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Taylor, Russell Alan. "Hydrogen bonding effects in homogeneous catalysis." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500138.
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Tossell, Katie Jayne. "Catalysis of phosphate ester hydrolysis through hydrogen bonding." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578696.
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This thesis describes the investigation of the effect of hydrogen bonding on the rate of phosphoryl transfer in the reaction of diethyl 8-dimethylamino-I-naphthyl phosphate 3 with a nucleophile. The study of the hydrolysis of triester 3 is in the literature; triester 3 is catalysed by the dimethylammonium general acid, with a rate acceleration of almost 106 in comparison to the hydrolysis of diethyl I-naphthyl phosphate. 58 To ascertain whether the reactivity of triester 3 is specific to this system, the methylation of the amine in triester 3 was altered. Triesters diethyl 8- amino-I-naphthyl phosphate 6 and diethyl 8-methyIamino-l-naphthyl phosphate 7 were synthesised and their reaction with water and hydroxylamine was studied. It is concluded that the effect of methylation of the amine on the rate of P-O cleavage in triester 3 is insignificant, and that the hydrogen bond donor ability of the amino proton donor is not an important factor in increasing the rate of P-O cleavage; the energy of triesters 6H+, 7H+ and 3H+ are very similar. The hydrolysis of 8-dimethylamino-l-naphthyl phosphate 5m is also known to exhibit general acid catalysis by the dimethylammonium group." To ascertain whether the effect of methylation of the amine on the rate of p-o cleavage in monoester 5mis also insignificant, the hydrolysis of 8- rnethylamino-I-naphthyl phosphate 27m was studied. It is concluded that methylation of the amino general acid in triester 6H+ and monoester 5m has no significant effect on the rate of phosphoryl transfer, regardless of the different transition states that are formed. By studying the hydrolysis of monoester 36d it is concluded that the reactivity of monoester 5m is also dependent on the proton donor ability of the amino group. The elimination of various functionalised 8-amino-I-tetralone-3-sulfonic acids with hydroxide has been studied. There is a clear difference between the rates of elimination of the tetralones upon varying the proton donor ability of the amino group. No apparent trend relating the rate of elimination to the proton donor ability of the hydrogen bond donor, or to the pKa of the conjugate acid of the tetralones is observed.
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Jones, Christopher Raymond. "Hydrogen bonding : from conformational control to asymmetric catalysis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611778.
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Snowden, Timothy Scott. "Hydrogen bond involvement in carbon acid pKa[subscript] shifts and intramolecular general catalysis /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008444.
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Brown, Christopher John. "Efficient intramolecular general acid catalysis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272266.
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White, M. S. "Reactions and laser activation of carbon acids in hydrogen bonding environments." Thesis, University of York, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372762.
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Pan, Yongping. "Characterization of Low Barrier Hydrogen Bonds in Enzyme Catalysis: an Ab Initio and DFT Investigation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278586/.
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Hartree-Fock, Moller-Plesset, and density functional theory calculations have been carried out using 6-31+G(d), 6-31+G(d,p) and 6-31++G(d,p) basis sets to study the properties of low-barrier or short-strong hydrogen bonds (SSHB) and their potential role in enzyme-catalyzed reactions that involve proton abstraction from a weak carbon-acid by a weak base. Formic acid/formate anion, enol/enolate and other complexes have been chosen to simulate a SSHB system. These complexes have been calculated to form very short, very short hydrogen bonds with a very low barrier for proton transfer from the donor to the acceptor. Two important environmental factors including small amount of solvent molecules that could possibly exist at the active site of an enzyme and the polarity around the active site were simulated to study their energetic and geometrical influences to a SSHB. It was found that microsolvation that improves the matching of pK as of the hydrogen bond donor and acceptor involved in the SSHB will always increase the interaction of the hydrogen bond; microsolvation that disrupts the matching of pKas, on the other hand, will lead to a weaker SSHB. Polarity surrounding the SSHB, simulated by SCRF-SCIPCM model, can significantly reduce the strength and stability of a SSHB. The residual strength of a SSHB is about 10--11 kcal/mol that is still significantly stable compared with a traditional weak hydrogen bond that is only about 3--5 kcal/mol in any cases. These results indicate that SSHB can exist under polar environment. Possible reaction intermediates and transition states for the reaction catalyzed by ketosteroid isomerase were simulated to study the stabilizing effect of a SSHB on intermediates and transition states. It was found that at least one SSHB is formed in each of the simulated intermediate-catalyst complexes, strongly supporting the LBHB mechanism proposed by Cleland and Kreevoy. Computational results on the activation energy for catalyzed and uncatalyzed model reactions shows that strong hydrogen bonding between catalyst and the substrate at the transition state can significantly reduce the activation energy. This implies that LBHBs are possibly playing a crucial role in enzyme catalysis by supplying significant stabilizing energy to the reaction transition state.
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Brown, Adam Ross. "I. Engaging Cationic Intermediates in Asymmetric Catalysis: Enantioselective Reactions of Carbenium Ions and N,N-Dialkyliminium Ions II. Enantioselective Catalysis of the Cope-Type Hydroamination by H-Bond Donors." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11009.
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The research described here explores the ability of dual H-bond donor catalysts to induce asymmetry in a variety of synthetically useful transformations that proceed via diverse reactive intermediates. In Chapters 1-3, we investigate ureas and thioureas as anion-binding catalysts for asymmetric reactions that proceeed via cationic intermediates with little precedent as electrophiles in asymmetric catalysis. Chapter 4 details our application of H-bond donor catalysis to the Cope-type hydroamination. Chapter 1 describes the development of an asymmetric aldehyde alkylation catalyzed by a bifunctional primary aminothiourea. A variety of 2-aryl propionaldehydes are alkylated with benzhydryl bromides in moderate to good yields and good enantioselectivities. Catalyst structure-activity relationship studies of the alkylation pointed towards electrophile activation by the dual H-bond donor moiety. Experiments aimed at gaining a better understanding of the electophile activation mode and characterizing the activated electrophilic intermediate in the alkylation reaction are described in Chapter 2. The development of an enantioselective cyanide addition to N,N-dialkyliminium intermediates is the subject of Chapter 3. A variety of strategies for accessing N,N- dialkyliminium ions are established, and chiral thioureas are shown to promote the addition of cyanide to such intermediates with moderate enantioselectivities. Chapter 4 details our discovery that thioureas bearing polarizable and conformationally constrained aromatic groups catalyze highly enantioselective Cope-type hydroaminations. This powerful transformation provides a variety of chiral pyrrolidine products under mild reaction conditions.Chemistry and Chemical Biology
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McGrath, Jacqueline. "Advances in Supramolecular Catalysis: Studies of Bifurcated Hamilton Receptors." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19691.
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Bidentate ligands are a commonly used class of ligands in catalysis that generate highly-active and selective catalysts. Such bidentate ligands, however, often suffer from synthetic challenges, which can be alleviated by the use of simpler monodentate ligands that assemble through non-covalent interactions to mimic the structure of bidentate ligands at the metal center. To produce a strongly assembled catalyst complex, the Hamilton receptor motif was utilized. Hamilton receptors form six hydrogen bonds with complementary guests and have binding affinities for barbiturates of up to 104 M-1 in CDCl3. Complete bifurcation of the Hamilton scaffold produces a modular ligand structure that allows for modification of either end of the supramolecular ligand structure. Similarly, the barbiturate guest can be synthetically altered creating both chiral guests and guests with differing amounts of steric bulk.
Both experimental titration data and density functional theory calculations show that steric bulk discourages binding of the guest while a pre-organized host encourages guest inclusion. Electronic effects on the bifurcated Hamilton system were studied by varying the electron donating or withdrawing ability of the benzamide moiety on the host molecule. Electron withdrawing moieties produce more acidic amide hydrogens on the host which are able to participate in stronger hydrogen bonds with the guest resulting in a stronger host-guest complex. The effects of substitutions on the barbiturate guest were examined as well, and increased steric bulk on the guest resulted in decreased affinities with the host.
The bifurcated Hamilton receptor ligands were examined in the palladium-catalyzed Heck reaction of iodobenzene with butyl acrylate. Pd2(OAc)4 was used as a control and all reaction yields with the diphenylphosphine ligand-stabilized Pd were greater than or equal to those obtained with Pd2(OAc)4 alone. The reaction rates did not correlate with the determined binding constants, suggesting that phosphine substitution on the guest plays a larger role than affinity of the complex for the guest. Reaction temperatures were varied, and at lower temperatures the yields increased implying that the strength of the hydrogen bonds between the metal complex and the guest does play a secondary role in the catalysis.
This dissertation includes previously published co-authored material.
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Goudreault, Alexandre. "Roles for Nucleophiles and Hydrogen-Bonding Agents in the Decomposition of Phosphine-Free Ruthenium Metathesis Catalysts." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40042.
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With its unrivaled versatility and atom economy, olefin metathesis is arguably the most powerful catalyst methodology now known for the construction of carbon-carbon bonds. When compared to palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling methodologies, however, catalyst productivity lags far behind, even for the “robust” ruthenium metathesis catalysts. Unexpected limitations to the robustness of these catalysts were first widely publicized by reports describing the implementation of metathesis in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Recurring discussion centered on low catalyst productivity resulting from decomposition of the Ru catalysts by impurities, including ppm-level contaminants in the technical-grade solvent. Over the past 7 years, a series of mechanistic studies from the Fogg group has uncovered the pathways by which common contaminants (or indeed reagents) trigger catalyst decomposition. Two principal pathways were identified: abstraction of the alkylidene or methylidene ligand by nucleophiles, and deprotonation of the metallacyclobutane intermediate by Bronsted base. Emerging applications, however, notably in chemical biology, highlight new challenges to catalyst productivity.
The first part of this thesis emphasizes the need for informed mechanistic insight as a guide to catalyst redesign. The widespread observation of a cyclometallated N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) motif in crystal structures of catalyst decomposition products led to the presumption that activation of a C-H bond in the NHC ligand initiates catalyst decomposition. Reducing NHC bulk has therefore been proposed as critical to catalyst redesign. In experiments designed to probe the viability of this solution, the small NHC ligand IMe4 (tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene) was added to the resting-state methylidene complexes formed in metathesis by the first- and second-generation Grubbs catalysts (RuCl2(PCy3)2(=CH2) GIm or RuCl2(H2IMes)(PCy3)(=CH2) GIIm, respectively). The intended product, a resting-state methylidene species bearing a truncated NHC, was not formed, owing to immediate loss of the methylidene ligand. Methylidene loss is now shown to result from nucleophilic attack by the NHC – a small, highly potent nucleophile – on the methylidene. Density functional calculations indicate that IMe4 abstracts the methylidene, generating the N-heterocyclic olefin H2C=IMe4. The latter is an even more potent nucleophile, which attacks a second methylidene, resulting in liberation of [EtIMe4]Cl. These findings report indirectly on the original question concerning the impact of ligand truncation. The ease with which a small, potent nucleophile can abstract the key methylidene ligand from GIm and GIIm underscores the importance of increasing steric protection at the [Ru]=CH2 site. This chemistry also suggests intriguing possibilities for efficient, selective, controlled methylidene abstraction to terminate metathesis activity while leaving the “RuCl2(H2IMes)(PCy3)” core intact. This could prove an enabling strategy for tandem catalysis applications in which metathesis is the first step.
The second part of this thesis, inspired by the potential of olefin metathesis in chemical biology, focuses on the impact of hydroxide ion and water on the productivity of phosphine-free metathesis catalysts. In reactions with the important second-generation Hoveyda catalyst HII, hydroxide anion is found to engage in salt metathesis with the chloride ligands, rather than nucleophilic attack. The resulting Ru-hydroxide complex is unreactive toward any olefins larger than ethylene, while ethylene itself causes rapid decomposition. Proposed as the decomposition pathway is bimolecular coupling promoted by the strong H-bonding character of the hydroxide ligands.
Lastly, the impact of the water on Ru-catalyzed olefin metathesis is examined. In a survey of normally facile metathesis reactions using state-of-the-art catalysts, even trace water (0.1% v/v) is found to be highly detrimental. The impact of water is shown to be greater at room temperature than previously established at 60 °C. Preliminary evidence strongly suggests that the mechanism by which water induces decomposition is temperature-dependent. Thus, at high temperature, decomposition of the metallacyclobutane intermediate appears to dominate, but this pathway is ruled out at ambient temperatures. Instead, water is proposed to promote bimolecular decomposition. Polyphenol resin, which can sequester water by H-bonding, is shown to offer an interim solution to the presence of trace water in organic media. These findings suggest that major avenues of investigation aimed at reducing intrinsic catalyst decomposition may likewise be relevant to the development of water-tolerant catalysts.
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Engle, Keary Mark. "Ligand-accelerated catalysis in palladium(II)-mediated C-H functionalisation ; Hydrogen bonding effects on the reactivity of fluoride anion." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711664.
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Kwong, Lam Elwood. "Investigating the Role of the Proximal Cysteine Hydrogen Bonding Network and Distal Pocket in Chloroperoxidase." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3898.
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Chloroperoxidase (CPO) is one of the most versatile heme enzyme isolated from the marine fungus, Caldariomyces fumago. Functionally, CPO can catalyze four types of reactions: peroxidation (peroxidase-like), dismutation (catalase-like), halogenation (halogenase-like), and peroxygenation (P450-like). Structurally, CPO has a distal and proximal pockets that can be best described as a hybrid of classical peroxidase and P450s. As a heme-thiolate protein, CPO contains the conserved proximal Pro28-Cys29-Pro30 stretch found in other members of the family. However, the structural and functional roles of these proline residues remain poorly understood. Site-directed mutagenesis was undertaken to generates three CPO mutants, P28A-, P30A-, P28A/P30A-CPO. The replacement of the rigid proline with a more flexible alanine residue, freed up the back bone amide for the formation of additional amide-sulfur hydrogen bond, allowing the investigation of the importance of these residues in CPO catalysis. The three CPO mutants displayed dramatic difference in ligand binding affinity and catalytic activities relative to WT-CPO. Any mutations on the proline resides within the proximal loop eliminated the halogenation and dismutation activities but enhanced the vii epoxidation and peroxidation activities by 4-14 fold. As the binding affinity for cyanide, the CPO mutants displayed significantly higher dissociation constant relative to WT-CPO. Our results revealed that Pro28 and Pro30 play important roles in maintaining the versatility of CPO. As a versatile enzyme, CPO has great application potential in pharmaceutical and chemical industry due to its ability to catalyze the formation of chiral epoxides. Phe103 and Phe186 located on the distal pocket have been proposed to guard the access of substrates to the ferryl oxygen of the heme center. The interactions of these two phenylalanine residues restricted the size of substrates and regulates CPO’s enantioselectivity. F186A- and F103A/F186A-CPO were generated and characterized where the rate of peroxidation and epoxidation were significantly enhanced at the expense of halogenation and dismutation activities. Our results demonstrated that Phe186 played a subtler role relative to Phe103 in terms of substrate specificity and product enantioselectivity of CPO.
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Pfeifer, Lukas. "New methods and reagents for carbon-fluorine bond formation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fe082120-eae7-4299-a349-0d42401ff501.
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After a general introduction about the properties and preparation of organofluorine compounds (Chapter 1), this thesis is divided into two parts focussing on the development of new methods for C-F bond formation (Part A) as well as studies towards the development of novel fluorinating reagents (Part B). Part A: New Methods for Carbon-Fluorine Bond Formation Part A consists of two chapters outlining the development of a Pd-catalysed hydrofluorination of alkenylarenes (Chapter 2) as well as a halofluorination of alkynes (Chapter 3). Chapter 2 This chapter describes the development of a novel, regioselective, syn-specific hydrofluorination of alkenylarenes under Pd-catalysis leading to the formation of benzylic fluorides. An extensive substrate scope is presented together with a model of the catalytic cycle, based on observations during the development of this reaction, deuterium labelling experiments as well as mechanistic control experiments starting from isolated palladacycles. Chapter 3 In this chapter the development of a novel iodo- as well as bromofluorination of internal and terminal alkynes, leading to the formation of (E)-halofluoroalkenes, is presented. For the former substrate class, the effects of steric as well as electronic bias on regioselectivity are discussed. For the latter substrate class, this methodology could be extended to the corresponding double iodofluorination, and for both transformations it was found to exclusively lead to the fluorination of the internal carbon. An extensive substrate scope as well as different iodofluorination-cross-coupling sequences including Suzuki, Sonogashira and Ullmann couplings, are illustrated. A representative reaction was successfully carried out on gram-scale and an iodofluorination-Suzuki-coupling sequence was used to prepare a fluorinated tamoxifen derivative. Part B: Hydrogen-Bonded Fluoride Complexes as Novel Reagents for Carbon-Fluorine Bond Formation Part B consists of two chapters describing structural as well as reactivity studies of fluoride-alcohol (Chapter 4) and fluoride-urea complexes (Chapter 5). Chapter 4 In this chapter the synthesis of 19 novel hydrogen-bonded tetraalkylammonium fluoride-alcohol complexes is described. For a subset of 15, the solid-state structures as determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments are presented. Trends of reactivity and selectivity were determined using these complexes as sources of fluoride anion in a model SN2 reaction. Preliminary results from in silico modelling of the fluoride-alcohol system provide a basis for explaining the results. Chapter 5 This chapter summarises the synthesis and solid-state structures of 20 hydrogen-bonded fluoride complexes using the urea and related squaramide and amide motifs. Also, the size of the tetraalkylammonium counter-cation was varied to study the influence on the solid-state structure. The reactivity and selectivity of a series of complexes was studied using the same model SN2 reaction as in Chapter 4 and results were compared accordingly. Different UV-vis and NMR spectroscopic techniques were used to study the behaviour of the fluoride-urea system in solution. Preliminary results demonstrate the use of 1,3-diarylureas as organocatalysts for nucleophilic fluorination.
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Li, Yan. "Switchable and chirally-amplified helices formed by hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymers for asymmetric catalysis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS223.pdf.
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Des polymères supramoléculaires hélicoïdaux ont été étudiés comme supports dynamiques et amplifiés chirallement de catalyseurs de cuivre utilisés dans la réaction d’hydrosilylation asymétrique de la 4-nitro-acétophénone. Les hélices catalytiques sont composées d’un monomère BTA fonctionnalisé avec un groupement PPh2 servant de ligand et de co-monomères BTA énantiopurs. Tout d’abord, le sens de rotation des hélices a été inversée en temps réel en changeant la nature de l’énantiomère BTA majoritaire dans le co-assemblage. Cela a permis de contrôler la configuration du carbone asymétrique formé durant la transformation séquentielle de plusieurs équivalents d’un même substrat ou d’un mélange de deux substrats. Deuxièmement, les assemblages hélicoïdaux ont été dissociés et restaurés par l’ajout d’une combinaison de sels soigneusement sélectionnés ce qui permet de moduler la nature des sites catalytiques entre des états non sélectifs et sélectifs de façon réversible. Troisièmement, la magnitude de l’amplification de chiralité gouvernant la pureté optique des co-assemblages hélicoïdaux est grandement améliorée par l’incorporation d’un monomère BTA achiral et ce phénomène est aussi observé pour les hélices catalytiques. Enfin, nous avons étudié les propriétés d'auto-assemblage des monomères N-substitués de benzène-1-urée-3,5-biscarboxamide (BUBA), analogues C2-symétriques des monomères BTAs dans lesquels une fonction amide a été remplacée par une fonction urée. Les propriétés d’amplification de chiralité gouvernant la formation des assemblages hélicoïdaux des monomères BUBAs sont légèrement supérieures à celles gouvernant la formation des assemblages à base de monomères BTAsBenzene 1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) supramolecular helical polymers were utilized as a dynamic and chirally-amplified scaffold for copper catalysts implemented in the asymmetric hydrosilylation of 1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanone. The catalytic helices are composed of a phosphine-functionalized BTA ligand and of enantiopure BTA comonomers. We have developed the switchable ability and improved the chirality amplification properties of this new class of BTA helical catalysts. Firstly, we successfully switched the handedness of the helices in real time by changing the nature of the major enantiopure comonomer in the co-assemblies. Then it allows controlling the configuration of the stereogenic centres formed during the consecutive transformation of a single substrate or a mixture of subtrates. Secondly, the helical co-assemblies are disrupted and restored by adding suitable salts, which switch the catalytic outcome between non-selective and selective states in a reversible manner. Thirdly, the extent of amplification of chirality in the helical co-assemblies as probed by the sergeants-and-soldiers effect and majority-rule effect are hugely exalted upon incorporation of an achiral BTA additive. Moreover the improvement of the chirality amplification properties by addition of this achiral additive also holds for catalytic BTA mixtures Finally, we investigate the self-assembly properties of N-substituted benzene-1-urea-3,5-biscarboxamide (BUBA) monomers, in which one amide function has been replaced by an urea function. The chirality amplification properties and extent of cooperativity are slightly higher for BUBA monomers, respectively to BTA monomers
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Medina, Ramos Jonnathan. "ACID-BASE CATALYSIS IN PROTON-COUPLED ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS (PCET): THE EFFECTS OF BRÖNSTED BASES ON THE OXIDATION OF GLUTATHIONE AND HYDROQUINONE." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2918.
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This thesis presents the results and discussion of the investigation of the effects of Brönsted bases on the kinetics and thermodynamics of two proton-coupled electron transfer processes: the mediated oxidation of glutathione and the electrochemical oxidation of hydroquinone. Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is the name given to reactions that involve the transfer of electron(s) accompanied by the exchange of proton(s). PCETs are found in many chemical and biological processes, some of current technological relevance such as the oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells, which involves the transfer of four electrons and four protons (4e-, 4H+); or the splitting of water into protons (4H+), electrons (4e-) and oxygen (O2) efficiently achieved in photosynthesis. The study of PCET mechanisms is imperative to understanding biological processes as well as to developing more efficient technological applications. However, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the kinetic and thermodynamic performance of PCETs, and especially about the effect of different proton acceptors on the rate and mechanism of PCET reactions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Brönsted bases as proton acceptors on the kinetics and thermodynamics of two model PCET processes, the oxidation of glutathione and hydroquinone. The analysis presented in this thesis provides insight into the influence of different proton acceptors on the mechanism of PCET and it does so by studying these reactions from a different angle, that one of the acid-base catalysis theory which has been successfully applied to the investigation of numerous chemical reactions coupled to proton transfer. We hope future research of PCETs can benefit from the knowledge of acid-base catalysis to better understand these reactions at a molecular level.
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Zamboulis, Alexandra. "Silices hybrides pour l'organocatalyse asymétrique." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENCM0004.
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L'organocatalyse asymétrique est un domaine en plein développement. L'immobilisation de ce type de catalyseurs pourrait présenter de multiples avantages. Ces travaux de thèse s'intéressent à la préparation de silices hybrides organiques/inorganiques par voie sol-gel et aux applications de ces matériaux en organocatalyse asymétrique. La première partie du manuscrit est consacrée à une présentation bibliographique du sujet. Dans la deuxième partie, l'utilisation de la L-proline comme modèle est décrite. Des matériaux contenant un fragment L-proline ont été préparés et leurs performances catalytiques évaluées pour une réaction d'aldolisation asymétrique. Les processus à l'origine des propriétés catalytiques modérées de ces catalyseurs supportés sont discutés. La troisième partie porte sur le catalyseur de Takemoto, organocatalyseur bifonctionnel contenant un groupement donneur de liaisons hydrogène et une fonction amine tertiaire. Les différentes stratégies envisagées pour préparer des dérivés silylés de ce catalyseur sont exposées. Enfin, la nanostructuration de silsesquioxanes par le biais de liaisons hydrogène entre fonctions thiourée est présentéeAsymmetric organocatalysis is a blossoming area of research. Immobilisation of this kind of catalysts could present numerous advantages. This thesis deals with the sol-gel synthesis of organic/inorganic hybrid silicas and their applications in asymmetric organocatalysis. The first part of this work is dedicated to a bibliographic presentation of this area of research. In the second part, the use of L-proline as a model is described. Hybrid materials containing a L-proline component were prepared and their catalytic performances were evaluated in an asymmetric aldolisation reaction. The processes accounting for the moderate performances of these materials are discussed. The third part relates the synthetic strategies used to prepare silylated derivatives of the Takemoto catalyst, a bifunctional catalyst containig a H-bond donnor and a tertiary amine. Finally the nanostructuring of bridged silsesquioxanes through H-bonding interactions between thiourea cross-linkers is presented
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Jensen, Sean. "The assembly of molecular networks at surfaces : towards novel enantioselective heterogeneous catalysts." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2153.
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Understanding the supramolecular interactions governing the self-assembly of molecular building blocks upon surfaces is fundamental to the design of new devices such as sensors or catalysts. Successful heterogeneous enantioselective catalysts have relied upon the adsorption of ‘chiral modifiers’, usually chiral amino acids, onto reactive metal surfaces. One of the most researched examples is the hydrogenation of β-ketoesters using nickel-based catalysts. The stability of the chiral modifiers upon catalyst surfaces is a major obstacle to the industrial scale-up of this reaction. In this study, the replacement of conventional modifiers with porous, chiral and functionalised self-assembled networks is investigated. Perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI) and melamine (1,3,5-triazine,-2,4,6-triamine) have been shown to form hydrogen bonded networks on Ag-Si(111)√3x√3R30° in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and Au(111) substrates in UHV and ambient conditions, these networks are capable of hosting guest molecules. These networks are investigated further in this study. In UHV, the behaviour of the components and network formation on Ni(111) is probed using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The stability of the PTCDI-melamine network on Au(111) was analysed using TPD. Metal coordination interactions between each of the network components and nickel upon the Au(111) surface were examined by STM before testing the ability of the network to act as a template for metal growth. Finally, a number of polymerisation reactions are investigated with a view to replacing chiral modifiers with porous, chiral, functionalised covalent networks. Periodic covalent networks should possess the greater chemical and thermal stability required for more widespread use. In UHV and ambient conditions, STM is used to monitor the progress of surface-confined reactions on Au(111) and characterise the resultant covalent structures.
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Boulens, Pierre. "Sulphonamido-phosphorus nickel complexes for the selective oligomerisation of olefins - Exploring dissymmetric ligands and supramolecular strategies." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0973/document.
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Les alpha oléfines linéaires courtes sont des molécules de base en pétrochimie donc le marché est en constante augmentation notamment pour les oléfines légères (butène-1, hexène-1, octène-1). Ces oléfines, utilisées massivement dans l’industrie des plastiques, sont produites par la réaction catalytique d’oligomerisation de l’éthylène. IFPEN a contribué à développer plusieurs procédés homogènes d’oligomérisation de l’éthylène (AlphaButol, AlphaHexol, AlphaSelect) à base des complexes de titane, chrome ou zirconium. A travers une collaboration avec l’Université d’Amsterdam de nouvelles stratégies de développement de ligands ont été entreprises afin de rendre les catalyseurs à base de nickel sélectifs pour cette transformation. Ainsi, une approche supramoléculaire basée sur des interactions par liaison hydrogène, jusqu’alors décrite pour les métaux nobles, a été développée et appliquée aux complexes de nickel. Des complexes organométalliques originaux ont pu être générés et les interactions supramoléculaires ont été caractérisées par diffraction aux rayons X notamment. Ces complexes se présentent sous forme zwitterionique et sont formés par la combinaison de deux ligands simples donneurs et/ou accepteurs d’hydrogène. Ces complexes se sont avérés très actifs vis-à-vis de l’éthylène et ne nécessite pas l’ajout d’activateur du fait de la présence d’une liaison nickel-carbone réactive. Ils ont permis d’accéder à des sélectivités très importantes en butène-1. Appuyé par des expériences in situ et l’évaluation en catalyse de plusieurs complexes aux propriétés électroniques et stériques variées, cette approche a permis d’identifier l’espèce active et de mesurer l’impact de plusieurs descripteurs permettant de moduler la sélectivité et l’activité de la réaction catalytique en profondeurThe demand for short linear alpha olefins is constantly increasing and motivates the development of robust and selective catalysts. In this thesis, several libraries of phosphorus ligands with the capacity to form dissymmetric or supramolecular assemblies were synthesized. The variability observed within the aminophosphine libraries, clearly reflected by the various tautomeric equilibrium of the ligand, was also observed in the nickel complexes as a single ligand could generate several complexes with different structures. Sulphonyliminobisphosphine were then introduced as a new class of ligands. These precursors rearrange in the presence of nickel to generate diphosphinamine nickel complexes. Activated by MAO, these complexes are active in the reaction of ethylene oligomerisation and produce short chain olefins. A new approach that forms stable supramolecular nickel complexes was developed by combining two phosphorus ligands with Ni(0). These complexes stabilised by hydrogen bonding are directly active in the reaction of ethylene oligomerisation with some catalysts leading to high selectivity to 1-butene (up to 84%). To understand the origin of that selectivity, the scope of complexes was extended to ligands with different steric and electronic properties. Their evaluation in the reaction of ethylene oligomerisation evidenced a relation between the catalyst structure and the selectivity of the reaction. Mechanistic studies, under an ethylene atmosphere, reveals that cationic complexes rearrange to neutral complexes, which are likely, the active species
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D’Agostino, Carmine, Lynn F. Gladden, and Mick D. Mantle. "Hydrogen bonding network disruption in nanoporous catalyst supports probed by PFG-NMR diffusometry and NMR relaxometry." Diffusion fundamentals 16 (2011) 43, S. 1-2, 2011. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13778.
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D’Agostino, Carmine, Lynn F. Gladden, and Mick D. Mantle. "Hydrogen bonding network disruption in nanoporous catalyst supports probed by PFG-NMR diffusometry and NMR relaxometry." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-185020.
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Zhao, Long Verfasser], Dieter [Akademischer Betreuer] [Enders, and Markus [Akademischer Betreuer] Albrecht. "Organocatalytic asymmetric domino reactions via N-heterocyclic carbene and bifunctional hydrogen-bonding donor catalysts / Long Zhao ; Dieter Enders, Markus Albrecht." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1181108926/34.
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Zhao, Long [Verfasser], Dieter [Akademischer Betreuer] Enders, and Markus [Akademischer Betreuer] Albrecht. "Organocatalytic asymmetric domino reactions via N-heterocyclic carbene and bifunctional hydrogen-bonding donor catalysts / Long Zhao ; Dieter Enders, Markus Albrecht." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1181108926/34.
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Hobart, David B. Jr. "Synthesis, Structural, and Catalytic Studies of Palladium Amino Acid Complexes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79719.
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Palladium(II) acetate and palladium(II) chloride react with amino acids in acetone/water to yield cis or trans square planar bis-chelated palladium amino acid complexes. The naturally occurring amino acids and some N-alkylated and substituted derivatives and homologs were evaluated as ligands. Thirty-eight amino acids in total were investigated as ligands. The formation of aquo complexes in water was observed and studied by 13C NMR spectroscopy and modeled by DFT calculations. Each class of amino acid ligand is catalytically active with respect to the oxidative coupling of olefins and phenylboronic acids. Some enantioselectivity is observed and the formation of products not reported in other Pd(II) oxidative couplings is seen. Both activated and non-activated alkenes were oxidatively coupled to phenylboronic acids incorporating both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups. The crystal structures of nineteen catalyst complexes were obtained. The extended lattice structures arise from N-H..O or O..(HOH)..O hydrogen bonding. NMR, HRMS, FTIR, single crystal XRD, and powder XRD data are evaluated.Ph. D.
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Zhugralin, Adil R. "Combined Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Lewis Base Catalysts and as Ancillary Ligands in Ru-Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis. Mechanistic Investigation of Fluxional Behavior of Ru-Based Olefin Metathesis Catalysts." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2973.
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Thesis advisor: Amir H. HoveydaChapter 1. Through the use of quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) the similarities and differences between transition metal complexes ligated by phosphines and N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) were elucidated. Among the key findings, the phosphines were identified as stronger charge donors than NHCs; however, the latter class of ligands exhibits a weaker p-accepting character than the former. Furthermore, Tolman electronic parameter (TEP) was determined to be an inadequate gauge for the total electron donating ability of phosphines and NHCs; rather TEP can serve as a measurement of population of dp set of orbitals of a metal center in question. Computational and experimental studies of the mechanism of NHC-catalyzed boron and silicon addition to a,ß-unsaturated carbonyls reactions were carried out. Through the use of radical traps the mechanisms involving homolytic cleavage of B-B or B-Si bonds were ruled out. Computational (DFT) studies of the mechanism identified two pathways: (1) direct activation of diboron or borosilyl reagents through coordination of NHC to the B atom, (2) net oxidative addition of the diboron or borosilyl reagents to the carbon (II) of the NHC. The insights gained from the aforementioned studies were employed to rationalize the observed lack of reactivity of NHC-activated diboron complexes in the presence of aldehydes. Chapter 2. New C(1)-symmetric chiral monodentate N-heterocyclic carbenes were prepared, and corresponding chiral Ru-carbene complexes were synthesized. These complexes were employed to gain empirical understanding of factors that govern stereoselectivity in Ru-catalyzed enantioselective olefin ring-closing metathesis. The data thus obtained was employed to infer that syn-to-NHC reaction pathways are competitive and non-selective. One plausible mechanism, through which syn-to-NHC pathways can be accessed, involves Berry pseudorotations. Through the use of stereogenic-at-Ru complexes diastereomeric Ru-carbenes were isolated (silica gel chromatography) and spectroscopically characterized in solution phase. The diastereomeric Ru-carbenes were found to undergo non-metathesis stereomutations at Ru center, thereby providing additional support for the above hypothesis regarding accessibility of syn-to-NHC olefin metathesis pathways. Non-metathesis stereomutation at Ru was found to be accelerated in the presence of protic additives, suggesting the plausibility of hydrogen bonding between the acidic proton and the X-type ligands on Ru. Occurrence of hydrogen bonding was corroborated through the use of chiral allylic alcohols in Ru-catalyzed diastereoselective ring-opening/cross metathesis, which was developed into a versatile method for highly diastereoselective functionalization of terminal olefins
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Chemistry
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Dey, Abhishek. "Nature of iron-sulfur bonds in electron transfer and catalytic actives sites : contribution to reactivity and the role of hydrogen bonding /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Erlekam, Undine. "Sterically flexible molecules in the gas phase." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15833.
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Für die makroskopischen Eigenschaften und Funktionen biologisch relevanter Materie spielen schwache, intra- und intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen dispersiver und elektrostatischer Natur auf molekularem Niveau eine große Rolle. Um diese schwachen Wechselwirkungen zu untersuchen, können Modellsysteme, isoliert in der Gasphase, herangezogen werden. Benzoldimer, ein schwach gebundener Van der Waals Komplex, kann beispielsweise als Modellsystem für dispersive Wechselwirkungen dienen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die strukturellen Eigenschaften und die (interne) Dynamik des Benzoldimers mit Hilfe spektroskopischer Methoden in den Energiebereichen der Rotationen, Vibrationen und elektronischen Übergänge untersucht und im Kontext der Symmetrie diskutiert. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Experimente tragen zu einem tieferen Verständnis des Benzoldimers bei, jedoch zeigt das Experiment zur internen Dynamik auch, dass eine ausreichende theoretische Beschreibung des Benzoldimers nach wie vor eine Herausforderung darstellt. Schwingungsübergänge hochsymmetrischer Moleküle sind oft optisch inaktiv, können jedoch mit der hier vorgestellten Methode der Symmetrieerniedrigung durch Komplexierung zugänglich gemacht werden, wie am Beispiel des Benzols demonstriert wird. Außerdem wird ein Mechanismus vorgstellt, der kollisionsinduzierte Konformationsänderungen in einem Molekularstrahl beschreibt. Dieses Modell kann generell für Molekularstrahlexperimente an flexiblen Molekülen hilfreich sein, einerseits um die beobachtete Konformationsverteilung zu verstehen, andererseits um die experimentellen Parameter gezielt zu verändern und somit Konformerpopulationen zu manipulieren. Die in dieser Dissertation vorgestellten spektroskopischen Experimente liefern einerseits molekülspezifische Informationen und ermöglichen andererseits, Modelle, die von allgemeiner Bedeutung sind, zu entwickeln.The macroscopically observable properties and functionalities of biological matter are often determined by weak intra- and intermolecular interactions on the microscopic level. Such weak interactions are for example hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions and can be investigated best on isolated model systems in the gas phase. The benzene dimer, for example, is a prototype system to investgate dispersive interactions. The spectroscopic experiments, covering the energy ranges of rotations, vibrations and electronic transitions, presented in this thesis, contribute to a deeper understanding of the benzene dimer. However, from the experiments investigating the internal dynamics it becomes clear that an appropriate theoretical description of the benzene dimer is still a challenge. Vibrational transitions of highly symmetric molecules, as for example of the benzene, are often optically inactive. Here, a method is presented, which exploits symmetry reduction upon complexation and thus allows one to access such modes. Furthermore, a model is proposed describing collision induced conformational interconversion in a molecular beam. This model can be helpful for molecular beam experiments of flexible molecules to understand the observed relative conformational population and to adapt the experimental conditions allowing for the manipulation of the relative conformer abundances. In this thesis, results are presented that allow one on the one hand to deduce molecular specific information and that on the other hand also give a broader insight into phenomena of general importance.
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Ståhle, Jonas. "Computational chemical investigation of factors affecting the reactivity of the hetero Diels-Alder reaction." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-94476.
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Recent research has shown that small hydrogen bonding catalysts can catalyze the hetero Diels-Alder reaction. In this thesis such hydrogen bonding catalysts in conjunction with varying functional groups and their effect on the hetero Diels-Alder reaction have been investigated. The influence of the different solvents has been investigated as well. The activation barriers for the different region- and stereo isomeric pathways have been compared in order to determine the stereo specificity of the reactions. These calculations have been done using the B3LYP functional for the geometry optimizations and then M06-2X for single point calculations. For the solvated cases the cPCM model and the M06-2X functional were used. It was shown that for the catalyzed systems bulkier groups in the endo position tend to have a lower activation barrier, allowing for control over the stereoselectivity. Electron withdrawing groups have an activating effect and are also synergistic with the hydrogen bonding catalysts. The solvent with the lowest dielectric constant gave the lowest activation barrier.
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Beeson, John Christopher. "Part 1. Synthesis of novel duplex cyclodextrins and investigations of their catalytic and fluorescence properties. : Part 2. Pi-complexation induced by multiple hydrogen bonding in an organic hexammide /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487844485898676.
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Merkert, Christine [Verfasser], and Gereon [Akademischer Betreuer] Niedner-Schatteburg. "Metal cluster aggregates of the composition Fen+/, Con+/-, Nin+/- and [ConMm]+/- (M: Au, Rh and Pt) as model systems for catalytic C-H activation and structural determination of ionic dicarboxylic acids as model system for intramolecular hydrogen bonding / Christine Merkert. Betreuer: Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg." Kaiserslautern : Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1051310377/34.
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Koshti, V. S. "Catalytic synthesis of P-chiral supramolecular phosphines, their self-assembled metal complexes and implication in asymmetric catalysis." Thesis(Ph.D.), 2018. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/4492.
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The thesis titled “Catalytic synthesis of P-chiral supramolecular phosphines, their self-assembled metal
complexes and implication in asymmetric catalysis” is divided into six different chapters. Chapter-1
deals with the detailed literature survey on the chiral supramolecular phosphine ligands and their
self-assembled metal complexes. Various chiral supramolecular phosphine ligand and their selfassembled
metal complexes used in asymmetric catalysis such as hydrogenation and
hydroformylation will be discussed.1 Synthetic aspects of all these chiral supramolecular
phosphine ligands will be highlighted.
2
In addition to this, on the basis of backbone chirality, the
chiral supramolecular phosphine ligands have been subdivided into two parts, 1) C-chiral
backbone supramolecular phosphines, and 2) Axially chiral supramolecular phosphines. Chapter2
deals with the synthesis and characterization of (Me-Duphos)-Pd complexes and their application
towards the enantioselective synthesis of P-chiral supramolecular phosphine. Chapter-3 describes
the Pd-catalyzed synthesis of a library of P-chiral supramolecular phosphine ligands under mild
conditions via enhancing the rate of P-C coupling reaction through rational catalyst selection. The
nickel catalyzed synthesis of P-chiral supramolecular phosphine ligands is illustrated in Chapter4.
Chapter-5 deals with the implication of P-chiral supramolecular phosphine ligands and their
self-assembled metal complexes in asymmetric hydrogenation. Chapter-6 concludes the work and
provides future direction.CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune
AcSIR
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Huang, Yong. "Exploration of the new horizon of Diels-Adler reactions : asymmetric catalysis /." 2002. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3060222.
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Tripathi, Chandra Bhushan. "Lewis Base and Hydrogen-Bonding Catalysis by Thioureas : From Chemoselective Alcohol Oxidation to Asymmetric Iodofunctionalizations of Alkenes and Dienes." Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4078.
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