 1988 – July 17th, 2008—Piping Systems." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59145.

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1. Heavy Water application. 2. Heavy Water technology. 3. Isotope exchange installation- piping systems characterstics. 3.1. Piping systems characteristics: (a) crack-inducing corrosion in wet and gaseous hydrogen sulphide medium. (b) selection of a higher nominal pressure than the normal pressure for pipe classes. (c) minimization of flanged pipe joints. (d) provision of piping systems selfcompensation in case that lenticular pipe expansion loops can not be used. (e) use of spiral-wound gaskets for all the piping systems flanged connections. 3.2. Piping-equipment system interaction. 3.2.1. Severe limitation of the loads in the piping systems-equipments joints. 3.2.2. Use of constant elastic supports to protect the piping systems associated equipment nozzles. 3.3. Bearing range. 4. Today objectives: to extend the predicted service-life of the piping systems. 5. Nomenclature. 6. References.
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5

Owen, David, and Simon Schapira. "High Energy Natural Gas Internal Corrosion Susceptibility Analysis." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33462.

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Alliance Pipeline operates an integrated Canadian and U.S. high-pressure, rich natural gas transmission pipeline system. Rich natural gas pipelines are unique in that the product transported in these pipelines contains greater amounts of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons than would be transported in a dry natural gas pipeline. The specifications for gas quality however are very similar and require the product to contain less than sixty five mg/m3 water, no free liquids and/or objectionable materials such as bacteria, ashphaltene, gum, etc. The acid gases, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide, are also required to be below certain values (see Table 1). Corrosion is not expected to occur under these conditions due to the lack of free water available for the development of an electrochemical corrosion cell. However, there are instances where the gas quality may vary and this gas enters facility piping for short periods of time. A method has been developed by Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) to determine the internal corrosion susceptibility for dry gas natural gas pipelines but there are currently no industry accepted models which determine the internal corrosion susceptibility for high energy natural gas (HENG) pipeline systems. Accordingly, it is important for operators of pipelines with high energy natural gas (HENG) to collect and analyze these off specification events and develop a method to determine the relative impact on internal corrosion susceptibility. It is perhaps more important for operators to use this method to develop a strategy to prioritize facility piping for inspection and confirm the absence of internal corrosion. An Internal Corrosion Susceptibility Assessment (ICSA) method has been developed for HENG which considers off specification water, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide contents in the HENG. The analysis has been enhanced to also consider low temperature operation and hydrocarbon dew-point variations. The model has been effectively trialed over the last number of years to prioritize inspections and has been further tested against PRCI research and models developed for dry gas internal corrosion susceptibility. All internal corrosion models need to identify free water as prime contributor to susceptibility, thus the subject model is considered adaptable to other gas pipeline systems. This paper discusses the methods used to develop the model, the challenges encountered and results of the field inspections conducted.
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Kathrada, Muhammad. "Combining Sparse Data with Reaction Kinetics Using Fuzzy Logic to Predict Reservoir Souring." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21394-ms.

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Abstract Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is a colourless, flammable and highly toxic gas with a strong odour of rotten eggs that is found in many reservoir fluids and aquifers in the world. This gas is commonly a result of "reservoir souring" – a process which increases the H2S concentration. Increasing amounts of this gas pose serious health, safety and environmental concerns. This can result in significant costs associated with replacement of downhole and surface equipment and increased processing costs, but more lethally a potential loss of life. Many reservoirs particularly those undergoing waterflooding face increasing levels of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) production with time. H2S is a highly toxic gas that can be fatal even at low concentrations. Being able to predict the risk potential of a particular reservoir to increasing H2S production with time would be highly valuable. The objective is to determine apriori whether a reservoir would likely see dangerously high levels of H2S being produced during the lifetime of the reservoir, and if so, be a catalyst in supporting further investigation and mitigation of H2S early in the reservoir development. There is very little published field data with regards to reservoir souring, hence a purely data driven model would not be possible to create. However, we do have a good understanding of the reaction kinetics that goes into the biological process that generates H2S. To this end the best modelling paradigm that can assimilate sparse data with first principles dynamics is fuzzy logic. A fuzzy logic model has been built around the reaction kinetics and then conditioned to the published field data. The model created matches the published field data fairly well. It is now a ready tool that can be used by engineers to make a quick assessment of their reservoirs before going into full blown expensive sampling and laboratory analysis. The novel aspect of this paper is being able to use fuzzy logic to combine the first principles chemistry together with sparse data to produce a model that can be used practically. Fuzzy Logic has been out of the news of late as machine learning and neural networks are the current hot potatoes, however it is often overlooked that fuzzy logic can still be used in low dimensional cases where only sparse data is available.
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Ambrose, Jonathan, Alex Mackie, John Yung Lee, Ovidiu Cristian Bibic, M. Shamir A. Rahim, Nik Zarina Nik Khansani, and M. Hafiidz Hassan. "Design, Testing and Field Deployment of an Online Sand Sampling and Particle Size Analysis Package." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21855-ms.

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Abstract Particle Size Analysis (PSA) of formation or produced sand is an important process in oil and gas exploration and production. This information is required to design downhole sand control, surface sand monitoring and removal systems, and to predict erosion in completion and production systems. A major operator in Malaysia required PSA data as well but found it a challenge as their wells, located offshore in Field Z, contain high amounts of contaminants such as TENORM, Mercury and Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S). Manually collecting produced sand samples was deemed too hazardous to people and the asset thus a closed loop Online Sand Sampling and PSA package was developed and deployed offshore. Samples were taken directly off flowline sample points, flowed through an online PSA system and continued its flow path to a closed loop drain line. The system therefore collected liquid, gas, and sand samples without any need for manual handling thereby eliminating exposure of harmful substances to personnel. A field laptop, running propriety software, connected via ethernet cable to the PSA system continuously measure and record the size of sand particles as they flow through the said system. This allowed the offshore execution team to view and record particle size data in real time. Data collated was available for further analysis onshore because the file format of the PSA software allows play back to refine particle images captured during the sampling operation. This was completed for 32 wells with the majority of the sampling providing good clear particle size information. Results were re-run and analysed again onshore by a sand management technical team from both the operator and service provider. The results were comparable to lab analysed samples of commonly used Laser Particle Size Analysis (LPSA). Therefore this first of its kind method provides a novel way for operaters to sample sand and solids in hazardous and also non hazardous environments.
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Kolodynskij, Vitalij, and Pranas Baltrėnas. "Experimental Research of Biogas Yield and Quality Produced from Chicken Manure." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.030.

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Biogas is a fuel, which can be produced from a renewable energy source – biomass. Such a gas can be freely used in small farms or food industry to produce heat or electricity. Two main components of biogas – metahne CH4 and carbon dioxide CO2. In some case, if biomass has a big amount of proteins, there can be an aggressive to different constructions gas – hydrogen sulphide H2S in biogas composition. Also, there can be other gases, such as ammonia or hydrogen, but their concentrations are very low. Nowadays it’s extremely important to find a biomass with high energy potential not only to produce “green” energy, but to save the environment from gaseous emissions (greenhouse gases) and soil pollution. The aim of this study – to examine biogas yield and quality, which was produced from chicken manure biomass. To implement research, a small-sized bioreactor of periodic operation (total volume – 30 l, operating volume – 20 l) was used. One of the important parameters of biomass is total quality of volatile solids (VS) and quantity of organic matter in one liter of biomass (organic load – VS/l). In this research, there were examined two chicken manure biomasses with different VS and VS/l. The first one reached relatively 3188 g and 160 g/l. The second’s biomass volatile solids quantity reached 1993 g and organic load was 100 g/l. Both biomasses were of the same type and organic matter (chicken manure with 39.85 % concentration of organic matter). During the experimental research, the temperature of anaerobic digestion was mesophilic (35–37 oC). The operation of bioreactor was periodic, this means, that the biomass was held in anaerobic condition till the complete degasation without any partial refill. The total experiment duration reached 66 days. It was found, that the maximum CH4 concentration reached 72.2% (biomass with organic load 100 g/l). To compare biogas yield from biomasses with different organic loading, it must be recalculated to an amount of biogas produced per day from 1 kg of volatile solids (l/d/kg VS). By implementing gained data analysis, it was discovered, that the maximum biogas yield is 7.8 l/d/kg VS (biomass with organic load 100 g/l). According to this research, it will be possible to create and use a small-sized bioreactor with chicken manure biomass in small farms to reduce pollution and generate energy.
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IKPEZE, Victoria Kamnetochi, John Olusoji OWOLABI, Idowu Iyabo OLATEJU, and Abdulwahab GIWA. "Modelling and Simulation of Acid Gas Absorption from Natural Gas by Amine Solution Using Aspen HYSYS." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207183-ms.

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Abstract This work has been carried out to model and simulate a typical acid gas absorption process using Aspen HYSYS process simulator. The chemical components involved in the process development were water, methane, ethane, propane, higher alkanes, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen and amines: monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). The fluid package selected for the simulation before entering the simulation environment was Acid Gas – Chemical Solvents. In the simulation environment, the model was developed by picking an absorber from the Model Palette, placing it and assigning the input and the output streams involved before inputting the parameters required for model convergence. The carbon dioxide-rich feed gas was made to enter the absorber at the bottom inlet stream while the lean amine stream entered at the top inlet and showered down on the uprising gas thereby trapping the carbon dioxide molecules within the gas. The top product from the absorber was the treated gas while the amine solution and the trapped carbon dioxide left the absorber as the bottom product. Different simulations were run to investigate the performance of the amines under the same operating conditions. It was discovered that, of all the four amine solvents considered in this work for the removal of carbon dioxide by chemical absorption, MEA had the highest efficiency but would require more dehydration because it had the highest water content. DEA was also found to scrub the carbon dioxide down to acceptable levels. However, TEA and MDEA barely scrubbed any carbon dioxide under these conditions, as their carbon dioxide compositions were found to be unacceptable. The analyses of the results obtained from the simulations indicated that Aspen HYSYS can be used to study the process of acid gas absorption successfully.
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Mirković, Djordje, Volker Flaxa, and Franz Martin Knoop. "Development and Production of Helical-Two-Step (HTS) Pipes: Grades Up to API X70 for Sour Service Application." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90438.

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Within the corresponding commercial and R&D projects five microalloyed pipeline steel grades have recently been developed and processed to spiral-welded pipes. For steel grades X52, X65, and X70 the aimed tensile properties, improved sour service resistivity, and low temperature toughness up to −40°C were reliably achieved. Influence of steel cleanliness, the non-metallic inclusions in particular, on sour gas resistibility has been investigated by means of ultrasonic testing of hydrogen charged HIC (Hydrogen Induced Cracking) samples and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analyses of HIC fracture surfaces. The results have been used to optimize the applied process parameter in steel production and coil processing. The ladle metallurgical treatment and soft reduction were consistently applied within narrow process tolerances enabling high steel cleanness and slab centerline quality, which are both indispensable for sour service application. Subsequent TMCP (Thermo Mechanical Processing) wide strip hot rolling and cooling parameters were selected to prevent a two-phase finish rolling and to obtain a predominating acicular ferritic microstructure. For pipe production, attention was paid to minimize the residual stresses, due to both pipe-forming and welding. The alloying approach is based on the classical sour lean NbTi steel composition, modified by varying Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo contents to achieve the targeted specification. The processed spiral-welded pipes were formed to diameters between 762 and 1372 mm with a wall thickness of 13.7 to 16.0 mm. CVN (Charpy V-Notch) values were higher than 360 J/cm2 and DWTT (Drop Weight Tear Test) higher than 60% SA (Shear Area) at −40°C. The samples also showed outstanding HIC resistivity. Being proved with standard test conditions according to NACE TM0284 solution A, the CAR (Crack Area Ratio) average value of pipe samples was less than 1% for grades up to X65 and less than 5% for X70 grades. The 4-point-bending SSC (Sulphide Stress Cracking) tests at 80% of SMYS according to NACE TM0177 and ASTM G39 showed no SSC cracks for all projects. Finally, the results of one specific R&D project are presented to demonstrate that even for API X70 grade spiral-welded pipes (OD 1016×16 mm) mechanical properties, e.g. high-strength, ductility, and low temperature toughness has been successfully combined with sour service resistivity.
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