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1
Wu, Wenxuan, Yiqu Zhou, and Qiyue Wang. "Thermodynamic model of hydrogen-based fuel cell." Applied and Computational Engineering 23, no. 1 (November 7, 2023): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/23/20230624.
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The contemporary scholarly treatise expatiates on a lofty and refined mathematical schema of a Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell seamlessly integrated into the Matlab Simulink milieu. The central aim of this model is to transcend the short descriptions of fuel cell functioning using parameters that denote certain physical connotations in an all-embracing manner. With minimal computational overhead, it could be extended to simulate an entire stack of fuel cells within the purview of an energetic system. The performance of each cell and its response to variations in pressure, temperature, humidity, and partial pressure of reactants are scrutinized with the utmost care, and the paramountcy of membrane hydration is exposed.
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LI, L., and J. HURLEY. "Ammonia-based hydrogen source for fuel cell applications." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32, no. 1 (January 2007): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.05.014.
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Rana, Ishani. "Hydrogen as Fuel of Tomorrow." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 05 (May 29, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem34632.
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As well know that carbon-based fossil fuels are a non- renewable resource and these are depleting at an alarming rate. The unmonitored explicit usage of fossil fuels certainly demands for an alternate type of fuel which could replace it in the future because not today but in the near future there will come a time when we will be short on carbon based fuels and need for an alternative type of fuel will the demand of the day. The increasing global demand for sustainable and clean energy sources has finally demanded the exploration of alternative fuels. Hydrogen, with its high energy density and zero carbon and greenhouse gas emissions during combustion, has emerged as a promising fuel of the future. Hydrogen is a potential fuel which can change our fossil fuel based dependency for energy generation to hydrogen economy. The various properties of hydrogen make it excellent alternative and soon to be primary source of fuel in the future. The various techniques of hydrogen production such as electrolysis and coal-based extraction will be discussed as well as the storage methods. Hydrogen is a better fuel in every term. There will be comparative study as well which compares the versatility, the combustion properties, electrical generation efficiency, thermal usage efficiency and also that it’s extraction methods are certainly more eco friendly as compared to other fossils fuels. Researchers are still going to make hydrogen as feasible as fossil fuels are today and soon in the upcoming years, we will see hydrogen economy booming. Keywords—Hydrogen, electrolysis, fuel, efficiency, fuel cell
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SMITH, NICK. "GEOFFREY BALLARD: FUEL CELL VISIONARY." Engineer 302, no. 7932 (January 2022): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0013-7758(22)90333-2.
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Wang, Jingyu, Xiaoyu Guo, Luoyun Xu, Liuchao Wang, Zhongpei Lu, and Zhen Dong. "Integrated Controller for Fuel Cell Systems: A Full-loop Architecture." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2774, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2774/1/012053.
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Abstract In response to the global initiative towards hydrogen energy, increasing focus has been placed on enhancing the performance, reliability and endurance of fuel cells by utilizing advanced control and monitoring strategies. However, due to the multi-variable. multi-loop and multi-physics nature of hydrogen fuel cells, the current decentralized architecture, where fuel cell controllers are isolated and placed in separate enclosures is no longer sufficient to carry out intricate coordinated control strategies. To this end, in this paper, we introduce a novel full-loop architecture, which enables the integration of the fuel cell controller, the air compressor controller, and the power electronics controller within one enclosure, reducing system size and cost. Moreover, based on the integrated hardware architecture, coordinated control such as oxygen/hydrogen pressure coordination can be carried out efficiently. A case study on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been conducted, demonstrating the advanced control and monitoring capabilities of this controller architecture.
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Zhao, Ming, Wenbin Wang, Xiaochun Zhu, Mengxue Cao, Zhengyuan Gao, Ke Sun, Shuzhan Bai, and Guoxiang Li. "Simulation and Control Strategy Study of the Hydrogen Supply System of a Fuel Cell Engine." Energies 16, no. 13 (June 25, 2023): 4931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134931.
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The hydrogen supply system is one of the important components of a hydrogen fuel cell engine, and its performance has an important impact on the economy and power of the engine system. In this paper, a hydrogen supply system based on cyclic mode is designed for a hydrogen fuel cell stack with a full load power of 150 kW, and the corresponding hydrogen fuel cell engine simulation model is built and validated. The control strategy of the fuel cell hydrogen supply system is developed, and its effect is verified through bench tests. The results show that the developed control strategy can keep the volume fraction of nitrogen below 6%, the hydrogen excess ratio does not exceed 1.5 under medium and high operating conditions, the anode pressure is relatively stable, and the stack can operate efficiently and reliably.
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Wang, Yuan, Jianshan Lu, Xinyu Zhu, Jianfeng Ye, You Kong, and Weina Hao. "A GM-Based Energy Management Strategy of Hybrid Power System for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2023 (April 26, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6656612.
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Hydrogen energy is a clean, carbon-free, flexible, efficient, and widely used secondary energy source, which is an ideal alternative to promote the clean and efficient use of traditional fossil fuels. Hydrogen fuel cell bus has the advantages of a high-energy conversion rate, absolute pollution-free, sufficient raw materials, and convenient filling. The hybrid power system, composed of fuel cell and auxiliary energy source, is one of the key technologies to promote the development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. This study aims to propose an energy management strategy by analyzing the output characteristics and power allocation of fuel cell and power battery in the hybrid power mode with fuel cell as the main and battery as the auxiliary. A GM (1, N) power prediction strategy was proposed and compared with other strategies as an on-off control strategy and logical threshold value strategy in this study. The variation curves of the battery SOC and fuel cell output power under two working conditions of CCBC and real vehicle conditions were analyzed by using these three strategies, when the initial SOC of power battery is 30%, 70%, and 90%, respectively. Results showed that the power prediction strategy based on GM (1, N) has a better performance in output efficiency and fuel economy when compared to the other two strategies by analyzing the aspects of the battery in the SOC variation and equivalent hydrogen consumption and the fuel cell in the output power variation and hydrogen consumption. This research can be helpful to provide the suggested solution for energy management of the hybrid power system for hydrogen fuel cell buses.
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Choi, Jaehoon, and Jangyoung Choi. "Research Status of Hydrogen Fuel Cell System Based on Hydrogen Electric Vehicle." Journal of Energy Engineering 29, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2020.29.4.026.
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Backurs, A., L. Jansons, L. Zemite, and A. Laizans. "The Practical Implementation of Hydrogen-Based Sustainable Power Generation Backup." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 61, no. 6 (November 30, 2024): 69–79. https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2024-0044.
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Abstract Hydrogen fuel cell backup power is a modern way to ensure an uninterrupted and decentralised supply of electricity. A stationary and mobile fuel cell, commonly referred to as a hydrogen generator, is used to produce electricity during power outages or other emergency situations. These fuel cell backups are designed to provide a reliable and efficient source of electricity for critical loads, such as hospitals, data centres, and other critical infrastructures. Hydrogen generators are typically used in situations where a reliable and efficient source of electricity is needed, and in cases when conventional diesel generators are not the priority. These generators can also be used in remote locations where access to the grid is limited or unavailable, or in applications where the use of fossil fuels is not practical or desirable. The article covers the thematic related to comparison of diesel and hydrogen generators, with regards to advantages and shortcomings of the latter, as well as provides an insight into possible use of hydrogen generators in Latvia.
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Jawad, Noor H., Ali Amer Yahya, Ali R. Al-Shathr, Hussein G. Salih, Khalid T. Rashid, Saad Al-Saadi, Adnan A. AbdulRazak, Issam K. Salih, Adel Zrelli, and Qusay F. Alsalhy. "Fuel Cell Types, Properties of Membrane, and Operating Conditions: A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 14653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114653.
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Fuel cells have lately received growing attention since they allow the use of non-precious metals as catalysts, which reduce the cost per kilowatt of power in fuel cell devices to some extent. Until recent years, the major barrier in the development of fuel cells was the obtainability of highly conductive anion exchange membranes (AEMs). On the other hand, improvements show that newly enhanced anion exchange membranes have already reached high conductivity levels, leading to the suitable presentation of the cell. Currently, an increasing number of studies have described the performance results of fuel cells. Much of the literature reporting cell performance is founded on hydrogen‒anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), though a growing number of studies have also reported utilizing fuels other than hydrogen—such as alcohols, non-alcohol C-based fuels, and N-based fuels. This article reviews the types, performance, utilized membranes, and operational conditions of anion exchange membranes for fuel cells.
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Zhou, Jinghua, Qi Zhang, and Jin Li. "Topology and Control of Fuel Cell Generation Converters." Energies 16, no. 11 (June 5, 2023): 4525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16114525.
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Fuel cell power generation is one of the important ways of utilizing hydrogen energy, which has good prospects for development. However, fuel cell volt-ampere characteristics are nonlinear, the output voltage is low and the fluctuation range is large, and a power electronic converter matching its characteristics is required to achieve efficient and stable work. Based on the analysis of the fuel cell’s characteristic mechanism, maximum power point tracking algorithm, fuel cell converter characteristics, application and converter control strategy, the paper summarizes the general principles of the topology of fuel cell converters. In addition, based on the development status of new energy, hydrogen energy is organically combined with other new energy sources, and the concept of 100% absorption system of new energy with green hydrogen as the main body is proposed to provide a reference for the development of hydrogen energy.
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Huang, Enqi. "Design of Hydrogen Fuel Cell: Methods to Higher Efficiency." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 26 (December 30, 2022): 346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v26i.3995.
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Since climate change has become a visible and significant issue, all people sharing the planet earth should take action to solve the difficulties. Hydrogen power is the alternative energy to replace traditional energy such as coal, gasoline and so on. Hydrogen energy has a few features being unique and irreplaceable, great economic benefit, environmentally friendly, etc. The research paper has mainly focused on the development and current circumstance of a specific energy form, the hydrogen fuel cell. In the following paper, the working principle and five concrete typically fuel cells, including the solid oxide fuel cell, proton exchange membrane fuel cell, direct methanol fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, as well as alkaline fuel cell, are recommended with their working performances, advantages and disadvantages. Furtherly, suggestions have been given based on the further development of the materials for different parts of the hydrogen fuel cell. This paper aims to provide a practical route for further hydrogen fuel cell development and promote hydrogen economy and clean energy usage.
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Li, Cong, Xun Cheng Wu, and Lei Jiang. "Numerical Simulation of Fuel Processor for Fuel Cell Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 44-46 (June 2008): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.44-46.509.
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In this paper, a two-dimensional mathematical model of a processor for fuel cell vehicles was presented in order to predict the effect of the parameters on the hydrogen content of the processor. The structure of the processor and the operating parameters were taken into account in the model. The complex physical and chemical process in the processor of dimethyl ether partial oxidation was well described by this model. The mathematical model was introduced into the commercial software star-cd, and then numerical simulations were also performed based on this model. In order to accounting for the effect of the processor temperature and volume fraction field, TGrid mesh method and laminar flow model were selected. Experimental verification of the two-dimensional mathematical model was implemented on self-designed equipment. The result indicates that the computed data is in good agreement with the experiment one. Finally, on the basis of the mathematical model, the effect of the parameters on the hydrogen content of the processor were investigated.
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Otomo, Junichiro, Shun Yamate, and Julián Andrés Ortiz-Corrales. "Bilayer Cell Model and System Design of Highly Efficient Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 1075–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.1075ecst.
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A highly efficient power generation system was designed by minimizing leakage current in protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) using bilayer electrolytes. The best electrolyte designs are achieved by optimizing the cell efficiency based on the transport properties of electrolyte materials assuming hydrogen as fuel. In parallel, the effect of the electrodes on the overall cell performance was also considered. Additionally, a PCFC system was modeled using the designed cells. Two PCFC systems were investigated. One based on hydrogen as a fuel, and another based on methane as fuel. It was found that a bilayer electrolyte consisting of BaZr0.8Y0.2O3−δ (BZY) with a thin layer of lanthanum tungstate (La28-xW4+xO54+3x/2v2-3x/2) is the most effective at reducing leakage current at 600°C. For this cell, a system efficiency of 69% (LHV, DC) and 65% (LHV, AC) were obtained under the cell voltage of 0.93 V, with a leakage current ratio of less than 1%, and fuel utilization of 95% when using hydrogen as fuel. On the other hand, when methane was used as fuel, the efficiency increased up to 78% (LHV, DC) and 74% (LHV, AC).
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Yan, Xiaohui, Ao Xu, Lin Zeng, Ping Gao, and Tianshou Zhao. "A Paper-Based Microfluidic Fuel Cell with Hydrogen Peroxide as Fuel and Oxidant." Energy Technology 6, no. 1 (December 15, 2017): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ente.201700470.
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QAISER, M., A. B. ASGHAR, M. H. JAFFERY, M. Y. JAVAID, and M. S. KHURRAM. "FLOW CONTROL OF HYDROGEN FUEL IN PEM FUEL CELL USING SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES." Journal of Ovonic Research 17, no. 1 (January 2021): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/jor.2021.171.31.
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Fuel cells transform the chemical energy of hydrogen directly into electrical energy without ignition or thermal processes. Their behavior is defined based on electrochemistry and thermodynamics that involves complex computations in their mathematical model. This problem of modeling can be resolved by using soft computing techniques. Fuel cells are effective, versatile and silent devices that can provide power to many applications¸ from portable electronic devices to automobiles, to electrical grids across the nation. Due to the nonlinear process of a fuel cell, fuzzy logic, neural network, and Neurofuzzy controllers are suitable for regulating input gasses flow rate to get appropriate electrical power according to load demand. This paper describes aMATLAB / Simulink model of 1KW, 28.8V DC power PEM fuel cell for controlling hydrogen flow rate to the fuel cell stack using fuzzy logic, neural network, and Neuro-fuzzy controllers. The output performance of controllers is compared based on their efficiency and utilization. Simulation results showed that the Neuro-Fuzzy controller provides good performance for the purging process of hydrogen
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Zhang, Yunong, Yuxin Liu, Andreas Offenhäusser, and Yulia Mourzina. "Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells and Self-Powered Electrochemical Sensors Based on the Principle of a Fuel Cell with Biomimetic and Nanozyme Catalysts." Biosensors 15, no. 2 (February 19, 2025): 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15020124.
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The operating principle of a fuel cell is attracting increasing attention in the development of self-powered electrochemical sensors (SPESs). In this type of sensor, the chemical energy of the analyzed substance is converted into electrical energy in a galvanic cell through spontaneous electrochemical reactions, directly generating an analytical signal. Unlike conventional (amperometric, voltammetric, and impedimetric) sensors, no external energy in the form of an applied potential is required for the redox detection reactions to occur. SPESs therefore have several important advantages over conventional electrochemical sensors. They do not require a power supply and modulation system, which saves energy and costs. The devices also offer greater simplicity and are therefore more compatible for applications in wearable sensor devices as well as in vivo and in situ use. Due to the dual redox properties of hydrogen peroxide, it is possible to develop membraneless fuel cells and fuel-cell-based hydrogen peroxide SPESs, in which hydrogen peroxide in the analyzed sample is used as the only source of energy, as both an oxidant and a reductant (fuel). This also suppresses the dependence of the devices on the availability of oxygen. Electrode catalyst materials for different hydrogen peroxide reaction pathways at the cathode and the anode in a one-compartment cell are a key technology for the implementation and characteristics of hydrogen peroxide SPESs. This article provides an overview of the operating principle and designs of H2O2–H2O2 fuel cells and H2O2 fuel-cell-based SPESs, focusing on biomimetic and nanozyme catalysts, and highlights recent innovations and prospects of hydrogen-peroxide-based SPESs for (bio)electrochemical analysis.
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OH, TAEK HYUN. "Nickel-Based Catalysts for Direct Borohydride/Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cell." Transctions of the Korean Hydrogen and New Energy Society 31, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7316/khnes.2020.31.6.587.
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Asadnia, Mohsen, Seyyed Mohsen Mousavi Ehteshami, Siew Hwa Chan, and Majid Ebrahmi Warkiani. "Development of a fiber-based membraneless hydrogen peroxide fuel cell." RSC Advances 7, no. 65 (2017): 40755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra08333e.
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Malozyomov, B. V., and E. G. Porsev. "Portable energy sources based on hydrogen fuel cell with regeneration." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 93 (December 2024): 1179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.08.047.
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Subedi, A., and B. S. Thapa. "Parametric modeling of re-electrification by green hydrogen as an alternative to backup power." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1037, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1037/1/012057.
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Abstract Electricity backup systems are needed to address the temporary grid failure, short-term electricity supply at the locations without grids, power surges, and massive blackouts. These power backup technologies include a combination of batteries and generators operating mostly on fossil fuels. Concerns regarding instant start capability with generators, noise, and mainly due to carbon emissions have encouraged to look for alternatives with low carbon technologies based on renewable energy sources. Stored electricity from solar, wind and other renewable sources are emerging and cost-competitive alternatives to fossil fuels-based power backup systems. Due to the high energy density, unlimited production source, and easy storage and transportation, hydrogen is emerging as an effective and efficient energy carrier and its applications for an alternative to power supply systems. Hydrogen produced from the electrolysis of water by renewable electricity makes it green and has minimum carbon emissions among the other alternatives and operates in real-time startups with no mechanical noise. Fuel cell is a growing technology and has the potential to channelize hydrogen energy as an alternative to carbon-intensive power supply systems. In a fuel cell, hydrogen combines with oxygen and produces electricity. The fuel cell is a robust design with several parameters that control its operation and capacity. This paper identifies the parameter-based modeling approach to establish a connection of power demand with hydrogen production. A mathematical model for system sizing of hydrogen production and fuel cell for re-electrification for a reference case is developed.
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Visvanathan, Vijai Kaarthi, Karthikeyan Palaniswamy, Dineshkumar Ponnaiyan, Mathan Chandran, Thanarajan Kumaresan, Jegathishkumar Ramasamy, and Senthilarasu Sundaram. "Fuel Cell Products for Sustainable Transportation and Stationary Power Generation: Review on Market Perspective." Energies 16, no. 6 (March 15, 2023): 2748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062748.
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The present day energy supply scenario is unsustainable and the transition towards a more environmentally friendly energy supply system of the future is inevitable. Hydrogen is a potential fuel that is capable of assisting with this transition. Certain technological advancements and design challenges associated with hydrogen generation and fuel cell technologies are discussed in this review. The commercialization of hydrogen-based technologies is closely associated with the development of the fuel cell industry. The evolution of fuel cell electric vehicles and fuel cell-based stationary power generation products in the market are discussed. Furthermore, the opportunities and threats associated with the market diffusion of these products, certain policy implications, and roadmaps of major economies associated with this hydrogen transition are discussed in this review.
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Hogarth, M. P., and G. A. Hards. "Direct Methanol Fuel Cells." Platinum Metals Review 40, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/003214096x404150159.
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The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) has been considered as the ideal fuel cell system since it produces electric power by the direct conversion of the methanol fuel at the fuel cell anode. This is more attractive than the conventional hydrogen fuelled cells, particularly for transportation applications, which rely on bulky and often unresponsive reformer systems to convert methanol, or other hydrocarbon fuels, to hydrogen. However, commercialisation of tho DMFC has been impeded by its poor performance compared with hydrogen/air systems, the major limitation being the anode performance which requires highly efficient methanol oxidation catalysts. Such catalyst materials have been sought, and it appears that only platinum-based materials show reasonable activity and the required stability. The recent application of proton exchange membrane electrolyte materials has extended the operational temperature of DMFCs beyond those attainable with traditional liquid electrolytes, and this has led to major improvements in performance over the last five years. This article describes some key work tackling the above limitations and suggests that the DMFC is approaching the stage where it may become a commercially viable alternative to hydrogen/air systems.
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Tian, Ying, Yu Fei Zhang, Zhen Hua Jin, Ke Li Wang, Sheng Fang Nie, and Qing Chun Lu. "Development of Hydrogen Consumption Test Platform for Fuel Cell Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 1031–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1031.
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Hydrogen consumption test platform include hydrogen storage part, pressure reduced part, gas filled part and test part is designed with calculating real hydrogen providing ability of fuel cell vehicles, being reference to actual structure of hydrogen providing system, and considering requirements of test platform based on weight method, temperature pressure method and flow method. In addition, a series of experiments proved that the test platform not only meets the test requirements of hydrogen consumption but also has advantages such as work stable, safe and reliable, high accuracy, convenient maintenance and strong expansibility.
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Iwahashi, Akinari, Takuya Yamada, Yasumitsu Matsuo, and Hinako Kawakami. "Novel Biofuel Cell Using Hydrogen Generation of Photosynthesis." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 11, no. 4 (November 11, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb11040081.
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Energies based on biomaterials attract a lot of interest as next-generation energy because biomaterials are environmentally friendly materials and abundant in nature. Fuel cells are also known as the clean and important next-generation source of energy. In the present study, to develop the fuel cell based on biomaterials, a novel biofuel cell, which consists of collagen electrolyte and the hydrogen fuel generated from photochemical system II (PSII) in photosynthesis, has been fabricated, and its property has been investigated. It was found that the PSII solution, in which PSII was extracted from the thylakoid membrane using a surfactant, generates hydrogen by the irradiation of light. The typical hydrogen-generating rate is approximately 7.41 × 1014 molecules/s for the light intensity of 0.5 mW/cm2 for the PSII solution of 5 mL. The biofuel cell using the PSII solution as the fuel exhibited approximately 0.12 mW/cm2. This result indicates that the fuel cell using the collagen electrolyte and the hydrogen fuel generated from PSII solution becomes the new type of biofuel cell and will lead to the development of the next-generation energy.
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Ma, Shao Jun. "Design of Sustainable Energy Supply for Mechanical Exoskeleton Based on Fuel Cell." Applied Mechanics and Materials 312 (February 2013): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.312.749.
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In this article, it takes the small power mechanical exoskeleton with fuel cells as the main application target. Based on different two hydrogen supply methods, high-pressure hydrogen cylinders and portable metal hydride hydrogen cylinders, the box structure and shape design of small power PEMFC is made. It cannot only provide power as a independent component using high-pressure hydrogen cylinders supply gas equipment, but also as transportation power or portable equipment by installing rapidly metal hydride hydrogen storage cylinders, which realized the use of reliability, flexibility and convenience for mechanical exoskeleton.
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Kappis, Konstantinos, Joan Papavasiliou, and George Avgouropoulos. "Methanol Reforming Processes for Fuel Cell Applications." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 8442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248442.
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Hydrogen production through methanol reforming processes has been stimulated over the years due to increasing interest in fuel cell technology and clean energy production. Among different types of methanol reforming, the steam reforming of methanol has attracted great interest as reformate gas stream where high concentration of hydrogen is produced with a negligible amount of carbon monoxide. In this review, recent progress of the main reforming processes of methanol towards hydrogen production is summarized. Different catalytic systems are reviewed for the steam reforming of methanol: mainly copper- and group 8–10-based catalysts, highlighting the catalytic key properties, while the promoting effect of the latter group in copper activity and selectivity is also discussed. The effect of different preparation methods, different promoters/stabilizers, and the formation mechanism is analyzed. Moreover, the integration of methanol steam reforming process and the high temperature–polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) for the development of clean energy production is discussed.
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Arabbeiki, Masoud, Mohsen Mansourkiaei, Domenico Ferrero, and Massimo Santarelli. "Ejectors in Hydrogen Recirculation for PEMFC-Based Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Design, Operation, and Numerical Simulations." Energies 17, no. 19 (September 26, 2024): 4815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17194815.
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Fuel cell systems often utilize a hydrogen recirculation system to redirect and transport surplus hydrogen back to the anode, which enhances fuel consumption and boosts the efficiency of the fuel cell. Hydrogen recirculation pumps and ejectors are the most investigated systems. Ejectors are gaining recognition as an essential device in fuel cell systems. However, their application in hydrogen recirculation systems is often limited by a narrow operational range. Therefore, it is advantageous to compile the present condition of the study on various ejector shapes as well as configurations that can accommodate a broader operational range, along with the numerical simulations employed in these studies. This paper begins by examining the structure and operation of ejectors. It then compares and analyzes the latest advancements in research on ejector-based hydrogen recirculation systems with extended operating ranges and reviews the details of numerical simulations of ejectors, which are crucial for the development of innovative and efficient ejectors. This study provides key insights and recommendations for integrating hydrogen ejectors into the hydrogen cycle system of fuel cell engines.
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Duan, Zhijie, Nan Mei, Lili Feng, Shuguang Yu, Zengyou Jiang, Dongfang Chen, Xiaoming Xu, and Jichao Hong. "Research on Hydrogen Consumption and Driving Range of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle under the CLTC-P Condition." World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010009.
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Hydrogen consumption and mileage are important economic indicators of fuel cell vehicles. Hydrogen consumption is the fundamental reason that restricts mileage. Since there are few quantitative studies on hydrogen consumption during actual vehicle operation, the high cost of hydrogen consumption in outdoor testing makes it impossible to guarantee the accuracy of the test. Therefore, this study puts forward a test method based on the hydrogen consumption of fuel cell vehicles under CLTC-P operating conditions to test the hydrogen consumption of fuel cell vehicles per 100 km. Finally, the experiment shows that the mileage calculated by hydrogen consumption has a higher consistency with the actual mileage. Based on this hydrogen consumption test method, the hydrogen consumption can be accurately measured, and the test time and cost can be effectively reduced.
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A. J. Jeman, Ameerul, Naeem M. S. Hannoon, Nabil Hidayat, Mohamed M. H. Adam, Ismail Musirin, and Vijayakumar V. "Experimental study on transient response of fuel cell." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i2.1431.
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This research work discusses a control strategy to enhance the transient response of the fuel cell and boost the real and reactive power flow from grid connected to fuel cell. The current output of the fuel cell depends on the availability of hydrogen in the fuel cell stack, a battery bank is implemented to supply the transient current and to prevent it from hydrogen saturation. The battery should only supply when there is a transient. During steady state the total power is produced by the fuel cell by regulating its hydrogen input. A prototype of the system will be created to study a control scheme which regulates the current from an input source and a battery which is connected to a dc motor. The control philosophy is based on d-q transformation and subsequently generating a reference signal that is tracked by an IGBT based inverter. The speed of the motor is controlled using pulse with modulation. The dynamic modeling of the standalone fuel cell that is connected to a dc motor is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. The simulation results show that the control scheme works well, although the dynamic response of the system can be improved. The testing carried on the prototype proves that the concept works well, but a hydrogen control scheme should be developed to improve the efficiency of the control scheme.
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Li, Mingxue, Huichao Deng, Yufeng Zhang, and Chenjun Hou. "A Small Hybrid Power System of Photovoltaic Cell and Sodium Borohydride Hydrolysis-Based Fuel Cell." Micromachines 12, no. 3 (March 7, 2021): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12030278.
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Although the hybrid power system that combines a photovoltaic cell and a lithium-ion battery is increasingly mature and practical, long-lifetime auxiliary power will be still needed in severe weather conditions. A small-volume hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell system based on the hydrolysis of NaBH4 is designed. The fuel cell system contains a tiny hydrogen generator, a hydrogen cleaner, and a small fuel cell stack consisting of three units in series. The relationship between the amount of catalyst and output performance is discussed. The long-time discharging results indicate that the fuel cell system has high power capacity. The compact design allows the fuel cell system to integrate the structure with a photovoltaic cell and lithium-ion cell and forms a hybrid power system with a small package. The power management circuit for these power sources without logic devices is designed and tested. The control strategy selects the photovoltaic–battery subsystem as the primary power source, and the fuel cell subsystem works as the backup power source to handle the circumstance when the energy stored in the battery is exhausted. The test results show that the power management system could switch the power supply automatically and timely under various emergency conditions, and the output voltage remains stable all the time.
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Nithin, Karanam, Vasupalli Manoj, and Budumuru Mohith. "FUEL CELL HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE: A REVIEW ON CURRENT STATUS, KEY CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27308.
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A fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle is an advanced type of hybrid vehicle that utilizes a combination of fuel-cell technology and electric propulsion for improved efficiency. The fuel cell generates electricity through a chemical reaction using hydrogen as the fuel source. This electricity powers the vehicle’s electric motor, while a battery system stores excess energy, provides additional power during acceleration, and stores regenerative braking energy. To improve the performance of fuel cell hybrids, designing and developing efficient energy management strategies is an urgent need for current automotive manufacturers. From the perspective of energy consumption, the main work is to reduce hydrogen consumption. In recent years, energy management strategies based on intelligent connected vehicle technology have also received extensive attention. Most fuel cell vehicles are classified as zero- emission vehicles that emit only water and heat. Compared with internal combustion vehicles, hydrogen vehicles centralize pollutants at the site of hydrogen production. In an electric drive vehicle, the low-voltage auxiliary battery provides electricity to start the engine before the traction battery is engaged, it also powers vehicle accessories. This high-voltage battery stores energy from regenerative braking and provides supplemental power to the electric motor. The DC converter converts higher voltage to lower voltage DC power which is needed to run the vehicle and recharge the auxiliary battery. Using power from the fuel cell and the traction battery pack, the motor drives the vehicle’s wheels. A fuel cell stack is an assembly of individual membrane electrodes that use hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity. So the fuel cell electric vehicle is the best option to simultaneously reduce air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and the consumption of fossil fuels Key Words: Battery(auxiliary), Battery pack such as petroleum and natural gas., DC/DC Converter, Electric traction motor(FCEV), Fuel cell stack, Fuel filler, Fuel tank(hydrogen), Power electronics controller, Thermal system(cooling), Transmission(electric)
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Agarwal, Himanshu, and Tejashree M. Bhave. "Improved Open Circuit Voltage in Nano-Porous Silicon Based Hydrogen Fuel Cell." Nano Hybrids 5 (October 2013): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nh.5.55.
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Hydrogen fuel cell generates electrical energy from the electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen with water vapor as a by-product. Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) and Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) which are normally utilized for portable applications are not only costly due to platinum electrodes, polymer membrane and supply of hydrogen or methanol as a fuel but also not integrable with silicon fabrication technology. Novel fuel cell based on nanoporous silicon (PS) as Metal/nanoPS/silicon Schottky type structure is under development and Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) upto 550 mV with Au as anode catalyst has been reported. Such fuel cell uses nanoporous silicon layer as proton exchange membrane. This type of structure is found to show humidity-voltaic effect i.e. generation of voltage in humid ambient. Humidity-stimulated voltage generation is facilitated by the hydrogen component of water present in the atmosphere. In the present work, our main objective was to improve Voc. We achieved Voc upto 1.118 V by restricting the pore size of nanoporous silicon to 4-5 nm and thickness of the Cu film to 100 nm. These results suggest that this type of fuel cell could be utilized to develop self-powered integrated circuit.
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Sun, Wen, Meijing Li, Guoliang Su, Guoxiang Li, Hao Cheng, Ke Sun, and Shuzhan Bai. "Effects of Fuel Cell Size and Dynamic Limitations on the Durability and Efficiency of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles under Driving Conditions." Applied Sciences 14, no. 6 (March 14, 2024): 2459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14062459.
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In order to enhance the durability of fuel cell systems in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs), researchers have been dedicated to studying the degradation monitoring models of fuel cells under driving conditions. To predict the actual degradation factors and lifespan of fuel cell systems, a semi-empirical and semi-physical degradation model suitable for automotive was proposed and developed. This degradation model is based on reference degradation rates obtained from experiments under known conditions, which are then adjusted using coefficients based on the electrochemical model. By integrating the degradation model into the vehicle simulation model of FCHEVs, the impact of different fuel cell sizes and dynamic limitations on the efficiency and durability of FCHEVs was analyzed. The results indicate that increasing the fuel cell stack power improves durability while reducing hydrogen consumption, but this effect plateaus after a certain point. Increasing the dynamic limitations of the fuel cell leads to higher hydrogen consumption but also improves durability. When considering only the rated power of the fuel cell, a comparison between 160 kW and 100 kW resulted in a 6% reduction in hydrogen consumption and a 10% increase in durability. However, when considering dynamic limitation factors, comparing the maximum and minimum limitations of a 160 kW fuel cell, hydrogen consumption increased by 10%, while durability increased by 83%.
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Yan, Wei Mon, Hsin Hung Chen, Guo Bin Jung, Chun I. Lee, and Chang Chung Yang. "Cell Performance of ABPBI-Based High Temperature PEM Fuel Cells." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1034.
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In this work, the cell performance of high temperature PEM fuel cells based on ABPBI membranes was experimentally measured in details. The ABPBI-based high PEM fuel cell was fabricated by using ABPBI-based gas diffusion electrodewith directly adding carbon-supported- catalyst to a homogeneous ABPBI solution prior to deposition and its membrane electrode assembly. The effects of various Pt loading of the catalyst layer, as well as the effect of different operating conditions were studied. The cell performance was evaluated using dry hydrogen/oxygen gases, which added advantage of eliminating the complicated humidification system of nafion cells. The measured results reveal that a catalyst layer with the higher Pt loading has a higher cell performance. In addition, better cell performance is noted for a case with higher cell temperature or higher cathode flowrate.
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Zhang, Jingyun, Buyuan Wang, Junjiang Zhang, Liyou Xu, and Kai Zhang. "Research on Power Optimization for Energy System of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wheel-Driven Electric Tractor." World Electric Vehicle Journal 15, no. 5 (April 28, 2024): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050188.
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Hydrogen fuel cell tractors are emerging as a new power source for tractors. Currently, there is no mature energy management control method available. Existing methods mostly rely on engineers’ experience to determine the output power of the fuel cell and the power battery, resulting in relatively low energy utilization efficiency of the energy system. To address the aforementioned problems, a power optimization method for the energy system of hydrogen fuel cell wheel-driven electric tractor was proposed. A dynamic model of tractor ploughing conditions was established based on the system dynamics theory. From this, based on the equivalent hydrogen consumption theory, the charging and discharging of the power battery were equivalent to the fuel consumption of the hydrogen fuel cell, forming an equivalent hydrogen consumption model for the tractor. Using the state of charge (SOC) of the power battery as a constraint, and with the minimum equivalent hydrogen consumption as the objective function, an instantaneously optimized power allocation method based on load demand in the energy system is proposed by using a traversal algorithm. The optimization method was simulated and tested based on the MATLAB simulation platform, and the results showed under ploughing conditions, compared with the rule-based control strategy, the proposed energy system power optimization method optimized the power output of hydrogen fuel cells and power batteries, allowing the energy system to work in a high-efficiency range, reducing the equivalent hydrogen consumption of the tractor by 7.79%, and solving the energy system power distribution problem.
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Fang, Chuan, Jianqiu Li, Liangfei Xu, Minggao Ouyang, Junming Hu, and Siliang Cheng. "Model-based fuel pressure regulation algorithm for a hydrogen-injected PEM fuel cell engine." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40, no. 43 (November 2015): 14942–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.08.043.
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Deepak, Sharma. "Application of Fuel Cells in Energy Storage." i-manager’s Journal on Embedded Systems 11, no. 1 (2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jes.11.1.19028.
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Based on a technology that separates power conversion and energy storage, fuel cell energy storage enables each function to be separately tuned for performance, cost, or other key variables. This capacity to tune every component of an energy storage system might provide considerable advantages for many uses. Here, different fuel cell-based energy storage systems are discovered that use hydrogen as the energy storage medium. Electrolyzes are fully regenerative fuel cell systems that are relevant for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The technological and product development status of these systems and the state of various hydrogen storage technology choices will be discussed.
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Huang, Jingsen, and Min Wan. "Study on the control mode of proton membrane fuel cell system." International Journal of Energy 2, no. 1 (March 3, 2023): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ije.v2i1.5612.
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In the era of energy shortage, proton membrane fuel cell using hydrogen as energy source has attracted great attention because of its advantages of zero emission and high energy conversion efficiency. Hydrogen supply system is an important part of fuel cell system. Efficient hydrogen supply system can improve hydrogen utilization rate and relieve anode flooding and hydrogen hunger with optimal exhaust drainage time. At the same time, the pressure difference between cathode and anode must be maintained within a certain range when proton membrane fuel cells are running. Reasonable pressure control algorithm can improve the safety and stability of proton membrane fuel cells. In this paper, based on the model of the total fuel cell system, the anodic fuzzy PID pressure control algorithm and the cathode fuzzy PID pressure following control algorithm for proton membrane fuel cells are designed, and the effectiveness of the fuel cell pressure control algorithm is studied through simulation analysis.
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Abad Al-Amir, Hayder Sabah, Hayder Abed Dahd, and Eiman Ali Eh Sheet. "Modeling and Control of Fuel Cell Using Artificial Neural Networks." Journal of Engineering 21, no. 12 (December 1, 2015): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2015.12.08.
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This paper includes an experimental study of hydrogen mass flow rate and inlet hydrogen pressure effect on the fuel cell performance. Depending on the experimental results, a model of fuel cell based on artificial neural networks is proposed. A back propagation learning rule with the log-sigmoid activation function is adopted to construct neural networks model. Experimental data resulting from 36 fuel cell tests are used as a learning data. The hydrogen mass flow rate, applied load and inlet hydrogen pressure are inputs to fuel cell model, while the current and voltage are outputs. Proposed model could successfully predict the fuel cell performance in good agreement with actual data. This work is extended to developed fuel cell feedback control system using PID controller to stabilize the fuel cell voltage. Particle swarm optimization technique is used to tune the PID controller gains. The voltage error and hydrogen flow rate are input and the actuator of the PID controller respectively. Simulation results showed that using PID controller with proposed model of fuel cell can successfully improve system performance in tracking output voltage under different operating conditions.
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Luciani, Sara, and Andrea Tonoli. "Control Strategy Assessment for Improving PEM Fuel Cell System Efficiency in Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062004.
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Concerns about climate change, air pollution, and the depletion of oil resources have prompted authorities to enforce increasingly strict rules in the automotive sector. There are several benefits to implementing fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHV) in the transportation sector, including the ability to assist in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fossil fuels with hydrogen as energy carriers. This paper examines different control strategies for optimizing the power split between the battery and PEM fuel cell in order to maximize the PEM fuel cell system efficiency and reduce fuel consumption. First, the vehicle and fuel cell system models are described. A forward approach is considered to model the vehicle dynamics, while a semi-empirical and quasi-static model is used for the PEM fuel cell. Then, different rule-based control strategies are analyzed with the aim of maximizing fuel cell system efficiency while ensuring a constant battery state of charge (SOC). The different methods are evaluated while the FCHV is performing both low-load and high-load drive cycles. The hydrogen consumption and the overall fuel cell system efficiency are considered for all testing conditions. The results highlight that in both low-load cycles and high-load cycles, the best control strategies achieve a fuel cell system efficiency equal or greater to 33%, while achieving a fuel consumption 30% less with respect to the baseline control strategy in low-load drive cycles.
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Mukundan, Rangachary, Christopher J. Romero, Tommy Rockward, and Eric L. Brosha. "Hydrogen Contaminant Detectors for Ensuring Hydrogen Fuel Quality." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 51 (August 9, 2024): 2753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01512753mtgabs.
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The California Energy Commission tracks Hydrogen Refueling Station (HRSs) installations within California and states that there are 66 light duty retail stations open within the State with another 34 in the planning stages.1 The hydrogen dispensed in these stations is expected to meet SAE J2719 standards for the maximum allowable concentration of various impurities.2 Currently HRSs have their fuel analyzed periodically to verify that they meet fuel specifications. However, this implies that any anomaly in the purification system resulting in contaminated hydrogen can result in significant damage to fuel cell vehicles before being detected. Therefore, the development of hydrogen contaminant detectors that can continuously monitor the hydrogen for impurities like Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) is of great interest. LANL has developed a hydrogen contaminant detector based on a hydrogen pumping cell that is sensitive to < 200 ppb CO and < 4 ppb H2S.3,4 In this talk we will present details of the working mechanism of this hydrogen contaminant detector and present results from the field testing of the detector at a HRS. Acknowledgements This research is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Office, through the Safety, Codes & Standards (SCS) sub-program (Project Manager: Laura Hill). REFERENCES: https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/energy-almanac/zero-emission-vehicle-and-infrastructure-statistics/hydrogen-refueling. San Marchi, E. S. Hecht, I. W. Ekoto, K. M. Groth, C. LaFleur, B. P. Somerday, R. Mukundan, T. Rockward, T; J. Keller, C. W. James, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 42(11), 7263-7274 (2017) Brosha, T. Rockward, C. J. Romero, M. S. Wilson, C. Kreller and R. Mukundan, U.S Patent # 10,490,833 (2019). R. Mukundan, E. L. Brosha, C. J. Romero, D. Poppe, T. Rockward, “Development of an electrochemical hydrogen contaminant detector”, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 167(14), 147507 (2020)
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Morán-Durán, Andrés, Albino Martínez-Sibaja, José Pastor Rodríguez-Jarquin, Rubén Posada-Gómez, and Oscar Sandoval González. "PEM Fuel Cell Voltage Neural Control Based on Hydrogen Pressure Regulation." Processes 7, no. 7 (July 10, 2019): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7070434.
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Fuel cells are promising devices to transform chemical energy into electricity; their behavior is described by principles of electrochemistry and thermodynamics, which are often difficult to model mathematically. One alternative to overcome this issue is the use of modeling methods based on artificial intelligence techniques. In this paper is proposed a hybrid scheme to model and control fuel cell systems using neural networks. Several feature selection algorithms were tested for dimensionality reduction, aiming to eliminate non-significant variables with respect to the control objective. Principal component analysis (PCA) obtained better results than other algorithms. Based on these variables, an inverse neural network model was developed to emulate and control the fuel cell output voltage under transient conditions. The results showed that fuel cell performance does not only depend on the supply of the reactants. A single neuro-proportional–integral–derivative (neuro-PID) controller is not able to stabilize the output voltage without the support of an inverse model control that includes the impact of the other variables on the fuel cell performance. This practical data-driven approach is reliably able to reduce the cost of the control system by the elimination of non-significant measures.
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Lan, Hao, Guiyun Wang, Kun Zhao, Yuntang He, and Tianlei Zheng. "Review on the Hydrogen Dispersion and the Burning Behavior of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles." Energies 15, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 7295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197295.
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The development of a hydrogen energy-based society is becoming the solution for more and more countries. Fuel cell electric vehicles are the best carriers for developing a hydrogen energy-based society. The current research on hydrogen leakage and the diffusion of fuel cell electric vehicles has been sufficient. However, the study of hydrogen safety has not reduced the safety concerns for society and government management departments, concerning the large-scale promotion of fuel cell electric vehicles. Hydrogen safety is both a technical and psychological issue. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of fuel cell electric vehicles’ hydrogen dispersion and the burning behavior and introduce the relevant work of international standardization and global technical regulations. The CFD simulations in tunnels, underground car parks, and multistory car parks show that the hydrogen escape performance is excellent. At the same time, the research verifies that the flow, the direction of leakage, and the vehicle itself are the most critical factors affecting hydrogen distribution. The impact of the leakage location and leakage pore size is much smaller. The relevant studies also show that the risk is still controllable even if the hydrogen leakage rate is increased ten times the limit of GTR 13 to 1000 NL/min and then ignited. Multi-vehicle combustion tests of fuel cell electric vehicles showed that adjacent vehicles were not ignited by the hydrogen. This shows that as long as the appropriate measures are taken, the risk of a hydrogen leak or the combustion of fuel cell electric vehicles is controllable. The introduction of relevant standards and regulations also indirectly proves this point. This paper will provide product design guidelines for R&D personnel, offer the latest knowledge and guidance to the regulatory agencies, and increase the public’s acceptance of fuel cell electric vehicles.
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Elbaz, Lior, and Yan Yurko. "Direct Hydroquinone Fuel Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 36 (August 9, 2024): 2039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01362039mtgabs.
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The Increasing interest and need to shift to sustainable energy give rise to the utilization of fuel cell technologies in various applications. The challenging task of hydrogen storage and transport led to the development of liquid hydrogen carriers (LHC) as fuels for direct LHC fuel cells, such as methanol in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). Although simpler to handle, most direct LHC fuel cells suffer from durability and price issues, derived from high catalysts’ loadings and by-products of the oxidation reaction of the fuel. Herein, we report on the development of direct hydroquinone fuel cells (DQFC) based on anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid (AQDS) as an LHC. We have shown that DQFC can operate with continues flow of quinone as a hydrogen carrier, outperforming the incumbent state-of-the-art DMFC by a factor of three in peak power density, while completely removing the need for any catalyst at the anode. In addition, we demonstrate that the quinone can be charged with protons in the same system, making it a reversible fuel cell system. We optimized the operating conditions and will discuss the governing conditions to reach best performance.
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Yun, Sanghyun, Seok Yeon Im, and Jaeyoung Han. "Development of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrid Urban Air Mobility System Model Using a Hydrogen Metal Hydride Tank." Energies 18, no. 1 (December 26, 2024): 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010039.
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Hydrogen fuel cell-based UAM (urban air mobility) systems are gaining significant attention due to their advantages of higher energy density and longer flight durations compared to conventional battery-based UAM systems. To further improve the flight times of current UAM systems, various hydrogen storage methods, such as liquid hydrogen and hydrogen metal hydrides, are being utilized. Among these, hydrogen metal hydrides offer the advantage of high safety, as they do not require the additional technologies needed for high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage or the maintenance of cryogenic temperatures for liquid hydrogen. Furthermore, because of the relatively slower dynamic response of hydrogen fuel cell systems compared to batteries, they are often integrated into hybrid configurations with batteries, necessitating an efficient power management system. In this study, a UAM system was developed by integrating a hydrogen fuel cell system with hydrogen metal hydrides and batteries in a hybrid configuration. Additionally, a state machine control approach was applied to a distribution valve for the endothermic reaction required for hydrogen desorption from the hydrogen metal hydrides. This design utilized waste heat generated by the fuel cell stack to facilitate hydrogen release. Furthermore, a fuzzy logic control-based power management system was implemented to ensure efficient power distribution during flight. The results show that approximately 43% of the waste heat generated by the stack was recovered through the tank system.
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Ram, Vishal, Infantraj, and Surender Reddy Salkuti. "Modelling and Simulation of a Hydrogen-Based Hybrid Energy Storage System with a Switching Algorithm." World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 10 (October 16, 2022): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13100188.
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Currently, transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy is needed, considering the impact of climate change on the globe. From this point of view, there is a need for development in several stages such as storage, transmission, and conversion of power. In this paper, we demonstrate a simulation of a hybrid energy storage system consisting of a battery and fuel cell in parallel operation. The novelty in the proposed system is the inclusion of an electrolyser along with a switching algorithm. The electrolyser consumes electricity to intrinsically produce hydrogen and store it in a tank. This implies that the system consumes electricity as input energy as opposed to hydrogen being the input fuel. The hydrogen produced by the electrolyser and stored in the tank is later utilised by the fuel cell to produce electricity to power the load when needed. Energy is, therefore, stored in the form of hydrogen. A battery of lower capacity is coupled with the fuel cell to handle transient loads. A parallel control algorithm is developed to switch on/off the charging and discharging cycle of the fuel cell and battery depending upon the connected load. Electrically equivalent circuits of a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, necessary hydrogen, oxygen, water tanks, and switching controller for the parallel operation were modelled with their respective mathematical equations in MATLAB® Simulink®. In this paper, we mainly focus on the modelling and simulation of the proposed system. The results showcase the simulated system’s mentioned advantages and compare its ability to handle loads to a battery-only system.
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Dudek, Magdalena, Andrzej Raźniak, Bartłomiej Lis, Tomasz Siwek, Bartosz Adamczyk, Dagmara Uhl, Wojciech Kalawa, and Tadeusz Uhl. "Monitoring of the Operating Parameters a Low-Temperature Fuel-Cell Stack for Applications in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Part I." E3S Web of Conferences 108 (2019): 01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910801029.
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The paper presents a brief analysis of the potential use of hydrogen-oxygen low-temperature fuel cells with proton-exchange membrane fuel-cell stacks as power sources for the construction of drive units powering unmanned aerial vehicles. Hydrogen storage methods are discussed. Characteristics of selected aspects of monitoring the electrical and non-electrical operating parameters of a drive unit with fuel cells were investigated, with respect to the fuel cell, fuel-cell cooling system, and gas reagent supplying the system with hydrogen and air. Hydrogen fuel consumption for the production of electricity and purification, or so-called purge, was analysed. Based on the results of laboratory tests of the parameters of a generator with fuel cells, an exemplary method of monitoring operating parameters and controlling power sources involving fuel cells is proposed.
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Piraino, Francesco, Matteo Genovese, and Petronilla Fragiacomo. "Performance analysis of an on-site hydrogen facility for fuel cell trains." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019705007.
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Fuel cell technologies and hydrogen can represent a potential and powerful enabler for replacing traditional diesel vehicles, especially in railways. In this train of thought, the present paper aims to investigate a fuel cell hybrid powertrain for a regional route. The main powertrain components are numerically modeled and the railway operations are simulated. The results achieved, in terms of power demand, efficiency and hydrogen consumption, are discussed and they are useful for properly sizing the refueling system. As a matter of fact, the train will be fueled with compressed hydrogen, produced on-site at a hydrogen central depot, where a hydrogen refueling station is thought to be installed. The hydrogen generation unit is considered to be a PEM unit, operating at 353 K and 20 bar. The produced hydrogen is then compressed by mean of a volumetric compressor and then stored in hydrogen tank type II, at 350 bar. The dispensing scheduling is based on the daily hydrogen demand required by the fuel cell-based train route, according to the railway timetable. The system is indeed investigated from a technical point of view, proving the integration of such systems to represent a clean, sustainable, and flexible option.
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Jenal, Norhisyam, Wahyu Kuntjoro, Thomas Arthur Ward, Khairul Imran Sainan, and Firdaus Mohamad. "Performance Analysis of Ground-Based Static Test for Hydrogen Fuelcell Propulsion System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (September 2013): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.510.
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Combustion engines are increasingly being regarded as unsustainable in the long-term, because of their negative impact on the environment (e.g. pollution, green-house gas production, and global warming). This has generated worldwide interest in propulsion systems based on renewable alternative energy sources for the future. Fuel cell technology is a promising alternative power source because of their high specific energy, efficiency, and reliability. Hydrogen proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) in particular produces zero carbon emissions by having only water vapor as the exhaust. Although there has been much research by automotive industries in developing fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEV), fuel cell research for aircraft application is relatively new. Therefore, there is a pressing need for research related to development of aircraft fuel cell electric propulsion systems. Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) is conducting static experiments on different configurations of fuel cell electric propulsion systems. The objective of this study is to understand the behavior of a PEMFC propulsion system under a ground-based static test. A 1 kW PEMFC was used as the main power source for a brushless DC motor electric propulsion system. The electrical characteristics, rotational speed, and thrust data were presented for two different electrical propellers. Analyses of the results were used to characterize the effectiveness of the fuel cell system and its balance of plant. The results were beneficial as a predictive method on defining the optimum electric propulsion system performance needed for future actual flight development.