Journal articles: 'Hydrogen fuel blends'

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Ozgur, Tayfun, Erdi Tosun, Ceyla Ozgur, Gökhan Tuccar, and Kadir Aydın. "Numerical Studies of Engine Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Hydrogen Blends." Advanced Materials Research 1016 (August 2014): 582–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1016.582.

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In this study the performance, exhaust emission characteristics and combustion process of the engine fueled with hydrogen-diesel blends were compared to diesel fuel. Hydrogen was blended with diesel fuel at the volumetric ratios of 5%, 10% and 20%. AVL BOOST software was dedicated to simulate the performance and emission values for various blends of hydrogen with diesel fuel. The simulation results showed that hydrogen addition to diesel fuel improve both engine performance and exhaust emmisions.

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Lanotte, Alfredo, Vincenzo De Bellis, and Enrica Malfi. "Potential of hydrogen addition to natural gas or ammonia as a solution towards low- or zero-carbon fuel for the supply of a small turbocharged SI engine." E3S Web of Conferences 312 (2021): 07022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131207022.

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Nowadays there is an increasing interest in carbon-free fuels such as ammonia and hydrogen. Those fuels, on one hand, allow to drastically reduce CO2 emissions, helping to comply with the increasingly stringent emission regulations, and, on the other hand, could lead to possible advantages in performances if blended with conventional fuels. In this regard, this work focuses on the 1D numerical study of an internal combustion engine supplied with different fuels: pure gasoline, and blends of methane-hydrogen and ammonia-hydrogen. The analyses are carried out with reference to a downsized turbocharged two-cylinder engine working in an operating point representative of engine operations along WLTC, namely 1800 rpm and 9.4 bar of BMEP. To evaluate the potential of methane-hydrogen and ammonia-hydrogen blends, a parametric study is performed. The varied parameters are air/fuel proportions (from 1 up to 2) and the hydrogen fraction over the total fuel. Hydrogen volume percentages up to 60% are considered both in the case of methane-hydrogen and ammonia-hydrogen blends. Model predictive capabilities are enhanced through a refined treatment of the laminar flame speed and chemistry of the end gas to improve the description of the combustion process and knock phenomenon, respectively. After the model validation under pure gasoline supply, numerical analyses allowed to estimate the benefits and drawbacks of considered alternative fuels in terms of efficiency, carbon monoxide, and pollutant emissions.

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Itodo, Isaac N., Rimamnuskep Stephen, and Theresa K. Kaankuka. "Properties and Emissions from Diesel Blended with Spent Groundnut Oil Methyl Ester as Fuel in aCompression Ignition Engine." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, no. 6 (2019): 1057–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13458.

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Abstract. Cheap renewable fuels are needed to replace fossil fuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that are causing global warming with the attendant negative consequences. The properties of blends of spent groundnut oil methyl ester (SGOME) and fossil diesel and the emissions from these blends as engine fuel were determined. Spent groundnut oil (SGO) was transesterified into SGOME using methanol and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The SGOME was blended with fossil diesel and the properties determined and compared to fossil diesel (B0). The pure SGOME (B100) was blended with 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, and 50% diesel to obtain the B10, B20, B30, B40, and B50 blends of biodiesel, respectively. The properties of the SGOME and the blends were determined according to ASTM and AOCS standards for biodiesel. The properties determined were flash point, carbon residue after combustion, pour and cloud points, kinematic and dynamic viscosities. The blends were used as fuel in a single cylinder 4-stroke water-cooled compression ignition engine that was coupled to a dynamometer from which the tail pipe emissions were measured using gas analyzers. The emissions were measured after the engine had reached a steady state at no load (0 kW) and 1 kW at 3 min interval for 15 min for each blend in 3 replicates. The greenhouse gas emissions measured were nitrogen oxide (NOx),hydrogen sulphide (H2S), particulate matter (PM), sulphur dioxide(SO2),and carbon monoxide (CO). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p = 0.05 was used to determine if there was significant difference in the amount of gas emitted from the various blend fuels. The F-LSD was used to separate the means where there was significant difference. The higher blends of the SGOME had better flash point, pour point, and dynamic viscosity than the lower blends. However, the lower blends had better cloud point. The carbon residue after combustion of the SGOME blends was better than that of the fossil diesel. The NOx, PM, SO2, and CO emissions were significantly different from the various blends of the SGOME. However, the H2S emission was not significantly different. Loading the engine did not significantly affect the NOx, H2S, SO2, and CO emissions but significantly affected the PM emission. The PM, CO, and SO2 emissions were highest from the fossil diesel and the lower blends (B10, B20, and B30) and lowest from the higher blends (B40, B50, and B100) at both engine loads. The NOx emission was lowest from the fossil diesel and the lower blends. The use of B20 increased the NOx emission by 10% at both engine loads. The H2S emission was the same for the fossil diesel, pure SGOME (B100), and the blends (B10–B50) at both engine loads. The SGOME fuel reduced tail pipe emission of PM, CO, and SO2 by 26%, 45%, and 78%, respectively. The higher blends had a considerably lower amount of toxic emissions at both engine loads. Keywords: Blends, Diesel, Emissions, Engine, Fuel, Properties, Spent groundnut oil methyl ester.

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Rahman, Abdul, Asnawi Asnawi, Reza Putra, Hagi Radian, and Tri Waluyo. "The Effect of Hydrogen Enrichment on The Exhaust Emission Characteristic in A Spark Ignition Engine Fueled by Gasoline-Bioethanol Blends." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Information Technology 2, no. 2 (December 19, 2021): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52088/ijesty.v2i2.234.

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Bioethanol characteristics can be used as an alternative fuel to spark-ignition (SI) engines to reduce emissions. This experiment evaluates the production of emissions for SI engines using hydrogen enrichment in the gasoline-bioethanol fuel blends. The fraction of bioethanol fuel blend was added to the gasoline fuel of 10% by volume and hydrogen fuel produced by the electrolysis process with a dry cell electrolyzer. The NaOH was used as an electrolyte which is dissolved in water of 5% by a mass fraction. The test is conducted using a single-cylinder 155cc gasoline engine with sensors and an interface connected to a computer to control loading and record all sensor variables in real-time. Hydrogen produced from the electrolysis reactor is injected through the intake manifold using two injectors, hydrogen injected simultaneously at a specific time with a gasoline-bioethanol fuel. The test was conducted with variations of engine speeds. The emission product of ethanol--H2 (BE10+H2) was an excellent candidate as a new alternative of fuel solution in the future. The engasolinerichment of hydrogen increased the flame speed and generated a stable combustion reaction. The hydrogen enrichment produced CO2 emission due to the unavailability of carbon content in hydrogen fuel. As a result, the C/H ratio is lower than for mixed fuels.

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Udya Sri, K., B. S. N. Murthy, and N. Mohan Rao. "Experimental study of VCR engine performance analysis using python module." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012179.

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Abstract Petroleum is non-renewable supply of energy and also the diminution of natural fuel resources, leads to explore for various fuels for cars. The critical search for various fuels for compression ignition engines has been paying interest on fuels obtained from hydrogen and linseed oil plays a significant role in alternate fuel for C.I Engines. The aim of this research effort is to appraise the property of Linseed oil and Hydrogen as dual blend recital on a variable Compression ratio diesel engine. This really provides the discharge individualism of linseed oil amalgamated with gas and its blends with diesel and are taken up for study. Vertical, 4-stroke, water cooled VCR engine with Linseed oil blends for a extensive series of engine load conditions such as Diesel, B10, B20, B40 along with 5lpm, 10lpm and 15lpm of hydrogen were performed. The brake thermal competence of B20 is found nearly closer to diesel fuel with minimum vibrations and less emissions of CO, hydro carbons HC and slight increase in NOx when compared to fossil fuels. During the experiments, vibrations, performance uniqueness of the test engine was analysed and compared with the precise VCR diesel vibrations, fuel performance. The results obtained by using Python module and the best suited code is derived and found that the combined increase of compression ratio and injecting timing increases the brake thermal efficiency and reduces specific fuel consumption. This module helps and reduces each load variations and performances compared tp experimental. Diesel (25%) saved, will greatly meet the demand of fuel in automobiles.

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Karmann, Stephan, Stefan Eicheldinger, Maximilian Prager, and Georg Wachtmeister. "Optical and thermodynamic investigations of a methane and hydrogen blend fueled large bore engine." International Journal of Engine Research 23, no. 5 (January 3, 2022): 846–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14680874211066735.

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The following paper presents thermodynamic and optical investigations of the natural flame and OH radical chemiluminescence of a hydrogen enriched methane combustion compared to natural gas combustion. The engine under investigation is a port-fueled unscavenged prechamber 4.8 L single cylinder large bore engine. The blends under consideration are 2%V, 5%V,10%V, and 40%V of hydrogen expected to be blended within existing natural gas grids in a short and mid-term timeline in order to store green energy from solar and wind. These fuel blends could be used for stabilization of the energy supply by reconverting the renewable fuel CH4/H2 in combined heat and power plants. As expected, admixture of hydrogen extends the ignition limits of the fuel mixture toward lean ranges up to an air-fuel equivalence ratio of almost 2. No negative effect on combustion is observed up to an admixture of 40%V hydrogen. At 40%V hydrogen, abnormal combustion like backfire occurs at an air-fuel equivalence ratio of 1.5. The higher mixtures exhibit increased nitrogen oxide emissions due to higher combustion chamber temperatures, while methane slip and CO emissions are reduced due to more complete combustion. The optical investigation of the natural flame and OH radical chemiluminescence are in good agreement with the thermodynamic results verifying the more intense combustion of the fuel blends by means of the chemiluminescence intensity. Further, lube oil combustion and a continuing luminescence after the thermodynamic end of combustion are observed.

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K., Udaya Sri, B. S. N. Murthy, and N. Mohan Rao. "Monitoring Exhaust Emissions of A Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fueled With Linseed Oil Biodiesel - Hydrogen Dual Fuel." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 6 (April 30, 2021): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.f8765.0410621.

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This study presents an experimental and analytical investigation on the effects of using methyl ester of linseed oil (MELO)-diesel blend of B10, B20, and B30 with hydrogen injection of 5%, 10%, and 15% in a VCR (Variable Compression Ratio) diesel engine, operated with the compression ratios (CRs) of 15, 16, 17, and 18 on DFM (duel fuel mode). This study also gives emphasis on the optimized emissions of CO, CO2 , NO, and smoke, when the engine was operated with MELO-diesel blends, and hydrogen injections with the variation in engine load, crank angle (CA), using response surface methodology (RSM) with the help of MINITAB programming. During the analysis it was observed that the emissions of CO, CO2 , O2 , NO, and smoke were found to be a function of biodiesel blends, compression ratios, load, and percentage of hydrogen injection. The research results report that, the dual fuel mode of diesel MELO 20% blend with hydrogen injection of about 10% gave optimized results in terms of performance and exhaust emissions, while the optimized CR was 17. The engine was smoothly operated with B20-H10-CR17 over lower emissions compared to diesel, throughout the load spectrum.

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Mosisa Wako, Fekadu, Gianmaria Pio, and Ernesto Salzano. "The Effect of Hydrogen Addition on Low-Temperature Combustion of Light Hydrocarbons and Alcohols." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 25, 2020): 3808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153808.

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Hydrogen is largely considered as an attractive additive fuel for hydrocarbons and alcohol-fueled engines. Nevertheless, a complete understanding of the interactions between blended fuel mechanisms under oxidative conditions at low initial temperature is still lacking. This study is devoted to the numerical investigation of the laminar burning velocity of hydrogen–hydrocarbon and hydrogen–alcohol fuels under several compositions. Estimations were compared with experimental data reported in the current literature. Additionally, the effects of hydrogen addition on engine performance, NOX, and other pollutant emissions of the mentioned fuels have been thermodynamically analyzed. From the study, it has been observed that the laminar burning velocity of the fuel mixtures increased with increasing hydrogen fractions and the peak value shifted to richer conditions. Besides, hydrogen fraction was found to increase the adiabatic flame temperatures eventually favoring the NOX formation for all fuel blends except the acetylene–hydrogen–air mixture where hydrogen showed a reverse effect. Besides, hydrogen is also found to improve the engine performances and helps to surge thermal efficiency, improve the combustion rate, and lessen other pollutant emissions such as CO, CO2, and unburned hydrocarbons. The model predicted well and in good agreement with the experimental data reported in the recent literature.

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Amaludin, N. A., M. Morrow, R. Woolley, and A. E. Amaludin. "Methane hydrogen laminar burning velocity blending laws in horizontal open-ended flame tube rig." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1217, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1217/1/012013.

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Abstract Different fuel properties and chemical kinetics of two different fuels would make it challenging to predict the combustion parameters of a binary fuel. Understanding the effect of blending methane and hydrogen gas is the main focus of this paper. Utilizing a horizontal tube combustion rig, methane-hydrogen fuel blends were created using blending laws from past literature, over a range of equivalence ratios from 0.6 – 1.2 were studied, while keeping one combustion parameter constant, the theoretical laminar burning velocity. The selected theoretical laminar burning velocity for all the mixtures tested were kept constant at 0.6 ms−1. Different factors affected the flame propagation across the tube, including acoustic pressure oscillations, heat loss from the rig, and obvious difference in hydrogen percentage in the fuel blends. The average experimental laminar burning velocity of all the flames was 0.368 ms−1, compared to the expected value of 0.6 ms−1. In an attempt to keep the theoretical laminar burning velocity constant for different mixtures, it was discovered that this did not promise the same flame propagation behaviour for the tested mixtures. Further experimentation and analysis are required in order to better understand the underlying interaction of the fuel blends.

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Kindra, Vladimir, Nikolay Rogalev, Andrey Rogalev, Olga Zlyvko, and Maksim Oparin. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Binary and Trinary Power Cycles Fueled with Methane–Hydrogen Blends." Inventions 7, no. 3 (August 30, 2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions7030073.

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The development of hydrogen energetics is a possible way to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere in the production of electricity. Its implementation requires the introduction of energy facilities capable of operating on environmentally safe fuel. At the same time, from a technological point of view, it is easier to implement a gradual shift to the use of hydrogen in power plants by burning methane–hydrogen blends. This paper presents the results of thermodynamic studies of the influence of the chemical composition of the methane–hydrogen blend on the performance of binary and trinary power units. It is shown that an increase in the hydrogen volume fraction in the fuel blend from 0 to 80% leads to a decrease in the Wobbe index by 16% and an increase in the power plant auxiliaries by almost 3.5 times. The use of a trinary CCGT unit with a single-circuit WHB and working fluid water condensation makes it possible to increase the net efficiency by 0.74% compared to a binary CCGT with a double-circuit WHB and a condensate gas heater.

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Deva, Dinesh. "Combustion and Emission Study of Ethanol Blended Fuels in IC Engines." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 1050–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41441.

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Abstract: As the most attractive heat engines, internal combustion engines are widely applied for various applications worldwide. These engines convert the chemical energy of the fuel to mechanical energy by the combustion phenomenon, which causes fuel to burn through fuel-air interaction and produce exhaust emissions. Spark ignition and compression ignition are two main categories of these engines differing in combustion mechanism. The conventional fuels of the noted engines are gasoline and diesel. With the population increase and the industrialization of societies, the use of internal combustion engines has become dramatically greater, causing several problems. Air pollution resulting from fuel combustion could be stated as one of the challenges that leads to the temperature rise of the earth and climate changes. The other problem is limited fossil fuels consumed by these engines. Additionally, health issues can be threatened by polluted air. Hence, renewable fuels were introduced as a vital key to overcome the obstacles. Biogas, liquefied petroleum gas, hydrogen, and alcohol are of well-known eco-friendly fuels. Among them, alcohol has drawn extensive attention due to its specific physical and chemical properties. Ethanol as alcohol with a high octane number, oxygen content, and low carbon to hydrogen ratio is a proper candidate to be used as an alternative fuel in internal combustion engines. Herein, the effect of ethanol on combustion and emission procedures is briefly reviewed. Moreover, the ethanol blends' effectiveness as a renewable fuel internal combustion engine is discussed. Furthermore, the measure of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen emissions is compared with the values created by pure gasoline/diesel combustion to analyze the emissions produced as pollution using ethanol blends. Keywords: Internal Combustion Engine, Combustion, Emission, Renewable Fuel, Ethanol Blend

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Abdulsada, Mohammed H. "Using Hydrogen Blends as Fuel in a Swirl Burner." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 870 (July 18, 2020): 012154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/870/1/012154.

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Gunasekar, P., S. Manigandan, Venkatesh S., R. Gokulnath, Rakesh Vimal, and P. Boomadevi. "Effect of hydrogen addition on exergetic performance of gas turbine engine." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 2 (October 26, 2019): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-05-2019-0095.

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Purpose The depletion of fossil fuel and emissions of harmful gases forced the pioneers in search of alternate energy source. The purpose of this study is to present an effective use of hydrogen fuel for turbojet engines based on its exergetic performance. Design/methodology/approach This study was performed to measure the assessment of exergetic data of turbojet engines. Initially, the test was carried out on the Jet A-1 fuel. Then, a series of similar tests were carried out on turbojet engines with hydrogen fuel to measure their performance results. Finally, the exergetic values of both were compared with each other. Findings The introduction of hydrogen fuel reduced the exergy efficiency, and a 10 per cent reduction was observed in exergy efficiency. Simultaneously, the waste exergy rate increased by 9 per cent. However, because of the high specific fuel exergy, hydrogen fuel was better than Jet A-1 fuel. Note that parameters such as environmental effect factor and ecological effect witnessed an increase in their index owing to the addition of hydrogen. Practical implications Introduction of alternative blends is necessary for achieving lower emission of gases such as CO, NOx and CO2 from gas turbine engines without compromising on performance. The Jet A fuels were replaced by blends to obtain better emission characteristics. Originality/value The use of hydrogen in turbojet engines showed an adverse effect on exergetic performance. However, it was very impressive to see a 200 per cent reduction in emissions. From the comparison of exergy efficiency results of inlet, combustion and nozzle, it is evident that the combustion chamber has the largest values of exergy ratio, waste exergy ratio, cost flow, ecological factor, environmental factor and fuel ratio owing to irreversibility in the combustion process.

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Ambrozik, Andrzej, Tomasz Ambrozik, Dariusz Kurczyński, Piotr Łagowski, and Edward Trzensik. "Cylinder Pressure Patterns in the SI Engine Fuelled by Methane and by Methane and Hydrogen Blends." Solid State Phenomena 210 (October 2013): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.210.40.

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nternal combustion engine has been in existence for a long time, but it is still in the scope of research interests and is contained in the subject matter of numerous development studies and analyses. The paper presents basic goals of research into combustion engines. A short characteristics of piston combustion engine as an object of control and adjustment was provided. It was indicated that measurements of the working medium cylinder pressure patterns could be applied to control the performance of the engine, especially the multi-fuel one. The paper presents the results of measurements of the working medium pressure patterns in the cylinder of 1.6 dm3X16SZR engine of Opel Astra car, which was fuelled by petrol, methane, and also by methane and hydrogen blends. Substantial differences in the cylinder pressure patterns were found for the engine running on alternative fuels and on conventional fuel. An increase in the hydrogen content in the blend resulted in an increase in the maximum pressures in the engine cylinder and improvements of indicated parameters when compared with the parameters determined for the engine fuelled by pure methane.

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Zhang, Bo, Lei Pang, and Yuan Gao. "Detonation limits in binary fuel blends of methane/hydrogen mixtures." Fuel 168 (March 2016): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.073.

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Schifter, Isaac, Uriel Gonzalez, Luis Díaz, Isidro Mejía-Centeno, and Carmen Gonzalez-Macias. "Performance and emissions of gasoline–dual alcohol blends in spark-ignited single cylinder engine." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 9 (January 17, 2017): 941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416689173.

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Three alcohols (ethanol, methanol and isobutanol), two ethers (ethyl tert-butyl ether and methyl tert-butyl ether) and dimethyl carbonate were blended in a base fuel at 3.5 wt % oxygen. Two of the fuels were dual alcohol–gasoline blends with methanol/ethanol and methanol/isobutanol having the same added volume of each alcohol. The performance was analyzed on a single spark-ignited engine. Emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide were monitored online. The dual-alcohol blends present higher cooling effect, power and thermal efficiency as well as low combustion cyclic dispersion and fast combustion. Combustion effects due to the addition of oxygenates can be attributed to base gasoline dilution, for a given oxygen content. Also, dilution increases the hydrogen proportion, and this seems to have a strong relationship with the observed increases in combustion duration.

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Wongkhorsub, Chonlakarn, Wantana Chaowasin, and Kampanart Theinnoi. "Experimental Evaluation of Performance and Combustion Characteristics of Blended Plastic Pyrolysis Oil in Enhanced Diesel Engine." Energies 15, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 9115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239115.

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Plastic waste is the largest volume of waste and the most discarded, and it has a direct negative impact on the environment. Therefore, the pyrolysis oil process is an essential and sustainable solution to reduce plastic waste accumulation. However, the plastic pyrolysis fuel performance in diesel engines is reduced due to its lower cetane number. Diesel and pyrolysis oil were blended in ratios of 90:10 (BP10), 80:20 (BP20), 70:30 (BP30), 60:40 (BP40), and 50:50 (BP50) and applied in a single-cylinder diesel engine to investigate the engine performance and exhaust emission. The long ignition delay, thermal efficiency drops, and emission growth were found regarding the higher blended fuel ratios. BP30 was selected to evaluate the performance and combustion characteristics of blended plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel fuel blends by enhancing an unmodified engine using low hydrogen additions (1000 ppm) and advanced timing adjustment. The hydrogen injected into the intake manifold, along with the advanced fuel injection timing (−16.5 CA°BTDC), affected engine performance and emissions (CO, HC, and NO) at 1500 rpm under 25%, 50%, and 75% of the maximum load compared with diesel fuel. The results showed that the hydrogen addition was very positive for both engine performance and emission reduction, as the expanded flammability of the hydrogen promoted a wide range of combustion within the cylinder, whereas the advanced injection timing achieved improved engine performance but produced higher emissions compared to B7 at all engine loads.

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Vadivelu, Thanigaivelan, Lavanya Ramanujam, Rajesh Ravi, Shivaprasad K. Vijayalakshmi, and Manoranjitham Ezhilchandran. "An Exploratory Study of Direct Injection (DI) Diesel Engine Performance Using CNSL—Ethanol Biodiesel Blends with Hydrogen." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010415.

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The emissions from direct injection (DI) diesel engines remain a serious setback from the viewpoint of environmental pollution, especially for those who have been persuaded to use biofuel as an alternative fuel. The main drawbacks of using biofuels and their mixtures in DI diesel engines are increased emissions and decreased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) compared to using neat diesel fuel. The current study analyses the biodiesel made from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) using a single-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine to validate the engine’s performance and discharge characteristics. In addition to the improved CNSL and a twin-fuel engine that runs on hydrogen, ethanol was added to the fuel at rates of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The investigation was conducted using a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine at steady-state settings, above the sustained engine speed (1500 RPM). Several performance parameters and pollutant emissions, such as hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOX) were tracked during this study. According to the experimental findings, the biodiesel mixture’s brake heat was reduced by 26.79% in comparison to the diesel fuel. The brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) declined with the addition of hydrogen to the CNSL mixture. An increase in the BTE with increasing concentrations of hydrogen in the CNSL fuel blend was observed. The best blends of ethanol and CNSL–hydrogen perceptibly increased the exhaust gas temperature and NOX emissions, while also producing the fewest HC and CO emissions. The current research acts as a novel paradigm that makes it possible to comprehend the exergy related to mass or energy exchanges as a by-product of thermodynamic quality and quantity.

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Makaryan, Iren A., Igor V. Sedov, Eugene A. Salgansky, Artem V. Arutyunov, and Vladimir S. Arutyunov. "A Comprehensive Review on the Prospects of Using Hydrogen–Methane Blends: Challenges and Opportunities." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 20, 2022): 2265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062265.

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An analysis of the literature data indicates a wide front of research and development in the field of the use of methane–hydrogen mixtures as a promising environmentally friendly low-carbon fuel. The conclusion of most works shows that the use of methane–hydrogen mixtures in internal combustion engines improves their performance and emission characteristics. The most important aspect is the concentration of hydrogen in the fuel mixture, which affects the combustion process of the fuel and determines the optimal operating conditions of the engine. When using methane–hydrogen mixtures with low hydrogen content, the safety measures and risks are similar to those that exist when working with natural gas. Serious logistical problems are associated with the difficulties of using the existing gas distribution infrastructure for transporting methane–hydrogen mixtures. It is possible that, despite the need for huge investments, it will be necessary to create a new infrastructure for the production, storage and transportation of hydrogen and its mixtures with natural gas. Further research is needed on the compatibility of pipeline materials with hydrogen and methane–hydrogen mixtures, safety conditions for the operation of equipment operating with hydrogen or methane–hydrogen mixtures, as well as the economic and environmental feasibility of using these energy carriers.

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Nicolai, H., L. Dressler, J. Janicka, and C. Hasse. "Assessing the importance of differential diffusion in stratified hydrogen–methane flames using extended flamelet tabulation approaches." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 8 (August 2022): 085118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0102675.

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Taking into account detailed chemical kinetics and therefore allowing for a detailed representation of the flame's microstructure at reduced computational cost make flamelet-based tabulation approaches such as the flamelet-generated manifold (FGM) a commonly used method for turbulent combustion simulations. However, there has been little focus on analyzing such models for fuel blends, including hydrogen. One reason for that is the challenging inclusion of differential diffusion effects into FGM, which may become crucial for highly diffusive fuels such as hydrogen. This paper presents an extension of the FGM approach that takes into account differential diffusion to assess the importance of differential diffusion for methane hydrogen blends. To this end, an extended model containing five controlling variables can be derived. However, the high correlation of certain controlling variables and the number of control variables could be reduced to three controlling variables in this study. These models are coupled to the artificially thickened flame (ATF) approach to facilitate large-eddy simulations (LESs). To ensure the consistency of the coupling between FGM and ATF when differential diffusion is considered, the model is thoroughly verified and validated using freely propagating and stratified laminar one-dimensional flames. Finally, simulations of the turbulent premixed stratified burner operated with a hydrogen methane blend are performed. The validation of the modeling framework is performed by comparing the simulation results to extensive experimental data, allowing an in-depth analysis of the macro- and microstructure of the flame.

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Buczyński, Rafał, Ilona Uryga-Bugajska, and Mieszko Tokarski. "Recent advances in low-gradient combustion modelling of hydrogen fuel blends." Fuel 328 (November 2022): 125265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125265.

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Xiao, Hua, Agustin Valera-Medina, and Philip J. Bowen. "Modeling Combustion of Ammonia/Hydrogen Fuel Blends under Gas Turbine Conditions." Energy & Fuels 31, no. 8 (July 26, 2017): 8631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b00709.

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Eckart, S., C. Penke, S. Voss, and H. Krause. "Laminar burning velocities of low calorific and hydrogen containing fuel blends." Energy Procedia 120 (August 2017): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.148.

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Gheorghe, D., D. Tutunea, M. Bică, A. Gruia, and M. Calbureanu. "A review of hydrogen/diesel fuel blends in internal combustion engines." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 595 (September 20, 2019): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/595/1/012033.

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Shamshin, Igor O., Maxim V. Kazachenko, Sergey M. Frolov, and Valentin Y. Basevich. "Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition in Stochiometric Propane–Hydrogen–Air Mixtures." Fuels 3, no. 4 (November 14, 2022): 667–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels3040040.

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Hydrocarbon–hydrogen blends are often considered as perspective environmentally friendly fuels for power plants, piston engines, heating appliances, home stoves, etc. However, the addition of hydrogen to a hydrocarbon fuel poses a potential risk of accidental explosion due to the high reactivity of hydrogen. In this manuscript, the detonability of stoichiometric C3H8–H2–air mixtures is studied experimentally in terms of the run-up time and distance of deflagration to detonation transition (DDT). The hydrogen volume fraction in the mixtures varied from 0 to 1. Three different configurations of detonation tubes were used to ensure the DDT in the mixtures of the various compositions. The measured dependences of the DDT run-up time and distance on the hydrogen volume fraction were found to be nonlinear and, in some cases, nonmonotonic with local maxima. Blended fuel detonability is shown to increase sharply only at a relatively large hydrogen volume fraction (above 70%), i.e., the addition of hydrogen to propane in amounts less than 70% vol. does not affect the detonability of the blended fuel significantly. The observed nonlinear/nonmonotonic dependences are shown to be the manifestation of the physicochemical properties of hydrogen-containing mixtures. An increase in the hydrogen volume fraction is accompanied by effects leading to both an increase and a decrease in mixture sensitivity to the DDT. Thus, on the one hand, the increase in the hydrogen volume fraction increases the mixture sensitivity to DDT due to an increase in the laminar flame velocity and a decrease in the self-ignition delay at isotherms above 1000 K and pressures relevant to DDT. On the other hand, the mixture sensitivity to DDT decreases due to the increase in the speed of sound in the hydrogen-containing mixture, thus leading to a decrease in the Mach number of the lead shock wave propagating ahead of the flame, and to a corresponding increase in the self-ignition delay. Moreover, for C3H8–H2–air mixtures at isotherms below 1000 K and pressures relevant to DDT, the self-ignition delay increases with hydrogen volume fraction.

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Xiao, Hua, Aiguo Chen, Minghui Zhang, Yanze Guo, and Wenxuan Ying. "Using Ammonia as Future Energy: Modelling of Reaction Mechanism for Ammonia/Hydrogen Blends." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2361, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2361/1/012012.

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To utilize ammonia-based fuels, it is fundamental to understand chemical mechanisms of combustion process, in which reaction characteristics of such a chemical are described in detail. Detailed chemical-kinetics mechanism of ammonia was modelled by an automatic reaction mechanism generation program to investigate characteristics of premixed combustion for ammonia/hydrogen fuel mixture. To develop an accurate model for practical combustion applications, validation of the reaction mechanism was carried out in terms of laminar flame speed under different conditions. Results suggested that the established mechanism model has satisfying performance under different ammonia/hydrogen ratio conditions. Moreover, comparison with other mechanism models demonstrated that the developed model can be used to describe flame propagation of ammonia/hydrogen fuels. Then characteristics of laminar flame speed were predicted under various ammonia concentration and equivalence ratio conditions. Sensitivity analyses showed that ammonia mole fraction has a prominent impact on kinetics of flame speed for ammonia/hydrogen blends. Flame structure analyses showed that hydrogen can enhance ammonia flames with higher light radical concentrations whilst deteriorate NOx emission in exhaust gases.

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Paykani, Amin. "Comparative Study on Chemical Kinetics Mechanisms for Methane-Based Fuel Mixtures under Engine-Relevant Conditions." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 2834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102834.

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The use of natural gas in pure or in a blended form with hydrogen and syngas in spark ignition (SI) engines has received much attention in recent years. They have higher diffusion coefficient and laminar flame speed, a small quenching distance and wider flammability limit which compensate the demerits of the lean-burn natural gas combustion. Therefore, a careful examination of the chemical kinetics of combustion of gaseous fuel blends is of great importance. In this paper, performance of the various chemical kinetics mechanisms is compared against experimental data, accumulated for methane-based fuel blends under engine-relevant conditions to find the most appropriate mechanism in engine simulations. Pure methane, methane/syngas, and methane/propane blends are mainly studied at various temperatures, pressures, and equivalence ratios. The ignition delay time and laminar flame speed are used as quantitative metrics to compare the simulation results with the data from experiments. The mechanisms were shown to be mainly consistent with the experimental data of lean and stoichiometric mixtures at high pressures. It was also shown that the GRI-3.0 and 290Rxn mechanisms have high compatibility with the ignition delay times and laminar flame speed at high pressures and lean conditions, and they can be utilized for simulations of SI engine combustion due to their lower computational cost. The results of present research provide an important contribution to the methane-based fuel blends combustion simulation under SI engine-relevant conditions.

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Gu¨lder, O¨ L., B. Glavincˇevski, and M. F. Baksh. "Fuel Molecular Structure and Flame Temperature Effects on Soot Formation in Gas Turbine Combustors." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 112, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906477.

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A systematic study of soot formation along the centerlines of axisymmetric laminar diffusion flames of a large number of liquid hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon blends, and aviation turbine and diesel fuels was made. Measurements of the attenuation of a laser beam across the flame diameter were used to obtain the soot volume fraction, assuming Rayleigh extinction. Two sets of hydrocarbon blends were designed such that the molecular fuel composition varied considerably but the temperature fields in the flames were kept practically constant. Thus it was possible to separate the effects of molecular structure and the flame temperature on soot formation. It was quantitatively shown that the smoke point height is a lumped measure of fuel molecular constitution. The developed empirical relationship between soot volume fractions and fuel smoke point and hydrogen-to-carbon ratio was applied to five different combustor radiation data, and good agreement was obtained.

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De Simio, Luigi, Sabato Iannaccone, Massimo Masi, and Paolo Gobbato. "Experimental Study and Optimisation of a Non-Conventional Ignition System for Reciprocating Engines Operation with Hydrogen–Methane Blends, Syngas, and Biogas." Energies 15, no. 21 (November 5, 2022): 8270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218270.

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The paper deals with the experimental study of a medium-load spark ignition engine under operation with different fuel mixtures among those deemed as promising for the transition towards carbon-free energy systems. In particular, the performance of a non-conventional ignition system, which permits the variation of the ignition energy, the spark intensity and duration, was studied fuelling the engine with 60–40% hydrogen–methane blends, three real syngas mixtures and one biogas. The paper is aimed to find the optimal ignition timing for minimum specific fuel consumption and the best setup of the ignition system for each of the fuel mixtures considered. To this end, a series of steady-state tests were performed at the dynamometer by varying the parameters of the ignition system and running the engine with surrogate hydrogen–methane–nitrogen mixtures that permit the simulation of hydrogen–methane blends, real syngas, and biogas. The results quantify the increase of spark advance associated with the decrease of the fuel quality and discuss the risk of knock onset during methane–hydrogen operation. It was demonstrated that the change of the ignition system parameters does not affect the value of optimum spark advance and, except for the ignition duration, all the parameters’ values are generally not very relevant at full load operation. In contrast, at partial load operation with low-quality syngas or high exhaust gas recirculation rate, it was found that an increase of the maximum ignition energy (to 300 mJ) allows for operation down to approximately 66% of the maximum load before combustion becomes incomplete. Further reductions, down to 25% of the maximum load, can be achieved by increasing the gap between the spark plug electrodes (from 0.25 to 0.5 mm).

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Chaimanatsakun, Attaphon, Boonlue Sawatmongkhon, Kampanart Theinnoi, and Sak Sittichompoo. "An equilibrium analysis of hydrogen production from ethanol-gasoline fuel blends reforming." Materials Today: Proceedings 52 (2022): 2387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.236.

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Syred, Nicholas, Mohammed Abdulsada, Anthony Griffiths, Tim O’Doherty, and Phil Bowen. "The effect of hydrogen containing fuel blends upon flashback in swirl burners." Applied Energy 89, no. 1 (January 2012): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.01.057.

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Mariani, Valerio, Giorgio La Civita, Leonardo Pulga, Edoardo Ugolini, Emanuele Ghedini, Stefania Falfari, Giulio Cazzoli, Gian Marco Bianchi, and Claudio Forte. "Numerical Evaluation of the Effect of Fuel Blending with CO2 and H2 on the Very Early Corona-Discharge Behavior in Spark Ignited Engines." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041426.

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Reducing green-house gases emission from light-duty vehicles is compulsory in order to slow down the climate change. The application of High Frequency Ignition systems based on the Corona discharge effect has shown the potential to extend the dilution limit of engine operating conditions promoting lower temperatures and faster combustion events, thus, higher thermal and indicating efficiency. Furthermore, predicting the behavior of Corona ignition devices against new sustainable fuel blends, including renewable hydrogen and biogas, is crucial in order to deal with the short-intermediate term fleet electric transition. The numerical evaluation of Corona-induced discharge radius and radical species under those conditions can be helpful in order to capture local effects that could be reached only with complex and expensive optical investigations. Using an extended version of the Corona one-dimensional code previously published by the present authors, the simulation of pure methane and different methane–hydrogen blends, and biogas–hydrogen blends mixed with air was performed. Each mixture was simulated both for 10% recirculated exhaust gas dilution and for its corresponding dilute upper limit, which was estimated by means of chemical kinetics simulations integrated with a custom misfire detection criterion.

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Mathan Raj, V., Chetan Bharadwaj, Yash Mandal, and G. Manikandaraja. "Experimental Study on the effect of Di-Ethyl Carbonate in Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of CI Engine Fueled with Karanja Oil Blended." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012019.

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Abstract In today’s world where the earth chokes on the pollution caused everyday by the human society the need for alternative means of fuels is now more than ever. We need to find alternative fuel sources as soon as possible as the health and environmental problems caused by the fossil fuels, we use on a daily basis now exceed the benefits provided by them. However, fuel sources which are clean in nature such as hydrogen have not been researched thoroughly enough for them to be implemented in practical use and power sources such as electric power though researched thoroughly and in current use cannot be implemented on a larger scale in such a short period of time. Hence biofuels I.e., fuels extracted from feed crops are our best chance to reduce the effect of pollution caused by fossil fuels. Vegetable oils are one such fuel source that can potentially replace the fossil fuels with none or minimal modifications to the existing engines. In this experimental study, performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Karanja oil blends (K-10, K-20, K-30) with mineral diesel and 5%DEC (Di-ethyl carbonate) additive were investigated in a CI engine at different engine loads and constant engine speed. Combustion analysis revealed that the combustion duration increased significantly even with smaller concentration of Karanja oil in the fuel blend.

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Zareei, Javad, H. Yusoff Ali, Shahrir Abdullah, and Wan Mohd Faizal Wan Mahmood. "Comparing the Effects of Hydrogen Addition on Performance and Exhaust Emission in a Spark Ignition Fueled with Gasoline and CNG." Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (April 2012): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.120.

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With the concern of the foreseen reduction in fossil fuel resources and stringent environmental constraints, the demand of improving internal combustion (IC) engine efficiency and emissions has become more and more pressing. Hydrogen has been proved to be a promising renewable energy that can be used on IC engines. In this paper an evaluation and assessment of numerical and experimental investigations on performance and exhaust emission with hydrogen added to a spark ignited gasoline engine fuelled with gasoline and natural gas are performed. The experimental results showed that thermal efficiency, combustion performance, NOx emissions improved with the increase of hydrogen addition level. The HC and CO emissions first decrease with the increasing hydrogen enrichment level, but when hydrogen energy fraction exceeds 12.44%, it begins to increase again at idle and stoichiometric conditions. Numerical results showed that there is an increase in engine efficiency only if Maximum Brake Torque (MBT) spark advance is used for each fuel. Moreover, an economic analysis has been carried out to determine the optimum percentage of hydrogen in such blends, showing percent increments by using these fuels about between 10 and 34%.

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Mahajan, Devinder, Kun Tan, T. Venkatesh, Pradheep Kileti, and Clive R. Clayton. "Hydrogen Blending in Gas Pipeline Networks—A Review." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 13, 2022): 3582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103582.

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Replacing fossil fuels with non-carbon fuels is an important step towards reaching the ultimate goal of carbon neutrality. Instead of moving directly from the current natural gas energy systems to pure hydrogen, an incremental blending of hydrogen with natural gas could provide a seamless transition and minimize disruptions in power and heating source distribution to the public. Academic institutions, industry, and governments globally, are supporting research, development and deployment of hydrogen blending projects such as HyDeploy, GRHYD, THyGA, HyBlend, and others which are all seeking to develop efficient pathways to meet the carbon reduction goal in coming decades. There is an understanding that successful commercialization of hydrogen blending requires both scientific advances and favorable techno-economic analysis. Ongoing studies are focused on understanding how the properties of methane-hydrogen mixtures such as density, viscosity, phase interactions, and energy densities impact large-scale transportation via pipeline networks and end-use applications such as in modified engines, oven burners, boilers, stoves, and fuel cells. The advantages of hydrogen as a non-carbon energy carrier need to be balanced with safety concerns of blended gas during transport, such as overpressure and leakage in pipelines. While studies on the short-term hydrogen embrittlement effect have shown essentially no degradation in the metal tensile strength of pipelines, the long-term hydrogen embrittlement effect on pipelines is still the focus of research in other studies. Furthermore, pressure reduction is one of the drawbacks that hydrogen blending brings to the cost dynamics of blended gas transport. Hence, techno-economic models are also being developed to understand the energy transportation efficiency and to estimate the true cost of delivery of hydrogen blended natural gas as we move to decarbonize our energy systems. This review captures key large-scale efforts around the world that are designed to increase the confidence for a global transition to methane-hydrogen gas blends as a precursor to the adoption of a hydrogen economy by 2050.

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Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Alfredas Rimkus, Mindaugas Melaika, Zenonas Bogdanovičius, and Jonas Matijošius. "NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECTS OF GASOLINE AND HYDROGEN BLENDS ON SI ENGINE COMBUSTION." Agricultural Engineering 46, no. 1 (September 10, 2014): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/ageng.2014.006.

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Even small amount additive (10…15% by volume from whole air amount) of hydrogen (H2) into spark ignition (SI) engines obviously effects ecological parameters and engine efficiency because of H2 exclusive properties. SI engine work process simulation was made using AVL Boost simulation software. Analysis of results showed that engine power depends a lot on H2 supply technique into engine; NOx amount in exhaust gases directly proportional to the amount of H2, however, making mixture leaner up to λ = 1.6, it is possible to reach significant NOx decrease. Increased amount of H2 as an additive in fuel, changes H/C ratio in fuel mixture, also hydrogen improves properties of the mixture (particularly lean) and combustion of hydrocarbons what can be a reason of decreased HC emissions in exhaust gases. Keyword(s): Hydrogen and gasoline mixture, engine efficiency, exhaust gases, nitrous oxides, hydrocarbons, simulation.

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Lopez-Ruiz, Gontzal, Joseba Castresana-Larrauri, and Jesús María Blanco-Ilzarbe. "Thermodynamic Analysis of a Regenerative Brayton Cycle Using H2, CH4 and H2/CH4 Blends as Fuel." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 1508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041508.

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Considering a simple regenerative Brayton cycle, the impact of using different fuel blends containing a variable volumetric percentage of hydrogen in methane was analysed. Due to the potential of hydrogen combustion in gas turbines to reduce the overall CO2 emissions and the dependency on natural gas, further research is needed to understand the impact on the overall thermodynamic cycle. For that purpose, a qualitative thermodynamic analysis was carried out to assess the exergetic and energetic efficiencies of the cycle as well as the irreversibilities associated to a subsystem. A single step reaction was considered in the hypothesis of complete combustion of a generic H2/CH4 mixture, where the volumetric H2 percentage was represented by fH2, which was varied from 0 to 1, defining the amount of hydrogen in the fuel mixture. Energy and entropy balances were solved through the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) code. Results showed that global exergetic and energetic efficiencies increased by 5% and 2%, respectively, varying fH2 from 0 to 1. Higher hydrogen percentages resulted in lower exergy destruction in the chamber despite the higher air-excess levels. It was also observed that higher values of fH2 led to lower fuel mass flow rates in the chamber, showing that hydrogen can still be competitive even though its cost per unit mass is twice that of natural gas.

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38

De Bellis, Vincenzo, Enrica Malfi, Alfredo Lanotte, Massimiliano De Felice, Luigi Teodosio, and Fabio Bozza. "A Tabulated Chemistry Multi-Zone Combustion Model of HCCI Engines Supplied with Pure Fuel and Fuel Blends." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010265.

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Homogeneous charge compression ignition is considered a promising solution to face the increasing regulations imposed by the legislator in the transport sector, thanks to pollutant and CO2 emissions reduction. In this work, a quasi-dimensional multi-zone HCCI model integrated with 1D commercial software is developed and validated. It is based on the control mass Lagrangian approach and computes the mixture chemistry evolution through offline tabulation of chemical kinetics (tabulated kinetic of ignition). Thus, the simulation can predict mixture auto-ignition with reduced computational effort and high accuracy. Multi-zone schematization mimics the typical thermal stratification of HCCI engines, controlling the combustion evolution. The model is coupled to sub-models for pollutant emissions estimation. Initially, the tabulated chemistry approach is validated against a chemical kinetics solver applied to a constant-volume homogeneous reactor, considering various fuel blends. The model is then used to simulate the operations of four engines using different fuels (hydrogen, methane, n-heptane, and n-heptane/toluene/ethanol blend), under various boundary conditions. The model predictivity is demonstrated against pressure traces, heat release rate, and noxious emissions. The numerical results showed to adequately agree with measured counterparts (average relative error of 1.3% on in-cylinder pressure peak, average absolute error of 0.95 CAD on pressure peak angle, average relative error of 8.4% on uHCs emissions, absolute error below 1 ppm on NOx emissions) only adapting the thermal stratification to the engines under study. The methodology proved to be a reliable tool to investigate the operation of an HCCI engine, applicable in the development of new engine architecture.

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Seyam, Shaimaa, Ibrahim Dincer, and Martin Agelin-Chaab. "Analysis of a newly developed locomotive engine employing sustainable fuel blends with hydrogen." Fuel 319 (July 2022): 123748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123748.

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40

Aggarwal, S. K., O. Awomolo, and K. Akber. "Ignition characteristics of heptane–hydrogen and heptane–methane fuel blends at elevated pressures." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36, no. 23 (November 2011): 15392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.08.065.

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Carusotto, Salvatore, Prashant Goel, Mirko Baratta, Daniela Anna Misul, Simone Salvadori, Francesco Cardile, Luca Forno, Marco Toppino, and Massimo Valsania. "Combustion Characterization in a Diffusive Gas Turbine Burner for Hydrogen-Compliant Applications." Energies 15, no. 11 (June 3, 2022): 4117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15114117.

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The target of net-zero emissions set by the 2015 Paris Agreement has strongly commissioned the energy production sector to promote decarbonization, renewable sources exploitation, and systems efficiency. In this framework, the utilization of hydrogen as a long-term energy carrier has great potential. This paper is concerned with the combustion characterization in a non-premixed gas turbine burner, originally designed for natural gas, when it is fed with NG-H2 blends featuring hydrogen content from 0 to 50% in volume. The final aim is to retrofit a 40 MW gas turbine. Starting from the operational data of the engine, a CFD model of the steady-state combustion process has been developed, with reference to the base load NG conditions, by reducing the fuel mass-flow rate by up to 17% to target the baseline turbine inlet temperature. When the fuel is blended with hydrogen, for a given temperature at turbine inlet, an increase in the peak temperature up to 800 K is obtained, if no countermeasures are taken. Furthermore, the flame results are more intense and closer to the injector in the case of hydrogen blending. The results of this work hint at the necessity of carefully analyzing the possible NOx compensation strategies, as well as the increased thermal stresses on the injector.

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Martinez-Boggio, S. D., S. S. Merola, P. Teixeira Lacava, A. Irimescu, and P. L. Curto-Risso. "Effect of Fuel and Air Dilution on Syngas Combustion in an Optical SI Engine." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081566.

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To mitigate the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, energy production processes must change from fossil to renewable resources. Bioenergy utilization from agricultural residues can be a step towards achieving this goal. Syngas (fuel obtained from biomass gasification) has been proved to have the potential of replacing fossil fuels in stationary internal combustion engines (ICEs). The processes associated with switching from traditional fuels to alternatives have always led to intense research efforts in order to have a broad understanding of the behavior of the engine in all operating conditions. In particular, attention needs to be focused on fuels containing relatively high concentrations of hydrogen, due to its faster propagation speed with respect to traditional fossil energy sources. Therefore, a combustion study was performed in a research optical SI engine, for a comparison between a well-established fuel such as methane (the main component of natural gas) and syngas. The main goal of this work is to study the effect of inert gases in the fuel mixture and that of air dilution during lean fuelling. Thus, two pure syngas blends (mixtures of CO and H2) and their respective diluted mixtures (CO and H2 with 50vol% of inert gases, CO2 and N2) were tested in several air-fuel ratios (stoichiometric to lean burn conditions). Initially, the combustion process was studied in detail by traditional thermodynamic analysis and then optical diagnostics were applied thanks to the optical access through the piston crown. Specifically, images were taken in the UV-visible spectrum of the entire cycle to follow the propagation of the flame front. The results show that hydrogen promotes flame propagation and reduces its distortion, as well as resulting in flames evolving closer to the spark plug. All syngas blends show a stable combustion process, even in conditions of high air and fuel dilution. In the leanest case, real syngas mixtures present a decrease in terms of performance due to significant reduction in volumetric efficiency. However, this condition strongly decreases pollutant emissions, with nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentrations almost negligible.

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Sierens, R., and E. Rosseel. "Variable Composition Hydrogen/Natural Gas Mixtures for Increased Engine Efficiency and Decreased Emissions." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 1 (July 5, 1999): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.483191.

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It is well known that adding hydrogen to natural gas extends the lean limit of combustion and that in this way extremely low emission levels can be obtained: even the equivalent zero emission vehicle (EZEV) requirements can be reached. The emissions reduction is especially important at light engine loads. In this paper results are presented for a GM V8 engine. Natural gas, pure hydrogen and different blends of these two fuels have been tested. The fuel supply system used provides natural gas/hydrogen mixtures in variable proportion, regulated independently of the engine operating condition. The influence of the fuel composition on the engine operating characteristics and exhaust emissions has been examined, mainly but not exclusively for 10 and 20 percent hydrogen addition. At least 10 percent hydrogen addition is necessary for a significant improvement in efficiency. Due to the conflicting requirements for low hydrocarbons and low NOx, determining the optimum hythane composition is not straight-forward. For hythane mixtures with a high hydrogen fraction, it is found that a hydrogen content of 80 percent or less guarantees safe engine operation (no backfire nor knock), whatever the air excess factor. It is shown that to obtain maximum engine efficiency for the whole load range while taking low exhaust emissions into account, the mixture composition should be varied with respect to engine load. [S0742-4795(00)02001-9]

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Seyam, Shaimaa, Ibrahim Dincer, and Martin Agelin-Chaab. "An innovative study on a hybridized ship powering system with fuel cells using hydrogen and clean fuel blends." Applied Thermal Engineering 221 (February 2023): 119893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119893.

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Petersen, Eric L., Joel M. Hall, Schuyler D. Smith, Jaap de Vries, Anthony R. Amadio, and Mark W. Crofton. "Ignition of Lean Methane-Based Fuel Blends at Gas Turbine Pressures." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 129, no. 4 (January 2, 2007): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2720543.

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Shock-tube experiments and chemical kinetics modeling were performed to further understand the ignition and oxidation kinetics of lean methane-based fuel blends at gas turbine pressures. Such data are required because the likelihood of gas turbine engines operating on CH4-based fuel blends with significant (>10%) amounts of hydrogen, ethane, and other hydrocarbons is very high. Ignition delay times were obtained behind reflected shock waves for fuel mixtures consisting of CH4, CH4∕H2, CH4∕C2H6, and CH4∕C3H8 in ratios ranging from 90/10% to 60/40%. Lean fuel/air equivalence ratios (ϕ=0.5) were utilized, and the test pressures ranged from 0.54 to 30.0atm. The test temperatures were from 1090K to 2001K. Significant reductions in ignition delay time were seen with the fuel blends relative to the CH4-only mixtures at all conditions. However, the temperature dependence (i.e., activation energy) of the ignition times was little affected by the additives for the range of mixtures and temperatures of this study. In general, the activation energy of ignition for all mixtures except the CH4∕C3H8 one was smaller at temperatures below approximately1300K(∼27kcal∕mol) than at temperatures above this value (∼41kcal∕mol). A methane/hydrocarbon–oxidation chemical kinetics mechanism developed in a recent study was able to reproduce the high-pressure, fuel-lean data for the fuel/air mixtures. The results herein extend the ignition delay time database for lean methane blends to higher pressures (30atm) and lower temperatures (1100K) than considered previously and represent a major step toward understanding the oxidation chemistry of such mixtures at gas turbine pressures. Extrapolation of the results to gas turbine premixer conditions at temperatures less than 800K should be avoided however because the temperature dependence of the ignition time may change dramatically from that obtained herein.

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Tanwar, Manju Dhakad, Felipe Andrade Torres, Ali Mubarak Alqahtani, Pankaj Kumar Tanwar, Yashas Bhand, and Omid Doustdar. "Promising Bioalcohols for Low-Emission Vehicles." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020597.

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In recent decades, many kinds of research have been conducted on alternative fuels for compression ignition (CI) engines. Low/zero-carbon fuels, such as bioalcohols and hydrogen, are the most promising alternative fuels and are extensively studied because of their availability, ease of manufacturing, and environmental benefits. Using these promising fuels in CI engines is environmentally and economically beneficial. The most common alcohols are methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, propanol, butanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, iso-butanol, and pentanol. The primary objective of this review paper is to examine the impact of bioalcohols and their blends with conventional diesel fuel in CI engines since these fuels possess characteristic properties that impact overall engine performance and exhaust emissions. This research also indicated that alcohols and blended fuels could be used as fuels in compression ignition engines. Chemical and physical properties of alcohols were examined, such as lubricity, viscosity, calorific value, and cetane number, and their combustion characteristics in compression ignition engines provide a comprehensive review of their potential biofuels as alternative fuels.

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Medhat, Moataz, Adel Khalil, and Mohamed A. Yehia. "A Numerical Study of Decarbonizing Marine Gas Turbine Emissions Through Ammonia/Hydrogen Fuel Blends." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2304, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2304/1/012008.

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Abstract The employment of gas turbine in combination with diesel engines and steam generators is a well-known power generation technique in modern marines and ship propulsion. Previously, it rendered its foundations in marine industry through higher power weight ratios and lower NOx emissions if compared to pure diesel engine driven marines. As climate change concerns are becoming more serious, the decarbonization of marine combustion products is becoming of environmental concern. In the present study a modified design of the burner and combustor was suggested to allow for the longer residence time required for releasing the combustion products from the ‘slow’ burning ammonia molecule. Afterwards, the more formidable challenge of relatively higher NOx emissions was treated through analysis of the effect of altering the equivalence ratio, hydrogen blending, increasing the combustor working pressure and staging the combustion. The latest tactic resulted in lowering values of exit NOx to around 30 ppmv, which is a quite promising result.

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Barati, Shahrokh, Livio De Santoli, and Gianluigi Lo Basso. "Modeling and Analysis of a Micro Gas Turbine Fuelled with Hydrogen and Natural Gas Blends." E3S Web of Conferences 312 (2021): 08012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131208012.

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This study deals with implementing an analytical model to simulate the energy performance associated with a Micro Gas Turbine when H2NG (Hydrogen Enriched Natural Gas) blends are used as fuel. The experimental campaign validated the simulation results at the actual operating conditions of the Micro Gas Turbine. The experimental campaign for model validation has been carried out over the spring and summer periods. Additionally, the MGT performance has been detected when fuelled H2NG with hydrogen fraction ranges between 0% vol. to 10% vol., with a 2% vol. Step., according to the main findings, the fuel consumption is reduced significantly. Also, heat recovery and electrical reliability improve slightly even though environmental factors influence the system. A numerical model was developed with MATLAB-Simulink to model the operation of the MGT. Thus, the relative standard errors affecting the main output parameters have been determined.

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Leicher, Jörg, Johannes Schaffert, Hristina Cigarida, Eren Tali, Frank Burmeister, Anne Giese, Rolf Albus, et al. "The Impact of Hydrogen Admixture into Natural Gas on Residential and Commercial Gas Appliances." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030777.

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Abstract:

Hydrogen as a carbon-free fuel is commonly expected to play a major role in future energy supply, e.g., as an admixture gas in natural gas grids. Which impacts on residential and commercial gas appliances can be expected due to the significantly different physical and chemical properties of hydrogen-enriched natural gas? This paper analyses and discusses blends of hydrogen and natural gas from the perspective of combustion science. The admixture of hydrogen into natural gas changes the properties of the fuel gas. Depending on the combustion system, burner design and other boundary conditions, these changes may cause higher combustion temperatures and laminar combustion velocities, while changing flame positions and shapes are also to be expected. For appliances that are designed for natural gas, these effects may cause risk of flashback, reduced operational safety, material deterioration, higher nitrogen oxides emissions (NOx), and efficiency losses. Theoretical considerations and first measurements indicate that the effects of hydrogen admixture on combustion temperatures and the laminar combustion velocities are often largely mitigated by a shift towards higher air excess ratios in the absence of combustion control systems, but also that common combustion control technologies may be unable to react properly to the presence of hydrogen in the fuel.

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Dimitrova, Iliana D., Thanos Megaritis, Lionel Christopher Ganippa, and Efstathios-Al Tingas. "Computational analysis of an HCCI engine fuelled with hydrogen/hydrogen peroxide blends." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47, no. 17 (February 2022): 10083–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.01.093.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrogen fuel blends'

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