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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hydrogen fueled spark ignition engines

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Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrogen fueled spark ignition engines'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Hydrogen fueled spark ignition engines"

1

Bade Shrestha, S. O., and Ghazi A. Karim. "The Operational Mixture Limits in Engines Fueled With Alternative Gaseous Fuels." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 128, no. 3 (April 3, 2006): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2266267.

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The operation of engines whether spark ignition or compression ignition on a wide range of alternative gaseous fuels when using lean mixtures can offer in principle distinct advantages. These include better economy, reduced emissions, and improved engine operational life. However, there are distinct operational mixture limits below which acceptable steady engine performance cannot be sustained. These mixture limits are usually described as the “lean operational limits,” or loosely as the ignition limits which are a function of various operational and design parameters for the engine and fuel used. Relatively simple approximate procedures are described for predicting the operational mixture limits for both spark ignition and dual fuel compression ignition engines when using a range of common gaseous fuels such as natural gas/methane, propane, hydrogen, and some of their mixtures. It is shown that good agreement between predicted and corresponding experimental values can be obtained for a range of operating conditions for both types of engines.

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Li, Hailin, and Ghazi A. Karim. "Hydrogen Fueled Spark-Ignition Engines Predictive and Experimental Performance." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, no. 1 (July 23, 2004): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2055987.

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Hydrogen is well recognized as a suitable fuel for spark-ignition engine applications that has many unique attractive features and limitations. It is a fuel that can continue potentially to meet the ever-increasingly stringent regulations for exhaust and greenhouse gas emissions. The application of hydrogen as an engine fuel has been tried over many decades by numerous investigators with varying degrees of success. However, the performance data reported often tend not to display consistent agreement between the various investigators, mainly because of the wide differences in engine type, size, operating conditions used, and the differing criteria employed to judge whether knock is taking place or not. With the ever-increasing interest in hydrogen as an engine fuel, there is a need to be able to model extensively various features of the performance of spark ignition (S.I.) hydrogen engines so as to investigate and compare reliably the performance of widely different engines under a wide variety of operating conditions. In the paper we employ a quasidimensional two-zone model for the operation of S.I. engines when fueled with hydrogen. In this approach, the engine combustion chamber at any instant of time during combustion is considered to be divided into two temporally varying zones: a burned zone and an unburned zone. The model incorporates a detailed chemical kinetic model scheme of 30 reaction steps and 12 species, to simulate the oxidation reactions of hydrogen in air. A knock prediction model, developed previously for S.I. methane-hydrogen fueled engine applications was extended to consider operation on hydrogen. The effects of changes in operating conditions, including a very wide range of variations in the equivalence ratio on the onset of knock and its intensity, combustion duration, power, efficiency, and operational limits were investigated. The results of this predictive approach were shown to validate well against the corresponding experimental results, obtained mostly in a variable compression ratio CFR engine. On this basis, the effects of changes in some of the key operational engine variables, such as compression ratio, intake temperature, and spark timing are presented and discussed. Some guidelines for superior knock-free operation of engines on hydrogen are also made.

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Reggeti, Shawn A., Seamus P. Kane, and William F. Northrop. "Hydrogen production in ammonia-fueled spark ignition engines." Applications in Energy and Combustion Science 14 (June 2023): 100136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaecs.2023.100136.

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Shi, Wei Bo, Xiu Min Yu, and Ping Sun. "Performance and Emissions of a Hydrogen-Gasoline SI Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.243.

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When hydrogen is added to a gasoline fueled spark ignition engine the lean limit of the engine can be extended. Lean burn engines are inherently more efficient and have the potential for significantly lower NOx emissions. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of hydrogen addition to gasoline-air mixture on the performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine. Six excess air ratios are used ranging from 0.8 to 1.5. The amount of hydrogen added is 18.5% and 30% by energy fraction. The test engine is operated at 1500 rpm. From the experimental observations, the effect of hydrogen addition on thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, cyclic variations of the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), and emissions of CO, unburned hydrocarbons and NOx are analyzed.

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NATRIASHVILI, Tamaz M., and Revaz Z. KAVTARADZE. "SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE HYDROGEN-DIESEL ENGINE WORKING PROCESS." Mechanics of Machines, Mechanisms and Materials 1, no. 58 (March 2022): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46864/1995-0470-2022-1-58-31-36.

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The works related to the research of the problems and prospects of a hydrogen-fueled reciprocating engine, published so far, mainly relate to the use of hydrogen in spark-ignition engines. Developments of BMW, Toyota and other manufacturers are used in production car models. However, despite a number of advantages, serial production of hydrogen-diesel engines does not yet exist. This paper presents some results of the study of the working process features of a hydrogen-diesel engine with direct injection of hydrogen gas, analyzes the problems and prospects of the concept of the hydrogen-diesel engine. The obtained results of 3D modelling of the working process and experimental research prove the prospects and reality of the implementation of the hydrogen-diesel engine concept.

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SZWAJA, Stanisław. "Hydrogen resistance to knock combustion in spark ignition internal combustion engines." Combustion Engines 144, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117118.

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The results of investigations focusing on knock combustion analysis of a hydrogen-fueled engine have been presented in the paper. Knock intensity was determined as the intensity of the in-cylinder combustion pressure pulsations (recorded with a sampling frequency of 100 kHz) and filtered through high-pass filtering with cut-off frequency of 3.5 kHz. The research was conducted on the CFR engine with a variable compression ratio ranging from 6 to 14. The research has shown a rapid increase in pressure pulsations amplitude was observed while the compression ratio was changed from 11 to 12. This was interpreted as a result of in-cylinder hydrogen-air mixture self-ignition at the end of the spark ignition controlled combustion. Supporting this observation the theorem of dual nature of hydrogen knock combustion was postulated. Intensity of the pressure pulsations that accompany normal combustion without hydrogen self-ignition was in an exponential correlation with the compression ratio, which directly translates into a similar correlation of the pulsations and temperature of hydrogen-air mixture at the moment of ignition.

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Stępień, Zbigniew. "A Comprehensive Overview of Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines: Achievements and Future Challenges." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 6504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206504.

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This paper provides a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the latest research results in addition to an overview of the future challenges and opportunities regarding the use of hydrogen to power internal combustion engines (ICEs). The experiences and opinions of various international research centers on the technical possibilities of using hydrogen as a fuel in ICE are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of hydrogen as a solution are described. Attention is drawn to the specific physical, chemical, and operational properties of hydrogen for ICEs. A critical review of hydrogen combustion concepts is provided, drawing on previous research results and experiences described in a number of research papers. Much space is devoted to discussing the challenges and opportunities associated with port and direct hydrogen injection technology. A comparison of different fuel injection and ignition strategies and the benefits of using the synergies of selected solutions are presented. Pointing to the previous experiences of various research centers, the hazards related to incorrect hydrogen combustion, such as early pre-ignition, late pre-ignition, knocking combustion, and backfire, are described. Attention is focused on the fundamental importance of air ratio optimization from the point of view of combustion quality, NOx emissions, engine efficiency, and performance. Exhaust gas scrubbing to meet future emission regulations for hydrogen powered internal combustion engines is another issue that is considered. The article also discusses the modifications required to adapt existing engines to run on hydrogen. Referring to still-unsolved problems, the reliability challenges faced by fuel injection systems, in particular, are presented. An analysis of more than 150 articles shows that hydrogen is a suitable alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines. It will significantly improve their performance and greatly reduce emissions to a fraction of their current level. However, its use also has some drawbacks, the most significant of which are its high NOx emissions and low power output, and problems in terms of the durability and reliability of hydrogen-fueled engines.

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Yamin, Jehad Ahmad. "Heat losses minimization from hydrogen fueled 4-stroke spark ignition engines." Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 29, no. 1 (March 2007): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-58782007000100014.

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Badr, O. A., N. Elsayed, and G. A. Karim. "An Investigation of the Lean Operational Limits of Gas-Fueled Spark Ignition Engines." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 118, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792708.

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Examination is made of the operational limits in two variable compression-ratio single-cylinder engines when operating on the gaseous fuels methane, propane, LPG, and hydrogen under a wide range of conditions. Two definitions for the limits were employed. The first was associated with the first detectable misfire on leaning the mixture, while the second was the first detectable firing under motoring condition in the presence of a spark when the mixture was being enriched slowly. Attempts were also made to relate these limits to the corresponding values for quiescent conditions reckoned on the basis of the flammability limits evaluated at the mean temperature and pressure prevailing within the cylinder charge at the time of the spark. The measured limits in the engine were always higher than the corresponding flammability limit values for the three fuels. Both of these limits appear to correlate reasonably well with the calculated mean temperature of the mixture at the time of passing the spark.

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Phantoun, Maethas, Karoon Fangsuwannarak, and Thipwan Fangsuwannarak. "Emissions and Performance of a Hybrid Hydrogen-gasohol E20 Fueled Si Engine." Chiang Mai Journal of Science 49, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/cmjs.2022.012.

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T his paper has investigated the effects of an alternative hybrid hydrogen-gasohol E20 fueled spark ignition engine on engine performance and exhaust pollutants. A hydrogen mixture with gasohol E20 was performed in an external mixture formation by installing a hydrogen fuel injection kit into the intake manifold area which is responsible for injecting hydrogen fuel into the inside of the engine’s cylinder. The hydrogen energy fraction in the intake was gradually increased from 3% to 9% ignition degree in the range of 20°, 25°, 30° and 35° before top dead center were controlled by using the electronic control unit to study the optimal condition for a four-stroke single-cylinder engine. In the steady-state test condition with half-open throttle under the variable load engine at 28%, 42%, 56%, and 70% of maximum engine torque, the engine can be available satisfactorily for an average relative air-fuel ratio (λ) value of 1.2 for hybrid hydrogen-gasohol E20 fuel. The results indicated that when the increase of hydrogen volume fraction. Postponing the spark timing was closer to top dead center (TDC) at 25° BTDC, the brake power and thermal engine efficiency increases. It is also noted that postponing the spark timing also caused NOx, HC and CO emissions to decrease. NOx emissions increased as the hydrogen volume fraction increased, whereas HC and CO emissions decreased.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hydrogen fueled spark ignition engines"

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Hamori, Ferenc. "Exploring the limits of hydrogen assisted jet ignition /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00001606.

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Toulson, Elisa. "Applying alternative fuels in place of hydrogen to the jet ignition process /." Connect to thesis, 2008. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3532.

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Cambridge, Shevonn Nathaniel. "The effect of compression ratio on emissions from an alcohol-fueled engine." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09122009-040220/.

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Toulson, E. "Applying alternative fuels in place of hydrogen to the jet ignition process." 2008. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3532.

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Hydrogen Assisted Jet Ignition (HAJI) is an advanced ignition process that allows ignition of ultra-lean mixtures in an otherwise standard gasoline fuelled spark ignition engine. Under typical operating conditions, a small amount of H2 (~ 2 % ofthe main fuel energy or roughly the equivalent of 1 g/km of H2) is injected just before ignition in the region of the spark plug. By locating the spark plug in a small prechamber (less than 1 % of the clearance volume) and by employing a H2 rich mixture, the content of the prechamber is plentiful in the active species that form radicals H and OH on decomposition and has a relatively high energy level compared to the lean main chamber contents. Thus, the vigorous jets of chemically active combustion products that issue through orifices, which connect to the main chamber, burn the main charge rapidly and with almost no combustion variability (less than 2% coefficient of variation in IMEP even at λ = 2.5).
The benefits from the low temperature combustion at λ = 2 and leaner are that almost zero NOx is formed and there is an improvement in thermal efficiency. Efficiency improvements are a result of the elimination of dissociation, such as CO2 to CO, which normally occurs at high temperatures, together with reduced throttling losses to maintain the same road power. It is even possible to run the engine in an entirely unthrottled mode, but at λ = 5.
Although only a small amount of H2 is required for the HAJI process, it is difficult to both refuel H2 and store it onboard. In order to overcome these obstacles, the viability of a variety of more convenient fuels was experimentally assessed based on criteria such as combustion stability, lean limit and emission levels. The prechamber fuels tested were liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, reformed gasoline and carbon monoxide. Additionally, LPG was employed as the main fuel in conjunction with H2 or LPG in the prechamber. Furthermore, the effects of HAJI operation under sufficient exhaust gas recirculation to allow stoichiometric fuel-air supply, thus permitting three-way catalyst application were also examined.
In addition to experiments, prechamber and main chamber flame propagation modeling was completed to examine the effects of each prechamber fuel on the ignition of the main fuel, which consisted of either LPG or gasoline. The modeling and experimental results offered similar trends, with the modeling results giving insight into the physiochemical process by which main fuel combustion is initiated in the HAJI process.
Both the modeling and experimental results indicate that the level of ignition enhancement provided by HAJI is highly dependent on the generation of chemical species and not solely on the energy content of the prechamber fuel. Although H2 was found to be the most effective fuel, in a study of a very light load condition (70 kPa MAP) especially when running in the ultra-lean region, the alternative fuels were effective at running between λ = 2-2.5 with almost zero NOx formation. These lean limits are about twice the value possible with spark ignition (λ = 1.25) in this engine at similar load conditions. In addition, the LPG results are very encouraging as they offer the possibility of a HAJI like system where a commercially available fuel is used as both the main and prechamber fuel, while providing thermal efficiency improvements over stoichiometric operation and meeting current NOx emission standards.

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Burke, PH. "Performance appraisal of a four-stroke hydrogen internal combustion engine." Thesis, 2005. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19195/1/whole_BurkePatrickHugh2005_thesis.pdf.

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Fossil fuel depletion and environmental factors had lead the search for alternative transportation fuels. One such alternative is hydrogen. Of the potential transportation fuels of the future hydrogen is the only one which is both sustainable and environmentally friendly. A good understanding of the quantitative and qualitative trends are available in the literature, for petrol driven vehicles, as established knowledge. However, understanding of the near zero emissions and associated conversion technology, using hydrogen as fuel, has been in the domain of few automotive applications around the world. This work is aimed at converting a commercially available vehicle to operate on hydrogen as a design and manufacturing exercise to showcase the use of alternative fuel. The chosen vehicle is the Honda CT110 motor bike or better known as the Australia Post `postie bike'. In this thesis, a rigorous design process for conversion to hydrogen is proposed and implemented from first principles. The test rig development associated with the calculations for fuel flow rates and associated engine management systems are an integral part of this overall systematic design. As part of the investigation an innovative fuel injection system together with fuel-air-intake system is designed and incorporated. Traditional problems with pre-ignition in hydrogen engines are found to be minimized by developed systematic design techniques. As part of this investigation a comprehensive range of engine operating conditions are investigated using both petrol and hydrogen as fuel. The comparisons have shown that for the same operating conditions, hydrogen powered vehicles suffer losses in power and thermal efficiency. With the performance requirements of the vehicle in mind the reductions in performance are not seen as a major compromise. Exhaust emission performance showed significant reduction in oxides of nitrogen and no significant emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Future potential developments suggested by this work is expected to improve performance outputs further.

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Schmidt, Dennis Patrick. "Design and testing of a modular hydride hydrogen storage system for mobile vehicles." 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/27531.

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Abader, Robert. "A Study on Biogas-fueled SI Engines: Effects of Fuel Composition on Emissions and Catalyst Performance." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/44001.

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Biogas as a fuel is attractive from a greenhouse standpoint, since biogas is carbon neutral. To be used as such, increasingly stringent emission standards must be met. Current low-emission technologies meet said standards by precisely controlling the air-fuel ratio. Biogas composition can vary substantially, making air-fuel ratio control difficult. This research was conducted as part of a larger project to develop a sensor that accurately measures biogas composition. Biogas was simulated by fuel mixtures consisting of natural gas and CO2; the effects that fuel composition has on emissions and catalyst performance were investigated. Engine-out THC and NOx increased and decreased, respectively, with increasing CO2 in the fuel mixture. Doubling the catalyst residence time doubled the conversion of THC and CO emissions. The effectiveness of the catalyst at converting THC emissions was found to be dependent on the relative proportions of engine-out THC, NOx and CO emissions.

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Books on the topic "Hydrogen fueled spark ignition engines"

1

Billings, Roger E. The hydrogen world view. Independence, Mo: American Academy of Science, 1991.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and Future Transportation Technology Conference and Exposition (1993 : San Antonio, Tex.), eds. Alternative fuels: Alcohols, hydrogen, natural gas and propane. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1993.

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Hodgson, J. W. Investigation and demonstration of a rich combustor cold-start device for alcohol-fueled engines. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1998.

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Inc, Arthur D. Little, ed. Partial oxidation for improved cold starts in alcohol-fueled engines: Phase II topical report. Golden, Colo: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1998.

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Office, General Accounting. Alternative-fueled vehicles: Progress made in accelerating federal purchases, but benefits and costs remain uncertain : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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Office, General Accounting. Alternative-fueled vehicles: Progress made in accelerating federal purchases, but benefits and costs remain uncertain : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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Office, General Accounting. Alternative-fueled vehicles: Potential impact of exemptions from transportation control measures : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Energy and Power, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1993.

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Office, General Accounting. Alternative-fueled vehicles: Potential impact of exemptions from transportation control measures : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Energy and Power, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.

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Office, General Accounting. Alternative-fueled vehicles: Potential impact of exemptions from transportation control measures : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Energy and Power, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1993.

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Rouler sans pétrole. Québec: Éditions MultiMondes, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hydrogen fueled spark ignition engines"

1

Verhelst, Sebastian, and James W. G. Turner. "Hydrogen-Fueled Spark Ignition Engines." In Hydrogen for Future Thermal Engines, 329–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28412-0_8.

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Koike, Makoto, Hiroshi Miyagawa, Tetsunori Suzuoki, Seiji Yamamoto, and Kazuto Ogasawara. "Combustion in Ammonia-Hydrogen-Fueled Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines." In CO2 Free Ammonia as an Energy Carrier, 537–48. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4767-4_37.

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Kosmadakis, G. M., F. Moreno, J. Arroyo, M. Muñoz, and C. D. Rakopoulos. "Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled with Methane-Hydrogen Blends." In Energy, Transportation and Global Warming, 405–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30127-3_31.

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Verma, Saket, S. C. Kaushik, and L. M. Das. "Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen-Fueled Spark Ignition Engine Based on Numerical Investigations." In Combustion for Power Generation and Transportation, 297–316. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3785-6_14.

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Elumalai, P. V., N. S. Senthur, M. Parthasarathy, S. K. Das, Olusegun D. Samuel, M. Sreenivasa Reddy, A. Saravana, et al. "Hydrogen in Spark Ignition Engines." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 195–213. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8751-8_10.

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De Simio, Luigi, Michele Gambino, and Sabato Iannaccone. "Using Natural Gas/Hydrogen Mixture as a Fuel in a 6-Cylinder Stoichiometric Spark Ignition Engine." In Enriched Methane, 175–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22192-2_10.

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"�1 Spark Ignition Gasoline-Fueled Engines ��." In Fuels, Energy, and the Environment, 218–37. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12924-15.

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Pana, Constantin, Maria Alexandra Ivan, Alexandru Cernat, Niculae Negurescu, Cristian Nuțu, Teodora Madalina Nichita, and Gabriel Ivan. "Hydrogen Energy Use in Comfort and Transport." In Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology for Stationary Applications, 223–38. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4945-2.ch009.

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This chapter presents aspects of hydrogen use in comfort systems and thermal machines in order to improve performance and to reduce pollution emissions. Hydrogen energy is clean, and its use leads to a reduction of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. It represents an alternative to traditional fuels, oil, coal, and gas. The use of hydrogen preserves traditional fuel resources. In the field of comfort, the energy obtained from hydrogen is applicable in the heating and air conditioning of spaces, in the production of electricity necessary to create light comfort. The use of hydrogen in boilers leads to the reduction of pollutant emissions. Hydrogen fuelling systems were designed for different experimental thermal machines, designed by authors from spark-ignition engine and compression ignition engine. The characteristic combustion parameters, like maximum pressure, the maximum rate of pressure rise, efficiency, and pollutant emissions for hydrogen fuelling are presented and analyzed.

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DESOKY, A. A. "THEORETICAL STUDIES ON THE COMBUSTION OF HYDROGEN, ALCOHOL AND ISOOCTANE FUELS IN DIVIDED CHAMBER SPARK IGNITION ENGINE." In Hydrogen Systems, 21–33. Elsevier, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4832-8375-3.50064-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hydrogen fueled spark ignition engines"

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Wallace, James S., Liviu Segal, and James F. Keffer. "Lean Mixture Operation of Hydrogen-Fueled Spark Ignition Engines." In 1985 SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/852119.

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Matham, V., K. Majmudar, and K. Aung. "Numerical Simulations of a Hydrogen-Enriched Methane Fueled Spark Ignition Engine." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61047.

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The use of alternative fuels such as natural gas (methane) in spark-ignition (SI) engines is beneficial to the environment as it reduces emissions of pollutants such as NOx from these engines with slight penalty on the performance. This paper investigated the use of methane and hydrogen/methane mixtures in an SI engine by numerical simulations. The numerical simulations were based on the models of finite heat release, cylinder heat transfer, pumping losses, and friction losses. Simulations were carried out to evaluate the effects of compression ratio, equivalence ratio, ignition timing, and engine speed on the performance of the SI engine. The results showed that the current model could satisfactorily predict the performance of an SI engine fueled by gaseous fuels.

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Richardson, Steven W., Michael H. McMillian, Steven D. Woodruff, Todd Worstell, and Dustin L. McIntyre. "Laser Spark Ignition of a Blended Hydrogen-Natural Gas Fueled Single Cylinder Engine." In ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2006-1397.

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Charge dilution, due to the reduced combustion temperatures that it brings about, has long been proven as effective means of reducing Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions in reciprocating engines. The extent of this dilution is practically bounded on the lean side of stoichiometric conditions by engine misfire or the point at which the combustion process is no longer sufficiently reliable to sustain engine operation within some specified limit. Extending this misfire limit of an engine becomes a worth while goal as it brings about further reductions in NOx emissions. Much work has been dedicated to reaching this end and several techniques have proven viable in natural gas fueled engines. This work explores potential synergies between two proven techniques for NOx reductions in lean-burn natural gas fueled engines, hydrogen enrichment of the natural gas fuel and application of laser spark ignition. Independently both techniques have been shown to provide significant NOx emissions reductions through lean limit extension in spark ignited gaseous fueled reciprocating engines [1–11, 13–15]. Here hydrogen is blended with natural gas at five different levels ranging from 0% to 40% by volume in a single cylinder engine. The mixtures are fired using a conventional spark plug based ignition system and then again with an open beam path laser induced breakdown spark ignition system. NOx emissions measurements were made at different levels including misfire conditions for each level of hydrogen enrichment with both ignition systems. Data are presented and the emissions and engine performance of two configurations are compared to determine realizable benefits that arise from combining the two techniques.

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Bade Shrestha, S. O., and Ghazi A. Karim. "The Operational Mixture Limits in Engines Fueled With Alternative Gaseous Fuels." In ASME 2005 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2005-1087.

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The operation of engines whether spark ignition or compression ignition on a wide range of alternative gaseous fuels when using lean mixtures, can offer in principle distinct advantages. These include better economy, reduced emissions and improved engine operational life. However, there are distinct operational mixture limits below which acceptable steady engine performance cannot be sustained. These mixture limits are usually described as the “lean operational limits”, or loosely as the ignition limits which are a function of various operational and design parameters for the engine and fuel used. Through experimental investigation and analytical simulation of engine performance, relatively simple approximate procedures are described for predicting the operational mixture limits for both spark ignition and dual fuel compression ignition engines when using a range of common gaseous fuels such as natural gas/methane, propane, hydrogen and some of their mixtures. It is to be shown that good agreement between the predicted and corresponding experimental values can be obtained for a range of operating conditions for both types of engines.

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Ramalho Leite, Caio, Richard Oung, Pierre BREQUIGNY, Jacques Borée, and Fabrice Foucher. "Combustion Cycle-To-Cycle Variation Analysis in Diesel Baseline Hydrogen-Fueled Spark-Ignition Engines." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0290.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In the search for zero-carbon emissions and energy supply security, hydrogen is one of the fuels considered for internal combustion engines. The state-of-the-art studies show that a good strategy to mitigate NOx emissions in hydrogen-fueled spark-ignition engines (H2ICE) is burning ultra-lean hydrogen-air mixtures in current diesel architectures, due to their capability of standing high in-cylinder pressures. However, it is well-known that decreasing equivalence ratio leads to higher engine instability and greater cycle-to-cycle variations (CCVs). Nevertheless, hydrogen flames, especially at low equivalence ratios and high pressures, present thermodiffusive instabilities that speed up combustion, changing significantly the flame development and possibly its variability. This work evaluates the hydrogen combustion and their CCVs in two single-cylinder diesel baseline H2ICEs (light-duty and medium-duty) and their influence on performance parameters. The analysis is done using three CCV indicators (for flame initiation, propagation, and end-flame periods) in four main strategies: varying fuel-air equivalence ratio (from 0.2 to 0.8), swirl intensity, spark timing, and spark plug type. The cyclic variations are higher at low loads and leaner mixtures. While, at high loads, the engine presents low combustion CCVs, around 10 % in all combustion phases, at idle they can go up to 20 % in the flame propagation phase (10 to 50 % of mass fraction burned - MFB). The fluctuations of the flame propagation duration are highly impacted by the equivalence ratio. Furthermore, the behavior of the combustion duration at the initiation (0 to 10 % MFB) and propagation phases suggests that other phenomena play an important role in hydrogen combustion in engines besides the laminar burning velocity property. For this, a flame speed enhancement model which considers hydrogen’s intrinsic instabilities is applied to evaluate the flames at the operating conditions.</div></div>

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Li, Hailin, and Ghazi A. Karim. "Hydrogen Fuelled Spark-Ignition Engines: Predictive and Experimental Performance." In ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2003-0548.

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Hydrogen is well recognized as a suitable fuel for spark-ignition engine applications that has many unique attractive features and limitations. It is a fuel that can continue potentially to meet the ever increasingly stringent regulations for exhaust and greenhouse gas emissions. The application of hydrogen as an engine fuel has been tried over many decades by numerous investigators with varying degrees of success. The performance data reported often tend not to display consistent agreement between the various investigators mainly because of the wide differences in engine type, size, operating conditions used and the differing criteria employed to judge whether knock is taking place or not. With the ever-increasing interest in hydrogen as an engine fuel, there is a need to be able to model extensively various features of the performance of spark ignition (S.I.) hydrogen engines so as to investigate and compare reliably the performance of widely different engines under a wide variety of operating conditions. The paper employs a quasi-dimensional two-zone model for the operation of S.I. engines when fuelled with hydrogen. In this approach, the engine combustion chamber at any instant of time during combustion is considered to be divided into two temporally varying zones: a burned zone and an unburned zone. The model incorporates a detailed chemical kinetic model scheme of 30 reaction steps and 12 species, to simulate the oxidation reactions of hydrogen in air. A knock prediction model, developed previously for S.I. methane-hydrogen fuelled engine applications (Shrestha and Karim 1999(a) and 1999(b)) was extended to consider operation on hydrogen. The effects of changes in operating conditions, including a very wide range of variations in equivalence ratio on the onset of knock and its intensity, combustion duration, power, efficiency and operational limits were investigated. The results of this predictive approach were shown to validate well against corresponding experimental results of our own and those of others, obtained mostly in a variable compression ratio CFR engine. On this basis, the effects of changes in some of the key operational engine variables, such as compression ratio, intake temperature and spark timing are presented and discussed. Some guidelines for superior knock free-operation of engines on hydrogen are made also.

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Chaurasia, Shashi, S. Sreedhara, and Pavan Prakash Duvvuri. "Combustion Characteristics of Premixed Hydrogen Fueled Spark Ignition Engine." In Symposium on International Automotive Technology. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-26-0224.

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Shudo, T., and H. Oka. "Thermophysical Properties of Working Substance and Heat Transfer in a Hydrogen Combustion Engine." In ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine and Rail Transportation Divisions Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2003-0717.

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Hydrogen is a clean alternative to fossil fuels for internal combustion engines and can be easily used in spark-ignition engines. However, the characteristics of the engines fueled with hydrogen are largely different from those with conventional hydrocarbon fuels. A higher burning velocity and a shorter quenching distance for hydrogen as compared with hydrocarbons bring a higher degree of constant volume and a larger heat transfer from the burning gas to the combustion chamber wall of the engines. Because of the large heat loss, the thermal efficiency of an engine fueled with hydrogen is sometimes lower than that with hydrocarbons. Therefore, the analysis and the reduction of the heat loss are crucial for the efficient utilization of hydrogen in internal combustion engines. The empirical correlations to describe the total heat transferred from the burning gas to the combustion chamber walls are often used to calculate the heat loss in internal combustion engines. However, the previous research by one of the authors has shown that the widely used heat transfer correlations cannot be properly applied to the hydrogen combustion even with adjusting the constants in them. For this background, this research analyzes the relationship between characteristics of thermophysical properties of working substance and heat transfer to the wall in a spark-ignition engine fueled with hydrogen.

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Ji, Changwei, Hao Yan, and Shuofeng Wang. "Simulation Study on Combustion Characteristics of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Gasoline—Hydrogen Fuel Mixture." In 9th International Conference on Engines and Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-24-0093.

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Park, Seunghyun, Cheolwoong Park, and Changgi Kim. "Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Biogas-Hydrogen Blends." In 10th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-24-0115.

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Reports on the topic "Hydrogen fueled spark ignition engines"

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Chapman and Toema. PR-266-09211-R01 Physics-Based Characterization of Lambda Sensor from Natural Gas Fueled Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010022.

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The increasingly strict air emission regulations may require implementing Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR) systems as a promising emission control technology for stationary rich burn spark ignition engines. Many recent experimental investigations that used NSCR systems for stationary natural gas fueled engines showed that NSCR systems were unable to consistently control the exhaust emissions level below the compliance limits. Modeling of NSCR components to better understand, and then exploit, the underlying physical processes that occur in the lambda sensor and the catalyst media is now considered an essential step toward improving NSCR system performance. This report focuses on modeling the lambda sensor that provides feedback to the air-to-fuel ratio controller. Correct interpretation of the sensor output signal is necessary to achieve consistently low emissions level. The goal of this modeling study is to improve the understanding of the physical processes that occur within the sensor, investigate the cross-sensitivity of various exhaust gas species on the sensor performance, and finally this model serves as a tool to improve NSCR control strategies. This model simulates the output from a planar switch type lambda sensor. The model consists of three modules. The first module models the multi-component mass transport through the sensor protective layer. The second module includes all the surface catalytic reactions that take place on the sensor platinum electrodes. The third module is responsible for simulating the reactions that occur on the electrolyte material and determine the sensor output voltage.

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Willson. L51709 Development-Test Electronic Gas Admission for Large Bore Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010114.

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The pipeline industry uses over 8,000 large bore engines in gas transmission/compression service". These engines are typically gas fueled and spark ignited. Some early versions of the engines are piston scavenged, but most are turbocharged. Some models, especially those equipped for lean burn operation, utilize pre-combustion chambers for enhanced ignition. Typically, the gaseous fuel is admitted directly into the top of the engine combustion chamber by a cam-operated, mechanical gas admission valve (MGAV). The MGAV is operated by an engine driven cam, cam follower, push rod, and rocker assembly. Such mechanisms offer little in the way of adjustability of the gas admission event: the ability to change the start of gas admission (SOA) and end of gas admission (EOA). The gas admission system is generally optimized for a particular mode of engine operation, typically rated speed and full load, and is fixed in that state. Desired changes in the gas admission cycle are not easily accomplished. At the same time, however, undesired changes commonly occur due to wear, failure, and mis-adjustment of the MGAV drive train. This report documents the development of a natural gas-fueled large-bore engine test bed (LBET) at Colorado State University and the subsequent test of an electronic gas admissions valve (EGAV) with in-cylinder pressure feedback. The LBET is now a state-of-the-art natural gas-fueled test facility. It will be open for use in late 1994 or early 1995 to all parties interested in testing equipment that might lead to safer, more economical and cleaner burning gas fueled engines. The EGAV tests were successful. The valve allows for precise control of fuel admission and end of admission timing. This results in the engine running in a real-time balance condition. Laboratory tests showed a 30% reduction of hydrocarbons and nitrous oxides reductions with a 2% reduction in fuel consumption. Field testing will continue in 1995 prior to commercialization.

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Olsen, Daniel, and Azer Yalin. L52360 NOx Reduction Through Improved Precombustion Chamber Design. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011536.

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several objectives were Several objectives were completed. First, a literature review was performed to assess the current technological state of prechambers. This includes state of the art design, reliability surveys, and proven prechamber design criteria. This is an enabling tool for developing new prechamber concepts for year 2 of the project. The prioritized concepts are (in order): - Improved prechamber geometry - apply high speed engine prechamber design and scale up for large bore engines. - Adiabatic prechamber - traditional prechamber will ceramic lining to reduce heat transfer to the prechamber cooling jacket - Natural Gas Reforming - reform prechamber natural gas (roughly 3% of total engine fueling) into CO and hydrogen for low emission, high flame speed ignition. - Micro Prechamber Geometry - non-fueled and fueled micro prechambers for igniting lean engine mixtures with low NOx contribution on engine out emissions (2 concepts). - Develop diagnostic tools to evaluate the performance of prechamber concepts. The tools developed were combustion visualization utilizing high speed cameras, heat release analysis, and spectroscopy.

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Effect of Spark Discharge Duration and Timing on the Combustion Initiation in a Lean Burn SI Engine. SAE International, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0478.

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Meeting the increasingly stringent emission and fuel efficiency standards is the primary objective of the automotive research. Lean/diluted combustion is a promising avenue to realize high-efficiency combustion and reduce emissions in SI engines. Under the diluted conditions, the flame propagation speed is reduced because of the reduced charge reactivity. Enhancing the in-cylinder charge motion and turbulence, and thereby increasing the flame speed, is a possible way to harness the combustion process in SI engines. However, the charge motion can have a significant effect on the spark ignition process because of the reduced discharge duration and frequent restrikes. A longer discharge duration can aid in the formation of the self-sustained flame kernel and subsequent stable ignition. Therefore, an empirical study is undertaken to investigate the effect of the discharge duration and ignition timing on the ignition and early combustion in a port fueled SI engine, operated under lean conditions. The discharge duration is modulated from 1 ms to 8 ms through a continuous discharge strategy. The discharge current and voltage measurements are recorded during the engine operation to characterize the discharge process. The in-cylinder charge is diluted using fresh air to achieve lean combustion. The in-cylinder pressure measurement and heat release analysis are used to investigate the ignition and combustion characteristics of the engine. Preliminary results indicate that while the discharge duration has a marginal effect on the ignition delay, cyclic variations are notably impacted.

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