Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hydrodynamics and hydraulic engineering

Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrodynamics and hydraulic engineering'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Hydrodynamics and hydraulic engineering"

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Evdokimov, Sergey V., and Alla A. Orlova. "Ensuring reliable operation of the hydraulic unit through the laws of contact hydrodynamics." Urban construction and architecture 12, no. 2 (June 20, 2022): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/10.17673/vestnik.2022.02.05.

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The article discusses the basic laws of contact hydrodynamics, which studies complex phenomena occurring in the lubricating layer separating the elastically deformable surfaces of various parts, and thus solves the complex problem of hydrodynamics, elasticity theory, thermodynamics, rheology of lubricants and materials science. For a long time, contact hydrodynamics was considered a secondary direction in hydraulic engineering, however, the main aspects of contact hydrodynamics allow determining the thickness of the lubricating layer in the elastic metal-plastic segments of the hydraulic unit bearings, ensuring the reliability and durability of their operation. Thus, contact hydrodynamics allowed us to gain a positive experience of long-term operational tests of elastic metal-plastic segments in the supports of hydraulic units of the largest hydroelectric power plants. In addition, contact hydrodynamics solved the problem of transferring all hydraulic units of large hydroelectric power plants of the country from rigid babbit supports to elastic composite ones; and all newly built hydro generators should be equipped with elastic segments of a new design.
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Han, Hui Xian, Xiong Hua Guo, and Xian Li Cao. "Design and Analysis for Hydraulic Travel System of Container Stacker." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.230.

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Work conditions and requirements of a container stacker are analyzed. Aiming at the disadvantages of hydrodynamic travel system of stacker, a design method for hydraulic chassis of a stacker is presented. With a practical example, its operation performances under the work conditions of stable travel in low-speed are analyzed. New method to design its travel drive system is presented, it contains the hydraulic system design and component selection. It is considered that the manufacture cost for special hydraulic chassis of a stacker is equal to or lower than that of a hydrodynamics chassis, so there is wide application prospect of it.
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Persson, J., N. L. G. Somes, and T. H. F. Wong. "Hydraulics Efficiency of Constructed Wetlands and Ponds." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0174.

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Constructed ponds and wetlands are widely used in urban design to serve a number of functions including stormwater management. The design of constructed wetlands for stormwater management involves a number of multi-disciplinary inputs. Fundamental to their sustainable operation are the proper control of the hydrologic regime of the wetland and optimal flow hydrodynamics within the wetland. Many ofthe problems encountered in constructed wetlands can be minimised or avoided by good engineering design principles. Poor wetland hydrodynamics are often identified as a major contributor to wetland management problems. Ponds and wetlands with a high hydraulic efficiency are expected to promote full utilisation ofthe available detention storage and near plug flow conditions. The shape and layout of urban ponds and wetlands are often varied to suit the landscape and to satisfy aesthetic requirements as an urban water feature. These can be achieved while maintaining an effective stormwater treatment outcome if steps are taken to ensure that the hydrodynamic behaviour of the system is not severely compromised. A consistent measure is required to allow the effects of design features to be evaluated against this criterion. This paper introduces a new measure for hydraulic efficiency that combines existing measures of flow uniformity and effective volume. Case studies are presented on the use of this measure to assess the effects of different pond and wetland shapes, locations of inlet and outlet, botanical layouts and basin morphology on the flow hydrodynamics.
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Wang, Haifei, Shimin Yang, and Tan Lu. "Performance-Matching Optimization Design of Loader-Hydraulic System Based on Hydrodynamics Analysis." Processes 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10081524.

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The study of the performance of dynamic hydraulic throttling under the condition of stable fluid is of great significance. The effect of a step change in pressure differences on the throttling performance of a hydraulic valve is studied. This paper studies the dynamic and static performance of a hydraulic-valve-outlet throttling-speed regulation system, builds a more accurate mathematical model, considers the linear factors of the flow of hydraulic-valve throttling, analyzes the influence of the step-load change in pressure difference on the stability of the hydraulic-valve movement speed, and constructs a nonlinear mathematical model of the speed-regulation system of the outlet throttling. A pressure sensor is used to measure the change in pressure overshoot, and the effect of a pressure-difference step change on the throttling performance of the hydraulic valve is studied under steady-fluid conditions. The theory is analyzed and verified by experiment, and the parameters of hydraulic components are modified using the dynamic-change rule of the hydraulic valve’s two-chamber pressure.
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Tang, Zhi Yin, Gang Wu, Jun Yong Lu, Yan Fei Li, and Xiang Li. "Application of Variable Damping Hydraulic Buffer in Braking Large Mass Impact Loading Problem." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.619.

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Aimed at braking large mass impact loading problem, a mathematical model of the multi-orifice hydraulic buffer has been established, with the use of hydrodynamics theory, hydraulic theory and engineering structural mechanics theory. Damping characteristic curves under different operating conditions have been analyzed. The problem that traditional hydraulic buffer damping characteristics could not match to different mass impact loading well has been found. By analyzing the influence of buffer cylinder structural parameters on buffer damping characteristics, a variable damping buffer has been proposed, and the problem has been verified with simulation.
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Passos, Ricardo Gomes, Marcos von Sperling, and Thiago Bressani Ribeiro. "Hydrodynamic evaluation of a full-scale facultative pond by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and field measurements." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 3 (June 12, 2014): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.265.

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Knowledge of the hydraulic behaviour is very important in the characterization of a stabilization pond, since pond hydrodynamics plays a fundamental role in treatment efficiency. An advanced hydrodynamics characterization may be achieved by carrying out measurements with tracers, dyes and drogues or using mathematical simulation employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The current study involved experimental determinations and mathematical simulations of a full-scale facultative pond in Brazil. A 3D CFD model showed major flow lines, degree of dispersion, dead zones and short circuit regions in the pond. Drogue tracking, wind measurements and dye dispersion were also used in order to obtain information about the actual flow in the pond and as a means of assessing the performance of the CFD model. The drogue, designed and built as part of this research, and which included a geographical positioning system (GPS), presented very satisfactory results. The CFD modelling has proven to be very useful in the evaluation of the hydrodynamic conditions of the facultative pond. A virtual tracer test allowed an estimation of the real mean hydraulic retention time and mixing conditions in the pond. The computational model in CFD corresponded well to what was verified in the field.
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LÓPEZ, DAVID. "Smoothed particle hydrodynamics model applied to hydraulic structures: a hydraulic jump test case." Journal of Hydraulic Research 48, extra (2009): 000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3826/jhr.2010.0015.

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López, David, Roberto Marivela, and Luis Garrote. "Smoothed particle hydrodynamics model applied to hydraulic structures: a hydraulic jump test case." Journal of Hydraulic Research 48, sup1 (January 1, 2010): 142–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2010.9641255.

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Zhu, Di, Ruofu Xiao, Ran Tao, and Weichao Liu. "Impact of guide vane opening angle on the flow stability in a pump-turbine in pump mode." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 13 (March 3, 2016): 2484–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216635204.

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In the pump mode (storage mode) of a pump-turbine, unstable head variations occur as the flow rate decreases, leading to unstable, unsafe operation. Thus, the hydrodynamics of pump-turbines in the unstable operating range should be investigated to improve their designs. This study presents experimental and numerical studies of the hydrodynamics. The experiments investigated the external characteristics with the head instabilities captured by both the model tests and the computational fluid dynamics simulations. The computational fluid dynamics model used detached eddy simulations to study the flow details which showed that hydraulic losses were the reason for the unstable head variations and the poor flow regime was the source of the losses. In the unstable, low flow rate range, the flow direction is no longer consistent with the guide vane direction, so undesirable flow structures develop in the passages. Therefore, appropriate guide vane opening angles are needed to improve the flow regime and reduce the hydraulic losses. These will enhance the operating stability and safety in engineering applications.
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Fadl-Elmola, Salman A. M., Cristian Moisescu Ciocan, and Ioana Popescu. "Application of Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics to Particular Flow Cases Solved by Saint-Venant Equations." Water 13, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 1671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121671.

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Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a Lagrangian mesh free particle method which has been developed and widely applied to different areas in engineering. Recently, the SPH method has also been used to solve the shallow water equations, resulting in (SPH-SWEs) formulations. With the significant developments made, SPH-SWEs provide an accurate computational tool for solving problems of wave propagation, flood inundation, and wet-dry interfaces. Capabilities of the SPH method to solve Saint-Venant equations have been tested using a SPH-SWE code to simulate different hydraulic test cases. Results were compared to other established and commercial hydraulic modelling packages that use Eulerian approaches. The test cases cover non-uniform steady state profiles, wave propagation, and flood inundation cases. The SPH-SWEs simulations provided results that compared well with other established and commercial hydraulic modeling packages. Nevertheless, SPH-SWEs simulations experienced some drawbacks such as loss of inflow water volume of up to 2%, for 2D flood propagation. Simulations were carried out using an open source solver, named SWE-SPHysics.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hydrodynamics and hydraulic engineering"

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Mulahasan, Saad. "Hydrodynamics of large-scale roughness in open channels." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/95099/.

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This thesis investigates the hydrodynamics of flow around/and or above an obstacle(s) placed in a fully turbulent developed flow such as flow around lateral bridge constriction, flow over bridge deck and flow over square ribs that are characterized with free surface flow. Also this thesis examines the flow around one-line circular cylinders placed at centre in a single open channel and floodplain edge in a compound, open channel. *Hydrodynamics studies of compound channels with vegetated floodplain have been carried out by a number studies of authors in the last three decades. To enrich our understanding of the flow resistance, comprehensive experiments are carried out with two vegetation configurations-wholly vegetated floodplain and one-line vegetation and then compared to smooth unvegetated compound channel. The main result of the flow characteristics in vegetated compound channels is that spanwise velocity profiles exhibit markedly different characters in the one-line and wholly-vegetated configurations. Moreover, flow resistance estimation results are in agreement with other experimental studies. *A complementary experimental study was carried out to investigate the water surface response in an open-channel flow through a lateral channel constriction and a bridge opening with overtopping. The flow through the bridge openings is characterized by very strong variation of the water surface including undular hydraulic jumps. The results of simulation that was carried by (Kara et al. 2014, 2015) showed a reasonable agreement between measured and computed water surface profiles for the constriction case and a fairly good was achieved for the overtopping case. *Evaluation of the shear layer dynamics in compound channel flows is carried out using infrared thermography technique with two vegetation configurations - wholly vegetated floodplain and one-line vegetation in comparison to non-vegetated floodplains. This technique also manifests some potential as a flow visualization technique, and leaves space for future studies and research. Results highlight that the mixing shear layer at the interface between the main channel and the floodplain is well captured and quantified by this novel approach. iii *Flume experiments of turbulent open channel flows over bed-mounted square bars at low and intermediate submergence are carried out for six cases. Two bar spacings, corresponding to transitional and k-type roughness, and three flow rates, are investigated. This experimental study focused on two of the most aspects of channel rough shallow flows: water surface profile and mean streamwise vertical velocity. Results show that the water surface was observed to be very complex and turbulent for the large spacing cases, and comprised a single hydraulic jump between the bars. The streamwise position of the jump varied between the cases, with the distance of the jump from the previous upstream bar increasing with flow rate. The free surface was observed to be less complex in the small spacing cases, particularly for the two higher flow rates, in which case the flow resembled a classic skimming flow. The Darcy-Weisbach friction factor was calculated for all six cases from a simple momentum balance, and it was shown that for a given flow rate the larger bar spacing produces higher resistance. The result of the simulation that was carried out by Chua et al. (2016) shows good agreement with the experiments in terms of mean free surface position and mean streamwise velocity. *Drag coefficient empirical equations are predicted by a number of authors for an array of vegetation. The research aims to assess the suitability of various empirical formulations to predict the drag coefficient of in-line vegetation. Drag coefficient results show that varying the diameter of the rigid emergent vegetation affects significantly flow resistance. Good agreement is generally observed with those empirical equations. Key Words: Flow Visualization; Infrared Thermography; Shallow Flows; Shear layer; Image processing; Experiment; Free surface; Bridge hydrodynamics; Bridge overtopping; Vegetation roughness, Emergent vegetation, Drag coefficient, blockage; Compound channel, Lateral velocity profiles; Hydraulic resistance; Hydraulic jump, Square bars.
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Tatlock, Benjamin. "A hybrid finite-volume finite-difference rotational Boussinesq-type model of surf-zone hydrodynamics." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/30443/.

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An investigation into the numerical and physical behaviour of a hybrid finite-volume finite-difference Boussinesq-type model, using a rotational surface roller approach in the surf-zone is presented. The relevant theory for the required development of a numerical model implementing this technique is outlined. The proposed method looks to achieve a more physically realistic description of the hydrodynamics by considering the rotational nature of the highly turbulent flow found during wave breaking. This involves a semi-analytical solution to the vorticity transport equation and provides a mechanism by which energy is dissipated. Resolving vorticity within the flow also allows vertical profiles of the horizontal velocity to be constructed, offering valuable detail that is otherwise unavailable when using equivalent irrotational Boussinesq-type models. By obtaining additional information about the structure of the flow, other quantities can be determined, such as the undertow, which has a key role in morphodynamic processes occurring in this region. These benefits are combined with a finite-volume finite-difference scheme, which yields improvements in stability and possesses inherent shock-capturing capabilities. The ability of the model to replicate laboratory observations is verified, and identified shortcomings are explained in the context of the numerical procedure and the assumptions made during the derivation of the governing equations. Although the weak nonlinearity of the Boussinesq-type equations means the shoaling characteristics of the model do not accurately reflect those found experimentally, the adopted formulation of the finite-volume scheme is shown to prevent the inclusion of the necessary higher-order derivatives which exist in a fully-nonlinear formulation. In order to establish a realistic dissipation mechanism, it is vital that the extent of any misleading numerical artefacts are recognised and their effects alleviated. This study explores a range of physical attributes predicted by the present model and discusses the numerical features of the scheme, evaluating how these influence the results.
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Friedrichs, Carl T. "Hydrodynamics and morphodynamics of shallow tidal channels and intertidal flates /." Woods Hole, Mass. : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1176.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993.
"Doctoral dissertation." "February 1993." At head of title: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 205-214).
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Thein, Myint. "Experimental investigation of flow resistance and velocity distributions in a rectangular channel with large bed-roughness elements." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19580.

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Lu, Zhihua. "Stochastic modelling of unsteady open channel flow and reliability analysis /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202008%20LU.

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Amini, Sina. "Hydrodynamics and Salinity of Pontchartrain Estuary During Hurricanes." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1845.

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A hurricane is a combination of sustained winds, low atmospheric pressures and precipitation. Over the past decades, Louisiana has experienced several devastating hurricanes. The east bank of the City of New Orleans is bounded by Lake Pontchartrain to the North and the Mississippi River to the South. Lake Pontchartrain is a brackish system connected to the Gulf of Mexico through Lake Borgne to the East. As a Hurricane enters the Estuary from the Gulf of Mexico, it imposes a sustained surge of a few meters which may lead to flooding in areas which are not protected by levees. These flood water may be saline. Saltwater flooding is an environmental issue in flooded marshlands since saltwater can be fatal to some plants. The response of salinity and storm surge to hurricane duration which represents the forward speed of the storm is numerically modeled.
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Khodier, Mohanad A. "Weir-Baffled Culvert Hydrodynamics Evaluation for Fish Passage Using Particle Image Velocimetry and Computational Fluid Dynamic Techniques." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3078.

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Due to a recent increase in environmental awareness regarding fish passage through hydraulic constructions including culverts, an evaluation for the passage of wild brown trout through a weir-baffled prototype-scale culvert was performed under a variety of culvert slopes and discharge conditions. The influence of the sample fish population and the length of the individual fish on passage rates were investigated; the data showed that the brown trout fish passage sample size evaluated in this study (25 per test) was sufficiently large to minimize sample size dependency. Fish behavior while traversing the culvert was observed and reported, including resting/staging zone locations. Turbulent flow through weir baffled-culvert was also simulated numerically using three-dimensional numerical model employing the (k- �) model, Renormalized Group k-� model (RNG), and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model. Experimental data measured with the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) were used to assess the accuracy and the applicability of these turbulence models in predicting the turbulent flow characteristics of the flow through a weir-baffled culvert at different spatial locations inside the culvert for variety of culvert slopes and flow rates. The influence of flow rates and culvert slopes on the forward velocities and reverse velocities was evaluated. It was noted that the influence of the flow rates on the flow velocities depends on the culvert slopes. Turbulent kinetic energy and flow direction effects on flow characteristic were also evaluated. Validation of Manning’s equation and Manning’s roughness coefficient for the tested culvert were reported.
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Yeow, Kervin. "Three dimensional scour along offshore pipelines." University of Western Australia. School of Civil and Resource Engineering, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0008.

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Three-dimensional scour propagation along offshore pipelines is a major reason to pipeline failures in an offshore environment. Although the research on scour in both numerical and experimental aspect has been extensive over the last three decades, the focus of the investigation has been limited to the two-dimensional aspect. The knowledge on three-dimensional scour is still limited. This dissertation presents the results of an experimental investigation on threedimensional scour along offshore pipelines in (1) steady currents (2) waves only and (3) combined waves and current. The major emphasis of the investigation is to investigate the propagation of the scour hole along the pipeline after the initiation of scour. Physical experiments conducted were used to quantify the effects of various parameters on scour propagation velocities along the pipeline. The problem of monitoring real time scour below a pipeline was solved by using specifically developed conductivity scour probes. Effects of various parameters such as pipeline embedment depth, incoming flow Shields parameter, Keuglegan- Carpenter (KC) number and flow incident angle to the pipeline on scour propagation velocities along the pipeline were investigated. The investigations clearly reveal that scour propagation velocities generally increase with the increase of flow but decrease with the increase of the pipeline embedment depth. A general predictive formula for scour propagation velocities is proposed and validated against the experimental results. There are still some common issues related to pipeline scour that is lacking in the literature to date. One of these issues is the effects of Reynolds number on two-dimensional scour beneath pipelines. A numerical approach was adopted to investigate the Reynolds-number dependence of two-dimensional scour beneath offshore pipelines in steady currents. A novel wall function is proposed in calculating the suspended sediment transport rate in the model. The effects of Reynolds number were investigated by simulating the same undisturbed Shields parameters in both model and prototype but with different values of Reynolds number in two separate calculations. The results revealed that scour depths for prototype pipelines are about 10~15% smaller than those for model pipelines. The normalized time scales was found to be approximately the same, and the simulated scour profiles for the model pipelines agree well with the experimental results from an independent study. The backfilling of pipeline trenches is also an important issue to the design and management of offshore pipelines. A numerical model is developed to simulate the self-burial of a pipeline trench. Morphological evolutions of a pipeline trench under steady-current or oscillatory-flow conditions are simulated with/without a pipeline inside the trench. The two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged continuity and Navier-Stokes equations with the standard k-e turbulence closure, as well as the sediment transport equations, are solved using finite difference method in a curvilinear coordinate system. Different time-marching schemes are employed for the morphological computation under unidirectional and oscillatory conditions. It is found that vortex motions within the trench play an important role in the trench development.
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Venugopal, Vengatesan. "Hydrodynamic force coefficients for rectangular cylinders in waves and currents." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6351/.

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The research into hydrodynamic loading on ocean structures is concentrated mostly on circular cross section members and relatively limited work has been carried out on wave loading on rectangular sections, particularly in waves and currents. This research work is therefore carried out focussing on the evaluation of hydrodynamic force coefficients for sharp edged rectangular cylinders of various cross-sections (aspect ratios), subjected to waves and currents. Three cylinders with three different cross-sections are constructed and tested vertically, as surface piercing and horizontally, as fully submerged with the cylinder axis parallel to the wave crests. The aspect ratios considered for this investigation are 1.0, 112, 2/1, 3/4 and 4/3. The length of each cylinder is 2000mm. The sectional loadings are measured on a 100mm section, which is located at the mid-length of the cylinder. The forces are measured using a force measuring system, which consists of load cells, capable of measuring wave and current forces. The in-line & transverse forces (for vertical cylinders) and horizontal & vertical forces (for horizontal cylinders) have been measured. For horizontal cylinder, to study the effect of depth of variation on submergence of the cylinder, the tests are carried out for two depths of submergence. The experiments are carried out at the Hydrodynamic Laboratory, Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, University of Glasgow. The tests are carried out in a water depth of 2.2m with regular and random waves for low Keulegan-Carpenter (KC) number up to 4.5 and the Reynolds number varied from 6.397xl03 to 1.18xl05 • The combined wave and current effect has been produced by towing the cylinders in regular waves, along and opposite to the wave direction at speeds of ± 0.1 mis, ± 0.2 mls and ± 0.3 mls. Based on Morison's equation, the relationship between inertia and drag coefficients are evaluated and are presented as a function of KC number for various values of frequency parameter, {3. For the vertical cylinders, the drag coefficients decrease and inertia coefficients increase with increase in KC number up to the range of KC tested for all the cylinders. For the horizontally submerged cylinders, the drag coefficients showed a similar trend to vertical cylinders, whereas the inertia coefficients decrease with increase in KC number for all the cylinders. This reduction in inertia force is attributed to the presence of a circulating flow [Chaplin (1984)] around the cylinders. The random wave results are consistent with regular wave results and the measured and computed force spectrum compares quite well. While computing the force coefficients in the case of combined waves and currents, only the wave particle velocity is used, as the inclusion of current velocity tends to produce unreliable drag force coefficients. For vertical cylinders, the drag and the inertia coefficients in combined waves and currents are lower than the drag and the inertia coefficients obtained in waves alone. For horizontal cylinders the drag coefficients are larger than those obtained for waves alone and the inertia coefficients are smaller than those measured in waves alone. The Morison's equation with computed drag and inertia coefficients has been found to predict the measured forces well for smaller KC numbers. However, the comparison between measured and computed positive peak forces indicate that the computed forces are underestimated. It is suggested that if the wave particle kinematics are directly measured, this discrepancy between measured and computed forces might well be reduced. Wave excitation forces are also reported in non-dimensional forms in the diffraction regime, using 3D-Green function method. Wave induced pressure distribution around the cylinder in regular waves have been measured and are reported as normalised pressures. Wave run-up on the cylinder surfaces has been measured and simple empirical formulae are presented for run-up calculations on the cylinder surfaces. The results of this investigation show that the cylinder aspect ratio plays major role on hydrodynamic force coefficients, dynamic pressure distribution and on wave run-up on cylinder surfaces.
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Cooper, Alison Jane. "The effects of rotation and wall compliance on hydrodynamic stability." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1996. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/109582/.

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The effects of system rotation and passive wall compliance on hydrodynamic stability is investigated. Rotating channel flow is studied where a Coriolis force instability mechanism produces streamwise rolls at modest Reynolds numbers and rotation rates. The linear stability of mean flow states consisting of a combination of plane Poiseuille and Couette flows is considered using spectral Chebyshev collocation with a staggered grid. A Newton algorithm is implemented in three-dimensional parameter space to calculate minimum points of the neutral surfaces. Weakly nonlinear behaviour of the rolls is studied using a Ginzburg-Landau formulation and accurate numerical values for the equation coefficients indicate supercritical instability. Effects of external pressure gradient and three-dimensionality on boundary layer stability over compliant walls is examined. In these cases an inflexion point in the boundary layer profile promotes a powerful inviscid instability mechanism. Two-dimensional profiles, including a Falkner-Skan representation, are considered in inviscid and viscous analyses with plate-spring and viscoelastic compliant wall models. Walls which are rendered stable with respect to hydroelastic instabilities are shown to reduce maximum spatial growth rates by up to 60%. This work is extended to consider the three-dimensional boundary layer over a rotating disc where inviscid (Type 1) and viscous (Type 2) instabilities can coexist. A single layer viscoelastic wall model coupled to a sixth order system of fluid equations, which accounts for Coriolis and streamline curvature effects, is solved by a spectral Chebyshev tau technique. The Type 1 stationary instability is found to be significantly stabilised, whilst the effect on the Type 2 mode is complex but can be destabilising. For travelling-wave modes, across a band of positive frequencies, evidence of modal coalescence between the Type 1 and 2 instabilities leading to absolute instability is presented. This would constitute a major route to transition and appears to be caused by large values of viscous stress work at the wall/flow interface.
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Books on the topic "Hydrodynamics and hydraulic engineering"

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Hydrosoft 92 (1992 Valencia, Spain). Hydraulic engineering software IV. Edited by Blain W. R. 1952-, Cabrera E, Wessex Institute of Technology, and Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Southampton: Computational Mechanics Publications, 1992.

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Entropy theory in hydraulic engineering: An introduction. Reston, Virginia: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014.

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Users guide to physical modelling and experimentation: Experience of the HYDRALAB network. Leiden, The Netherlands: CRC Press/Balkema, 2011.

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Idelʹchik, I. E. Handbook of hydraulic resistance. Edited by Ginevskiĭ A. S. 4th ed. Redding, CT: Begell House, 2008.

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Chanson, Hubert. The hydraulics of open channel flow: An introduction ; basic principles, sediment motion, hydraulic modelling, design of hydraulic structures. 2nd ed. Oxford [UK]: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, 2004.

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Ocean engineering mechanics: With applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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The hydraulics of open channel flow: An introduction ; basic principles, sediment motion, hydraulic modelling, design of hydraulic structures. London: Arnold, 1999.

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Hydrosoft 2002 (2002 Montreal, Canada). Hydraulic information management. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2002.

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Schulz, Andreas. Zur Näherungsberechnung des Abflusses in naturnah gestalteten Fliessgewässern. Berlin: Institut für Wasserbau und Wasserwirtschaft der Technischen Universität Berlin, 1987.

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Joanne, Drinan, ed. Water hydraulics. Lancaster, Pa: Technomic Publishing, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hydrodynamics and hydraulic engineering"

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Huang, Wenrui, Xiaohai Liu, and Xinjian Chen. "Hydrodynamic Modeling of Residence Time in Little Manatee River, USA." In Advances in Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, 1330–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89465-0_233.

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Zhu, Yuliang, Juan Yang, Jialing Hao, and Hongyan Shen. "Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamic Characteristics and Water Quality in Yangchenghu Lake." In Advances in Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, 710–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89465-0_125.

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Zhang, Wei, Haifeng Xia, and Bin Wang. "Numerical Calculation of the Impact of Offshore Wind Power Stations on Hydrodynamic Conditions." In Advances in Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, 1143–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89465-0_199.

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Wu, Tingfeng, Liancong Luo, Guangbai Cui, and Boqiang Qin. "Study on the Triggering Factors of Algal Bloom in Fuchunjiang Reservoir Based on a Vertically Integrated Hydrodynamic Model." In Advances in Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, 662–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89465-0_116.

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Zhang, Wei, Ling Li, and Xue Dong. "Analysis of Hydrodynamic Characteristics and Estuarine Dynamic Process of the Dongjing River Delta Based on 1-D Numerical Model." In Advances in Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, 1151–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89465-0_200.

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Pochi, Daniele, Roberto Fanigliulo, Renato Grilli, Laura Fornaciari, Carlo Bisaglia, Maurizio Cutini, Massimo Brambilla, et al. "Design and Assessment of a Test Rig for Hydrodynamic Tests on Hydraulic Fluids." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 419–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39299-4_47.

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Nochnichenko, Ihor, Oleksandr Luhovskyi, Dmytro Kostiuk, and Jakhno Oleg. "Research of the Influence of Hydraulic Orifice Material on the Hydrodynamic Cavitation Processes Accompanied by Luminescence." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 293–300. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59509-8_26.

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Phuong Dung, Nguyen, Nguyen Thai Binh, and Tran Thi Hoai Phuong. "Assessment of Hydrodynamic Regime and Inundation Mode After Construction of Hydraulic Project in Quang Ngai Province." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 311–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0053-1_39.

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Wright, Kenneth R., Arminda M. Gibaja Oviedo, Gordon F. McEwan, Richard W. Miksad, and Ruth M. Wright. "Hydraulic Engineering." In Incamisana, 46–57. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414163.ch05.

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Sherwood, Andrew N., Milorad Nikolic, John W. Humphrey, and John P. Oleson. "Hydraulic engineering." In Greek and Roman Technology, 335–87. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge sourcebooks for the ancient world: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315682181-10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hydrodynamics and hydraulic engineering"

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Vernengo, Giuliano, Yigit Kemal Demirel, Claire De Marco Muscat-Fenech, Stefano Gaggero, and Diego Villa. "Hydrodynamic Interactions of Multiple Surface-Piercing Struts by Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-81431.

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Abstract The hydrodynamics of surface piercing struts and pile-like structures in general presents some very complex fluid dynamics phenomena that are worth investigating. Among them there are the forward wave pile-up at stagnation, the wave breaking with flow reversal like that observed in Bidone-type hydraulic jumps, flow separation caused by interactions of steep free-surface waves and the turbulent wall boundary layer. Such a type of flow structures plays a key role in several engineering applications, ranging from naval architecture to civil and ocean engineering. The hydrodynamic analysis of different surface-piercing struts in tandem configuration has been done in the framework of a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic approach available through the open-source software DualSPHysics, developed to exploit the GP-GPU architecture to speed up the computation. A numerical wave tank has been set-up to carry out calm water tests. Beyond the influence of the forward speed, the analysis has focused on the effect of three main geometric parameters establishing the configuration: the longitudinal and the lateral distance among the vertical, surface-piercing, struts and the relative size among them. The mean and the rms values of the unsteady near-field free surface elevation have been analyzed and compared among the selected cases and interaction effects are studied in comparison to the free surface obtained for the equivalent single strut configuration.
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Kang, S., K. P. Hallinan, and R. Kashani. "Electro-Hydrodynamic Pumped Hydraulic Actuation." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0420.

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Abstract A new type of actuation device has been conceptualized that meets the needs of both large displacement, force and bandwidth within a package more compact than currently available magnetostrictive and stack-type piezo actuators of similar rating. This concept relies on micro-scale electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pumping of a dielectric liquid with a small concentration of free charges. Configured as an actuator, the EHD pump(s) would be used to move fluid between two reservoirs — each having a compliant membrane that interfaces to the world to provide the means to achieve vibration cancellation or micro actuation. Ordinarily limited to generating flow in macroscale applications, the EHD pump is shown to exhibit an exciting scaling law as its size is reduced. As the pump volume to surface area decreases, the energy going toward increasing pressure in the pump has an increasingly larger effect. Since volume/surface area is proportional to 1/a2, where a is the characteristic width or diameter of the pump, the pressure head generated scales similarly. Analytical and numerical studies have shown the EHD-pumped actuator to be capable of delivering equal force and bandwidth to magnetostrictive and stack-type piezo actuators, but with consdierably greater displacement and roughly 1/10th of the size. Further, this type of actuator offers the possibility for deployment in active vibration control or micro actuation applications at significantly greater temperatures.
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Matousˇek, Va´clav, and Jan Krupicˇka. "Liquid-Solid Flows Above Deposit in Pipe: Prediction of Hydraulic Gradient and Deposit Thickness." In ASME 2009 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2009-78125.

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A predictive model for the pressure drop in a slurry flow above a stationary bed was presented at the last Liquid-Solid Flow Symposium in 2007. Since then the model has been further refined and validated using experimental data from the tests performed at the Institute of Hydrodynamics ASCR and from the literature. The new version of the model enables to choose a set of appropriate equations in order to predict the hydraulic gradient (the frictional pressure drop) and the thickness of the stationary bed for pipe flows of various average velocities of slurry and delivered concentrations of solids. The paper describes the structure and components of the model and discusses model predictive abilities by comparing model predictions with the new experimental data gained for slurries of two different fractions of sand (respectively fine to medium and medium sands) at various velocities and solids concentrations in a 100-mm pipe.
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Mavrakos, Spyros A., Georgios M. Katsaounis, and Michalis S. Apostolidis. "Effect of Floaters’ Geometry on the Performance Characteristics of Tightly Moored Wave Energy Converters." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-80133.

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The paper deals with the investigation of the effect that floaters’ hydrodynamics has on the performance characteristics of tightly moored vertical axisymmetric wave energy converters. Several geometries of WEC’s floaters have been examined by assuming that they have constant displacement. Specifically, a cylindrical body with and without vertical and horizontal skirts at its bottom, a cone and a two–body, piston–like arrangement, which consists of an internal cone and an exterior torus, have been investigated and comparatively assessed. The WEC’s first-order hydrodynamic characteristics, i.e. their exciting wave forces and the correspondent hydrodynamic parameters, are evaluated using a linearized diffraction–radiation semi-analytical method. A dynamical model for evaluating of the floaters’ performance in time domain is developed that properly accounts for the floaters hydrodynamic behavior, the modeling of the hydraulic system and of the power take–off mechanism. The effect of the floaters geometry on the efficiency of the converter is analyzed through the results for the power absorption, under the excitation of several sea states.
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Yu, Yi-Hsiang, Nathan Tom, and Dale Jenne. "Numerical Analysis on Hydraulic Power Take-Off for Wave Energy Converter and Power Smoothing Methods." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78176.

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One of the primary challenges for wave energy converter (WEC) systems is the fluctuating nature of wave resources, which require the WEC components to be designed to handle loads (i.e., torques, forces, and powers) that are many times greater than the average load. This approach requires a much greater power take-off (PTO) capacity than the average power output and indicates a higher cost for the PTO. Moreover, additional design requirements, such as battery storage, are needed, particularly for practical electrical grid connection, and can be a problem for sensitive equipment (e.g., radar, computing devices, and sensors). Therefore, it is essential to investigate potential methodologies to reduce the overall power fluctuation while trying to optimize the power output from WECs. In this study, a detailed hydraulic PTO model was developed and coupled with a time-domain hydrodynamics model (WEC-Sim) to evaluate the PTO efficiency for WECs and the trade-off between power output and fluctuation using different power smoothing methods, including energy storage, pressure relief mechanism, and a power-based setpoint control method. The study also revealed that the maximum power fluctuation for WECs can be significantly reduced by one order of magnitude when these power smoothing methods are applied.
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Cao, Zhen, Zan Wu, Jin-yuan Qian, and Bengt Sunden. "Water-Oil Flow in Square Microchannels With a Crossed Junction." In ASME 2018 5th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2018-83056.

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In the present study, water-oil flow patterns and slug hydrodynamics were experimentally studied in square glass microchannels with various hydraulic diameters (Dh = 600 μm, 400 μm, 200 μm). The aqueous phase is the continuous phase while the organic phase is the dispersed phase. The ranges of flow rates of the continuous phase and the dispersed phase are 0–200 ml/h and 0–12 ml/h, 0–120 ml/h and 0–6 ml/h, and 0–60 ml/h and 0–2 ml/h in the microchannels with Dh = 600 μm, 400 μm and 200 μm, respectively. The results show that the hydraulic diameter has significant effects on flow patterns and three main flow patterns are observed, i.e., annular flow, slug flow and droplet flow. Generally, annular flow appeared at high flow rates of the dispersed phase and low flow rates of the continuous phase, while droplet flow appeared at low flow rates of the dispersed phase and high flow rates of the continuous phase. However, slug flow existed at comparable flow rates of the continuous and dispersed phases. A dimensionless analysis is carried out and a new dimensionless group including Weber number and Reynolds number is derived. The new defined dimensionless group performs well to develop a general flow pattern map. In addition, slug flow hydrodynamics are investigated as well in the present study, considering the slug length and slug velocity. Based on the present experimental results, a new scaling law is proposed to predict the slug length and it shows a good agreement with the experimental results. It has been widely reported that slug velocities depend linearly on the total flow rates of the two phases, which is consistent with the present study. The linear law provides a good prediction of the experimental slug velocities but different slopes are suggested in microchannels with different hydraulic diameters.
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Bokov, P. A., V. S. Baranova, M. S. Kustov, M. A. Antonenkov, A. G. Meluzov, and A. V. Besnosov. "Peculiarities of Hydrodynamics of Lead and Lead-Bismuth Coolant Flows of Reactor Loops." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29173.

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Adequate design engineering and maintenance of circuits with fast neutron reactors cooled with lead and lead-bismuth coolants require considering the peculiarities of hydrodynamics of these coolant flows. It is traditionally reputed that the hydrodynamic characteristics of heavy liquid-metal melts are analogous to the characteristics of water and primary sodium, which is practically valid for the conditions of part of the equipment and channels of a reactor circuit. The main peculiarities of heavy liquid-metal coolants compared to water and primary sodium, which affect the flow characteristics, are: - unwettability of channels with oxide protective coatings of reactor circuits by lead and lead-bismuth eutectic melts; - high boiling temperature exceeding the fusion temperature of steel; - high density exceeding by an order the densities of water and natrium; - low solubility of impurities in lead and lead-bismuth eutectic melts; - higher surface tension coefficient. The design value of saturated vapors of lead and its alloys at the temperatures 400–550 °C is 10−18–10−10 at (1 at = 0.1 MPa), which is essentially less than the values of natrium and water. Processes of traditional cavitation in the flow of heavy liquid-metal coolants cannot occur because of their specific character. The main circulation pumps are a basic element of reactor circuits. In fact, the flow sections of these pumps and those of other vane-type pumps operating in lead and its alloys cannot be calculated by traditional methods as far as cavitation characteristics are concerned; adequate calculation formulas are not available now. In a channel with walls unwettable by a flow of heavy liquid metal, this flow contacts with walls by means of the boundary layer having specific properties (surface energy, etc.) analogous to those of free surfaces of melts contacting with gas. Internal pressure in the flow forces liquid metal against walls, thus the liquid metal speed in the region of their contact is zero. As the pressure in the flow decreases due to growth of speed or other effects, the outer layer of the liquid metal flow can move away from the wall; in this case water appears on its surface. To study cavitation processes in a heavy liquid-metal coolant flow, the authors have carried out the following experiments: - determining the conditions of disconnection of liquid lead and lead-bismuth eutectic column; - determining the cavitation characteristics of the centrifugal pump pumping lead at the temperature 500 °C; - comparative investigation of the characteristics of Venturi nozzle in water and liquid metal. The experimental study of the characteristics of disconnection of heavy liquid-metal coolant column has shown that disconnection occurs at the boundary of liquid and cold metals; the reason of disconnection is leakage of gas from melt volume and, perhaps, from the near-wall region; disconnection occurs at negative voltages in the cross section of the column. The experimental study of the cavitation characteristics of the centrifugal pump at the temperature of pumped lead 500 °C and the circumferential speed of about 15 m/s has show that failure (cease) of pumping takes place at the pressure at the impeller inlet of about 19.6–24.5 kPa. Continuous operation of pump in the regime of pumping failure does not lead to destruction of the flow part surfaces of the pump. The character of the process corresponds to the so-called gas cavitation and is completely inconsistent with traditional cavitation. The experimental comparative study of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the same Venturi nozzle for water current at the temperature T = 20 °C and lead-bismuth eutectic at T = 350 °C without gas supply and with gas supply at the speeds 10–20 m/s has shown the following. The hydraulic resistance of the eutectic nozzle is more than an order higher than the analogous value for water under the same test conditions. This is, probably, due to flow disconnection and jet contraction in the narrow part of the nozzle with formation of water on its surface and backflows in the nozzle diffuser. Supply of relatively small amounts of gas into the narrow part slightly varies the characteristics of the processes. The consideration of specific character of heavy coolant flow hydrodynamics is required for adequate design engineering and maintenance of some elements of reactor circuit.
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Gortyshov, Yury F., Igor A. Popov, and Konstantin E. Gulitsky. "Experimental Studies of Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer in Channels With High-Porous Cellular Materials in Single-Phase Forced Convection and Flow Boiling of Working Fluids." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-1021.

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Abstract In this paper we consider experimental studies of hydraulic resistance, surface heat transfer, internal heat exchange and critical heat fluxes for the flow of single-phase and boiling working fluids in channels with high-porous inserts. Experiments were carried out with more than 40 samples of high-porous cellular materials with the porosity 0.8...0.98 and mean pore diameter 0.62...4 mm and with more than 10 samples of regular porous inserts and porosity ε = 0.512...0.86 and mean pore diameter 1.5...3.5 mm. These samples were made of porcelain, invar, nichrome, bronze and copper.
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Ozar, Basar, Rodney Harvill, Christopher E. Henry, and Deborah A. Norton. "Analysis for Low Pressure Cooling Injection System Suction Hydrodynamics for a Boiling Water Reactor." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-55255.

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A study to characterize the steam waterhammer phenomena of a low pressure cooling injection (LPCI) system for a Mark 1 boiling water reactor (BWR) has been performed using RELAP5 and GOTHIC during a transient event. The scenario of particular interest was a manual switchover from shutdown cooling mode 3 to low pressure injection due to a loss of coolant accident (LOCA). This transient was initiated by opening the isolation valves of the two trains on a LPCI system into the torus. The torus was considered to be at atmospheric pressure and 20°C. The initial condition of the problem was set up such that the liquid was stagnant in the system. The initial temperature and pressure of the liquid, which was between the torus and isolation valves, was considered to be the same as the torus conditions. On the other hand, the initial condition of the liquid upstream of the isolation valves was chosen to be at 1 MPa and near saturation temperature. The analysis showed that the liquid in the system flashed into steam and discharged into the torus after the isolation valves started to open. Discharge of steam continued until the pressure in the LPCI system reached to a hydrostatic equilibrium with the torus. Following this, the cold liquid from the torus began to reflod the LPCI piping while condensing the steam at the liquid-steam interphase. This caused a mild steam waterhammer event when all of the steam condensed in the piping segments with closed ends. A sensitivity analysis showed that, the magnitude of the steam waterhammer predicted by both codes was sensitive to the number of nodes selected to model the piping, where the steam waterhammer phenomena occurred. Technical basis was obtained from the available literature and used as a guide to choose the number of nodes for the models in both codes. Once the steam waterhammer and the hydrodynamic properties associated with this transient were predicted by both codes, the forces exerted on critical pipe components were calculated. Also, selected thermal-hydraulic properties and hydrodynamic loads were compared between both code calculations. Comparisons showed reasonable agreements.
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Zeng, Ming, Audrey Soric, and Nicolas Roche. "Modeling hydrodynamic behavior in fixed bed bioreactors under different hydraulic conditions via Retention Time Distribution." In 2015 2nd International Conference on Machinery, Materials Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mmeceb-15.2016.144.

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Reports on the topic "Hydrodynamics and hydraulic engineering"

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Narasimhan, T. N. Hydrodynamics of a vertical hydraulic fracture. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6607801.

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Patel, V. C., L. Landweber, A. T. Chwang, F. Stern, and H. C. Chen. Ship Hydrodynamics Research at Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, 1982-1987. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada183715.

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CORPS OF ENGINEERS WASHINGTON DC. Engineering and Design: Responsibility for Hydraulic Steel Structures. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada404088.

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CORPS OF ENGINEERS WASHINGTON DC. Engineering and Design: Hydraulic Design for Coastal Shore Protection Projects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada404106.

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CORPS OF ENGINEERS WASHINGTON DC. Engineering and Design: Hydraulic Design of Shallow Draft Navigation Projects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada405170.

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Haehnel, Robert B. Advances in Icing Control at Corps Hydraulic Structures. Ice Engineering. Number 31, November 2001. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada407394.

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Haehnel, Robert B. Evaluation of Coatings for Icing Control at Hydraulic Structures. Ice Engineering. Number 33, January 2002. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada407393.

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Lowe, S. S., W. C. Carlos, J. J. Irwin, R. Khaleel, N. W. Kline, J. D. Ludowise, R. M. Marusich, and P. D. Rittman. Engineering study of tank leaks related to hydraulic retrieval of sludge from tank 241-C-106. Revision 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10170113.

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Shakofsky, S. Changes in soil hydraulic properties caused by construction of a simulated waste trench at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/130647.

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Domanus, H., Y. Cha, T. Chien, R. Schmitt, and W. Sha. COMMIX-1C: A three-dimensional transient single-phase computer program for thermal-hydraulic analysis of single-component and multicomponent engineering systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6287160.

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