Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrogen blast furnace'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hydrogen blast furnace"
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Lan, Chenchen, Yuejun Hao, Jiannan Shao, Shuhui Zhang, Ran Liu, and Qing Lyu. "Effect of H2 on Blast Furnace Ironmaking: A Review." Metals 12, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12111864.
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Under the background of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutralization”, the green transformation of iron and steel enterprises is imminent. The hydrogen-rich smelting technology of blast furnaces is very important for reducing energy consumption and CO2 emission in ironmaking systems, and it is one of the important directions of green and low-carbon development of iron and steel enterprises. In this paper, the research status of the thermal state, reduction mechanism of iron-bearing burden, coke degradation behavior, and formation of the cohesive zone in various areas of blast furnace after hydrogen-rich smelting is summarized, which can make a more clear and comprehensive understanding for the effect of H2 on blast furnace ironmaking. Meanwhile, based on the current research situation, it is proposed that the following aspects should be further studied in the hydrogen-rich smelting of blast furnaces: (1) the utilization rate of hydrogen and degree of substitution for direct reduction, (2) combustion behavior of fuel in raceway, (3) control of gas flow distribution in the blast furnace, (4) operation optimization of the blast furnace.
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Rogozhnikov, S. P., and I. S. Rogozhnikov. "Effect of the natural gas hydrogen on variation of the heat and reducing processes along the blast furnace radius." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-1-41-49.
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The expenses for the blast furnace coke are one of most significant part of the hot metal cost. To save the coke, various technologies are used, capable to replace the coke by cheaper additional fuel (AF), in particular by natural gas (NG). The injection of considerable volumes of NG results in an increase of hydrogen share in the blast furnace gases and in a significant variation in the blast furnace technology. Study of peculiarities of such variations is necessary to use the NG more effectively. Based on the mathematical model of the blast furnace process, estimation of the effect of natural gas hydrogen on changes in the heat and reducing processes along the blast furnace radius was accomplished. A formula was elaborated, confirmed by practice, for calculating the degree of hydrogen usage ηН2 along the radius of the furnace. It was determined, that the reducing action of hydrogen along the furnace radius takes place unevenly –decreasing from the periphery to the axial zone of the blast furnace. To estimate the quantitative relations of the reducing action of hydrogen, parameters of the PAO “MMK” and PAO “ArcelorMittal Krivoy Rog” blast furnaces for a long period of operation were analyzed. It was determined, that in the axial and intermediate zones of a blast furnace, values of criterion RН2, designating the oxygen share in the burden removed by hydrogen, are in the range of 0.11–0.16 and weakly depend on the NG consumption. In the peripheral zone near the walls, the value of R Н 2 sharply increases to 0.22–0.27. In this zone of the blast furnace the quantity the burden oxygen, removed by hydrogen, accounts for 80–85%. Therefore, hydrogen accomplished the heat and reducing processes mainly in the peripheral zone of the furnace. At the NG consumption increase, the ore load should be increased for the peripheral zone, near the walls individually accounting hydrogen action along the furnace radius. This will make possible to increase the degree of hydrogen usage and decrease the coke consumption.
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Gao, Xudong, Run Zhang, Zhixiong You, Wenzhou Yu, Jie Dang, and Chenguang Bai. "Use of Hydrogen−Rich Gas in Blast Furnace Ironmaking of V−bearing Titanomagnetite: Mass and Energy Balance Calculations." Materials 15, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 6078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15176078.
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The iron and steel industry is a major CO2 emitter and an important subject for the implementation of carbon emission reduction goals and tasks. Due to the complex ore composition and low iron grade, vanadium−bearing titanomagnetite smelting in a blast furnace consumes more coke and emits more carbon than in an ordinary blast furnace. Injecting hydrogen−rich gas into blast furnace can not only partially replace coke, but also reduce the carbon emission. Based on the whole furnace and zonal energy and mass balance of blast furnace, the operation window of the blast furnace smelting vanadium−bearing titanomagnetite is established in this study on the premise that the thermal state of the blast furnace is basically unchanged (raceway adiabatic flame temperature and top gas temperature). The effects of different injection amounts of hydrogen−rich gases (shale gas, coke oven gas, and hydrogen) on raceway adiabatic flame temperature and top gas temperature, and the influence of blast temperature and preheating temperature of hydrogen−rich gases on operation window are calculated and analyzed. This study provides a certain theoretical reference for the follow−up practice of hydrogen−rich smelting of vanadium−bearing titanomagnetite in blast furnace.
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Hu, Bin Sheng, Xiao Guang Liu, Yong Liang Gui, and Kai Lv. "Thermodynamic Calculation of Hydrogen Chloride Generation in Blast Furnace Smelting Process." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 1300–1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.1300.
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The generating pathways of hydrogen chloride in blast furnace smelting process may have two pathways: 1.sodium chloride and water react with phosphorus pentaoxide forming hydrogen chloride gas.2. Sodium chloride and water react with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide forming hydrogen chloride gas. Based on Thermodynamic calculation of hydrogen chloride generation in blast furnace smelting process, hydrogen chloride gas is generated in the upper part of blast furnace shaft ,the generating temperature main range from 300°C too 800°C.
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Babachenko, О. I., О. S. Nesterov, and L. I. Garmash. "LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGIES IN BLAST-FURNACE PRODUCTION." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 35 (2021): 34–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/10.52150/2522-9117-2021-35-34-54.
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In recent years more and more actively work has been carried out in the direction of decarbonization of metallurgical processes as part of an active «green» campaign to reduce energy intensity and harmful emissions. Metallurgy of the future is increasingly called hydrogen. The article presents an analysis of the main promising directions of the transition of the world ferrous metallurgy to waste-free and environmentally friendly technologies, carbon neutrality and the maximum reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The advantages and problems of «green» steel production are analyzed. An overview of pilot projects for the transition to carbon-free steel production at the world's largest metallurgical plants by using hydrogen instead of fossil fuels is given. The advantages and problems of using «gray», «green» and «blue» «carbon-neutral» hydrogen are analyzed. It is shown how the ideas about the role of hydrogen as a reducing agent in the blast furnace process were deepened and refined in the historical context in accordance with changes in the technology of blast furnace smelting and the contribution of ISI scientists to these studies. The main directions of modern developments in the field of decarbonization of metallurgical processes are given. The most promising are two areas of obtaining «green steel» currently - the injection of hydrogen into a blast furnace and the process of direct reduction of iron using hydrogen instead of fossil fuel. Investigations to determine the physicochemical regularities of the reduction processes in a blast furnace with the participation of hydrogen continue at the ISI at the present time. The results of laboratory studies of the influence of a reducing gas with a variable hydrogen content on the nature of the reduction of agglomerate and pellets in the «dry» zone of a blast furnace are presented.
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Nogami, Hiroshi, Yoshiaki Kashiwaya, and Daisuke Yamada. "Simulation of Blast Furnace Operation with Hydrogen Injection." Tetsu-to-Hagane 100, no. 2 (2014): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.100.251.
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Cavaliere, Pasquale, Angelo Perrone, Alessio Silvello, Paolo Stagnoli, and Pablo Duarte. "Integration of Open Slag Bath Furnace with Direct Reduction Reactors for New-Generation Steelmaking." Metals 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020203.
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The present paper illustrates an innovative steel processing route developed by employing hydrogen direct reduced pellets and an open slag bath furnace. The paper illustrates the direct reduction reactor employing hydrogen as reductant on an industrial scale. The solution allows for the production of steel from blast furnace pellets transformed in the direct reduction reactor. The reduced pellets are then melted in open slag bath furnaces, allowing carburization for further refining. The proposed solution is clean for the decarbonization of the steel industry. The kinetic, chemical and thermodynamic issues are detailed with particular attention paid to the slag conditions. The proposed solution is also supported by the economic evaluation compared to traditional routes.
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Patisson, Fabrice, and Olivier Mirgaux. "Hydrogen Ironmaking: How It Works." Metals 10, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10070922.
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A new route for making steel from iron ore based on the use of hydrogen to reduce iron oxides is presented, detailed and analyzed. The main advantage of this steelmaking route is the dramatic reduction (90% off) in CO2 emissions compared to those of the current standard blast-furnace route. The first process of the route is the production of hydrogen by water electrolysis using CO2-lean electricity. The challenge is to achieve massive production of H2 in acceptable economic conditions. The second process is the direct reduction of iron ore in a shaft furnace operated with hydrogen only. The third process is the melting of the carbon-free direct reduced iron in an electric arc furnace to produce steel. From mathematical modeling of the direct reduction furnace, we show that complete metallization can be achieved in a reactor smaller than the current shaft furnaces that use syngas made from natural gas. The reduction processes at the scale of the ore pellets are described and modeled using a specific structural kinetic pellet model. Finally, the differences between the reduction by hydrogen and by carbon monoxide are discussed, from the grain scale to the reactor scale. Regarding the kinetics, reduction with hydrogen is definitely faster. Several research and development and innovation projects have very recently been launched that should confirm the viability and performance of this breakthrough and environmentally friendly ironmaking process.
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Hu, Yichao, Yinxuan Qiu, Jian Chen, Liangyuan Hao, Thomas Edward Rufford, Victor Rudolph, and Geoff Wang. "Integrating a Top-Gas Recycling and CO2 Electrolysis Process for H2-Rich Gas Injection and Reduce CO2 Emissions from an Ironmaking Blast Furnace." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062008.
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Introducing CO2 electrochemical conversion technology to the iron-making blast furnace not only reduces CO2 emissions, but also produces H2 as a byproduct that can be used as an auxiliary reductant to further decrease carbon consumption and emissions. With adequate H2 supply to the blast furnace, the injection of H2 is limited because of the disadvantageous thermodynamic characteristics of the H2 reduction reaction in the blast furnace. This paper presents thermodynamic analysis of H2 behaviour at different stages with the thermal requirement consideration of an iron-making blast furnace. The effect of injecting CO2 lean top gas and CO2 conversion products H2–CO gas through the raceway and/or shaft tuyeres are investigated under different operating conditions. H2 utilisation efficiency and corresponding injection volume are studied by considering different reduction stages. The relationship between H2 injection and coke rate is established. Injecting 7.9–10.9 m3/tHM of H2 saved 1 kg/tHM coke rate, depending on injection position. Compared with the traditional blast furnace, injecting 80 m3/tHM of H2 with a medium oxygen enrichment rate (9%) and integrating CO2 capture and conversion reduces CO2 emissions from 534 to 278 m3/tHM. However, increasing the hydrogen injection amount causes this iron-making process to consume more energy than a traditional blast furnace does.
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Liu, Yong Qi, Xiao Yan Wang, Guang Fei Zhu, Rui Xiang Liu, and Zhen Qiang Gao. "Simulation on the Combustion Property of Blast-Furnace Gas Engine by GT-POWER." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 965–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.965.
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Blast-furnace gas produced from the process of iron making effectively can be used as fuel for engines to generate electricity for most middle and small steel enterprises. The effects of different component of blast-furnace gas, compressive ratio and ignition timing on combustion property of blast-furnace gas are simulated by GT-POWER software in this paper. The results show that flame speed and combustion rate will increase with the proportion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen increasing. There will be an optimized compression ratio value, under which the burning velocity is maximum. Within a certain scope, increasing ignition timing angle appropriately can improve property of combustion. A comparison of simulation and experiment result shows that the predictions give good results. All these results can help to optimize the parameters that affect the combustion, and provide certain reference for the further study blast-furnace gas engine.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hydrogen blast furnace"
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Sideris, Dimitrios. "Hydrogen-rich materials as auxiliary reducing agents in the blast furnace." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Mineralteknik och metallurgi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-71594.
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Su, Chun-Chia, and 蘇俊嘉. "Experimental Study on Hydrogen Production via Water-gas Shift Reaction using Blast Furnace gas (BFG)." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74459251322330404243.
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碩士國立中興大學
機械工程學系所
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Based on the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) technology, hydrogen production via water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) using blast furnace gas (BFG) of ironworks as feedstock was experimentally investigated in this study. The reaction temperature and steam to carbon (S/C) ratio were in the ranges of 300~500°C and 1~5, respectively. The prepared 2.5wt%Pt-2.5wt%Ni/5wt%CeO2/Al2O3 catalyst was used in the WGSR experiment and its performance was compared with the commercial Fe-Cr catalyst. The results indicated that the maximum CO conversion can be found at the reaction temperature of 450°C and S/C=5 for both catalysts. Under these operation conditions, the maximum CO conversion for the Pt-Ni catalyst was 87.1% which was slightly lower than 89.3% resulted from Fe-Cr catalyst. Based on the experimental results obtained from this study, it is feasible to employ WGSR for hydrogen production from BFG. The H2 concentration can be rasied to above 27% while CO concentration was reduced to 3%. The heating value of BFG can be increased from 777 kcal/Nm3 to 941.5 kcal/Nm3 via WGSR.
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(11217825), Samuel Nielson. "NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF NON-TRADITIONAL GASEOUS FUEL INJECTION INTO THE IRONMAKING BLAST FURNACE." Thesis, 2021.
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As the largest source of iron in North America, and as the largest energy consumer in the modern integrated steel mill, the blast furnace is a critical part of modern ironmaking. Any improvements that can be made to the efficiency or emissions of the blast furnace can have far reaching environmental impacts as the production of one ton of steel results in 1.85 tons of carbon dioxide emissions. Given the concerted push to reduce greenhouse emissions, novel technologies are needed to improve efficiency. In this study the injection of preheated natural gas, precombusted syngas from a variety of feedstocks, and hydrogen injection were all modeled using computational fluid dynamics, from the tuyere through the shaft of the furnace. The impacts of these various operational changes were evaluated using CFD calculated analogs for Raceway adiabatic flame temperature (RAFT), top gas temperature (TGT), and coke rate (CR). Results indicate that a reduction of 3% to 12% in CO2 emissions is possible through the implementation of these technologies, with each possessing distinct benefits and drawbacks for industrial implementation.
Book chapters on the topic "Hydrogen blast furnace"
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Duan, Wenjun, Qingbo Yu, Junxiang Liu, and Qin Qin. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Hydrogen Production from COG-Steam Reforming Process Using Blast Furnace Slag as Heat Carrier." In Energy Technology 2016, 23–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48182-1_3.
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Duan, Wenjun, Yu Qingbo, Liu Junxiang, and Qin Qin. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Hydrogen Production From COG-Steam Reforming Process Using Blast Furnace Slag As Heat Carrier." In Energy Technology 2016: Carbon Dioxide Management and Other Technologies, 23–29. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119274704.ch3.
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Yao, Xin, Qingbo Yu, Guowei Xu, Qin Qin, and Ziwen Yan. "The Characterizations of Hydrogen from Steam Reforming of Bio-Oil Model Compound in Granulated Blast Furnace Slag." In Energy Technology 2019, 13–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06209-5_2.
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Tang, Zeji, Zhong Zheng, Hongsheng Chen, and Kun He. "The Influence of Hydrogen Injection on the Reduction Process in the Lower Part of the Blast Furnace: A Thermodynamic Study." In Energy Technology 2021, 149–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65257-9_14.
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Atkins, Peter. "The Death of Metal: Corrosion." In Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.003.0012.
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As in life, so in redox reactions: some are good and some are bad. Corrosion is one of the evil among redox reactions. It is the unwanted oxidation of a metal that cuts short the lifetimes of steel products such as bridges and vehicles. Replacing corroded metal parts costs industry and society a huge amount each year. Understanding it helps us to find ways to prevent it. Not all corrosion, however, is unwanted: the green patina of copper roofs is often sought and can be beautiful; the induced oxidation of aluminium in the presence of dyes can also be intentional and can bring graceful colour to a building. I shall focus on the corrosion of iron, Fe (from the Latin ferrum), its rusting, as it is so common a way of death for our everyday artefacts. Iron rusts when it is exposed to damp air, with both oxygen and water present. In the process the Fe atoms of the metal are oxidized—lose some electrons—and become Fe3+ ions. These ions pick up some oxide ions, O2–, and are deposited as the red–brown oxide, Fe2O3. The corrosion of iron is very much like its reversion to the ore, which is also typically Fe2O3, from which, with so great an effort and all the expensive and energy-intensive, environmentally invasive fury of a blast furnace, it was originally obtained (Reaction 4). In the process of forming Fe3+, the oxygen of the air, the oxidizing agent, is converted to water. The hydrogen atoms needed for the formation of H2O molecules from O2 molecules are scavenged from the surrounding solution, especially if it is acidic and rich in hydrogen ions. I shall now show you the reaction in more detail and try to lead you into appreciating visually what is going on inside a small droplet of water on the surface of a sheet of rusting iron. Although rusting is rarely thought beautiful, there is a beauty and subtlety in the choreography of the atomic events that underlie its formation. As usual, you should imagine shrinking to the size of a molecule, plunging below the droplet’s surface, and descending diver-like through the densely agitating, bustling, tumbling water molecules.
Conference papers on the topic "Hydrogen blast furnace"
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Walker, William, Mingyan Gu, John D’Alessio, Neil Macfadyen, and Chenn Zhou. "Methodology for the Numerical Simulation of Natural Gas, Coal, and Coke Combustion in a Blast Furnace." In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56363.
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A blast furnace is a reaction vessel in which iron ore is converted to molten iron. High rate pulverized coal injection (PCI) into a blast furnace (BF) is an existing process that is known to decrease the amount of coke in the ironmaking process. Natural gas co-injection with pulverized coal increases the burnout and devolatilization rates of pulverized coal. Also, hydrogen produced from natural gas combustion is a powerful reducing agent of iron (III) oxide, releasing pure iron that trickles down and is eventually removed through the taphole. Due to the inherent complexity of the blast furnace ironmaking process, numerical simulation can prove to be quite difficult. This paper describes a three step methodology for modeling blast furnace combustion, and its application to a furnace in operation at USSC Hamilton Works.
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Pugh, Daniel, Andrew Crayford, Philip Bowen, Tim O’Doherty, and Richard Marsh. "Variation in Laminar Burning Velocity and Markstein Length With Water Addition for Industrially Produced Syngases." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25455.
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An outwardly propagating spherical flame has been used to characterise the influence of water addition on the combustion of variable steelworks gas compositions. Attention was given to the ratio of hydrogen and carbon monoxide within blast furnace gas, and the catalysing influence of water addition on the preponderant reaction kinetics. A nonlinear extrapolative technique was used to obtain values of laminar burning velocity and Markstein length for atmospheric combustion with air and change in equivalence ratio. Four disparate blast furnace gas mixtures were tested with increasing volumetric proportions of hydrogen in the range of one to seven percent, displacing other constituent fractions. A non-monotonic influence was observed, with propagation accelerated for compositions comprising smaller amounts of hydrogen, and the cooling impact of water addition shown to slow faster burning flames. Water addition was also shown to increase the effects of flame stretch on observed propagation rates, and the contrasting influences resulting from vapour fraction are discussed with respect to practical combustion instability, in addition to alternative synthesised fuels. Numerically modelled results were generated using the PREMIX coded CHEMKIN-PRO, and the performance of specified chemical reaction mechanisms evaluated in relation to the obtained experimental data.
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Palone, Orlando, Arian Hoxha, Gabriele Guglielmo Gagliardi, Francesca Di Gruttola, and Domenico Borello. "Methanol Production by a Chemical Looping Cycle Using Blast Furnace Gases." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-82154.
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Abstract Steel mills are responsible for high direct CO2 emissions. To mitigate climate changes, carbon capture and utilization strategies (CCU) aiming at neutralizing such emissions should be employed. Currently, the most widespread technologies for carbon capture (CC) are represented by chemical/physical absorption, adsorption, membrane separation, calcium looping cycles (CaL). One promising pathway for carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is represented by the coupling of chemical looping cycles with liquid fuel synthesis processes, such as methanol synthesis. Methanol is an interesting low-cost fuel for gas turbines engines, due to its potential reduction of NOx and particulate emissions along with the absence of SO2 emissions. Furthermore, being one promising solution to store excess power production from renewables, its availability is expected to increase significantly with the years. In this work, methanol production from the syngas generated by a three-reactors chemical looping process (TRCL) is investigated by mass and energy balances. The TRCL cycle is composed by a reducer reactor, where Fe2O3 is reduced to FeO by an endothermic reaction occurring at high temperatures and promoted by biogenic carbon; an oxidizer reactor, where FeO reacts exothermically with a gas stream composed of CO2 and H2O in order to produce a syngas (CO + H2); a fuel reactor, where the non-reacted FeO is oxidized to Fe3O4 and subsequently the whole amount of Fe3O4 is regenerated to Fe2O3 by the interaction with ambient air. The produced syngas is then sent to a methanol synthesis plant modelled with the Aspen Plus software. Several syngas compositions, deriving from different oxidizer’s inlet CO2/H2O molar fractions, are investigated and the resulting methanol production rates are compared. A WGS unit is located at the plant inlet in order to increase the H2 molar fraction in the feed stream. Results indicate that methanol production is almost equal in all investigated configuration and amounts to about 0.35 ton/h. From an energy standpoint, global heating/cooling duty is almost equal in all cases, while the electric power required is greater for higher hydrogen contents in the syngas. However, the case with high H2 content (0.75 in molar fraction) is characterized by the greatest methanol yield (12.6%), carbon efficiency (23%) and a limited feed over recirculation ratio, thus representing the most indicated configuration among the investigated ones.
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Bertolotto, Edoardo, Alberto Amato, and Li Guoqiang. "Atmospheric Tests of a Full Scale Gas Turbine Burner Fed With Blast Furnace Gas and Coke Oven Gas." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91360.
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Abstract The present paper describes atmospheric experimental tests of a new Ansaldo Energia full scale burner which was designed to burn fuels byproduct of steel making processes (mixtures of Blast-Furnace Gas (BFG) and Coke-Oven Gas (COG)), characterized by very low heating values (LHV∼2–3.5 MJ/kg) and very low stoichiometric air/fuel ratios (∼0.5–1 kg/kg). In particular, flame stability and blow-out margins were assessed for different burner variants and fuel compositions such as pure BFG, blends of BFG with increasing content of COG, and also a synthetic mixture of natural gas, hydrogen and nitrogen (NG/H2/N2). Except for pressure, all burner inlet conditions were simulated as in the actual gas turbine engine. The best performing burner among those tested demonstrated an excellent burning stability behavior over a wide operating range and stably burned pure BFG without any supplementary fuel. Furthermore, considering that in most operating concepts gas turbine engines for Ultra-Low BTU applications require a back-up fuel (such as oil, propane or natural gas) to ignite and ramp up or to perform load-rejections, the present atmospheric tests also assessed maneuvers to switch from natural gas operation to syngas operation. Also in this type of dual-fuel operation the burner demonstrated a wide flame stability range.
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Molie`re, Michel, Philippe Cozzarin, Se´bastien Bouchet, and Philippe Rech. "Catalytic Detection of Fuel Leaks in Gas Turbine Units: 2 — Gas Fuels Containing Hydrogen, Carbon Monoxide and Inert." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90290.
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The detection of explosive gas and vapors is a critical safety function in Gas Turbines (GT) units. On one hand, this subject is being revisited by the GT community and safety organizations with a main focus on conventional gas fired power units. On the other hand one sees currently an increasing use of alternative primary energies for GT units including both gaseous and liquid fuels such as LPG, naphtha, syngas and a wide series of low and medium BTU gas fuels. This has prompted GE Energy to undertake a comprehensive evaluation of commercial catalytic detectors that are of common use in the detection of gas leaks. In particular, the multiple announcements of coal-based project (IGCC) represented a strong motivation to launch this program that ambitioned to cover both hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon fuels, i.e. the largest CnHm/ CO/ H2/ N2(CO2) spectrum. This evaluation program has been jointly devised with and performed by the laboratory of INERIS, a French Institute devoted to safety and environment. Particular emphasis has been placed on the capability to detect combustible species at levels as low as 5% LEL (Lower Explosion Limit) that result from recent safety codes. The overall program has been break down into two parts. The response of catalytic detectors to hydrocarbon gas leaks (natural gases and naphtha vapors) has been addressed in 2004 and the corresponding results have been already published (ASME paper 2005GT68875). This first work phase has shown a satisfactory response of selected catalytic bead sensors towards the hydrocarbon paraffin series up to C8. The second phase (2005) tackled the detection of CH4/ CO/ H2/ N2(CO2) mixtures. In the authors’ knowledge, there was a lack of data in the current literature as to the performances of catalytic detection for this specific class of fuels. A wide range of mixtures was tested to cover the extensive spectrum of medium and low BTU gas fuels, including: “weak natural gas”, coal derived process gas (coke oven, blast furnace gas; COREX gas; etc.) and syngas. CO2 and N2 were used as inert components in concentrations from 20 to 80% vol. This paper summarizes the results of this second evaluation phase. A satisfactory response to the different CH4/ CO/ H2/ N2(CO2) mixtures has been obtained in terms of sensitivity, accuracy and detection limits which satisfies the requirements of current codes and standards. The overall program confirms the possibility to use catalytic bead sensors as a single detection technology for covering virtually all the gas turbine applications, This includes, apart from natural gas: LPG, light distillates (naphtha; gas condensates and NGL), “weak” natural gas, Medium & Low BTU fuels (Coke Oven; Blast Furnace), hydrogen-rich fuels (refinery) and the syngas segments with however the notable exclusion of middle distillates (gasoil, kerosene).
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Hewlett, S. G., A. Valera-Medina, D. G. Pugh, and P. J. Bowen. "Gas Turbine Co-Firing of Steelworks Ammonia With Coke Oven Gas or Methane: A Fundamental and Cycle Analysis." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91404.
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Abstract Following on from successful experimental trials employing ammonia/hydrogen blends in a model gas turbine combustor, with favorable NOx and unburned fuel emissions, a detailed numerical study has been undertaken to assess the viability of using steelworks by-product ammonia in gas turbines. Every metric ton (tonne) of steel manufactured using a blast furnace results in approximately 1.5 kg of by-product ammonia, usually present in a vapor form, from the cleansing of coke oven gas (COG). This study numerically investigates the potential to utilize this by-product for power generation. Ammonia combustion presents some major challenges, including poor reactivity and a propensity for excessive NOx emissions. Ammonia combustion has been shown to be greatly enhanced through the addition of support fuels, hydrogen and methane (both major components of COG). CHEMKIN-PRO is employed to demonstrate the optimal ratio of ammonia vapor, and alternatively anhydrous ammonia recovered from the vapor, to COG or methane at equivalence ratios between 1.0 and 1.4 under an elevated inlet temperature of 550K. Aspen Plus was used to design a Brayton-Rankine cycle with integrated recuperation, and overall cycle efficiencies were calculated for a range of favorable equivalence ratios, identified from the combustion models. The results have been used to specify a series of emissions experiments in a model gas turbine combustor.
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Moliere, Michel. "Benefiting From the Wide Fuel Capability of Gas Turbines: A Review of Application Opportunities." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30017.
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Gas Turbines accept a wide range of alternative fuels in connection with the most diverse economy branches, including industry (coal; oil and gas; refining; petrochemistry; steel and mining activities) and, more recently, agriculture (biofuels). This fuel flexibility enhances the other qualities demonstrated by Gas Turbines among which the prominent ones are: energy effectiveness, operational reliability and emission compliance. Therefore, Gas Turbines using local fuel resources and deployed in simple or combined cycles or in cogeneration plants, enable the concept of cost-effective and environmentally-conscious power projects and can make a valuable contribution to the sustainable, regional development. However, in order to benefit from the fuel flexibility of Gas Turbines, some basic technical considerations are necessary. The paper intends to provide the power community with comprehensive information about alternative GT fuels. It offers a review of the main alternative fuel candidates and sets out the primary technical/engineering considerations that underlie their safe and reliable utilization. Special emphasis is placed on: (i) volatile fuels (naphtha, NLG, condensates); (iii) weak gas fuels from the coal/iron industry (coal-bed; coke-oven, blast furnace gas); (iv) paraffin-rich and hydrogen-rich by-products from refineries (‘fuel gas’; LPG) and (iv) ash-forming oils (residuals; heavy crude’s).
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Dicampli, James, Luis Madrigal, Patrick Pastecki, and Joe Schornick. "Aeroderivative Power Generation With Coke Oven Gas." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89601.
Full textAbstract:
A major environmental concern associated with integrated steel mills is the pollution produced in the manufacture of coke, an essential intermediate product in the reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace. Coke is produced by driving off the volatile constituents of the coal—including water, coke oven gas, and coal-tar—by baking the coal in an airless furnace at temperatures as high as 2,000 degrees Celsius. This fuses together the fixed carbon and residual ash. The coke oven gas (COG) byproduct, a combustible hydrogen and hydrocarbon gas mix, may be flared, recycled to heat the coal, or cleaned to be used as a fuel source to generate energy or used to produce methanol. There are several inherent problems with COG as a fuel for power generation, notably contaminants that would not be found in pipeline natural gas or distillate fuels. Tar, a by-product of burning coal, is plentiful in COG and can be detrimental to gas turbine hot gas path components. Particulates, in the form of dust particles, are another nuisance contaminant that can shorten the life of the gas turbine’s hot section via erosion and plugging of internal cooling holes. China, the world’s largest steel producing country, has approximately 1,000 coke plants producing 200MT/year of COG. GE Energy has entered into the low British thermal unit (BTU) gases segment in China with an order from Henan Liyuan Coking Co., Ltd. The gas turbines will burn 100% coke oven gas, which will help the Liyuan Coking Plant reduce emissions and convert low BTU gas to power efficiently. This paper will detail the technical challenges and solutions for utilization of COG in an aeroderivative gas turbine, including operational experience. Additionally, it will evaluate the economic returns of gas turbine compared to steam turbine power generation or methanol production.
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Collins, L. E., K. Dunnett, T. Hylton, and A. Ray. "Development of Heavy Gauge X70 Helical Line Pipe." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78763.
Full textAbstract:
A decade ago, the pipeline industry was actively exploring the use of high strength steels (X80 and greater) for long distance, large diameter pipelines operating at high pressures. However in recent years the industry has adopted a more conservative approach preferring to utilize well established X70 grade pipe in heavier wall thicknesses to accommodate the demand for increased operating pressures. In order to meet this demand, EVRAZ has undertaken a substantial upgrade of both its steelmaking and helical pipemaking facilities. The EVRAZ process is relatively unique employing electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking to melt scrap, coupled with Steckel mill rolling for the production of coil which is fed into helical DSAW pipe mills for the production of large diameter line pipe in lengths up to 80 feet. Prior to the upgrade production had been limited to a maximum finished wall thickness of ∼17 mm. The upgrades have included installation of vacuum de-gassing to reduce hydrogen and nitrogen levels, upgrading the caster to improve cast steel quality and allow production of thicker (250 mm) slabs, upgrades to the power trains on the mill stands to achieve greater rolling reductions, replacement of the laminar flow cooling system after rolling and installation of a downcoiler capable of coiling 25.4 mm X70 material. As well a new helical DSAW mill has been installed which is capable of producing large diameter pipe in thicknesses up to 25.4 mm. The installation of the equipment has provided both opportunities and challenges. Specific initiatives have sought to produce X70 line pipe in thicknesses up to 25.4 mm, improve low temperature toughness and expand the range of sour service grades available. This paper will focus on alloy design and rolling strategies to achieve high strength coupled with low temperature toughness. The role of improved centerline segregation control will be examined. The use of scrap as a feedstock to the EAF process results in relatively high nitrogen contents compared to blast furnace (BOF) operations. While nitrogen can be reduced to some extent by vacuum de-gassing, rolling practices must be designed to accommodate nitrogen levels of 60 ppm. Greater slab thickness allows greater total reduction, but heat removal considerations must be addressed in optimization of rolling schedules to achieve suitable microstructures to achieve both strength and toughness. This optimization requires definition of the reductions to be accomplished during roughing (recrystallization rolling to achieve a fine uniform austenite grain size) and finishing (pancaking to produce heavily deformed austenite) and specification of cooling rates and coiling temperatures subsequent to rolling to obtain suitable transformation microstructures. The successful process development will be discussed.
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Bounaceur, Roda, Pierre-Alexandre Glaude, Baptiste Sirjean, René Fournet, Pierre Montagne, Matthieu Vierling, and Michel Molière. "Prediction of Auto-Ignition Temperatures and Delays for Gas Turbine Applications." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42011.
Full textAbstract:
Gas turbines burn a large variety of gaseous fuels under elevated pressure and temperature conditions. During transient operations like maintenance, start-ups or fuel transfers, variable gas/air mixtures are involved in the gas piping system. Therefore, in order to predict the risk of auto-ignition events and ensure a safe and optimal operation of gas turbines, it is of the essence to know the lowest temperature at which spontaneous ignition of fuels may happen. Experimental auto-ignition data of hydrocarbon-air mixtures at elevated pressures are scarce and often not applicable in specific industrial conditions. AIT data correspond to temperature ranges in which fuels display an incipient reactivity, with time scales amounting in seconds or even in minutes instead of milliseconds in flames. In these conditions, the critical reactions are most often different from the ones governing the reactivity in a flame or in high temperature ignition. Some of the critical paths for AIT, especially those involving peroxy radicals, are similar to those encountered in slow oxidation. Therefore, the main available kinetic models that have been developed for fast combustion, are unfortunately unable to represent properly these low temperature processes. In this context, a numerical approach addressing the influence of process conditions on the minimum auto-ignition temperature of different fuel/air mixtures has been developed. For that purpose, several chemical models available in the literature have been tested, in order to identify the most robust ones. Based on previous works of our group, a model covering a large temperature range has been developed, which offers a fair reconciliation between experimental and calculated AIT data through a wide range of fuel compositions. This model has been validated against experimental auto-ignition delay times (AID) corresponding to high temperature in order to ensure its relevance not only for AIT aspects but also for the reactivity of gaseous fuels over the wide range of gas turbine operation conditions. In addition, the AITs of methane, of pure light alkanes and of various blends representative of several natural gas and process-derived fuels were extensively covered. In particular, among alternative gas turbine fuels, hydrogen-rich gases are called to play an increasing part in the future so that their ignition characteristics have been addressed with particular care. Natural gas enriched with hydrogen, and different CO/H2 syngas fuels originating from a blast furnace (BFG) have namely been studied. Globally, the individual species covered are: H2, CO, CO2, N2, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, and C5H12. AIT values have been evaluated in function of the equivalence ratio and pressure. All the results obtained have been fitted by means of a practical mathematical expression. The overall study leads to a simple correlation of AIT versus equivalence ratio/pressure that may be of fruitful use for the engineering community.