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1
Bade Shrestha, S. O., and Ghazi A. Karim. "The Operational Mixture Limits in Engines Fueled With Alternative Gaseous Fuels." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 128, no. 3 (April 3, 2006): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2266267.
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The operation of engines whether spark ignition or compression ignition on a wide range of alternative gaseous fuels when using lean mixtures can offer in principle distinct advantages. These include better economy, reduced emissions, and improved engine operational life. However, there are distinct operational mixture limits below which acceptable steady engine performance cannot be sustained. These mixture limits are usually described as the “lean operational limits,” or loosely as the ignition limits which are a function of various operational and design parameters for the engine and fuel used. Relatively simple approximate procedures are described for predicting the operational mixture limits for both spark ignition and dual fuel compression ignition engines when using a range of common gaseous fuels such as natural gas/methane, propane, hydrogen, and some of their mixtures. It is shown that good agreement between predicted and corresponding experimental values can be obtained for a range of operating conditions for both types of engines.
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Li, Hailin, and Ghazi A. Karim. "Hydrogen Fueled Spark-Ignition Engines Predictive and Experimental Performance." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, no. 1 (July 23, 2004): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2055987.
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Hydrogen is well recognized as a suitable fuel for spark-ignition engine applications that has many unique attractive features and limitations. It is a fuel that can continue potentially to meet the ever-increasingly stringent regulations for exhaust and greenhouse gas emissions. The application of hydrogen as an engine fuel has been tried over many decades by numerous investigators with varying degrees of success. However, the performance data reported often tend not to display consistent agreement between the various investigators, mainly because of the wide differences in engine type, size, operating conditions used, and the differing criteria employed to judge whether knock is taking place or not. With the ever-increasing interest in hydrogen as an engine fuel, there is a need to be able to model extensively various features of the performance of spark ignition (S.I.) hydrogen engines so as to investigate and compare reliably the performance of widely different engines under a wide variety of operating conditions. In the paper we employ a quasidimensional two-zone model for the operation of S.I. engines when fueled with hydrogen. In this approach, the engine combustion chamber at any instant of time during combustion is considered to be divided into two temporally varying zones: a burned zone and an unburned zone. The model incorporates a detailed chemical kinetic model scheme of 30 reaction steps and 12 species, to simulate the oxidation reactions of hydrogen in air. A knock prediction model, developed previously for S.I. methane-hydrogen fueled engine applications was extended to consider operation on hydrogen. The effects of changes in operating conditions, including a very wide range of variations in the equivalence ratio on the onset of knock and its intensity, combustion duration, power, efficiency, and operational limits were investigated. The results of this predictive approach were shown to validate well against the corresponding experimental results, obtained mostly in a variable compression ratio CFR engine. On this basis, the effects of changes in some of the key operational engine variables, such as compression ratio, intake temperature, and spark timing are presented and discussed. Some guidelines for superior knock-free operation of engines on hydrogen are also made.
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Reggeti, Shawn A., Seamus P. Kane, and William F. Northrop. "Hydrogen production in ammonia-fueled spark ignition engines." Applications in Energy and Combustion Science 14 (June 2023): 100136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100136.
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Shi, Wei Bo, Xiu Min Yu, and Ping Sun. "Performance and Emissions of a Hydrogen-Gasoline SI Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.243.
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When hydrogen is added to a gasoline fueled spark ignition engine the lean limit of the engine can be extended. Lean burn engines are inherently more efficient and have the potential for significantly lower NOx emissions. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of hydrogen addition to gasoline-air mixture on the performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine. Six excess air ratios are used ranging from 0.8 to 1.5. The amount of hydrogen added is 18.5% and 30% by energy fraction. The test engine is operated at 1500 rpm. From the experimental observations, the effect of hydrogen addition on thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, cyclic variations of the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), and emissions of CO, unburned hydrocarbons and NOx are analyzed.
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NATRIASHVILI, Tamaz M., and Revaz Z. KAVTARADZE. "SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE HYDROGEN-DIESEL ENGINE WORKING PROCESS." Mechanics of Machines, Mechanisms and Materials 1, no. 58 (March 2022): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46864/1995-0470-2022-1-58-31-36.
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The works related to the research of the problems and prospects of a hydrogen-fueled reciprocating engine, published so far, mainly relate to the use of hydrogen in spark-ignition engines. Developments of BMW, Toyota and other manufacturers are used in production car models. However, despite a number of advantages, serial production of hydrogen-diesel engines does not yet exist. This paper presents some results of the study of the working process features of a hydrogen-diesel engine with direct injection of hydrogen gas, analyzes the problems and prospects of the concept of the hydrogen-diesel engine. The obtained results of 3D modelling of the working process and experimental research prove the prospects and reality of the implementation of the hydrogen-diesel engine concept.
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SZWAJA, Stanisław. "Hydrogen resistance to knock combustion in spark ignition internal combustion engines." Combustion Engines 144, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117118.
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The results of investigations focusing on knock combustion analysis of a hydrogen-fueled engine have been presented in the paper. Knock intensity was determined as the intensity of the in-cylinder combustion pressure pulsations (recorded with a sampling frequency of 100 kHz) and filtered through high-pass filtering with cut-off frequency of 3.5 kHz. The research was conducted on the CFR engine with a variable compression ratio ranging from 6 to 14. The research has shown a rapid increase in pressure pulsations amplitude was observed while the compression ratio was changed from 11 to 12. This was interpreted as a result of in-cylinder hydrogen-air mixture self-ignition at the end of the spark ignition controlled combustion. Supporting this observation the theorem of dual nature of hydrogen knock combustion was postulated. Intensity of the pressure pulsations that accompany normal combustion without hydrogen self-ignition was in an exponential correlation with the compression ratio, which directly translates into a similar correlation of the pulsations and temperature of hydrogen-air mixture at the moment of ignition.
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Stępień, Zbigniew. "A Comprehensive Overview of Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines: Achievements and Future Challenges." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 6504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206504.
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This paper provides a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the latest research results in addition to an overview of the future challenges and opportunities regarding the use of hydrogen to power internal combustion engines (ICEs). The experiences and opinions of various international research centers on the technical possibilities of using hydrogen as a fuel in ICE are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of hydrogen as a solution are described. Attention is drawn to the specific physical, chemical, and operational properties of hydrogen for ICEs. A critical review of hydrogen combustion concepts is provided, drawing on previous research results and experiences described in a number of research papers. Much space is devoted to discussing the challenges and opportunities associated with port and direct hydrogen injection technology. A comparison of different fuel injection and ignition strategies and the benefits of using the synergies of selected solutions are presented. Pointing to the previous experiences of various research centers, the hazards related to incorrect hydrogen combustion, such as early pre-ignition, late pre-ignition, knocking combustion, and backfire, are described. Attention is focused on the fundamental importance of air ratio optimization from the point of view of combustion quality, NOx emissions, engine efficiency, and performance. Exhaust gas scrubbing to meet future emission regulations for hydrogen powered internal combustion engines is another issue that is considered. The article also discusses the modifications required to adapt existing engines to run on hydrogen. Referring to still-unsolved problems, the reliability challenges faced by fuel injection systems, in particular, are presented. An analysis of more than 150 articles shows that hydrogen is a suitable alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines. It will significantly improve their performance and greatly reduce emissions to a fraction of their current level. However, its use also has some drawbacks, the most significant of which are its high NOx emissions and low power output, and problems in terms of the durability and reliability of hydrogen-fueled engines.
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Yamin, Jehad Ahmad. "Heat losses minimization from hydrogen fueled 4-stroke spark ignition engines." Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 29, no. 1 (March 2007): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-58782007000100014.
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Badr, O. A., N. Elsayed, and G. A. Karim. "An Investigation of the Lean Operational Limits of Gas-Fueled Spark Ignition Engines." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 118, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792708.
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Examination is made of the operational limits in two variable compression-ratio single-cylinder engines when operating on the gaseous fuels methane, propane, LPG, and hydrogen under a wide range of conditions. Two definitions for the limits were employed. The first was associated with the first detectable misfire on leaning the mixture, while the second was the first detectable firing under motoring condition in the presence of a spark when the mixture was being enriched slowly. Attempts were also made to relate these limits to the corresponding values for quiescent conditions reckoned on the basis of the flammability limits evaluated at the mean temperature and pressure prevailing within the cylinder charge at the time of the spark. The measured limits in the engine were always higher than the corresponding flammability limit values for the three fuels. Both of these limits appear to correlate reasonably well with the calculated mean temperature of the mixture at the time of passing the spark.
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Phantoun, Maethas, Karoon Fangsuwannarak, and Thipwan Fangsuwannarak. "Emissions and Performance of a Hybrid Hydrogen-gasohol E20 Fueled Si Engine." Chiang Mai Journal of Science 49, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/cmjs.2022.012.
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T his paper has investigated the effects of an alternative hybrid hydrogen-gasohol E20 fueled spark ignition engine on engine performance and exhaust pollutants. A hydrogen mixture with gasohol E20 was performed in an external mixture formation by installing a hydrogen fuel injection kit into the intake manifold area which is responsible for injecting hydrogen fuel into the inside of the engine’s cylinder. The hydrogen energy fraction in the intake was gradually increased from 3% to 9% ignition degree in the range of 20°, 25°, 30° and 35° before top dead center were controlled by using the electronic control unit to study the optimal condition for a four-stroke single-cylinder engine. In the steady-state test condition with half-open throttle under the variable load engine at 28%, 42%, 56%, and 70% of maximum engine torque, the engine can be available satisfactorily for an average relative air-fuel ratio (λ) value of 1.2 for hybrid hydrogen-gasohol E20 fuel. The results indicated that when the increase of hydrogen volume fraction. Postponing the spark timing was closer to top dead center (TDC) at 25° BTDC, the brake power and thermal engine efficiency increases. It is also noted that postponing the spark timing also caused NOx, HC and CO emissions to decrease. NOx emissions increased as the hydrogen volume fraction increased, whereas HC and CO emissions decreased.
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Sadiq Al-Baghdadi, M. A. R. "Development of a pre-ignition submodel for hydrogen engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x34883.
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In hydrogen-fuelled spark ignition engine applications, the onset of pre-ignition remains one of the prime limitations that needs to be addressed to avoid its incidence and achieve superior performance. This paper describes a new pre-ignition submodel for engine modelling codes. The effects of changes in key operating variables, such as compression ratio, spark timing, intake pressure, and temperature on pre-ignition limiting equivalence ratios are established both analytically and experimentally. With the established pre-ignition model, it is possible not only to investigate whether pre-ignition is observed with changing operating and design parameters, but also to evaluate those parameters' effects on the maximum possible pre-ignition intensity.
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Chaichan, Miqdam Tariq. "Characterization of Lean Misfire Limits of Mixture Alternative Gaseous Fuels Used for Spark Ignition Engines." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2012): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.19.1.06.
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Increasing on gaseous fuels as clean, economical and abundant fuels encourages the search for optimum conditions of gas-fueled internal combustion engines. This paper presents the experimental results on the lean operational limits of Recardo E6 engine using gasoline, LPG, NG and hydrogen as fuels. The first appearance of almost motoring cycle was used to define the engine lean limit after the fuel flow was reduced gradually. The effects of compression ratio, engine speed and spark timing on the engine operational limits are presented and discussed in detailed. Increasing compression ratio (CR) extend the lean limits, this appears obviously with hydrogen, which has a wide range of equivalence ratios, while for hydrocarbon fuel octane number affect gasoline, so it can' t work above CR=9:1, and for LPG it reaches CR=12:1, NG reaches CR=15:1 at lean limit operation. Movement from low speeds to medium speeds extended lean misfire limits, while moving from medium to high speeds contracted the lean misfiring limits. NOx, CO and UBHC concentrations increased with CR increase for all fuels, while CO2 concentrations reduced with this increment. NOx concentration increased for medium speeds and reduced for high speeds, but the resulted concentrations were inconcedrable for these lean limits. CO and CO2 increased with engine speed increase, while UBHC reduced with this increment. The hydrogen engine runs with zero CO, CO2 and UNHC concentrations, and altra low levels of NOx concentrations at studied lean misfire limits.
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Zareei, Javad, H. Yusoff Ali, Shahrir Abdullah, and Wan Mohd Faizal Wan Mahmood. "Comparing the Effects of Hydrogen Addition on Performance and Exhaust Emission in a Spark Ignition Fueled with Gasoline and CNG." Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (April 2012): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.120.
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With the concern of the foreseen reduction in fossil fuel resources and stringent environmental constraints, the demand of improving internal combustion (IC) engine efficiency and emissions has become more and more pressing. Hydrogen has been proved to be a promising renewable energy that can be used on IC engines. In this paper an evaluation and assessment of numerical and experimental investigations on performance and exhaust emission with hydrogen added to a spark ignited gasoline engine fuelled with gasoline and natural gas are performed. The experimental results showed that thermal efficiency, combustion performance, NOx emissions improved with the increase of hydrogen addition level. The HC and CO emissions first decrease with the increasing hydrogen enrichment level, but when hydrogen energy fraction exceeds 12.44%, it begins to increase again at idle and stoichiometric conditions. Numerical results showed that there is an increase in engine efficiency only if Maximum Brake Torque (MBT) spark advance is used for each fuel. Moreover, an economic analysis has been carried out to determine the optimum percentage of hydrogen in such blends, showing percent increments by using these fuels about between 10 and 34%.
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Jabbr, Abdulhakim I., Warren S. Vaz, Hassan A. Khairallah, and Umit O. Koylu. "Multi-objective optimization of operating parameters for hydrogen-fueled spark-ignition engines." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 40 (October 2016): 18291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.08.016.
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Kosmadakis, George M., and Constantine D. Rakopoulos. "A Fast CFD-Based Methodology for Determining the Cyclic Variability and Its Effects on Performance and Emissions of Spark-Ignition Engines." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 4131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214131.
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A methodology for determining the cyclic variability in spark-ignition (SI) engines has been developed recently, with the use of an in-house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The simulation of a large number of engine cycles is required for the coefficient of variation (COV) of the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) to converge, usually more than 50 cycles. This is valid for any CFD methodology applied for this kind of simulation activity. In order to reduce the total computational time, but without reducing the accuracy of the calculations, the methodology is expanded here by simulating just five representative cycles and calculating their main parameters of concern, such as the IMEP, peak pressure, and NO and CO emissions. A regression analysis then follows for producing fitted correlations for each parameter as a function of the key variable that affects cyclic variability as has been identified by the authors so far, namely, the relative location of the local turbulent eddy with the spark plug. The application of these fitted correlations for a large number of engine cycles then leads to a fast estimation of the key parameters. This methodology is applied here for a methane-fueled SI engine, while future activities will examine cyclic variations in SI engines when fueled with different fuels and their mixtures, such as methane/hydrogen blends, and their associated pollutant emissions.
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Aljabri, Hammam, Mickael Silva, Moez Ben Houidi, Xinlei Liu, Moaz Allehaibi, Fahad Almatrafi, Abdullah S. AlRamadan, Balaji Mohan, Emre Cenker, and Hong G. Im. "Comparative Study of Spark-Ignited and Pre-Chamber Hydrogen-Fueled Engine: A Computational Approach." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 26, 2022): 8951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238951.
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Hydrogen is a promising future fuel to enable the transition of transportation sector toward carbon neutrality. The direct utilization of H2 in internal combustion engines (ICEs) faces three major challenges: high NOx emissions, severe pressure rise rates, and pre-ignition at mid to high loads. In this study, the potential of H2 combustion in a truck-size engine operated in spark ignition (SI) and pre-chamber (PC) mode was investigated. To mitigate the high pressure rise rate with the SI configuration, the effects of three primary parameters on the engine combustion performance and NOx emissions were evaluated, including the compression ratio (CR), the air–fuel ratio, and the spark timing. In the simulations, the severity of the pressure rise was evaluated based on the maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR). Lower compression ratios were assessed as a means to mitigate the auto-ignition while enabling a wider range of engine operation. The study showed that by lowering CR from 16.5:1 to 12.5:1, an indicated thermal efficiency of 47.5% can be achieved at 9.4 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) conditions. Aiming to restrain the auto-ignition while maintaining good efficiency, growth in λ was examined under different CRs. The simulated data suggested that higher CRs require a higher λ, and due to practical limitations of the boosting system, λ at 4.0 was set as the limit. At a fixed spark timing, using a CR of 13.5 combined with λ at 3.33 resulted in an indicated thermal efficiency of 48.6%. It was found that under such lean conditions, the exhaust losses were high. Thus, advancing the spark time was assessed as a possible solution. The results demonstrated the advantages of advancing the spark time where an indicated thermal efficiency exceeding 50% was achieved while maintaining a very low NOx level. Finally, the optimized case in the SI mode was used to investigate the effect of using the PC. For the current design of the PC, the results indicated that even though the mixture is lean, the flame speed of H2 is sufficiently high to burn the lean charge without using a PC. In addition, the PC design used in the current work induced a high MPRR inside the PC and MC, leading to an increased tendency to engine knock. The operation with PC also increased the heat transfer losses in the MC, leading to lower thermal efficiency compared to the SI mode. Consequently, the PC combustion mode needs further optimizations to be employed in hydrogen engine applications.
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Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Donatas Kriaučiūnas, Alfredas Rimkus, Grzegorz Przybyła, Paweł Droździel, and Dalibor Barta. "Effect of Hydrogen Addition on the Energetic and Ecologic Parameters of an SI Engine Fueled by Biogas." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020742.
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The global policy solution seeks to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and biogas (BG) represents a solutions to these problems. The use of biogas could help cope with increased amounts of waste and reduce usage of fossil fuels. Biogas could be used in compressed natural gas (CNG) engines, but the engine electronic control unit (ECU) needs to be modified. In this research, a spark ignition (SI) engine was tested for mixtures of biogas and hydrogen (volumetric hydrogen concentration of 0, 14, 24, 33, and 43%). In all experiments, two cases of spark timing (ST) were used: the first for an optimal mixture and the second for CNG. The results show that hydrogen increases combustion quality and reduces incomplete combustion products. Because of BG’s lower burning speed, the advanced ST increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 4.3% when the engine was running on biogas. Adding 14 vol% of hydrogen (H2) increases the burning speed of the mixture and enhances BTE by 2.6% at spark timing optimal for CNG (CNG ST) and 0.6% at the optimal mixture ST (mixture ST). Analyses of the rate of heat release (ROHR), temperature, and pressure increase in the cylinder were carried out using utility BURN in AVL BOOST software.
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Zhao, Yuxuan, Enhua Wang, and Zhicheng Shi. "Effects of Hydrogen Addition on Premixed Combustion of Kerosene in SI Engine." Energies 16, no. 10 (May 20, 2023): 4216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104216.
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Spark ignition (SI) engines fueled with kerosene have broad application prospects in unmanned aviation vehicles. The knock phenomenon of kerosene in SI engines is a huge challenge, leading to a much lower power output than gasoline engines. In this context, the combustion characteristics of kerosene blending with hydrogen are analyzed numerically regarding the working conditions of an SI engine. First, the ignition delay time of a kerosene/hydrogen mixture is estimated for temperatures of 600–1000 K and pressures of 15–35 bar using the Tay mechanism. The effects of hydrogen addition are evaluated with a ratio of 0–0.4. The sensitivities of the main reactions that affect the ignition delay time are discussed. Then, the laminar flame speed is predicted using the HYCHEM-SK mechanism, and the effects of hydrogen addition on the net reaction rates of the main reactions are analyzed. The results indicate that the ignition delay time is shortened and the laminar flame speed is increased as the hydrogen addition ratio rises. Meanwhile, the ignition delay time decreases except for the NTC range, and the laminar flame speed increases evidently as the temperature rises. In addition, the ignition delay time decreases obviously as the pressure increases with a temperature greater than 750 K. However, the laminar flame speed declines at 600 K and 800 K, while an opposite trend exhibits at 1000 K as the pressure rises. The laminar flame speed increases by 23.85–24.82%, while the ignition delay time only decreases by 4.02–3.59% at 1000 K as the hydrogen addition ratio rises from 0 to 0.4, which will be beneficial for knock suppression.
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Galloni, Enzo, Davide Lanni, Gustavo Fontana, Gabriele D’Antuono, and Simone Stabile. "Performance Estimation of a Downsized SI Engine Running with Hydrogen." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 4744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134744.
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Hydrogen is a carbon-free fuel that can be produced in many ways starting from different sources. Its use as a fuel in internal combustion engines could be a method of significantly reducing their environmental impact. In spark-ignition (SI) engines, lean hydrogen–air mixtures can be burnt. When a gaseous fuel like hydrogen is port-injected in an SI engine, working with lean mixtures, supercharging becomes very useful in order not to excessively penalize the engine performance. In this work, the performance of a turbocharged PFI spark-ignition engine fueled by hydrogen has been investigated by means of 1-D numerical simulations. The analysis focused on the engine behavior both at full and partial load considering low and medium engine speeds (1500 and 3000 rpm). Equivalence ratios higher than 0.35 have been considered in order to ensure acceptable cycle-to-cycle variations. The constraints that ensure the safety of engine components have also been respected. The results of the analysis provide a guideline able to set up the load control strategy of a SI hydrogen engine based on the variation of the air to fuel ratio, boost pressure, and throttle opening. Furthermore, performance and efficiency of the hydrogen engine have been compared to those of the base gasoline engine. At 1500 and 3000 rpm, except for very low loads, the hydrogen engine load can be regulated by properly combining the equivalence ratio and the boost pressure. At 3000 rpm, the gasoline engine maximum power is not reached but, for each engine load, lean burning allows the hydrogen engine achieving much higher efficiencies than those of the gasoline engine. At full load, the maximum power output decreases from 120 kW to about 97 kW, but the engine efficiency of the hydrogen engine is higher than that of the gasoline one for each full load operating point.
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Li, H. "Knock in spark ignition hydrogen engines." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 29, no. 8 (July 2004): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2003.09.013.
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MATHUR, H., and P. KHAJURIA. "A computer simulation of hydrogen fueled spark ignition engine." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 11, no. 6 (1986): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(86)90030-3.
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FABIŚ, Paweł, Bartosz FLEKIEWICZ, and Marek FLEKIEWICZ. "On board recognition of different fuels in SI engines with the use of dimensional and non-dimensional vibration signal parameters." Combustion Engines 136, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117222.
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Gaseous fuels such as natural gas and propane butane mixtures are currently the most popular fuels for dual fuel internal combustion engines. Gaseous fuels are more resistant to knocking than conventional liquid fuels they mix better with air. There have been many published works on the use of gaseous fuels but the problem of the combustion noise, as a very important source of acoustic discomfort is not getting enough attention. Combustion noise occurs in a direct and indirect form. It is transmitted throughout the engine block as a vibration at a different spectrum of frequencies. In this study an attempt has been made to correlate the combustion noise with the operating parameters of an engine fueled with LPG, CNG and CNG-hydrogen mixtures as compared to petrol fueled engine. Signals of multiple resonance in the combustion chamber and corresponding vibration signals of the cylinder block of engine have been considered for one combustion cycle. A four cylinder, 1.6 dm3 spark-ignition engine converted to run on LPG, CNG and CNG-hydrogen mixtures has been tested in the project. A well known diagnostic parameter was used for comparison of the engine noise for its operation on gasoline and alternative fuels. A new non-dimensional indicator has also been proposed for the engine vibration estimation purposes the Increase Wavelet Ratio C’ab, precisely described in the paper.
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Mintz, Marianne M., Michael Q. Wang, and Anant D. Vyas. "Fuel-Cycle Energy and Emissions Effects of Tripled Fuel-Economy Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1641, no. 1 (January 1998): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1641-14.
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Estimates of the full fuel-cycle energy and emissions effects of lightduty vehicles with tripled fuel economy (3X vehicles) as currently being developed by the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles are presented. Seven engine and fuel combinations were analyzed: reformulated gasoline, methanol, and ethanol in spark-ignition, direct-injection engines; low-sulfur diesel and dimethyl ether in compression-ignition, direct-injection engines; and hydrogen and methanol in fuel-cell vehicles. Results were obtained for two market share scenarios. Under the higher of the two scenarios, the fuel-efficiency gain by 3X vehicles translated directly into reductions in total energy demand, petroleum demand, and carbon dioxide emissions. The combination of fuel substitution and fuel efficiency resulted in substantial reductions in emissions of nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, sulfur oxide, and particulate matter smaller than 10 microns (PM10) for most of the engine-fuel combinations examined. The key exceptions were diesel- and ethanol-fueled vehicles, for which PM10 emissions increased.
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Verhelst, S., S. Verstraeten, and R. Sierens. "A comprehensive overview of hydrogen engine design features." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 911–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto141.
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Realizing decreased CO2 emissions from the transport sector will be possible in the near future when substituting (part of) the currently used hydrocarbon-fuelled internal combustion engines (ICEs) with hydrogen-fuelled ICEs. Hydrogen-fuelled ICEs have advanced to such a stage that, from the engine point of view, there are no major obstacles to doing this. The present paper indicates the advantages of hydrogen as a fuel for spark ignition (SI) internal combustion engines. It also shows how the hydrogen engine has matured. An extensive overview is given of the literature on experimental studies of abnormal combustion phenomena, mixture formation techniques, and load control strategies for hydrogen-fuelled engines. The Transport Technology research group of the Department of Flow, Heat and Combustion Mechanics at Ghent University has been working on the development and optimization of hydrogen engines for 15 years. An overview of the most important experimental results is presented with special focus on the most recent findings. The article concludes with a list of engine design features of dedicated hydrogen SI engines.
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Rahman, Abdul, Asnawi Asnawi, Reza Putra, Hagi Radian, and Tri Waluyo. "The Effect of Hydrogen Enrichment on The Exhaust Emission Characteristic in A Spark Ignition Engine Fueled by Gasoline-Bioethanol Blends." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Information Technology 2, no. 2 (December 19, 2021): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52088/ijesty.v2i2.234.
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Bioethanol characteristics can be used as an alternative fuel to spark-ignition (SI) engines to reduce emissions. This experiment evaluates the production of emissions for SI engines using hydrogen enrichment in the gasoline-bioethanol fuel blends. The fraction of bioethanol fuel blend was added to the gasoline fuel of 10% by volume and hydrogen fuel produced by the electrolysis process with a dry cell electrolyzer. The NaOH was used as an electrolyte which is dissolved in water of 5% by a mass fraction. The test is conducted using a single-cylinder 155cc gasoline engine with sensors and an interface connected to a computer to control loading and record all sensor variables in real-time. Hydrogen produced from the electrolysis reactor is injected through the intake manifold using two injectors, hydrogen injected simultaneously at a specific time with a gasoline-bioethanol fuel. The test was conducted with variations of engine speeds. The emission product of ethanol--H2 (BE10+H2) was an excellent candidate as a new alternative of fuel solution in the future. The engasolinerichment of hydrogen increased the flame speed and generated a stable combustion reaction. The hydrogen enrichment produced CO2 emission due to the unavailability of carbon content in hydrogen fuel. As a result, the C/H ratio is lower than for mixed fuels.
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Sheet, Eiman Ali Eh. "Performance and Sensitivity analysis of Factors Affecting NOx Emissions from Hydrogen Fueled SI Engine." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 47–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v6i2.148.
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An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) sensitivity analysis using suitable MATLAB code onthe factors affecting oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emissions of a hydrogen powered 4-stroke,water-cooled spark-ignition engine was conducted in this work. This was done usingspecialized engine performance and emission simulation software. The parameters studiedwere the engine speed, air-fuel equivalence ratio, spark plug location in addition to some othercombustion parameters like combustion duration, heat loss besides some other usefulperformance parameters. It was found that NOx formation is minimum at peripheral sparklocation, slightly lean (PHI=0.9), and less advance timing is needed. Further, based onANOVA analysis, the combination of engine speed and spark location has more significance(effect based on P-value) compared with engine speed and equivalence ratio. The combinationof engine speed and ignition timing has more significance (effect based on P-value) comparedwith engine speed and equivalence ratio. Also found that NOx emissions behavior is moreclear at lean mixture (PHI = 0.7), central spark location (XSP = 0.5) and retarded ignitiontiming (IGN near zero).
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Beccari, Stefano, and Emiliano Pipitone. "A New Simple Function for Combustion and Cyclic Variation Modeling in Supercharged Spark Ignition Engines." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 21, 2022): 3796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103796.
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Research in the field of Internal Combustion (IC) engines focuses on the drastic reduction of both pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. A promising alternative to gasoline and diesel fuel is represented by the use of gaseous fuels, above all green hydrogen but also Natural Gas (NG). In previous works, the authors investigated the performance, efficiency, and emissions of a supercharged Spark Ignition (SI) engine fueled with mixtures of gasoline and natural gas; a detailed research involving the combustion process of this kind of fuel mixture has been previously performed and a lot of experimental data have been collected. Combustion modeling is a fundamental tool in the design and optimization process of an IC engine. A simple way to simulate the combustion evolution is to implement a mathematical function that reproduces the mass fraction burned (MFB) profile; the most used for this purpose is the Wiebe function. In a previous work, the authors proposed an innovative mathematical model, the Hill function, that allowed a better interpolation of experimental MFB profiles when compared to the Wiebe function. In the research work presented here, both the traditional Wiebe and the innovative Hill function have been calibrated using experimental MFB profiles obtained from a supercharged SI engine fueled with mixtures of gasoline and natural gas in different proportions; the two calibrated functions have been implemented in a zero-dimensional (0-D) SI engine model and compared in terms of both Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP) and cyclic pressure variation prediction reliability. It was found that the Hill function allows a better IMEP prediction for all the operating conditions tested (several engine speeds, supercharging pressures, and fuel mixtures), with a maximum prediction error of 2.7% compared to 4.3% of the Wiebe function. A further analysis was also performed regarding the cyclic pressure variation that affects all the IC engines during combustion and may lead to irregular engine operation; in this case, the Hill function proved to better predict the cyclic pressure variation with respect to the Wiebe function.
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Gowdal, Pavan J., R. Rakshith, S. Akhilesh, Manjunath ., and Ananth S. Iyengar. "An Experimental Investigation Of Central Injection Based Hydrogen Dual Fuel Spark Ignition Engine." Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels 70, no. 3A (July 12, 2022): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2022/30685.
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Automobile industry is steadily moving away from traditional fossil fuels towards more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Alternative to traditional fuels include hydrogen, which has the potential to satisfy the current energy demand in automotive field. However, design and fabrication of engines using pure hydrogen has many technological challenges. Combination of traditional fuels and hydrogen can reduce engine emissions including hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), significant decrease in the carbon di oxide and methane. Additionally, the dual fuel engines provide the necessary savings with higher specific fuel consumption. However, dual fuel engines have a number of disadvantages such as pre-ignition, increase in NO<sub>x</sub> emissions, lower brake power and reduced brake thermal efficiency. In the present study, a single cylinder 110 cc spark ignition engine is procured and is retrofitted to admit hydrogen gas at specified pressures. The engine performance is measured using a mechanical load specifically designed for the engine. Brake power, torque, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and other performance parameters are measured. The results from the engine is compared to the MATLAB model to study the inner working of the dual fuel engine to understand the pre-ignition characteristics. The results follow similar trends presented in the literature, the deviations in our study can be attributed to the type of engine selected and experimental errors. The highest increase in brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption is 15.6 % and 22.5% respectively at 3500 rpm. The CO, and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions have reduced by 86%, 26% respectively and increase of 16% in NO<sub>x</sub> is observed due to increase in combustion temperature.
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Shadidi, Behdad, Gholamhassan Najafi, and Talal Yusaf. "A Review of Hydrogen as a Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 6209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196209.
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The demand for fossil fuels is increasing because of globalization and rising energy demands. As a result, many nations are exploring alternative energy sources, and hydrogen is an efficient and practical alternative fuel. In the transportation industry, the development of hydrogen-powered cars aims to maximize fuel efficiency and significantly reduce exhaust gas emission and concentration. The impact of using hydrogen as a supplementary fuel for spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines on engine performance and gas emissions was investigated in this study. By adding hydrogen as a fuel in internal combustion engines, the torque, power, and brake thermal efficiency of the engines decrease, while their brake-specific fuel consumption increase. This study suggests that using hydrogen will reduce the emissions of CO, UHC, CO2, and soot; however, NOx emission is expected to increase. Due to the reduction of environmental pollutants for most engines and the related environmental benefits, hydrogen fuel is a clean and sustainable energy source, and its use should be expanded.
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Sakthinathan, Pandian, and Krishnamoorthy Jeyachandran. "Theoretical and experimental validation of hydrogen fueled spark ignition engine." Thermal Science 14, no. 4 (2010): 989–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1004989s.
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Yip, Ho Lung, Aleš Srna, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Sanghoon Kook, Robert A. Taylor, Guan Heng Yeoh, Paul R. Medwell, and Qing Nian Chan. "A Review of Hydrogen Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines: Towards Carbon-Free Combustion." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 4842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224842.
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A paradigm shift towards the utilization of carbon-neutral and low emission fuels is necessary in the internal combustion engine industry to fulfil the carbon emission goals and future legislation requirements in many countries. Hydrogen as an energy carrier and main fuel is a promising option due to its carbon-free content, wide flammability limits and fast flame speeds. For spark-ignited internal combustion engines, utilizing hydrogen direct injection has been proven to achieve high engine power output and efficiency with low emissions. This review provides an overview of the current development and understanding of hydrogen use in internal combustion engines that are usually spark ignited, under various engine operation modes and strategies. This paper then proceeds to outline the gaps in current knowledge, along with better potential strategies and technologies that could be adopted for hydrogen direct injection in the context of compression-ignition engine applications—topics that have not yet been extensively explored to date with hydrogen but have shown advantages with compressed natural gas.
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Falfari, Stefania, Giulio Cazzoli, Valerio Mariani, and Gian Marco Bianchi. "Hydrogen Application as a Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines." Energies 16, no. 6 (March 8, 2023): 2545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062545.
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Hydrogen is the energy vector that will lead us toward a more sustainable future. It could be the fuel of both fuel cells and internal combustion engines. Internal combustion engines are today the only motors characterized by high reliability, duration and specific power, and low cost per power unit. The most immediate solution for the near future could be the application of hydrogen as a fuel in modern internal combustion engines. This solution has advantages and disadvantages: specific physical, chemical and operational properties of hydrogen require attention. Hydrogen is the only fuel that could potentially produce no carbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions. It also allows high engine efficiency and low nitrogen oxide emissions. Hydrogen has wide flammability limits and a high flame propagation rate, which provide a stable combustion process for lean and very lean mixtures. Near the stoichiometric air–fuel ratio, hydrogen-fueled engines exhibit abnormal combustions (backfire, pre-ignition, detonation), the suppression of which has proven to be quite challenging. Pre-ignition due to hot spots in or around the spark plug can be avoided by adopting a cooled or unconventional ignition system (such as corona discharge): the latter also ensures the ignition of highly diluted hydrogen–air mixtures. It is worth noting that to correctly reproduce the hydrogen ignition and combustion processes in an ICE with the risks related to abnormal combustion, 3D CFD simulations can be of great help. It is necessary to model the injection process correctly, and then the formation of the mixture, and therefore, the combustion process. It is very complex to model hydrogen gas injection due to the high velocity of the gas in such jets. Experimental tests on hydrogen gas injection are many but never conclusive. It is necessary to have a deep knowledge of the gas injection phenomenon to correctly design the right injector for a specific engine. Furthermore, correlations are needed in the CFD code to predict the laminar flame velocity of hydrogen–air mixtures and the autoignition time. In the literature, experimental data are scarce on air–hydrogen mixtures, particularly for engine-type conditions, because they are complicated by flame instability at pressures similar to those of an engine. The flame velocity exhibits a non-monotonous behavior with respect to the equivalence ratio, increases with a higher unburnt gas temperature and decreases at high pressures. This makes it difficult to develop the correlation required for robust and predictive CFD models. In this work, the authors briefly describe the research path and the main challenges listed above.
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Nguyen, Quang Trung, and Minh Duc Le. "Effects of Compression Ratios on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of SI Engine Fueled with Hydrogen-Enriched Biogas Mixture." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 5975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165975.
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The effects of hydrogen-enriched biogas on combustion and emissions of a dual-fuel spark-ignition engine with different hydrogen concentration ratios were studied numerically. A 1-cylinder spark ignition was used to perform a numerical simulation. To reveal the influence of the compression ratios on combustion and emissions of a gaseous engine, the crankshaft of the engine was modified to generate different compression ratios of 8.5, 9.0, 9.4, 10.0, and 10.4. The biogas contained 60 and 40% methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), respectively, while the hydrogen fractions used to enrich biogas were 10, 20, and 30% of the mixture by volume. The ignition timing is fixed at 350 CA°. The results indicate that the in-cylinder pressure, combustion temperature, and combustion burning speed increase gradually with increasing hydrogen concentration due to the combustion characteristics of hydrogen in blends. As increasing the compression ratio, NOx emissions increase proportionally, while CO2 emissions decrease gradually. Almost no combustion process occurs as operating the compression ratio below 8.5 when using pure biogas. However, adding 20% of hydrogen fraction could improve the combustion process significantly even at a low compression ratio.
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Karmann, Stephan, Stefan Eicheldinger, Maximilian Prager, Malte Jaensch, and Georg Wachtmeister. "Optical and Thermodynamic Investigations of a Methane- and Hydrogen-Blend-Fueled Large-Bore Engine Using a Fisheye Optical System." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 5, 2023): 1590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041590.
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The following paper presents thermodynamic and optical investigations of hydrogen-enriched methane combustion, showing the potential of a hydrogen admixture as a means to decarbonize stationary power generation. The optical investigations are carried out through a fisheye optical system directly mounted into the combustion chamber, replacing one exhaust valve. All of the tests were carried out with constant fuel energy producing 16 bar indicated mean effective pressure. The engine under investigation is a port-fueled 4.8 l single-cylinder large-bore research engine. The test series compared the differences between a conventional spark plug and an unscavenged pre-chamber spark plug as an ignition system. The fuel blends under investigation are 5 and 10%V hydrogen mixed with methane and pure natural gas acting as a reference fuel. The thermodynamic results show a beneficial influence of the hydrogen admixture on both ignition systems and for all variations concerning the lean running limit, combustion stability and indicated efficiency, with the most significant influence being visible for the tests using conventional spark plugs. With the unscavenged pre-chamber spark plug and the combustion of the 10%V hydrogen admixture, an increase in the indicated efficiency of 0.8% compared to NG is achievable. The natural chemiluminescence intensity traces were observed to be predominantly influenced by the air–fuel equivalence ratio. This results in a 20% higher intensity for the unscavenged pre-chamber spark plug for the combustion of 10%V hydrogen compared to the conventional spark plug. This is also visible in the evaluations of the flame color derived from the dewarped combustion image series. The investigation of the torch flames also shows a difference in the air–fuel equivalence ratio but not between the different fuels. The results encourage the development of hydrogen-based fuels and the potential to store surplus sustainable energy in the form of hydrogen in existing gas grids.
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Attar, A. A., and G. A. Karim. "Knock Rating of Gaseous Fuels." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 500–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1560707.
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The knock tendency in spark ignition engines of binary mixtures of hydrogen, ethane, propane and n-butane is examined in a CFR engine for a range of mixture composition, compression ratio, spark timing, and equivalence ratio. It is shown that changes in the knock characteristics of binary mixtures of hydrogen with methane are sufficiently different from those of the binary mixtures of the other gaseous fuels with methane that renders the use of the methane number of limited utility. However, binary mixtures of n-butane with methane may offer a better alternative. Small changes in the concentration of butane produce almost linearly significant changes in both the values of the knock limited compression ratio for fixed spark timing and the knock limited spark timing for a fixed compression ratio.
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Mariani, Antonio, Andrea Unich, and Mario Minale. "Combustion of Hydrogen Enriched Methane and Biogases Containing Hydrogen in a Controlled Auto-Ignition Engine." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 2667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122667.
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The paper describes a numerical study of the combustion of hydrogen enriched methane and biogases containing hydrogen in a Controlled Auto Ignition engine (CAI). A single cylinder CAI engine is modelled with Chemkin to predict engine performance, comparing the fuels in terms of indicated mean effective pressure, engine efficiency, and pollutant emissions. The effects of hydrogen and carbon dioxide on the combustion process are evaluated using the GRI-Mech 3.0 detailed radical chain reactions mechanism. A parametric study, performed by varying the temperature at the start of compression and the equivalence ratio, allows evaluating the temperature requirements for all fuels; moreover, the effect of hydrogen enrichment on the auto-ignition process is investigated. The results show that, at constant initial temperature, hydrogen promotes the ignition, which then occurs earlier, as a consequence of higher chemical reactivity. At a fixed indicated mean effective pressure, hydrogen presence shifts the operating range towards lower initial gas temperature and lower equivalence ratio and reduces NOx emissions. Such reduction, somewhat counter-intuitive if compared with similar studies on spark-ignition engines, is the result of operating the engine at lower initial gas temperatures.
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Aghahasani, Mahdi, Ayat Gharehghani, Amin Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Maciej Mikulski, Apostolos Pesyridis, Thanos Megaritis, and Juho Könnö. "Numerical Study on Hydrogen–Gasoline Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition Engine." Processes 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112249.
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Hydrogen, as a suitable and clean energy carrier, has been long considered a primary fuel or in combination with other conventional fuels such as gasoline and diesel. Since the density of hydrogen is very low, in port fuel-injection configuration, the engine’s volumetric efficiency reduces due to the replacement of hydrogen by intake air. Therefore, hydrogen direct in-cylinder injection (injection after the intake valve closes) can be a suitable solution for hydrogen utilization in spark ignition (SI) engines. In this study, the effects of hydrogen direct injection with different hydrogen energy shares (HES) on the performance and emissions characteristics of a gasoline port-injection SI engine are investigated based on reactive computational fluid dynamics. Three different injection timings of hydrogen together with five different HES are applied at low and full load on a hydrogen–gasoline dual-fuel SI engine. The results show that retarded hydrogen injection timing increases the concentration of hydrogen near the spark plug, resulting in areas with higher average temperatures, which led to NOX emission deterioration at −120 Crank angle degree After Top Dead Center (CAD aTDC) start of injection (SOI) compared to the other modes. At −120 CAD aTDC SOI for 50% HES, the amount of NOX was 26% higher than −140 CAD aTDC SOI. In the meanwhile, an advanced hydrogen injection timing formed a homogeneous mixture of hydrogen, which decreased the HC and soot concentration, so that −140 CAD aTDC SOI implied the lowest amount of HC and soot. Moreover, with the increase in the amount of HES, the concentrations of CO, CO2 and soot were reduced. Having the HES by 50% at −140 CAD aTDC SOI, the concentrations of particulate matter (PM), CO and CO2 were reduced by 96.3%, 90% and 46%, respectively. However, due to more complete combustion and an elevated combustion average temperature, the amount of NOX emission increased drastically.
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Jalindar Shinde, Balu, and Karunamurthy. "Effect of excess air ratio and ignition timing on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of high speed hydrogen engine." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1161, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1161/1/012006.
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Abstract The main goal of automobile researchers is to develop internal combustion engines that are fuel efficient and emit zero pollutants. It can be inferred from prior research publications that lean burn conditions can significantly reduce emissions while improving engine efficiency. The lean-burn engine combustion temperatures are lower hence harmful emissions like NO are reduced. Gasoline fuels have a narrow equivalence ratio window hence it was necessary to evaluate the other alternative fuels with a wider equivalence ratio for using it in IC engines for better performance and fewer emissions. This experiment is conducted on a single-cylinder digital three-spark ignited electronic fuel injected (DTSI-EFI) single-cylinder, 4 stroke high-speed SI engine fuelled by hydrogen. The excess air ratios are changed and MBT timing was also optimized. Hydrogen has delivered the lowest emissions under lean conditions. This data gives guidelines for developing SI engines with hydrogen port fuel injection for meeting future emissions norms. This experimental attempt is to protect the environment from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The highest Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) is recorded at the leaner condition (λ = 4) as 37.53%, the highest power output is 7.02 kW at λ=1.5. CO and THC emissions are absent in hydrogen fuel and NO emissions reduces towards lean combustion.
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Lanni, Davide, Enzo Galloni, Gustavo Fontana, and Gabriele D’Antuono. "Assessment of the Operation of an SI Engine Fueled with Ammonia." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 8583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228583.
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Recently, the research interest regarding ammonia applications in energy systems has been increasing. Ammonia is an important hydrogen carrier that can also be obtained starting from renewable energy sources. Furthermore, ammonia can be used as a carbon-free fuel in combustion systems. In particular, the behavior of internal combustion engines (ICEs), fueled by ammonia, needs to be further investigated. The main disadvantage of this kind of fuel is its low laminar flame speed when it is oxidized with air. On the other hand, considering a spark-ignition (SI) engine, the absence of knock phenomena could allow a performance improvement. In this work, a 1D numerical approach was used in order to assess the performance and the operating limits of a downsized PFI SI engine fueled with pure ammonia. Furthermore, the reliability of the 1D model was verified by means of a 3D approach. Both throttled and unthrottled engine operation was investigated. In particular, different boost levels were analyzed under WOT (wide-open throttle) conditions. The potential of the 1D approach was also exploited to evaluate the effect of different geometrical compression ratio on the ammonia engine behavior. The results show that the low laminar flame speed of ammonia–air mixtures leads to increased combustion durations and optimal spark timings more advanced than the typical ones of SI engines. On the other hand, knock phenomena are always avoided. Due to the engine operating limits, the maximum rotational speed guaranteeing proper engine operation is 3000 rpm, except for at the highest boost level. At this regime, the load regulation can be critical in terms of unburned fuel emissions. Considering increased compression ratios and no boost conditions, even the 4000 rpm operating point guarantees proper engine operation.
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D’Antuono, Gabriele, Davide Lanni, Enzo Galloni, and Gustavo Fontana. "Numerical Modeling and Simulation of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled with Ammonia-Hydrogen Blends." Energies 16, no. 6 (March 8, 2023): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062543.
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Carbon-free fuels, in particular ammonia and hydrogen, could play a significant role in the decarbonization of the mobility sector. In this work, the authors assessed the operation of a light-duty spark-ignition engine fueled with an ammonia–hydrogen blend (85% ammonia and 15% hydrogen by volume) using a 1D predictive model. Three-dimensional computations have been used in order to verify the reliability of the 1D model. The addition of hydrogen to the air–fuel mixture allows the operating capacity of the engine to be extended with respect to neat ammonia fueling. The engine can be properly regulated between 1500 rpm and 3000 rpm. Its operating range reduces as engine speed increases, and it cannot run at 6000 rpm. This is due to different engine operating constraints being exceeded. The maximum engine torque is about 240 Nm and is reached at 1500 rpm. The engine efficiency ranges between 42% and 19%, and the specific fuel consumption varies from about 350 g/kWh to about 750 g/kWh. The results provide both performances and operating ranges of the engine allowing us to define optimized engine maps obtained by means of a constrained optimization.
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Park, Bum Youl, Ki-Hyung Lee, and Jungsoo Park. "Conceptual Approach on Feasible Hydrogen Contents for Retrofit of CNG to HCNG under Heavy-Duty Spark Ignition Engine at Low-to-Middle Speed Ranges." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 3861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153861.
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Hydrogen-based engines are progressively becoming more important with the increasing utilization of hydrogen and layouts (e.g., onboard reforming systems) in internal combustion engines. To investigate the possibility of HICE (hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine), such as an engine with an onboard reforming system, which is introduced as recent technologies, various operating areas and parameters should be considered to obtain feasible hydrogen contents itself. In this study, a virtual hydrogen-added compressed natural gas (HCNG) model is built from a modified 11-L CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) engine, and a response surface model is derived through a parametric study via the Latin hypercube sampling method. Based on the results, performance and emission trends relative to hydrogen in the HCNG engine system are suggested. The operating conditions are 1000, 1300, and 1500 rpm under full load. For the Latin hypercube sampling method, the dominant variables include spark timing, excess air ratio (i.e., λCH4+H2), and H2 addition. Under target operating conditions of 1000, 1300, and 1500 rpm, the addition of 6–10% hydrogen enables the virtual HCNG engine to reach similar levels of torque and BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption) compared to same lambda condition of λCH4. For the relatively low 1000 rpm speed under conditions similar to those of the base engine, NOx formation is greater than base engine condition, while a similar NOx level can be maintained under the middle speed range (1300 and 1500 rpm) despite hydrogen addition. Upon addition of 6–10% hydrogen under the middle speed operation range, the target engine achieves performance and emission similar to those of the base engine.
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Yousufuddin, Syed. "Combustion duration influence on hydrogen-ethanol dual fueled engine emissions: An experimental analysis." Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/j.mev.2018.v9.41-48.
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The research presented in this article expresses experimental results on combustion duration effect on the dual fueled engine. In particular, the research was focused on the emissions occurred specifically from a hydrogen-ethanol dual fueled engine. This study was performed on a compression ignition engine that was converted to run and act as a spark ignition engine. This modified engine was fueled by hydrogen–ethanol with various percentage substitutions of hydrogen. The substitution was altered from 20 to 80% at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The various engine emission characteristics such as CO, Hydrocarbon, and NOx were experimentally determined. This study resulted that at a compression ratio of 11:1 and combustion duration of 25°CA, the best operating conditions of the engine were shown. Moreover, the optimum fuel combination was established at 60 to 80% of hydrogen substitution to ethanol. The experimental results also revealed that at 100% load and at compression ratios 7, 9, and 11; the CO and HC emissions have decreased while NOx increased and followed with the increase in the percentage of hydrogen addition and combustion duration. It was concluded that the retarding combustion duration was preferred for NOx emission control in the engine.
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Martínez-Boggio, S. D., P. L. Curto-Risso, A. Medina, and A. Calvo Hernández. "Simulation of cycle-to-cycle variations on spark ignition engines fueled with gasoline-hydrogen blends." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 21 (June 2016): 9087–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.120.
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Ge, Haiwen, Ahmad Hadi Bakir, and Peng Zhao. "Knock Mitigation and Power Enhancement of Hydrogen Spark-Ignition Engine through Ammonia Blending." Machines 11, no. 6 (June 16, 2023): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11060651.
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Hydrogen and ammonia are primary carbon-free fuels that have massive production potential. In regard to their flame properties, these two fuels largely represent the two extremes among all fuels. The extremely fast flame speed of hydrogen can lead to an easy deflagration-to-detonation transition and cause detonation-type engine knock that limits the global equivalence ratio, and consequently the engine power. The very low flame speed and reactivity of ammonia can lead to a low heat release rate and cause difficulty in ignition and ammonia slip. Adding ammonia into hydrogen can effectively modulate flame speed and hence the heat release rate, which in turn mitigates engine knock and retains the zero-carbon nature of the system. However, a key issue that remains unclear is the blending ratio of NH3 that provides the desired heat release rate, emission level, and engine power. In the present work, a 3D computational combustion study is conducted to search for the optimal hydrogen/ammonia mixture that is knock-free and meanwhile allows sufficient power in a typical spark-ignition engine configuration. Parametric studies with varying global equivalence ratios and hydrogen/ammonia blends are conducted. The results show that with added ammonia, engine knock can be avoided, even under stoichiometric operating conditions. Due to the increased global equivalence ratio and added ammonia, the energy content of trapped charge as well as work output per cycle is increased. About 90% of the work output of a pure gasoline engine under the same conditions can be reached by hydrogen/ammonia blends. The work shows great potential of blended fuel or hydrogen/ammonia dual fuel in high-speed SI engines.
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Hu, Zhung Qing, and Xin Zhang. "Effect of Hydrogen Addition on Combustion Characteristics of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled With Low Heat Value Gas." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.688.
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An experimental investigation on the effect of hydrogen fraction on the combustion characteristics of a spark ignition engine fueled with low heat value gas-hydrogen blends was studied. The results show that engine indicated thermal efficiency, indicated mean effective pressure and maximum combustion pressure are increased with the increase of hydrogen fraction in the blends. And hydrogen addition shows remarkable influence on engine power and emissions. At the same excess air ratio, HC emissions decrease, CO and NOxemissions increase with the increase of hydrogen fraction in the blends. And engine power is influenced by both hydrogen fraction and heat value in low heat value gas-hydrogen blends combining. Hydrogen significant extends the lean burn limit of combustion of low heat value gas.
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Gürbüz, Habib, and Hüsameddin Akçay. "Experimental investigation of an improved exhaust recovery system for liquid petroleum gas fueled spark ignition engine." Thermal Science 19, no. 6 (2015): 2049–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150417181g.
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In this study, we have investigated the recovery of energy lost as waste heat from exhaust gas and engine coolant, using an improved thermoelectric generator (TEG) in a LPG fueled SI engine. For this purpose, we have designed and manufactured a 5-layer heat exchanger from aluminum sheet. Electrical energy generated by the TEG was then used to produce hydrogen in a PEM water electrolyzer. The experiment was conducted at a stoichiometric mixture ratio, 1/2 throttle position and six different engine speeds at 1800-4000 rpm. The results of this study show that the configuration of 5-layer counterflow produce a higher TEG output power than 5-layer parallel flow and 3-layer counterflow. The TEG produced a maximum power of 63.18 W when used in a 5-layer counter flow configuration. This resulted in an improved engine performance, reduced exhaust emission as well as an increased engine speed when LPG fueled SI engine is enriched with hydrogen produced by the PEM electrolyser supported by TEG. Also, the need to use an extra evaporator for the LPG fueled SI engine is eliminated as LPG heat exchangers are added to the fuel line. It can be concluded that an improved exhaust recovery system for automobiles can be developed by incorporating a PEM electrolyser, however at the expense of increasing costs.
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MIYAZAWA, Akinori, Takayuki SEKIGUCHI, Juan C. GONZÁLEZ PALENCIA, Mikiya ARAKI, Seiichi SHIGA, and Shinji KAMBARA. "Performance of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Ammonia/Hydrogen and Ammonia/Methane." Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy 100, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.162.
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Hari Ganesh, R., V. Subramanian, V. Balasubramanian, J. M. Mallikarjuna, A. Ramesh, and R. P. Sharma. "Hydrogen fueled spark ignition engine with electronically controlled manifold injection: An experimental study." Renewable Energy 33, no. 6 (June 2008): 1324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2007.07.003.
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Moreno, F., J. Arroyo, M. Muñoz, and C. Monné. "Combustion analysis of a spark ignition engine fueled with gaseous blends containing hydrogen." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37, no. 18 (September 2012): 13564–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.06.060.
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Deva, Dinesh. "Combustion and Emission Study of Ethanol Blended Fuels in IC Engines." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 1050–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41441.
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Abstract: As the most attractive heat engines, internal combustion engines are widely applied for various applications worldwide. These engines convert the chemical energy of the fuel to mechanical energy by the combustion phenomenon, which causes fuel to burn through fuel-air interaction and produce exhaust emissions. Spark ignition and compression ignition are two main categories of these engines differing in combustion mechanism. The conventional fuels of the noted engines are gasoline and diesel. With the population increase and the industrialization of societies, the use of internal combustion engines has become dramatically greater, causing several problems. Air pollution resulting from fuel combustion could be stated as one of the challenges that leads to the temperature rise of the earth and climate changes. The other problem is limited fossil fuels consumed by these engines. Additionally, health issues can be threatened by polluted air. Hence, renewable fuels were introduced as a vital key to overcome the obstacles. Biogas, liquefied petroleum gas, hydrogen, and alcohol are of well-known eco-friendly fuels. Among them, alcohol has drawn extensive attention due to its specific physical and chemical properties. Ethanol as alcohol with a high octane number, oxygen content, and low carbon to hydrogen ratio is a proper candidate to be used as an alternative fuel in internal combustion engines. Herein, the effect of ethanol on combustion and emission procedures is briefly reviewed. Moreover, the ethanol blends' effectiveness as a renewable fuel internal combustion engine is discussed. Furthermore, the measure of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen emissions is compared with the values created by pure gasoline/diesel combustion to analyze the emissions produced as pollution using ethanol blends. Keywords: Internal Combustion Engine, Combustion, Emission, Renewable Fuel, Ethanol Blend