Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrogen as fuel Specifications Australia'
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1
Dicks, A. L., J. C. Diniz da Costa, A. Simpson, and B. McLellan. "Fuel cells, hydrogen and energy supply in Australia." Journal of Power Sources 131, no. 1-2 (May 2004): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.11.079.
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Oh, Taek Hyun. "Design specifications of direct borohydride–hydrogen peroxide fuel cell system for space missions." Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (November 2016): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2016.09.012.
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Boretti, Alberto. "Fuel cycle CO2-e targets of renewable hydrogen as a realistic transportation fuel in Australia." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36, no. 5 (March 2011): 3290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.12.071.
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O'Reilly, James, Clare Pope, and Amy Lomas. "Development of the clean hydrogen industry in Australia – a regulatory and fiscal roadmap for the fuel of the future." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20190.
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As Australia moves toward decarbonisation across all of its sectors, the production and use of clean hydrogen have emerged as a clear alternative. It is versatile, storable, transportable and, ultimately, a fuel source that is carbon free. Funding and policy announcements across State and Federal Governments for the hydrogen industry have built momentum in recent years, with projects already underway to address new uses for hydrogen, which are looking to improve the economics of production to meet the expected future demand not only here in Australia but also internationally. So, how can Australia lead the global shift to hydrogen and what is the regulatory and fiscal infrastructure needed to drive the development of the hydrogen industry in Australia? The key issues to be considered include the following: The need for government funding for development of the future uses of hydrogen to help build confidence and stimulate investment across the supply chain to enable commercialisation; Establishing an attractive investment environment for projects in Australia – not only the production of hydrogen but also for the supply chain infrastructure; Development of a certification scheme and Australia’s role in setting regional and/or international standards and Policy settings, including the necessary regulatory and fiscal reforms, relevant to support the period of transition to green hydrogen.
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Azharuddin, Dwi Arnoldi, Fenoria Putri, Kemas M. Fadhil Almakky, and M. Ivan Davala. "Study Analysis Fuel from Plastic Waste." International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS) 1, no. 3 (December 23, 2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v1i3.59.
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The explosion of plastic-based waste (polymer) in the environment, as a result of its excessive use, so that this phenomenon causes damage to environmental ecosystems, water absorption is not optimal causes flooding, and polluting nutrients in the soil. Plastic is a polymer compound composed of the main elements, namely carbon and hydrogen. The best results in this study by using this tool have a physical appearance: yellow like premium fuel type "1.0" (color test results using the ASTM D1500 method), very pungent smelling liquid, thicker when compared to premium fuel types. And has specifications: Density value of 786.4 kg/m3, Sulfur Content 0.003% m/m, water content 282 ppm, CCI 53.4.
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Hoque, Najmul, Wahidul Biswas, Ilyas Mazhar, and Ian Howard. "Sustainability Implications of Using Hydrogen as an Automotive Fuel in Western Australia." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 2, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2003013.
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Kritzinger, Niel, Ravi Ravikumar, Sunil Singhal, Katie Johnson, and Kakul Singh. "Blue hydrogen production: a case study to quantify the reduction in CO2 emission in a steam methane reformer based hydrogen plant." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18164.
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In Australia, and globally, hydrogen is primarily produced from natural gas via steam methane reforming. This process also produces CO2, which is typically vented to the atmosphere. Under this configuration, the hydrogen produced is known as grey hydrogen (carbon producing). However, if the CO2 from this process is captured and stored after it is produced, the hydrogen product is CO2-neutral, or ‘blue hydrogen’. To enable production of blue hydrogen from existing natural gas steam methane reformers (SMRs) in Australia, gasification of biomass/bio waste can be utilised to produce fuel gas for use in a SMR-based hydrogen plant, and the CO2 in the shifted syngas can be removed as pure CO2 either for sequestration, enhanced oil recovery, or enhanced coal bed methane recovery. Australian liquefied natural gas that is exported and utilised as feedstock to existing SMRs in other countries can incorporate carbon emission reduction techniques for blue hydrogen production. The use of bio-derived syngas as fuel will generate hydrogen with only bio-derived CO2 emissions. Additional carbon credit can be obtained by replacing petrol or diesel consuming automobiles with fuel cell vehicles powered by hydrogen derived from gasification of biomass.
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Bethoux, Olivier. "Hydrogen Fuel Cell Road Vehicles: State of the Art and Perspectives." Energies 13, no. 21 (November 9, 2020): 5843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215843.
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Driven by a small number of niche markets and several decades of application research, fuel cell systems (FCS) are gradually reaching maturity, to the point where many players are questioning the interest and intensity of its deployment in the transport sector in general. This article aims to shed light on this debate from the road transport perspective. It focuses on the description of the fuel cell vehicle (FCV) in order to understand its assets, limitations and current paths of progress. These vehicles are basically hybrid systems combining a fuel cell and a lithium-ion battery, and different architectures are emerging among manufacturers, who adopt very different levels of hybridization. The main opportunity of Fuel Cell Vehicles is clearly their design versatility based on the decoupling of the choice of the number of Fuel Cell modules and hydrogen tanks. This enables manufacturers to meet various specifications using standard products. Upcoming developments will be in line with the crucial advantage of Fuel Cell Vehicles: intensive use in terms of driving range and load capacity. Over the next few decades, long-distance heavy-duty vehicles and fleets of taxis or delivery vehicles will develop based on range extender or mild hybrid architectures and enable the hydrogen sector to mature the technology from niche markets to a large-scale market.
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Petter, Ryan, and Wallace E. Tyner. "Technoeconomic and Policy Analysis for Corn Stover Biofuels." ISRN Economics 2014 (February 4, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/515898.
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Conventional fossil fuels dominate the marketplace, and their prices are a direct competitor for drop-in biofuels. This paper examines the impact of fuel selling price uncertainty on investment risk in a fast pyrolysis derived biofuel production facility. Production cost specifications are gathered from previous research. Monte Carlo analysis is employed with uncertainty in fuel selling price, biomass cost, bio-oil yield, and hydrogen price parameters. Experiments reveal that fuel price has a large impact on investment risk. A reverse auction would shift risk from the private sector to the public sector and is shown to be more effective at encouraging private investment than capital subsidies for the same expected public cost.
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Arnott, James, and Nadia Leibbrandt. "A hydrogen future?" APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19088.
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Hydrogen is emerging as an alternate carrier of energy. It has the potential to play a key role in the decarbonisation of the energy sector. Governments around the world and in Australia are signalling interest in moving the hydrogen economy forward. Current efforts are focused on developing hydrogen visions and strategies, supported by investments and partnerships with industry to progress technology and unlock the barriers across the hydrogen value chain. KPMG has worked with CSIRO, ATCO Gas and the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) in the development of a Hydrogen City tool (H2City Tool) (available for public download from the ARENA website). The H2City Tool assists users with screening communities that may be suitable for transitioning to a hydrogen-based energy future and provides two broad pathways: a hydrogen pathway and an electrification pathway, allowing a relative comparison to be made between these options. This abstract provides a summary of outcomes arising from analysis performed by KPMG using the H2City Tool, which illustrates the conditions and viability of several pathways to convert to a hydrogen-based energy future. These pathways were: Scenario 1 – converting a large metropolitan community to hydrogen; Scenario 2 – adopting hydrogen to fuel transport at scale; Scenario 3 – adopting hydrogen in electricity grid firming at scale; and Scenario 4 – adopting the concept of hydrogen hubs in regional Australia.
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Hancock, Linda, and Linda Wollersheim. "EU Carbon Diplomacy: Assessing Hydrogen Security and Policy Impact in Australia and Germany." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 8103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238103.
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Hydrogen is fast becoming a new international “super fuel” to accelerate global climate change ambitions. This paper has two inter-weaving themes. Contextually, it focuses on the potential impact of the EU’s new Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on fossil fuel-generated as opposed to green hydrogen imports. The CBAM, as a transnational carbon adjustment mechanism, has the potential to impact international trade in energy. It seeks both a level playing field between imports and EU internal markets (subject to ambitious EU climate change policies), and to encourage emissions reduction laggards through its “carbon diplomacy”. Countries without a price on carbon will be charged for embodied carbon in their supply chains when they export to the EU. Empirically, we focus on two hydrogen export/import case studies: Australia as a non-EU state with ambitions to export hydrogen, and Germany as an EU Member State reliant on energy imports. Energy security is central to energy trade debates but needs to be conceptualized beyond supply and demand economics to include geopolitics, just transitions and the impacts of border carbon taxes and EU carbon diplomacy. Accordingly, we apply and further develop a seven-dimension energy security-justice framework to the examples of brown, blue and green hydrogen export/import hydrogen operations, with varying carbon-intensity supply chains, in Australia and Germany. Applying the framework, we identify potential impact—risks and opportunities—associated with identified brown, blue and green hydrogen export/import projects in the two countries. This research contributes to the emerging fields of international hydrogen trade, supply chains, and international carbon diplomacy and develops a potentially useful seven-dimension energy security-justice framework for energy researchers and policy analysts.
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Biswas, Wahidul K., Brett C. Thompson, and Mohammad N. Islam. "Environmental life cycle feasibility assessment of hydrogen as an automotive fuel in Western Australia." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 1 (January 2013): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.10.044.
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Wells, Cameron, Roberto Minunno, Heap-Yih Chong, and Gregory M. Morrison. "Strategies for the Adoption of Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage Systems: An Exploratory Study in Australia." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 6015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166015.
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A significant contribution to the reduction of carbon emissions will be enabled through the transition from a centralised fossil fuel system to a decentralised, renewable electricity system. However, due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy, storage is required to provide a suitable response to dynamic loads and manage the excess generated electricity with utilisation during periods of low generation. This paper investigates the use of stationary hydrogen-based energy storage systems for microgrids and distributed energy resource systems. An exploratory study was conducted in Australia based on a mixed methodology. Ten Australian industry experts were interviewed to determine use cases for hydrogen-based energy storage systems’ requirements, barriers, methods, and recommendations. This study suggests that the current cost of the electrolyser, fuel cell, and storage medium, and the current low round-trip efficiency, are the main elements inhibiting hydrogen-based energy storage systems. Limited industry and practical experience are barriers to the implementation of hydrogen storage systems. Government support could help scale hydrogen-based energy storage systems among early adopters and enablers. Furthermore, collaboration and knowledge sharing could reduce risks, allowing the involvement of more stakeholders. Competition and innovation could ultimately reduce the costs, increasing the uptake of hydrogen storage systems.
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Aubert, I., J. Jumel, M. Tarek-Lamazouade, and Julien Vulliet. "Study of Iron-Based Alloys in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Temperature and Atmosphere Conditions, Effect of a Silver-Coating." Solid State Phenomena 183 (December 2011): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.183.9.
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The French Atomic Energy Commission has developed a High Temperature Electrolyzer having an original coaxial architecture. Important elements are spring-like interconnects which allow to cope with thermal dilatation. Specifications of these components are low-cost, long term electrical conductivity achieved by chemical and mechanical stability. Potential candidates are iron-based alloys on which thin silver-coating may be deposited. In this paper we study the interaction of such systems with a mixture of hot vapour and hydrogen that is representative of the electrolyzer environment. Oxidation kinetic is measured by thermogravimetry. The oxide layer composition and morphology of tested samples are then investigated using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). These analyses demonstrate that hydrogen content strongly impacts the oxidation mechanism.
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Bell, Candice. "PESA Australia business environment review 2021." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S519—S526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21224.
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With a backdrop of energy transition and an accelerating need to decarbonise, the oil and gas business environment was complex and conflicted through 2021. The complexity of the energy transition was continually highlighted by academia and international agencies. While asserting gas and LNG as a fuel critical to the energy transition, they continued to warn that the transition away from fossil fuels is not occurring fast enough to arrest catastrophic climate change. International cooperation culminating at COP26 somewhat faltered in the face of the immense challenges the energy transition poses. Complexity was also demonstrated through the rise in LNG spot prices as Asia’s demand for energy rebounded. Though high spot LNG prices through this period proved lucrative for producers, the surge in prices pushed some Asian markets back to emission-intensive yet low-cost coal for energy generation, signalling the volatility and challenges of LNG’s position as an energy transition fuel. Conflict was seen when environmentally focused activist investors disrupted business-as-usual operations for several Australian and international firms, with all signs pointing to an intensification of this trend in the coming years. In response, capital markets rallied behind low-carbon energy investments with trillions of dollars flowing towards renewables, hydrogen and CCS projects. Finally, to compound the complexity of the myriad external forces, oil and gas firms coalesced around four key decarbonisation responses. Oil and gas firms focused efforts on: (1) strengthening and refining net zero commitments; (2) operational decarbonisation including CCS investment; (3) investment in low-carbon fuels including hydrogen; and (4) consolidation, to strengthen balance sheets, build business model resilience and diversify their portfolios.
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Rezaee, Reza. "Assessment of natural hydrogen systems in Western Australia." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46, no. 66 (September 2021): 33068–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.149.
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Sung, Woosuk, and Yong-Gu Park. "Hybrid Power System for the Range Extension of Security Robots: Prototyping Phase." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 19, 2021): 12095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112412095.
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This paper describes our best practices related to hybrid power system (HPS) development with a focus on the prototyping phase. Based on the main development goals of our security robot, 24 h continuous operation on a single charge as a top priority, the HPS specifications were developed in the previous phase. For long-duration missions, batteries are hybridized with hydrogen fuel cells. By hybridization, the practical issues of fuel cells can be addressed such as lack of durability and low power density. With the developed specifications of the HPS, its components were acquired and installed to build a prototype. Using an electronic load coupled with a charge-discharge system controller, the constructed prototype was tested, discovering the maximum output power (850 W) that the fuel cell can sustain for 24 h. To further increase the energy density of the HPS, its structure was converted to a plug-in hybrid. With the developed HPS simulator, the converted HPS was simulated, predicting an extended hours of operation (2.07 h) based on the larger battery (7S12P) over the widest SOC window (90%). The plug-in HPS prototype was integrated into the security robot. On a dedicated chassis dynamometer, the integrated prototype was tested, demonstrating its capability to continuously operate the security robot for 24 h.
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Sung, Woosuk. "Hybrid Power System for the Range Extension of Security Robots: Specification Development Phase." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 11577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311577.
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This paper describes our best practices related to hybrid power system (HPS) development, with a focus on the specification development phase. The HPS specifications are based on the main development goals of our security robot, which place top priority on 24 h continuous operation on a single charge. Similar to human guards, security robots are expected to operate 24 h per day, seven days per week, but existing battery-powered robots cannot meet these goals. For long-duration missions, their operating times are too short, and their charging times are too long. As an effective alternative, hydrogen fuel cells are combined with batteries to hybridize the power systems of security robots. In this study, several HPS structures were comprehensively compared by selecting a one-stage series structure. Component specifications were determined based on the selected structure to achieve the main development goals of our security robot. To verify whether the determined specifications are valid, a HPS simulator was developed. The key operating conditions for the HPS were simulated, including overloading, terminal short-circuiting, and drive cycling. Under critical conditions, the behavior of the entire system and its components was confirmed. The developed specifications will eventually be carried over to the prototyping phase.
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Masoumi, Mir Esmaeil, and Zahra Firooz Jahantighy. "Hydrogen Integration in Refinery Using MINLP Method." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 720–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.720.
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Hydrogen is an important utility in the production of clean fuels as low-sulfur gasoline and diesel. The combination of low-sulfur fuel specifications and reduced production of hydrogen in catalytic reformers make hydrogen management a critical issue. In this paper a systematic approach for the retrofit design of hydrogen networks in refineries was proposed. The methodology is based upon mathematical optimization of a superstructure and maximizing the amount of hydrogen recovered across a site. The techniques account fully for pressure constraints as well as the existing equipment. The optimum placement of new equipment such as compressors and purification units is also considered. Total annual cost and fresh hydrogen required by the refinery are employed as the optimizing objects. Equations obtained from superstructure method are solved with mixed-integer nonlinear programming of the general algebraic modeling system. In this work the Tehran refinery was considered as a case study. The results of optimization show that the 28% reduction was achieved in hydrogen production of north section and this is 35.7% for south section of refinery. Also adding the new hydrogen recovery unit in hydrogen network will cause 20% reduction in total costs of north and 31.2% in south sections.
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Goodger, E. M. "Jet Fuels Development and Alternatives." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 209, no. 2 (April 1995): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_281_02.
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The jet engine group comprises aero turbines, ramjets and rockets, their level of performance increasing in that order, with fuel requirements showing both similarities and differences. The conventional fuel for aero turbine engines, for example, is aviation kerosine, several variants of which exist for specific applications. Aviation fuel specifications are invariably stringent, and variations with density are shown for typical properties. The dwindling availability of optimal crudes over the last 25 years has resulted in a general degradation in the quality of aviation kerosine, with adverse effects on combustion performance, emissions and engine life except where hardware solutions emerged in parallel. In fact, the reduction of emissions is seen to be more a matter of engine design than fuel technology. In the near term, supplies of kerosine may be supplemented from sources other than crude oil, whereas in the longer term, kerosine may be substituted by liquid methane and/or liquid hydrogen. In comparison with kerosine, liquid hydrogen produces more nitrogen in its combustion products on a fuel mass basis, but less on an energy basis, although the flame temperature is higher giving possibilities of more NOx. The fuel requirements of high energy content and storage stability apply across the board, but additional parameters of concern are heat capacity in the case of ramjets, and combustion-product chemistry with rockets, which demand a range of candidate high-performance fuels.
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Sandri, Orana, Sarah Holdsworth, Jan Hayes, Nicola Willand, and Trivess Moore. "Hydrogen for all? Household energy vulnerability and the transition to hydrogen in Australia." Energy Research & Social Science 79 (September 2021): 102179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102179.
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Frery, Emanuelle, Laurent Langhi, and Jelena Markov. "Natural hydrogen exploration in Australia – state of knowledge and presentation of a case study." APPEA Journal 62, no. 1 (May 13, 2022): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21171.
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Hydrogen will play a major role in Australia’s transition to a net zero emissions energy future. The hydrogen industry and technology are scaling up with hydrogen produced via two pathways, thermochemical and electrochemical, that involve the use of fossil fuel feedstock or the use of an electrical current to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Exploration for and production of natural hydrogen is one of the most promising ways to get large quantities of green hydrogen cheaper than the ‘blue’ hydrogen produced from methane. Some predictions from this growing industry even estimate that the production of natural hydrogen can quickly become economically viable. We propose to review the state of knowledge of natural hydrogen exploration and production in the world and focus on the exploration of the Australian natural seeps in the frame of the incredible exploration rush we are currently experiencing. Surface emanations often referred to as ‘fairy circles’ are often associated with high hydrogen soil-gas measurement and have been described in numerous countries. In the frame of our research, we recently showed that similar hyrdrogen-emitting structures are present in Australia. New regional scale soil-gas measurements reveal persistent hydrogen concentration along the Darling Fault, in the Perth Basin and on the Yilgarn Craton. Those geological settings promote processes such as deep serpentinisation of ultramafic rocks as potential hydrogen sources that are of massive potential economic value. We review the results of different techniques to explore and quantify the presence of natural hydrogen leakage.
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Youn, Han-Shin, Duk-Hyeon Yun, Woo-Seok Lee, and Il-Oun Lee. "Study on Boost Converters with High Power-Density for Hydrogen-Fuel-Cell Hybrid Railway System." Electronics 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9050771.
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Step-up DC/DC converters are needed generally for the hydrogen-fuel-cell (HFC) hybrid railway system since the HFC has difficulty directly generating a high link voltage of over 1500 V for the high-power capacity inverter to drive the traction motor in the vehicle. These step-up DC/DC converters demand a high conversion efficiency with low weight and volume, due to the limited space in vehicle. In this paper, step-up DC/DC converters are presented and are evaluated for the HFC hybrid railway system. By choosing the interleaved boost converter and the 3-level boost converter as promising candidates, characteristics and features of both converters are presented through the analysis of the operational principles. In addition, the optimal design methods and results of boost inductor, output capacitor, and power semiconductor devices are presented based on theoretical analysis and a real design specification for the HFC hybrid railway system. Moreover, an optimal digital control design in terms of dynamic current response and reliability, such as current-balance or voltage-balance controls, is presented in this paper. In order to verify the analysis and design results, prototypes of both converters with the 600 V input and 1200 V/20 kW output specifications are constructed and the performance of the interleaved and 3-level boost converters are demonstrated through the experimental results. The experimental results show that the 3-level boost converter is more suitable for the HFC hybrid railway system in the sense of efficiency, power-density, and dynamic current response.
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Ghaffariyan, M. R., and M. Brown. "Selecting the efficient harvesting method using multiple-criteria analysis: A case study in south-west Western Australia." Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 12 (December 20, 2013): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/45/2013-jfs.
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Different factors can impact on the timber harvesting methods including stand characteristics, ground conditions, extraction distance, climate, silvicultural treatments and social interests. The multiple-criteria analysis is an effective methodology for helping foresters decide what system to apply depending on their operations specifications. Four harvesting methods were compared in Western Australian Eucalypt plantations including cut-to-length (CTL), in-field chipping using a delimbing and debarking flail integrated with the chipper (IFC-DDC), in-field chipping using a chipper with a separate flail machine for delimbing and debarking (IFC-F/C) and whole tree to roadside (WTR). The decision criterions consisted of total operating cost (from stand to mill gate), yield per ha, harvesting residues, fuel consumption and bark content of the chips. The Promethee method was used to evaluate the alternatives using Decision Lab software. Based on the results, the IFC-DCC was the best harvest method while WTR method was the worst harvesting alternative in the case study area. IFC-DCC method resulted in the lowest operating cost and the highest recovered yield per ha compared to the other harvesting methods.
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Hoque, Najmul, Wahidul Biswas, Ilyas Mazhar, and Ian Howard. "Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Alternative Fuels for Western Australia’s Transport Sector." Atmosphere 10, no. 7 (July 15, 2019): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070398.
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Alternative fuels for the transport sector are being emphasized due to energy security and environmental issues. Possible alternative fuel options need to be assessed to realize their potential to alleviate environmental burdens before policy formulations. Western Australia (WA) is dominated by private cars, accounting for around 72% vehicles with 87% of those using imported gasoline, and resulting in approximately 14% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector. There is an urgent need for WA to consider alternative transport fuels not only to reduce the environmental burden but also to avoid future energy security consequences. This study assesses the environmental life cycle assessment (ELCA) of transport fuel options suitable for WA. The study revealed that ethanol (E65), electric (EV) and plug-in electric vehicle (PHEV) options can decrease global warming potential (GWP) by 40%, 29% and 14%, respectively, when compared to gasoline. The EV and PHEV also performed better than gasoline in the fossil fuel depletion (FFD) and water consumption (WC) impact categories. Gasoline, however, demonstrated better environmental performance in all the impact categories compared to hydrogen and that was mainly due to the high electricity requirement during the production of hydrogen. The use of platinum in hydrogen fuel cells and carbon fibre in the hydrogen tank for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCV) and Li-ion battery for EVs are the most important sources of environmental impacts. The findings of the study would aid the energy planners and decision makers in carrying out a comparative environmental assessment of the locally-sourced alternative fuels for WA.
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Kwok, Jeffrey. "Towards a hydrogen economy – a sustainable pathway for global energy transition." HKIE Transactions 28, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33430/v28n2thie-2020-0046.
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Hydrogen is receiving increasing attention for achieving carbon abatement in various sectors, including transport, logistics, thermal engineering and industrial feedstock, etc. Hydrogen can also support distributed power supply that raises national energy security. Both commercial and industrial sectors share a common vision that increasing the cost-effectiveness of renewable hydrogen represents their strategic achievement towards substantial sustainability. This paper explains how hydrogen can play seven roles in the energy transition which include large-scale integration of renewable energy into the power grid, medium for storing and distributing energy across sectors and/or regions, a buffer to increase the electric system resilience and clean fuel for fuel cell vehicles to decarbonise transport. Besides, hydrogen can decarbonise building energy consumption and serve as feedstock using captured carbon. Power Assets Holdings Limited (PAH), a global investor in energy and utility-related business, has identified a hydrogen economy as a strategic vision in its business plan for zero carbon readiness in 2035 and a carbon-free business model in 2050. In this paper, the features and attributes of different hydrogen projects, such as H21 and InTEGRel in the UK and Hydrogen Park in South Australia, are discussed to demonstrate the commercial deployment of hydrogen power.
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Frery, Emanuelle, Laurent Langhi, Mederic Maison, and Isabelle Moretti. "Natural hydrogen seeps identified in the North Perth Basin, Western Australia." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46, no. 61 (September 2021): 31158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.023.
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Rieke, K. L., H. G. Lew, and W. C. Rovesti. "ITSL Coal Liquid as a Combustion Turbine Fuel." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 109, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240040.
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The combustion characteristics of low-hydrogen-content distillate fuels produced from coal differ from those of conventional petroleum distillates. The differences include: increased flame emissivity which contributes to higher combustor liner temperature, and increased fuel-bound nitrogen which contributes to higher NOx emission. This paper presents the results of a laboratory test program to evaluate the emissions and combustor performance characteristics when burning the ITSL heavy distillate coal-derived liquid (CDL), and thus determine its acceptability and suitability as a utility combustion turbine fuel. The chemical and physical properties characterizing the test fuel were determined. The trace metals, such as sodium, potassium, vanadium, etc., are low and within concentrations presently allowable in fuel oil specifications. The burner performance factors on the CDL fuel did not differ significantly from those of the baseline No. 2 fuel. Evaluation and comparison of combustor wall temperatures when burning ITSL showed the increase in wall temperature (above No. 2 fuel) to be consistent with expectations. Emissions were measured over an equivalent load range of 30 to 100 percent engine base load. The increase in the measured NOx emissions with increasing combustor temperature rise (load) was observed. The usual reduction of NOx with water injection into the combustor was also observed. Other emissions, such as CO, UHC, O2, and CO2 for the ITSL fuel generally followed the usual characteristics with load. The ITSL Heavy distillate was found to be an acceptable coal-derived liquid fuel for combustion turbine applications.
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Sharma, Prakash, Flor Lucia De la Cruz, and Jonathan Sultoon. "Finding winners in the hydrogen hype." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S67—S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21168.
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The global energy trade is set for its greatest transformation since the 1970s and the rise of OPEC (The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries). Electrification is central to this as countries plough money into renewables to reduce emissions and enhance energy security. But electrification can take the world only so far. With higher carbon prices looming on the horizon, fossil fuel exporters and industrial sectors – as well as heavy-duty trucking, shipping and aviation – need alternatives to decarbonise. Most are looking to electricity-based fuels and feedstocks such as hydrogen, ammonia and methanol to replace hydrocarbons. This will revolutionise energy trade, with total trade declining by as much as 50% and virtually all remaining traded oil gas and coal being either completely decarbonised or backed by offsets. With 147 GWel (giga‐watts electrolyser capacity) in announced projects, green hydrogen produced from renewable electricity is ahead of the game. And while its export supply chains are complex, requiring conversion into a ‘product’ to allow delivery, there is no exploration risk as in oil and gas projects. Worldwide, national hydrogen roadmaps are being passed, with virtually all oil and gas companies, utilities and industrials backing at least one hydrogen project. Focus is now shifting to future sources of hydrogen supply. Lenders will be drawn to locations with a proven track record of exporting natural resources, suitable conditions for low-cost renewable electricity and the potential for large-scale carbon capture. A few countries already stand out, but none more so than Australia. Using our proprietary research, we will present a case study evaluating hydrogen supply options from Australia, Saudi Arabia and Canada – delivered into key markets like Japan for different applications. We will also assess when costs will fall across the value chain – production, midstream and downstream – and reach parity to incumbent fuels.
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Higgs, W. G., and P. E. Prass. "AUSTRALIAN GTL CLEAN DIESEL: A STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY FOR AUSTRALIA’S STRANDED GAS RESERVES." APPEA Journal 42, no. 2 (2002): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj01064.
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Australia’s lack of gas supply infrastructure and market opportunities means that in the northwest of our nation more than 100 trillion cubic feet of gas remains uncommitted to customer contracts.Because of Western Australia’s relatively small domestic gas markets and the long transport distances to larger markets, the belief has been that only the LNG industry has the scale to monetise the large volumes of gas required to underpin greenfield developments and expansion of gas supply infrastructure.Changing fuel specifications around the world, combined with the limited opportunities for new LNG contracts, has renewed interest in gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology as an alternative to crude oil refining for a source of clean and efficient transport fuels. GTL is an exciting new market opportunity for Australian gas.Exploration interest in Australia appears to be waning. Declining opportunities for oil discoveries and the lack of markets for natural gas make investments in Australia’s upstream sector unattractive compared to other locations around the world.In addition, Australia has dwindling crude oil supplies and faces the prospect of increasing reliance on imported crude oil and refined products. An Australian GTL Clean Diesel industry can help overcome these hurdles by creating a designer blendstock and a valuable new GTL Clean Diesel export industry.A GTL Clean Diesel industry would not only help resolve many of Australia’s current upstream and downstream problems in the petroleum industry, but would also provide massive economic benefits to Australia.This paper will look not only at the making but also the marketing of this fuel of the future.
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Fawwaz Alrebei, Odi, Ali Al-Doboon, Philip Bowen, and Agustin Valera Medina. "CO2-Argon-Steam Oxy-Fuel Production for (CARSOXY) Gas Turbines." Energies 12, no. 18 (September 19, 2019): 3580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183580.
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Due to growing concerns about carbon emissions, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) techniques have become an interesting alternative to overcome this problem. CO2-Argon-Steam-Oxy (CARSOXY)-fuel gas turbines are an innovative example that integrates CCS with gas turbine powergen improvement. Replacing air-fuel combustion by CARSOXY combustion has been theoretically proven to increase gas turbine efficiency. Therefore, this paper provides a novel approach to continuously supply a gas turbine with a CARSOXY blend within required molar fractions. The approach involves H2 and N2 production, therefore having the potential of also producing ammonia. Thus, the concept allows CARSOXY cycles to be used to support production of ammonia whilst increasing power efficiency. An ASPEN PLUS model has been developed to demonstrate the approach. The model involves the integrations of an air separation unit (ASU), a steam methane reformer (SMR), water gas shift (WGS) reactors, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) units and heat exchanged gas turbines (HXGT) with a CCS unit. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on the ASU-SMR-WGS-PSA-CCS-HXGT model. The results provide a baseline to calibrate the model in order to produce the required CARSOXY molar fraction. A MATLAB code has also been developed to study CO2 compression effects on the CARSOXY gas turbine compressor. Thus, this paper provides a detailed flowsheet of the WGS-PSA-CCS-HXGT model. The paper provides the conditions in which the sensitivity analyses have been conducted to determine the best operable regime for CARSOXY production with other high valuable gases (i.e., hydrogen). Under these specifications, the sensitivity analyses on the (SMR) sub-model spots the H2O mass flow rates, which provides the maximum hydrogen level, the threshold which produces significant CO2 levels. Moreover, splitting the main CH4 supply to sub-supply a SMR reactor and a furnace reactor correlates to best practices for CARSOXY. The sensitivity analysis has also been performed on the (ASU) sub-model to characterise its response with respect to the variation of air flow rate, distillation/boiling rates, product/feed stage locations and the number of stages of the distillation columns. The sensitivity analyses have featured the response of the ASU-SMR-WGS-PSA-CCS-HXGT model. In return, the model has been qualified to be calibrated to produce CARSOXY within two operability modes, with hydrogen and nitrogen or with ammonia as by-products.
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Blažek, Josef, Daria Toullis, Petr Straka, Martin Staš, and Pavel Šimáček. "Influence of Pressure on Product Composition and Hydrogen Consumption in Hydrotreating of Gas Oil and Rapeseed Oil Blends over a NiMo Catalyst." Catalysts 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11091093.
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This study describes the co-hydrotreating of mixtures of rapeseed oil (0–20 wt%) with a petroleum feedstock consisting of 90 wt% of straight run gas oil and 10 wt% of light cycle oil. The hydrotreating was carried out in a laboratory flow reactor using a sulfided NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst at a temperature of 345 °C, the pressure of 4.0 and 8.0 MPa, a weight hourly space velocity of 1.0 h−1 and hydrogen to feedstock ratio of 230 m3∙m−3. All the liquid products met the EU diesel fuel specifications for the sulfur content (<10 mg∙kg−1). The content of aromatics in the products was very low due to the high hydrogenation activity of the catalyst and the total conversion of the rapeseed oil into saturated hydrocarbons. The addition of a depressant did not affect the cold filter plugging point of the products. The larger content of n-C17 than n-C18 alkanes suggested that the hydrodecarboxylation and hydrodecarbonylation reactions were preferred over the hydrodeoxygenation of the rapeseed oil. The hydrogen consumption increased with increasing pressure and the hydrogen consumption for the rapeseed oil conversion was higher when compared to the hydrotreating of the petroleum feedstock.
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Boretti, Alberto. "Production of hydrogen for export from wind and solar energy, natural gas, and coal in Australia." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 7 (February 2020): 3899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.080.
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McConnell, Chai H., and Christian Dorgelo. "Some economic estimates of gas-fired power generation in a carbon constrained Australia." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18093.
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The future of Australia’s electricity industry has resulted in significant debate about the mix of electricity generating technologies. The Finkel Review and ensuing National Electricity Guarantee policy discussion have revealed divisions between key stakeholders over the future generating mix between renewable and fossil fuel power generation options. A portfolio of technologies will be required, including the need for gas-fired power generation with and without carbon capture and storage (CCS), to provide dispatchable synchronous electricity. Gas Vision 2050 has stated that CCS, along with biogas and hydrogen, will be one of the three transformational technologies affecting the gas industry going forward. Through the use of a techno-economic model, the costs for a hypothetical new-build gas-fired power plant in the Hunter Valley with and without CCS were estimated. The model is cross referenced with other authoritative publications including the CO2CRC Australian Power Generation Technology Report. The model considers the base-case scenario and sensitivity analysis of key cost drivers such as the domestic gas price and labour. The results of the model will enable key energy and gas industry stakeholders to make informed decisions about the vital role of gas as a power generation technology in Australia to deliver dispatchable synchronous electricity in a carbon constrained environment.
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Bulayev, N. A., E. V. Chukhlantseva, O. V. Starovoytova, and A. A. Tarasenko. "A technique for uranium and plutonium determination using coulometric potentiostatic facility UPK-19 for analysis of mixed-oxide fuel." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 86, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2020-86-12-15-22.
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The content of uranium and plutonium is the main characteristic of mixed uranium-plutonium oxide fuel, which is strictly controlled and has a very narrow range of the permissible values. We focused on developing a technique for measuring mass fractions of uranium and plutonium by controlled potential coulometry using a coulometric unit UPK-19 in set with a R-40Kh potentiostat-galvanostat. Under conditions of sealed enclosures, a special design of the support stand which minimized the effect of fluctuations in ambient conditions on the signal stability was developed. Optimal conditions for coulometric determination of plutonium and uranium mass fractions were specified. The sulfuric acid solution with a molar concentration of 0.5 mol/dm3 was used as a medium. Lead ions were introduced into the background electrolyte to decrease the minimum voltage of hydrogen reduction to –190 mV. The addition of aluminum nitride reduced the effect of fluoride ions participating as a catalyst in dissolving MOX fuel samples, and the interfering effect of nitrite ions was eliminated by introducing a sulfamic acid solution into the cell. The total content of uranium and plutonium was determined by evaluation of the amount of electricity consumed at the stage of uranium and plutonium co-oxidation. Plutonium content was measured at the potentials, at which uranium remains in the stable state, which makes it possible to subtract the contribution of plutonium oxidation current from the total oxidation current. The error characteristics of the developed measurement technique were evaluated using the standard sample method and the real MOX fuel pellets. The error limits match the requirements set out in the specifications for MOX fuel. The technique for measuring mass fractions of uranium and plutonium in uranium-plutonium oxide nuclear fuel was certified. The relative measurement error of the mass fraction of plutonium and uranium was ±0.0070 and ±0.0095, respectively. The relative error of the ratio of the plutonium mass fraction to the sum of mass fractions of uranium and plutonium was ±0.0085.
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Cygańczuk, Krzysztof, and Paweł Wolny. "A Chance for the Climate. Fuel of the 21st Century – Analysis of the Perspective of Climate Neutrality on the Example of the Polish Hydrogen Strategy." Safety & Fire Technology 58, no. 2 (2021): 120–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12845/sft.58.2.2021.7.
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Aim: This article attempts to present the issues related to the search for alternatives to energy resources in all sectors of the economy. The direction of the search is to choose “green energy” (in this case hydrogen), which, due to its potential wide application, is already beginning to be treated as an instrument of carbon neutrality. Most EU countries have agreed that they will be carbon-neutral by 2050, which should result in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere by around 95% compared to the beginning of the gas emissions calculation in 1990. However, achieving emission neutrality will require a far-reaching elimination of emissions not only in the power sector, but also in other sectors (including industry, transport and heating). These areas still rely on emission fossil fuels (coal, crude oil and natural gas), which cannot be directly replaced with electricity from RES. Introduction: Hydrogen is not a source of energy, but it is a very effective carrier. Although it is practically not in the free state, it is very often found in the form of chemical compounds such as CH4 (methane) or H2O (water). In order to extract the energy it contains, it must be isolated from the molecules it is composed of. Hydrogen can be transported via gas pipelines (gaseous) or tankers (liquefied). It is currently used in the petrochemical industry, in - cluding for oil refining and chemical industry for the production of fertilizers, ammonia or methanol. Recently, hydrogen has become a topic that is often discussed in the public space in the context of climate protection (and thus decarbonisation of the economy). This fuel is credited with extraordinary potential and applicability in so many areas that it should be widely regarded as oil of the 21st century and a key element of the new energy policy. Moreover, the investment in hydrogen should support sustainable growth and job creation, which will be critical when recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: The article provides an overview of research questions and the most recent results of considerations. It presents a multidimensional and interdisciplinary analysis of the suitability of alternative fuels and the implementation of the related projects. The analysis of the topic was based on, among others, on the project of the Polish Hydrogen Strategy, which is important for the further development of research topics and cooperation in this field. Conclusions: For the energy sector that processes available forms of energy, hydrogen is probably a good choice for the future. It can be an alternative to natural gas in providing backup capacity for renewable energy sources that produce energy dependent on weather conditions (i.e. sun and wind). Hy- drogen, which has the advantage of high energy density, is also a good tool for storing renewable energy and for transmitting and distributing renewable energy over long distances. Due to this, green energy from regions of the world with high insolation and wind energy, such as Australia, Latin America or North Africa, could be transferred over long distances (taking into account losses in energy networks it would be a much more economical solution). It would not require high-cost investments in new infrastructure. The article deals with the aspects relating to all parts of the value chain – production, transmission, storage and use of hydrogen, taking into account the legal conditions at the national (Polish Hydrogen Strategy) and the EU level, and proposing sustainable support systems and measurable goals. Keywords: green hydrogen, synthetic fuel, renewable energy, solar fuel, hydrogen Article type: review article
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Yan, Xuecheng, Yi Jia, and Xiangdong Yao. "Preface to the special issue on “The 8th International Conference on Hydrogen Production (ICH2P-2017), 28–31 July 2017, Brisbane, Australia”." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43, no. 30 (July 2018): 13701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.05.148.
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Jahan, Aklima, Md Ashraful Alam, Sekai Yonezawa, Eiichi Suzuki, and Hitoshi Yashiro. "(Digital Presentation) Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum-Carbon Composite Bipolar Plates in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 35 (July 7, 2022): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01351518mtgabs.
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ABSTRACT Bipolar plate (BP) is an important multifunctional component in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) system (1,2) which should possess some specifications such as superior electrical and thermal conductivity, high corrosion resistance, good mechanical performance, and low cost (3). BP candidate materials are roughly classified into carbon-based and metal-based materials. Carbon-based materials are lightweight and have excellent corrosion resistance, but are inferior to metal-based materials in terms of gas shielding properties and mechanical strength. Metallic materials have the opposite characteristics, and corrosion resistance is a particular and important issue. Aluminum (Al) is considered as a promising BP material because of having some important characteristics such as low density and low cost (4). Earlier, it was proposed that the PEMFC BP can be divided into two parts: gas isolation plate and flow path forming material (5). Normally, metallic BPs are corroded exclusively at the rib part where BP contacts with the gas diffusion layer (GDL), while there is not much corrosion at the bottom of the flow path. Therefore, the corrosion resistance required for the reaction gas isolation plate would not be as high as required for the flow path forming material (5). In this study, a composite BP using Al as the reaction gas isolation plate and a carbon-based material as the flow path forming material was fabricated to investigate the corrosion behavior of Al through power generation test. A single cell was assembled using a BP consisting of a 1 mm thick glassy carbon flow path forming material and an Al reaction gas isolation plate, and the power generation tests were performed for 500-1000 h to investigate the corrosion of Al. Separately, Al plates were subjected to exposure tests in the expected environment during the cell operation. After the exposure and power generation tests, the Al bipolar plates were analyzed by SEM and TEM. Furthermore, in order to improve the contact resistance, a power generation test using a bipolar plate coated with TiN-SBR on both sides of Al isolation plate (6) was also conducted. When Al plate was immersed in water at 80 °C, a thick oxide layer of about 1.3 µm was formed with whitish appearance. On the contrary, Al maintained its gloss after exposer in the saturated steam. After 1000 h power generation test using the Al-carbon BP, the surface of Al diaphragm plate maintained its gloss at cathode side. On the other hand, a thick oxide layer of about 1 µm was formed from center part to outlet part along with the flow field on the anodic plate. It suggests that the water drops were generated on the anodic flow field although the corrosion products were slight enough for safe use of Al as BPs with the channel former made of carbon. Thus, the following findings were obtained as a result of conducting the PEMFC power generation test using a composite BP with Al as the reaction gas isolation plate and glassy carbon as the flow path forming material. No significant corrosion was observed on the Al isolation plate on the cathode side after the 1000 h power generation test, but the anode side turned into white from the center of the flow path to the gas outlet side, and about 1 µm of a thick oxide film was formed. When a power generation test was conducted using Al BP coated with TiN-SBR, the cell voltage was increased significantly which was approached as similar as the performance of graphite. It indicates that Al can be used as bipolar plates without any problem by performing surface treatment in combination with a carbon channel forming material. Acknowledgements The authors thankfully acknowledge the financial support obtained from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan. References Y. C. Park, S. H. Lee, S. K. Kim, S. Lim, D. H. Jung, S. Y. Choi, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 38, 10567–10576 (2013). S. F. Husby H, O. E. Kongstein, A. Oedegaard, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2, 951–957 (2014). S. H. Lee, V. E. Pukha, V. E. Vinogradov, N. Kakati, S. H. Jee, S. B. Cho, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 38, 14284–14294 (2013). C.-H. Lee, Y.-B. Lee, K.-M. Kim, M.-G. Jeong, and D.-S. Lim, Renewable Energy, 54, 46–50 (2013). H. Yashiro, T. Ichikawa, S. -T, Myung, M. Kumagai and S. Kozutsumi, Zairyo-to-Kankyo, 60, 432–434, (2011). S.-T. Myung, M. Kumagai, R. Asaishi, Y.-K. Sun, H. Yashiro, Electrochem. Comm., 10, 480–484 (2008).
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Amry, Youssef, Elhoussin Elbouchikhi, Franck Le Gall, Mounir Ghogho, and Soumia El Hani. "Electric Vehicle Traction Drives and Charging Station Power Electronics: Current Status and Challenges." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 20, 2022): 6037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166037.
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With the need for more environmentally friendly transportation and the wide deployment of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, electric vehicle (EV) charging stations have become a major issue for car manufacturers and a real challenge for researchers all over the world. Indeed, the high cost of battery energy storage, the limited EV autonomy and battery lifespan, the battery charging time, the deployment cost of a fast charging infrastructure, and the significant impact on the power grid are the origin of several research projects focused on advanced power electronics topologies and the optimization of the EV charging stations in terms of power transfer and geographical location. Three charging levels can be distinguished, which differ in terms of output power and charging time. The higher the level of charging, the faster the charging process, as more power is delivered to the vehicle at the expense of power quality issues and disturbances. Moreover, three types of charging systems can be distinguished, which are inductive recharging (contactless power transfer), conductive charging systems, and battery swapping. Additionally, EVs encompass fuel cell (FC) EVs, which uses hydrogen as primary energy resources, which is nowadays under extensive research activities in academia and industry. This review paper aims at presenting a state of the art review of major advances in power electronics architectures for EVs traction drives, and battery-based EVs charging stations. Specifically, the focus is made on light-duty electric vehicles drivetrain power electronics and charging stations specifications, the proposed power electronics solutions, the advantages and drawbacks of all these technologies, and perspectives for future research works in terms of smart EV charging and up-to-date solutions for power system disturbances mitigation.
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Taccani, Rodolfo, Gabriele Maggiore, and Diego Micheli. "Development of a Process Simulation Model for the Analysis of the Loading and Unloading System of a CNG Carrier Equipped with Novel Lightweight Pressure Cylinders." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 27, 2020): 7555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217555.
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Natural gas is becoming increasingly important to meet the growing demand for energy, guaranteeing a reduction in polluting emissions. Transportation in form of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) could be an alternative to the traditional transportation by pipeline or, as liquefied gas, by ships, but the ratio between the mass of transported gas and the container weight is currently too low. One of the many projects focusing on the development of innovative lightweight pressure cylinders is GASVESSEL, which proposes composite cylinders with a diameter of more than 3 m: loaded on a ship, they could allow transporting quantities of CNG as big as 10,000 tons. The related loading and unloading processes affect both the overall time required for transport and the quantity of transported gas; therefore, they have an impact on the economic feasibility of the whole project. In this paper, a newly developed process simulation model is presented that allows assessing the duration of the loading and unloading processes, the mass of transported CNG, and the amount of power and energy required by the process. The model is useful to support the design of the system considering different plant components and operating strategies. It is applied to the analysis of the loading and unloading of a ship that meets the GASVESSEL project specifications. The results show that the duration of the process is of the order of magnitude of 100 h, depending on ambient temperature, and that the energy consumption can vary in the range of 150–180 kJ for a unit mass of CNG. Finally, the model is used to simulate the same process with hydrogen, an energy carrier that allows meeting, together with the use of fuel cells, the requirements of zero local emissions. The results show increments of both the final loading temperature and compressor power with respect to the CNG case.
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Murosaki, Yoshiteru, and Yuji Hasemi. "Targeting Fire Damage Relief." Journal of Disaster Research 2, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2007.p0235.
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The relationship between human beings and fire is older than legend, making fire the potential disaster closest to men. This makes the mitigation of fire damage an ongoing community concern. The nature of fire risk has been changing with time due to changes in urban structure, the societal environment, and energy consumption. These changes are related to technological progress such as the development of fireproof materials and firefighting techniques. Technological advances such as the development of new materials and huge space may trigger the emergence of the new fire risks. The terrorist-triggered World Trade Center conflagrations in New York and the accident-induced Windsor Building fire in Madrid in 2004 are high-rise examples of this new vulnerability. The subway line fire that broke out in Daegu, Republic of Korea, in 2003 is yet another case -- this one subterranean. An example in new-material risks is the outbreak at solid-waste fuel facilities in Mie, Japan, in 2003. Automobile fuel batteries using hydrogen are yet another case of new risks. Ironically, technology developed to solve global environmental issues such as waste recycling are another example of new fire risks. Advancing hand in hand with these new risks are the age-old examples of housing fires in urban areas and structural blazes in forests and fields. Regional differences are a factor, especially urban fires in Japan's densely populated wooden residential areas and wildfires in populated forests of Australia and Russia. Studies on fire prevention must provide solutions to mitigating such risks -- both old and new. Ambitious research in this field is demonstrated in the papers reported in this special issue - articles that readers are about to find exciting, informative, and endlessly interesting!
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Haryani, Kristinah. "Performance Design Of Acid Gas Removalunit On Pertamina - Medco E&P Tomori Sulawesi – Indonesia." Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 14, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32497/rm.v14i2.1564.
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<p><em>Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel that contain primarily of main components, namely methane (CH<sub>4</sub>). Natural gas contains some impurities such as hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), water vapor (H<sub>2</sub>O), and heavier hydrocarbons such as mercaptans or condensate (C<sub>5</sub>+).Acid gases need to be removed due to several factors, such as a healthy hazard, at the concentrations of 0.13 ppm H<sub>2</sub>S that can be perceived by smell, and to prevent corrosion problemsAcid gas removal unit (AGRU) is the process of removal acid gas (CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>S) to fulfill the specifications of the desired product gas sales. In Senoro CPP, the process used is amine treating by aMDEA absorbent material (activated Methyl Amine Diethanol).</em><em>In order to simulate the process as accurate as possible, model phase selection DBR amine package was selected. Trial simulation is used to obtain the flow rate and purity of the product is optimal sweet gas. Variable experiments are feed gas temperatur inlet contactor (1), feed gas flowrate inlet contactor (2), temperature amine inlet contactor (3) and amine strength (4). </em><em>According to the results of simulation, can be concluded as follows. There is no big different between design and simulation except CO<sub>2</sub> in sweet gas. It is because of using MDEA while operating simulation and some parameters will be influence some result.</em><em></em></p><strong></strong>
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Pochet, Maxime, Hervé Jeanmart, and Francesco Contino. "Uncertainty quantification from raw measurements to post-processed data: A general methodology and its application to a homogeneous-charge compression–ignition engine." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 9 (December 24, 2019): 1709–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419892697.
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Internal combustion engines have been improved for many decades. Yet, complex phenomena are now resorted to, for which any optimum might be unstable: noise, low-temperature heat release timing, stratification, pollutant sweet spots, and so on. In order to make reliable statements on an improvement, one must specify the uncertainty related to it. Still, uncertainty quantification is generally missing in the piston engine experimental literature. Therefore, we detailed a mathematical methodology to obtain any engine parameter uncertainty and then used it to derive the uncertainty expressions of the physical quantities of the most generic homogeneous-charge compression–ignition research engine (mass-flow-induced mixture with [Formula: see text] fuel). We then applied those expressions on an existing hydrogen homogeneous-charge compression–ignition test bench. This includes the uncertainty propagation chain from sensor specifications, user calibrations, intake control, in-cylinder processes, and post-processing techniques. Directly measured physical quantities have uncertainties of around 1%, depending on the sensor quality (e.g. pressure, volume), but indirectly measured quantities relying on modelled parameters have uncertainties higher than 5% (e.g. wall heat losses, in-cylinder temperature, gross heat release, pressure rise rate). Other findings that such an analysis can bring relate, for example, to the physical quantities driving the uncertainty and to the ones that can be neglected. In the case of the homogeneous-charge compression–ignition engine considered, the effects of blow-by, bottle purity and air moisture content were found negligible; the post-processing for effective compression ratio, effective in-cylinder temperature, and top dead centre offset were found essential; and the pressure and volume uncertainties were found to be the main drivers to a large extent. The obtained numeric values serve the general purpose of alerting the experimenter on uncertainty order of magnitudes. The developed methodology shall be used and adapted by the experimenter willing to study the uncertainty propagation in their setup or willing to assess the adequacy of a sensor performance.
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Smith, T. E. L., C. Paton-Walsh, C. P. Meyer, G. D. Cook, S. W. Maier, J. Russell-Smith, M. J. Wooster, and C. P. Yates. "New emission factors for Australian vegetation fires measured using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – Part 2: Australian tropical savanna fires." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 5 (March 11, 2014): 6311–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-6311-2014.
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Abstract. Savanna fires contribute approximately 40–50% of total global annual biomass burning carbon emissions. Recent comparisons of emission factors from different savanna regions have highlighted the need for a regional approach to emission factor development, and better assessment of the drivers of the temporal and spatial variation in emission factors. This paper describes the results of open-path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP-FTIR) spectroscopic field measurements at twenty-one fires occurring in the tropical savannas of the Northern Territory, Australia, within different vegetation assemblages and at different stages of the dry season. Spectra of infrared light passing through a long (22–70 m) open-path through ground-level smoke released from these fires were collected using an infrared lamp and a field-portable FTIR system. The IR spectra were used to retrieve the mole fractions of fourteen different gases present within the smoke, and these measurements used to calculate the emission ratios and emission factors of the various gases emitted by the burning. Only a handful of previous emission factor measures are available specifically for the tropical savannas of Australia and here we present the first reported emission factors for methanol, acetic acid, and formic acid for this biome. Given the relatively large sample size, it was possible to study the potential causes of the within-biome variation of the derived emission factors. We find that the emission factors vary substantially between different savanna vegetation assemblages; with a majority of this variation being mirrored by variations in the modified combustion efficiency (MCE) of different vegetation classes. We conclude that a significant majority of the variation in the emission factor for trace gases can be explained by MCE, irrespective of vegetation class, as illustrated by variations in the calculated methane emission factor for different vegetation classes using data subsetted by different combustion efficiencies. Therefore, the selection of emission factors for emissions modelling purposes need not necessarily require detailed fuel type information, if data on MCE (e.g. from future spaceborne total column measurements) or a correlated variable were available. From measurements at twenty-one fires, we recommend the following emission factors for Australian tropical savanna fires (in grams of gas emitted per kilogram of dry fuel burned) which are our mean measured values: 1674 g kg−1 of carbon dioxide; 87 g kg−1 of carbon monoxide; 2.1 g kg−1 of methane; 0.11 g kg−1 of acetylene; 0.49 g kg−1 of ethylene; 0.08 g kg−1 of ethane; 1.57 g kg−1 of formaldehyde; 1.06 g kg−1 of methanol; 1.54 g kg−1 of acetic acid; 0.16 g kg−1 of formic acid; 0.53 g kg−1 of hydrogen cyanide; and 0.70 g kg−1 of ammonia.
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Chigarev, B. N. "Total numbers matter. Landscape of China’s scientific publications in 2018-2020 on the energy issue." Actual Problems of Oil and Gas, no. 32 (April 21, 2021): 76–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29222/ipng.2078-5712.2021-32.art7.
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This study aims to reveal and analyze the landscape of China’s scientific publications in 2018–2020 on the subject “Energy Engineering and Power Technology” using bibliometric data from the Lens platform. Bibliometric data of 26,623 scholarly works that satisfy the query: “Filters: Year Published = (2018–); Publication Type = (journal article); Subject = (Energy Engineering and Power Technology); Institution Country/Region = (China)” were used to analyze their main topics disclosed by Fields of Study and Subject; the leading contributors to these R&D activities were also detected. Chinese Academy of Sciences, China University of Petroleum, Tsinghua University, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China University of Mining and Technology are the leading institutions in the subject. Most research works were funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China. China carries out its research not only in conjunction with the leading economies: United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Canada, but also with the developing countries: Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Viet Nam. Materials science, Chemical engineering, Computer science, Chemistry, Catalysis, Environmental science are the top Fields of Study. Analysis of co-occurrence of Fields of Study allowed to identify 5 thematic clusters: 1. Thermal efficiency and environmental science; 2. Materials science for energy storage and hydrogen production; 3. Catalysis and pyrolysis for better fossil fuels; 4. Computer science and control theory for renewable energy; 5. Petroleum engineering for new fossil fuel resources and composite materials. The results of the work can serve as a reference material for scientists, developers and investors, so that they can understand the research landscape of the “Energy Engineering and Power Technology” subject.
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Smith, T. E. L., C. Paton-Walsh, C. P. Meyer, G. D. Cook, S. W. Maier, J. Russell-Smith, M. J. Wooster, and C. P. Yates. "New emission factors for Australian vegetation fires measured using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – Part 2: Australian tropical savanna fires." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 20 (October 29, 2014): 11335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11335-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Savanna fires contribute approximately 40–50% of total global annual biomass burning carbon emissions. Recent comparisons of emission factors from different savanna regions have highlighted the need for a regional approach to emission factor development, and better assessment of the drivers of the temporal and spatial variation in emission factors. This paper describes the results of open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectroscopic field measurements at 21 fires occurring in the tropical savannas of the Northern~Territory, Australia, within different vegetation assemblages and at different stages of the dry season. Spectra of infrared light passing through a long (22–70 m) open-path through ground-level smoke released from these fires were collected using an infrared lamp and a field-portable FTIR system. The IR spectra were used to retrieve the mole fractions of 14 different gases present within the smoke, and these measurements used to calculate the emission ratios and emission factors of the various gases emitted by the burning. Only a handful of previous emission factor measures are available specifically for the tropical savannas of Australia and here we present the first reported emission factors for methanol, acetic acid, and formic acid for this biome. Given the relatively large sample size, it was possible to study the potential causes of the within-biome variation of the derived emission factors. We find that the emission factors vary substantially between different savanna vegetation assemblages; with a majority of this variation being mirrored by variations in the modified combustion efficiency (MCE) of different vegetation classes. We conclude that a significant majority of the variation in the emission factor for trace gases can be explained by MCE, irrespective of vegetation class, as illustrated by variations in the calculated methane emission factor for different vegetation classes using data sub-set by different combustion efficiencies. Therefore, the selection of emission factors for emissions modelling purposes need not necessarily require detailed fuel type information, if data on MCE (e.g. from future spaceborne total column measurements) or a correlated variable were available. From measurements at 21 fires, we recommend the following emission factors for Australian tropical savanna fires (in grams of gas emitted per kilogram of dry fuel burned), which are our mean measured values: 1674 ± 56 g kg−1 of carbon dioxide; 87 ± 33 g kg−1 of carbon monoxide; 2.1 ± 1.2 g kg−1 of methane; 0.11 ± 0.04 g kg−1 of acetylene; 0.49 ± 0.22 g kg−1 of ethylene; 0.08 ± 0.05 g kg−1 of ethane; 1.57 ± 0.44 g kg−1 of formaldehyde; 1.06 ± 0.87 g kg−1 of methanol; 1.54 ± 0.64 g kg−1 of acetic acid; 0.16 ± 0.07 g kg−1 of formic acid; 0.53 ± 0.31 g kg−1 of hydrogen cyanide; and 0.70 ± 0.36 g kg−1 of ammonia. In a companion paper, similar techniques are used to characterise the emissions from Australian temperate forest fires.
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Boschee, Pam. "Comments: The Stakes Grow Higher in Defining Green Energy." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 03 (March 1, 2022): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0322-0008-jpt.
Full textAbstract:
Not so long ago, defining green energy was generally straightforward: renewables. It may not have been quite that simple, but the development of agreed-upon definitions based on science has become much more complex and contentious, even within the past year. It’s not just a highbrow debate about semantics. The standardization of criteria or a widely accepted taxonomy is critical as the focus increases on not only greenwashing, but on the actual processes and technologies enabling what were thought of as at least “greener” energy. The hammering out of definitions is needed to keep the energy transition moving forward globally. This scrutiny affects the options for companies seeking alternatives in carbon markets where the price of permits for emitting a tonne of CO2 is escalating. In early February, the price of CO2 permits in the EU reached a record high above 96 Euros ($109)/tonne CO2. Reuters reported that the carbon price has risen more than 200% since the start of 2021, partly due to high natural gas prices and the switch made to coal by some power generators. This resulted in higher emissions and increased the demand for permits. In January, the EU Platform on Sustainable Finance, comprising members from utilities, banks, nongovernmental organizations, and corporations, rejected the EU Commission’s draft sustainable finance rules which proposed labeling nuclear power and natural gas as green transition fuels. Nuclear projects permitted until 2045 were to be classified as green, but only if countries can safely dispose of the radioactive waste. Gas was to be included until 2030 with emissions thresholds specified. The EU Platform concluded that even if a gas plant stays under the emissions threshold, it “is not green at any point in its life.” Nuclear energy was acknowledged as already being part of the transitioning energy system and having near to zero greenhouse-gas emissions, but it would not meet the taxonomy’s requirement to “do not significant harm” to the environment because of the toxic waste that cannot be recycled or reused. The EU Commission’s taxonomy will be sent to the European Parliament and Council for review. Blue hydrogen was questioned as a transition fuel by a peer-reviewed study published in August 2021 in Energy Science & Engineering by coauthors from Cornell and Stanford universities. They wrote, “Far from being low-carbon, greenhouse-gas emissions from the production of blue hydrogen are quite high, particularly due to the release of fugitive methane. … Perhaps surprisingly, the greenhouse-gas footprint of blue hydrogen is more than 20% greater than burning natural gas or coal for heat and some 60% greater than burning diesel oil for heat, again with our default assumptions.” They added, “Our analysis assumes that captured carbon dioxide can be stored indefinitely, an optimistic and unproven assumption. Even if true though, the use of blue hydrogen appears difficult to justify on climate grounds.” In a study published last month in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison combined econometric analyses, land use observations, and biophysical models to estimate the realized effects of the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) mandate to partially replace petroleum-based fuels with biofuels. They found that the RFS increased corn prices by 30% and the prices of other crops by 20%, which, in turn, expanded US corn cultivation by 8.7% and total cropland by 2.4% in the years following the policy’s enactment (2008 to 2016). “These changes increased annual nationwide fertilizer use by 3 to 8%, increased water-quality degradants by 3 to 5%, and caused enough domestic land use change emissions such that the carbon intensity of corn ethanol produced under the RFS is no less than gasoline and likely at least 24% higher. These tradeoffs must be weighed alongside the benefits of biofuels as decision makers consider the future of renewable energy policies and the potential for fuels like corn ethanol to meet climate mitigation goals.” The move toward energy transition has been pivotal for our industry and many others. It could be argued that no country, business, or individual will remain unaffected by the changes in progress and yet to come. “Transition” is defined as “the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another.” And this process will take time, effort, technology, buy-in, scientific study and verification … and consensus, which may be the most challenging piece of all. A significant announcement demonstrating the application and acceptance of a scientific taxonomy was Santos Ltd.’s recent booking of 100 million metric tons of CO2 storage capacity in the Cooper Basin in South Australia. The company believes it represents the industry’s first-ever booking to be made under SPE’s CO2 Storage Resource Management System.
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Boschee, Pam. "Comments: Growth in Battery Storage Sparks Chase for Metals." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 04 (April 1, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0421-0010-jpt.
Full textAbstract:
Natural gas is considered the fossil fuel to facilitate the transition from hydrocarbons to lower-emissions energy sources such as renewables. Wind and solar projects factor significantly into major international oil and gas companies’ goals of achieving net-zero emissions in the future. For example, both BP and Royal Dutch Shell intend to reach net zero by 2050. The International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts total installed wind and solar PV capacity is on course to surpass natural gas in 2023 and coal in 2024. This represents progress toward the achievement of the 2050 goals. However, wind, solar, and hydropower, which together account for about 90% of all renewable-electricity generation, are largely dependent on variable weather conditions. And the variability in weather translates to an undesired variability in availability and reliability. For wider adoption, utility-scale batteries are needed to store energy for use when a light breeze barely whispers, or the skies are cloudy. Battery-storage projects are not a new concept, but their recent growth is notable. Although California is the global leader in the deployment of high-capacity batteries, news from other parts of the world offers indicators of progress. In 2020, global installed energy-storage capacity totaled 173.6 GW, including pumped-hydroelectric, compressed-air, advanced battery-energy, flywheel-energy, thermal-energy, and hydrogen-energy storage systems. The US had 0.74 GW of rated-power battery-storage projects based on lead-acid, lithium-ion, nickel-based, and sodium-based batteries. A Tesla subsidiary, Gambit Energy Storage LLC, is currently constructing a 100-MW+ battery-storage facility in Angleton, Texas, about 40 miles south of Houston. It is expected to become operational 1 June. Elon Musk (best known for his Tesla electric vehicles and SpaceX) launched a 100-MW lithium-ion battery project in South Australia in 2017 adjacent to a wind farm. Soon to become a “hot(ter)” commodity will be the lithium, rare earths, and other minerals needed to build the batteries. The global lithium and cobalt markets rallied in January and February in response to the resurgence of demand for electric vehicles (EV) in Europe. Last year, sales in battery EVs and plug-in-hybrid EVs in Europe outpaced those in China. Adamas Intelligence reported that the second half of 2020 saw a global 205% increase in battery cobalt deployed, a 192% increase in battery lithium deployed, and a 135% increase in battery nickel deployed vs. the second half of 2019. Investors and companies are chasing this potentially lucrative sector. Startup DeepGreen Metals, whose partners include Maersk and Allseas, aims to mine the deep sea for battery metals and on 4 March announced an agreement to merge with Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corp. to list on the Nasdaq. Cornish Lithium, holding rights to explore for lithium within geothermal waters in areas off the north and south coasts of Cornwall, UK, recently signed on MarineSpace to help it begin its desk-based exploration program to identify potential geological targets for later research. Physical exploration work is not expected for at least 4 years.
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Minh, Chanh Cao, Greg Gubelin, Raghu Ramamoorthy, and Stuart McGeoch. "Sonic-Magnetic Resonance Method: A Sourceless Porosity Evaluation in Gas-Bearing Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 4, no. 03 (June 1, 2001): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/72180-pa.
Full textAbstract:
Summary For environmental reasons, there are times when the use of radioactive chemical sources for density and neutron logging is not possible. The inability to use these logging tools seriously affects porosity determination in gas-bearing reservoirs. Several tools, such as the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tool, the sonic tool, or a minitron-based tool, determine porosity without using a radioactive source. These tools, however, are influenced by many effects and, when used alone, cannot deliver an accurate gas-independent porosity. A new methodology that combines sonic and NMR logs for improved porosity evaluation in gas-bearing reservoirs is proposed. The first variant of the method uses the sonic compressional transit time and the total NMR porosity (ft, NMR) to determine the total porosity, corrected for the gas effect, and the flushed-zone gas saturation. In this approach, a linear time-averaged equation corrected for compaction is applied to the sonic compressional log. The simplicity of the solution, much like the previously published DMR1 Density-Magnetic Resonance Interpretation Method, allows fast, easy computation and a complete error analysis to assess the quality of the results. In the second variant of the method, we show that the rigorous Gassman equation has a very similar response to the Raymer-Hunt-Gardner (RHG) equation for a water/gas mixture. This allows substitution of the complex Gassman equation by the much simpler RHG equation in the combined sonic-NMR (SMR) technique to estimate total porosity and flushed-zone gas saturation in gas-bearing formations. Both techniques are successfully applied to an offshore gas well in Australia. In this well, the porosity in the well-compacted sands is in the 20 to 25 p.u. range and the compaction factor is approximately 0.77. The sonic-magnetic resonance results compared favorably to the established density-magnetic resonance results and also to core data. In another offshore gas well from the North Sea, the porosity in the highly uncompacted sands is in the 35 to 40 p.u. range, and the compaction factor is around 1.85. Both SMR techniques were able to produce a very good porosity estimate comparable to that estimated from the density-neutron logs. Introduction Many authors have discussed the applications of sonic logs in gas-bearing formations.2–4 Stand-alone sonic techniques that use Wyllie's equation or the RHG equation are based on empirical observations of water-saturated samples that are extended to water/gas mixtures.5,6 Stand-alone sonic techniques that involve the Gassman theory are generally too complex for the petrophysicist to consider the effects of many sonic moduli parameters that must be determined to solve for porosity.7–9 Other authors have discussed the applications of NMR logs in gas-bearing formations.10,11 Porosity logs derived from NMR alone suffer from the low hydrogen index of the gas and the long T1 polarization time of the gas when the data is acquired with insufficient wait time. To provide a robust estimate of total porosity in gas-bearing formations, a combined density-NMR technique has been proposed. However, density logging uses a radioactive chemical source, and in certain sensitive environments, it is not used because the radioactive source might be lost in the hole. The sonic-magnetic resonance technique has been developed to provide an accurate porosity in these situations. This paper will demonstrate the following:The Gassman and RHG methods predict very similar sonic responses.Both Gassman and RHG sonic porosities are quite insensitive to fluid type, and hence to water saturation.The solution of the Gassman approach is more complex, requiring five parameters compared to only one for the RHG method (RHG is, therefore, more practical).Combining ft, NMR and RHG provides a good estimate of porosity in gas-bearing formations.Combining ft, NMR and a modified Wyllie scheme gives a simple analytic solution analogous to the DMR method.Gas-corrected porosity could be estimated at the wellsite by rescaling the sonic log. The ft, NMR/RHG and ft, NMR/Wyllie schemes are applied to two field examples. The results are compared to those from DMR, to core data in the first well, and to density/neutron analysis in the second well. Sonic Porosity Equations The three methods (in order of increasing complexity) used to compute sonic porosity from the compressional slowness are based on the Wyllie, RHG, and Gassman formulas. In this section, each approach is analyzed, and the predictions from each are compared with the others. Wyllie Method. The Wyllie equation is Equation 1 Eq. 1 can be rearranged intoEquation 2a withEquation 2b In these equations, f=porosity, ?tc=the sonic compressional slowness, ?tma=the matrix compressional slowness, ?tf=the fluid compressional slowness, and Cp=the compaction factor needed to correct the sonic porosity to the true porosity.
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Alam, AHM Zahirul. "Editorial." IIUM Engineering Journal 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): i—iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v19i1.917.
Full textAbstract:
IIUM ENGINEERING JOURNAL
CHIEF EDITOR
Ahmad Faris Ismail, IIUM, Malaysia
TECHNICAL EDITOR
Erry Yulian Triblas Adesta, IIUM, Malaysia
EXECUTIVE EDITOR
AHM Zahirul Alam, IIUM, Malaysia
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Anis Nurashikin Nordin, IIUM, Malaysia
LANGUAGE EDITOR
Lynn Mason, Malaysia
COPY EDITOR
Hamzah Mohd. Salleh, IIUM, Malaysia
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Abdullah Al-Mamun, IIUM, Malaysia Abdumalik Rakhimov, IIUM, Malaysia Amir Akramin Shafie, IIUM, Malaysia Erwin Sulaeman, IIUM, Malaysia Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia
Hazleen Anuar, IIUM, Malaysia
Konstantin Khanin, University of Toronto, Canada Ma'an Al-Khatib, IIUM, Malaysia
Md Zahangir Alam, IIUM, Malaysia Meftah Hrairi, IIUM, Malaysia Mohamed B. Trabia, United States
Mohammad S. Alam, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, United States Muataz Hazza Faizi Al Hazza, IIUM, Malaysia
Mustafizur Rahman, National University Singapore, Singapore Nor Farahidah Binti Za'bah, IIUM, Malaysia
Ossama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United States Rosminazuin AB. Rahim, IIUM, Malaysia
Waqar Asrar, IIUM, Malaysia
AIMS & SCOPE OF IIUMENGINEERING JOURNAL
The IIUM Engineering Journal, published biannually, is a carefully refereed international publication of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Contributions of high technical merit within the span of engineering disciplines; covering the main areas of engineering: Electrical and Computer Engineering; Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; Automation and Mechatronics Engineering; Material and Chemical Engineering; Environmental and Civil Engineering; Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Engineering Mathematics and Physics; and Computer Science and Information Technology are considered for publication in this journal. Contributions from other areas of Engineering and Applied Science are also welcomed. The IIUM Engineering Journal publishes contributions under Regular papers, Invited review papers, Short communications, Technical notes, and Letters to the editor (no page charge). Book reviews, reports of and/or call for papers of conferences, symposia and meetings, and advances in research equipment could also be published in IIUM Engineering Journal with minimum charges.
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IIUM Engineering Journal
ISSN: 1511-788X E-ISSN: 2289-7860
Volume 19, Issue 1, June 2018
https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v19i1
Table of Content
CHEMICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING
ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS AND RESIDUAL OIL FROM PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT USING A NOVEL ADSORBENT OF ALGINATE AND MANGROVE COMPOSITE BEADS COATED WITH CHITOSAN IN A PACKED BED COLUMN... 1
Rana Jaafar Jawad, Mohd Halim Shah Ismail, Shamsul Izhar Siajam
INVESTIGATION OF BIOFLOCCULANT AS DEWATERING AID IN SLUDGE TREATMENT........................................ 15
Mohammed Saedi Jami, Maizirwan Mel, Aysha Ralliya Mohd Ariff, Qabas Marwan Abdulazeez HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM ETHANOL DRY REFORMING OVER LANTHANIA-PROMOTED CO/AL2O3 CATALYST............................. 24
Fahim Fayaz, Nguyen Thi Anh Nga, Thong Le Minh Pham, Huong Thi Danh, Bawadi Abdullah, Herma Dina Setiabudi, Dai-Viet Nguyen Vo
OPTIMIZATION OF RED PIGMENT PRODUCTION BY MONASCUS PURPUREUS FTC 5356 USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY......................................................... 34
Nor Farhana Hamid And Farhan Mohd Said
PRODUCTION AND STABILITY OF MYCO-FLOCCULANTS FROM LENTINUS SQUARROSULUS RWF5 AND SIMPLICILLIUM OBCLAVATUM RWF6 FOR REDUCTION OF WATER TURBIDITY.............................................................................. 48
Nessa Jebun, Md. Zahangir Alam, Abdullah Al-Mamun, Raha Ahmad Raus
ROLE OF SUBSTRATE BINDING ON THE PROTEIN DYNAMICS OF AN ENDOGLUCANASE FROM FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES .............................................................307
Abdul Aziz Ahmad, Ibrahim Ali Noorbatcha, Hamzah Mohd. Salleh
CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
DIMINISHING SEISMIC EFFECT ON BUILDINGS USING BEARING ISOLATION....................................................... 59
A. B. M. Saiful Islam
ELECTRICAL, COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
A DISTRIBUTED ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING ALGORITHM FOR DATA AGGREGATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS.................................................................................. 72
Seyed Mohammad Bagher Musavi Shirazi, Maryam Sabet, Mohammad Reza Pajoohan
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT WITH CASCADED MULTILEVEL CONVERTER BASED STATCOM................. 91
Mahdi Heidari, Abdonnabi Kovsarian, S. Ghodratollah Seifossadat
THE EFFECTS OF CABLE CHARACTERISTICS ON MAXIMUM OVERVOLTAGE IN COMBINED
OVERHEAD/CABLE LINES PROTECTED BY SURGE ARRESTERS.............................................................................. 104
Reza Alizadeh, Mohammad Mirzaie
SMART PORTABLE CRYOTHERAPY SYSTEM REPHRASED I.E. WITH CONTROLLED THERMOELECTRIC
COOLING MODULES FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS................................................................................................ 117
Abbas Rahmani, Reza Hassanzadeh Pack Rezaee, Naser Kordani
STATIC PIPELINE NETWORK PERFORMANCE OPTIMISATION USING DUAL INTERLEAVE ROUTING ALGORITHM 129
Siva Kumar Subramaniam1, Shariq Mahmood Khan, Anhar Titik, Rajagopal Nilavalan
A MODIFIED MODEL BASED ON FLOWER POLLINATION ALGORITHM AND K-NEAREST NEIGHBOR FOR DIAGNOSING DISEASES........................................................................ 144
Mehdi Zekriyapanah Gashti
A SINGLE LC TANK BASED ACTIVE VOLTAGE BALANCING CIRCUIT FOR BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .158
A K M Ahasan Habib, S. M. A. Motakabber, Muhammad Ibn. Ibrahimy, A. H. M. Zahirul Alam
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED SCIENCE
ON THE CONTROL OF HEAT CONDUCTION.......................................... 168
Fayziev Yusuf Ergashevich
MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING SAGO (METROXYLON SAGU) VIA AUTOCLAVING METHOD......178
Aliyah Jamaludin, Che Ku Mohammad Faizal
EFFECT OF ALKALINE TREATMENT ON PROPERTIES OF RATTAN WASTE AND FABRICATED BINDERLESS PARTICLEBOARD....185
Zuraida Ahmad, Maisarah Tajuddin, Nurul Farhana Fatin Salim, Zahurin Halim
AMORPHOUS STRUCTURE IN CU-ZN-V-AL OXIDE COMPOSITE CATALYST FOR METHANOL REFORMING..... 197
Mohd Sabri Mahmud, Zahira Yaakob, Abu Bakar Mohamad, Wan Ramli Wan Daud, Vo Nguyen Dai Viet
PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM) WITH NICKEL ADDED DIELECTRIC FLUID....215
Ahsan Ali Khan, Muataz Hazza Faizi Al Hazza, A K M Mohiuddin, Nurfatihah Abdul Fattah, Mohd Radzi Che Daud
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF DURIAN SKIN NANOFIBRE BIOCOMPOSITE.......................................... 233
Siti Nur E’zzati Mohd Apandi, Hazleen Anuar, Siti Munirah Salimah Abdul Rashid
MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
A REVIEW ON RHEOLOGY OF NON-NEWTONIAN PROPERTIES OF BLOOD....................................................... 237
Esmaeel Fatahian, Naser Kordani, Hossein Fatahian
NUMERICAL STUDY OF THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUEL OIL-ALUMINA AND WATER-.......................... 250
Hossein Fatahian, Hesamoddin Salarian, Majid Eshagh Nimvari, Esmaeel Fatahian
A PARAMETRIC STUDY ON CONTROL OF FLOW SEPARATION OVER AN AIRFOIL IN INCOMPRESSIBLE REGIME....270
Lakshmanan Prabhu, Jonnalagadda Srinivas
OPTIMIZATION OF BOX TYPE GIRDER WITH AND WITHOUT INDUSTRIAL CONSTRAINTS................................ 289
Muhammad Abid, Shahbaz Mahmood Khan, Hafiz Abdul Wajid