Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrocephalus'
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Chaulagain, Dipak, Volodymyr Smolanka, and Andriy Smolanka. "Clinical Impact of the Patient Age Following Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy: A Review." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 11, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20211225.
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Background: Clinically erratic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow within brain ventricles was described as non-communicating and communicating hydrocephalous. Neurosurgical patients are commonly seen with increased intracranial pressure due to increased CSF accumulation. (1) Initially scientists followed ventriculoperitoneal shunt an inexpensive and available technique to treat hydrocephalous disorders. Due to least successful outcomes, Scientists used other alternative endoscopic techniques. These endoscopic techniques include aqueductal endoscopic stenting, aqueductoplasty and third ventriculostomy (2). Defining success rate of Endoscopic third ventriculostomy clinical and radiographic analysis are considered gold standard. Objectives: Our review aims to assess comparative role of patient age, patient selection, hydrocephalus etiology, surgical advancement and epigenetic treatment strategies following endoscopic third ventriculostomy focusing hydrocephalous. The main objectives of current study, to critically analyze available literature till to date and a step forward for the development of standard surgical protocols. Methodology: Clinical studies from Level I-IV published in English language focusing human subject only were only considered by retrieving NCBI/PubMed, Medline databases. Studies purely focusing third ventriculostomy in subject of patient age, hydrocephalus etiology and age associated complications were processed further. Objective based data inspection approach was followed. From each included study focusing third ventriculostomy detailed information demographic information was collected. Further data analysis was done by using SAS and multiple tools of Microsoft Excel Version 2010. Outcomes: From total 11 included studies specifically focusing hydrocephaly treatment via endoscopic third ventriculostomy, 757 patients with equal 1:1 male and female gender ratio and 125 cases of unknown gender were considered. Current study highlighting efficacy of Endoscopic third ventriculostomy at the rate of 77% effective treating obstructive hydrocephalus. On basis of etiological concerns about 36.32 % cases hydrocephalous cases were linked with encephalitis, underweight birth and nonspecific etiology. However, 24 % cases of hydrocephalus were led by group of tumors including, Ependymoma, Medulloblastoma, Meningioma, Cerebella pontine angle Tumors and Pineal gland carcinomas as well. 154 (20%) cases of obstructive hydrocephalus were associated with aqueduct stenosis, 16% cases reporting hemorrhage and only 23 cyst cases. Conclusion and future recommendations: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is a safe and effective (77%) treatment option for the treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus among all age groups. However, specifically highest efficacy was noted among patients of 15-30-year age group. Understanding disease etiology and patient selection criteria both are considered potential components following successful endoscopic third ventriculostomy. We highly recommend further research following a universal age criteria and reporting results in distinct age category to standardize ETV treating hydrocephaly efficiently. Key words: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy, ETV, hydrocephalous, aqueductal endoscopic stenting, aqueductoplasty.
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Jones, H. C., H. K. Richards, R. M. Bucknall, and J. D. Pickard. "Local Cerebral Blood Flow in Rats with Congenital Hydrocephalus." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 13, no. 3 (May 1993): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1993.69.
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Local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) has been measured by [14C]iodoantipyrine quantitative autoradiography in H-Tx rats with inherited congenital hydrocephalus at 10, 21, and 30 days after birth. LCBF at 10 days was uniformly low in all ten brain regions studied and not significantly different between hydrocephalic and age-matched control rats. By 21 days LCBF had increased significantly in control rats. LCBF was significantly lower (<69%) in the hydrocephalics in all cortical regions and in the inferior colliculus LCBF at both 21 and 30 days. The cerebellar cortex, pons, and caudate were not significantly affected. At 30 days LCBF ranged from 55 to 115 ml 100 g−1 min−1 for hydrocephalics and from 100 to 183 ml 100 g−1 min−1 for controls.
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Shapiro, Kenneth, Futoshi Takei, Arno Fried, and Ira Kohn. "Experimental feline hydrocephalus." Journal of Neurosurgery 63, no. 1 (July 1985): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1985.63.1.0082.
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✓ In a craniectomy-durectomy model of kaolin-induced feline hydrocephalus, the pressure-volume index (PVI) technique of bolus manipulations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was used to study the biomechanical changes associated with hydrocephalus. Steady-state intracranial pressure (ICP), PVI, and the resistance to the absorption of CSF were determined acutely and 3 to 5 weeks later in hydrocephalic cats and time-matched control cats. Steady-state ICP was 11.0 ± 2.1 mm Hg (± standard deviation) in the hydrocephalic cats, compared to 10.8 ± 2.2 mm Hg in the chronic control group (p > 0.1). The ICP in both the chronic hydrocephalic and chronic control groups was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than after acute durectomy (mean ICP 8.5 ± 1.2 mm Hg). Immediately after dural opening, the mean PVI was 3.6 ± 0.2 ml (± standard error of the mean); over time, it decreased to 1.3 ± 0.1 ml in the chronic control group (p < 0.001), but remained elevated in the hydrocephalic group at 3.5 ± 0.4 ml (p < 0.001). Resistance to CSF absorption was 9.1 ± 1.4 mm Hg/ml/min immediately after dural opening and increased to 28.8 ± 4.5 mm Hg/ml/min (p < 0.001) in the hydrocephalic cats; it increased even further in the chronic measurements in control cats, to 82.3 ± 9.2 mm Hg/ml/min (p < 0.001). Ventricular size was moderate to severely enlarged in all hydrocephalic cats, and normal in the control group. These results indicate that the biomechanical profile of the altered brain container model of kaolin-induced feline hydrocephalus resembles that described in hydrocephalic infants. As shown in the control subjects, an absorptive defect alone is not sufficient to cause progressive ventricular enlargement. Increased volume-buffering capacity coupled with a moderate increase of CSF absorption resistance facilitates volume storage in the ventricles.
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da Silva, Marcia C., Shalom Michowicz, James M. Drake, Paul D. Chumas, and Ursula I. Tuor. "Reduced Local Cerebral Blood Flow in Periventricular White Matter in Experimental Neonatal Hydrocephalus—Restoration with CSF Shunting." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 15, no. 6 (November 1995): 1057–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1995.132.
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The extent to which the reduction in CBF occurring in hydrocephalus is a primary or secondary event in the pathogenesis of the brain injury that ensues has not been clearly established. This is particularly true in neonatal hydrocephalus, where the disorder is most common, and where timing of the treatment of the developing nervous system is so important. We investigated the changes in local CBF (lCBF) in an animal model of severe progressive neonatal hydrocephalus before and after CSF shunting. Hydrocephalus was induced in 27 1-week-old kittens by percutaneous injection of 0.05 ml of 25% kaolin into the cisterna magna. Fourteen littermates acted as controls. The lCBF was measured by 14C-iodoantipyrine quantitative autoradiography after 1 week in 15 animals (8 hydrocephalic, 7 controls) and after 3 weeks in 26 animals (19 hydrocephalic, 7 controls) following induction of hydrocephalus. Twelve of the 3-week hydrocephalic group received a ventriculoperitoneal shunt 10 days following kaolin injection. At 1 week following induction of hydrocephalus, lCBF was globally reduced in cortical gray matter and white matter as well as deep subcortical structures. The maximum reduction was in the parietal white matter, to 37% of control levels. At 3 weeks a significant reduction in lCBF persisted only in the white matter (parietal, occipital, and corpus callosum; average, 42% of control levels), whereas cortical gray and deep subcortical structures had returned to normal levels spontaneously. lCBF was normal in 3-week hydrocephalic shunted animals in all areas. CSF shunting restores the fall in lCBF in the periventricular white matter in this model. These findings are consistent with previous studies in the same model demonstrating derangement of high-energy phosphate metabolism and white matter anaerobic glycolysis with hydrocephalus and resolution with shunting.
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Garg, Aditi Jain, Rehana Najam, Ritika Agarwal, and Rajul Rastogi. "Evaluation of the incidence, risk factors, severity, and outcome of hydrocephalic fetuses in a tertiary healthcare center located in Northern India: a prospective observational study." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20200343.
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Background: Hydrocephalus is a heterogeneous disease marked by abnormal dilatation of the cerebral ventricles secondary to varying etiologies. This study was aimed to determine the incidence, risk factors, severity, and outcome of hydrocephalic fetuses presenting to a tertiary healthcare hospital located in northern India.Methods: In this prospective observational study, pregnant women visiting the obstetrics outpatient department of our hospital from 01 July 2017 to 31 June 2018 were screened for hydrocephalic fetuses via ultrasonography along with a detailed history, and a comprehensive battery of diagnostic investigations. They were followed up for a minimum period of two months after delivery/termination of pregnancy.Results: A total of 3627 pregnant women were screened, of which 10 had hydrocephalic fetuses in the observed time period. The incidence of hydrocephalus was determined to be 2.75 per 1000 live births. Low socio-economic status was identified as a major risk factor. 50% of the hydrocephalic fetuses were severely afflicted and were discontinued. The remaining 50% were successfully delivered and were managed via a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt or are under close observation in the postnatal period without any adverse outcome.Conclusions: The burden of hydrocephalus is considerably high in India, as compared to western countries. In rural settings, low socioeconomic status and lack of folic acid supplementation have a major influence in the etiopathogenesis of hydrocephalus. Management of hydrocephalus requires a multidisciplinary approach and is tailored according to the severity of the presentation. Severe cases of hydrocephalus and cases with associated anomalies have a poor prognosis.
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Balafif, Fachriy, Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi, Wihasto Suryaningtyas, Dyah Fauziah, I. Ketut Sudiana, and Budi Utomo. "Aquaporin-4 expression related to hydrocephalus severity in hydrocephalus mice model." Bali Medical Journal 12, no. 3 (November 7, 2023): 3151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i3.4742.
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Link of Video Abstract: https://youtu.be/h1rynQ_AAaY Background: Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a water channel protein, is important in regulating brain water distribution. We hypothesized that increased expression of AQP4 in the kaolin-induced hydrocephalic mice brain is associated with the severity of hydrocephalus. This study aims to evaluate the AQP4 expression related to hydrocephalus severity in hydrocephalus mice model Methods: Hydrocephalus was induced in 8-10 weeks Sprague-Dawley mice by kaolin injection into cisterna magna. The mice were randomly divided into normal control and hydrocephalus groups and were sacrificed on days 7, 14, and 21 after kaolin induction. The brains were analyzed for AQP4 expression by histological and immunohistochemistry analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 for Windows. Results: Histopathological analysis showed an increase in AQP4 expression in periventricular zone astrocytes with the duration of hydrocephalus (p < 0.001). A significant difference in AQP4 expression in this study was found in the hydrocephalus group between the 7th and 14th days (p = 0.023), 7th and 21st days (p < 0.001), and 14th and 21st days (p = 0.044) after kaolin induction. The highest expression of AQP4 was found in the hydrocephalus induction group on day 21. Conclusion: The results showed that the expression of AQP4 increased with the severity of hydrocephalus. Expression of AQP4 in the kaolin-induced hydrocephalic mice brain was significantly altered depending on the length of time after kaolin induction. Changes in AQP4 expression in periventricular zone astrocytes may be a compensatory mechanism resulting in drainage of CSF accumulation.
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McCarthy, David J., Dallas L. Sheinberg, Evan Luther, and Heather J. McCrea. "Myelomeningocele-associated hydrocephalus: nationwide analysis and systematic review." Neurosurgical Focus 47, no. 4 (October 2019): E5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.7.focus19469.
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OBJECTIVEMyelomeningocele (MMC), the most severe form of spina bifida, is characterized by protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through a defect in the vertebral arches. The management and prevention of MMC-associated hydrocephalus has evolved since its initial introduction with regard to treatment of MMC defect, MMC-associated hydrocephalus treatment modality, and timing of hydrocephalus treatment.METHODSThe Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from the years 1998–2014 was reviewed and neonates with spina bifida and hydrocephalus status were identified. Timing of hydrocephalus treatment, delayed treatment (DT) versus simultaneous MMC repair with hydrocephalus treatment (ST), and treatment modality (ETV vs ventriculoperitoneal shunt [VPS]) were analyzed. Yearly trends were assessed with univariable logarithmic regression. Multivariable logistic regression identified correlates of inpatient shunt failure. A PRISMA systematic literature review was conducted that analyzed data from studies that investigated 1) MMC closure technique and hydrocephalus rate, 2) hydrocephalus treatment modality, and 3) timing of hydrocephalus treatment.RESULTSA weighted total of 10,627 inpatient MMC repairs were documented in the NIS, 8233 (77.5%) of which had documented hydrocephalus: 5876 (71.4%) were treated with VPS, 331 (4.0%) were treated with ETV, and 2026 (24.6%) remained untreated on initial inpatient stay. Treatment modality rates were stable over time; however, hydrocephalic patients in later years were less likely to receive hydrocephalus treatment during initial inpatient stay (odds ratio [OR] 0.974, p = 0.0331). The inpatient hydrocephalus treatment failure rate was higher for patients who received ETV treatment (17.5% ETV failure rate vs 7.9% VPS failure rate; p = 0.0028). Delayed hydrocephalus treatment was more prevalent in the later time period (77.9% vs 69.5%, p = 0.0287). Predictors of inpatient shunt failure included length of stay, shunt infection, jaundice, and delayed treatment. A longer time between operations increased the likelihood of inpatient shunt failure (OR 1.10, p < 0.0001). However, a meta-analysis of hydrocephalus timing studies revealed no difference between ST and DT with respect to shunt failure or infection rates.CONCLUSIONSFrom 1998 to 2014, hydrocephalus treatment has become more delayed and the number of hydrocephalic MMC patients not treated on initial inpatient stay has increased. Meta-analysis demonstrated that shunt malfunction and infection rates do not differ between delayed and simultaneous hydrocephalus treatment.
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Shokunbi, M. T., F. E. Olopade, O. M. Femi-Akinlosotu, and E. O. Ajiboye. "Pyramidal cell morphology and cell death in the hippocampus of adult mice with experimentally induced hydrocephalus." Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics 47, no. 4 (August 28, 2020): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njp.v47i4.1.
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Background: Hippocampus is a neural structure in the temporal lobe that plays a crucial role in learning and memory. Cognitive impairment with learning disabilities is a common feature in hydrocephalus and is more prominent in adult-onset hydrocephalus. The aim of this study is to describethe morphological alterations in the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus of adult hydrocephalic mice.
Method: Hydrocephalus was induced in adult albino mice by intra-cisternal injection of kaolin suspension (250 mg/ml in sterile water). They were sacrificed 7, 14 and 21 days post-induction. Morphological analysis was carried out on hematoxylin and eosinstained coronal sections of the hippocampus: the pyramidal neurons (normal and pyknotic) in the CA1 and CA3 subregions were counted and the pyknotic index (PI) was calculated. The somatic and dendritic features of Golgistained pyramidal neurons were examined by light microscopy in both hydrocephalic and control mice.
Result: The PI was significantly greater in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in the hydrocephalic groups compared to the agematched controls. The dendritic processes of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 region were fewer with shorter terminal branches in the hydrocephalic mice than in controls; this was pronounced at 7 days post-induction. In the CA3 region, there was no difference in dendritic arborization between hydrocephalic and control mice.
Conclusion: Acute adult-onset hydrocephalus was associated with increased pyknosis and reduced dendritic arborization in hippocampal pyramidal cells in the CA1 but not CA3 region.
Keywords: Hippocampal pyramidal cell, Hydrocephalus, Pyknotic index, Golgi stain
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Italiya, Amit, Sunil Mhaske, and Liza Bulsara. "Hydrocephalus." Indian Journal of Trauma and Emergency Pediatrics 8, no. 2 (2016): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijtep.2348.9987.8216.26.
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Hwang, Yong Sup, Insop Shim, and Jin Woo Chang. "Anxiety responses and neurochemical changes in a kaolin-induced rat model of hydrocephalus." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 7, no. 4 (April 2011): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.1.peds10182.
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Object Hydrocephalus is a pathological enlargement of the ventricles of the brain, which can result from various diseases of the central nervous system. Patients with hydrocephalus frequently show motor abnormalities, such as abnormal gait and posture, as well as intellectual and emotional impairment. The present study was designed to investigate anxiety responses in rats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. Methods A total of 26 Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. Hydrocephalus was induced in 14 Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting 0.1 ml of 20% kaolin solution into the cisterna magna; 12 rats were administered the same volume of saline in the same fashion and served as controls. Seven of the rats that were injected with kaolin and 6 of the rats injected with saline were killed 3 days after injection (Group 1); the remaining rats were killed 4 weeks after injection (Group 2) to evaluate effects related to acute and chronic hydrocephalus. The rats were tested in an elevated plus maze after induction of hydrocephalus by kaolin injection. After the animals were killed, brain sections were immunostained for cholecystokinin and neuropeptide Y. In addition, tyrosine hydroxlyase immunoreactivity in the ventral tegmental area was evaluated by immunohistological staining. Results The rats with acute hydrocephalus showed decreased entry into and spent less time in the open arms of the elevated plus maze as compared with the control rats. The hydrocephalic rats had significantly more cholecystokinin-immunoreactive neurons and fewer neuropeptide Y–immunoreactive neurons in their brains. In addition, hydrocephalus progress in this model was positively correlated with the anxiety response. The numbers of tyrosine hydroxlyase–immunoreactive neurons were decreased significantly in the hydrocephalic rats as compared with the control rats. Conclusions These results suggest that the rat model of hydrocephalus is characterized by increased anxiety response and is associated with the functional impairment of the central dopamine system.
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McAllister, James P., Ramin M. Abdolvahabi, Marion L. Walker, Jerald A. Mitchell, and Hazel C. Jones. "Effects of congenital hydrocephalus on the hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone system." Neurosurgical Focus 22, no. 4 (April 2007): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2007.22.4.5.
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Object Despite the investigations that have linked hydrocephalus to reproductive system abnormalities, no researchers have attempted to identify the pathophysiological mechanism of this relationship. Because the role of the hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) system in the regulation of reproductive functions is well established, the authors used immunohistochemical and radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques to determine the morphological and biochemical effects of hydrocephalus on the hypothalamic GnRH system. Methods Hypothalamic GnRH levels, fiber density, and cell types were studied in 21- and 50-day-old control and congenitally hydrocephalic Texas rats. Results of RIA indicated a significant (8.4%) increase in GnRH in 21-day-old hydrocephalic rats (9.17 ± 0.64 pg/ng total protein) compared with that in controls (0.97 ± 0.74 pg/ng total protein). In addition, the 50-day-old hydrocephalic animals had a significantly higher level of GnRH compared with age-matched controls (20.4 pg/ng compared with 1.88 ± 2.1 pg/ng total protein). This increase was accompanied by changes in the fiber appearance and a shift from low GnRH producing cells to high GnRH producing cells in the hydrocephalic animals; however, there was no significant difference in the fiber density between the control and hydrocephalic animals at 21 days. In addition, poor neurological scores correlated with the severity of hydrocephalus. Conclusions These results demonstrated that hypothalamic GnRH levels are significantly affected by fetal-onset hydrocephalus and that the mechanisms responsible for these effects may take place at the cellular rather than the gross structural level. Furthermore, they suggest that impairments in the GnRH system may be protracted in neonates and infants with hydrocephalus, and thus may be overcome by relatively early treatment with ventricular diversion. However, the clinical implications of GnRH perturbations in shunt-dependent patients must await a forthcoming study in shunted animals.
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Volpon Santos, Marcelo, Luiza da Silva Lopes, Hélio Rubens Machado, and Ricardo Santos de Oliveira. "Behavioral and Biochemical Features of the Course and Surgical Treatment of Experimental Obstructive Hydrocephalus in Young Rats." Developmental Neuroscience 41, no. 1-2 (2019): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000497433.
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Introduction: Hydrocephalus is a multifactorial disease, affecting the dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and leading to severe neurological impairment in children; in spite of the recent advances in hydrocephalus research, it has many physiopathological aspects that still remain poorly understood, especially after treatment. Objectives: To analyze the clinical, radiological, histopathological, and biochemical aspects of kaolin-induced hydrocephalus in an experimental model, both in the acute phase and after shunt treatment, by means of behavioral tests, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, histopathological studies, and level of inflammatory interleukins in the CSF. Methods: Seven-day-old Wistar rats were used and subdivided into three subgroups: treated hydrocephalic (n = 24), untreated hydrocephalic (n = 17), and controls (n = 5). The hydrocephalic groups underwent cisternal injection of 15% kaolin for induction of hydrocephalus at 7 days of age. The treated group was submitted to a ventricular-subcutaneous shunt (VSCS) 1 week after induction. All animals were euthanized at 21 days of age. They underwent motor function and memory testing as well as brain MRI scans. Histopathological analysis for glial fibrillary acidic protein and Ki-67 was done, and CSF was collected for measurement of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Results: The average time to reach the water maze platform was highest in the untreated hydrocephalic group. The magnetization transfer rates were 37.21 and 33.76 before and after shunting, respectively. The mean astrocyte counts were 2.45, 1.36, and 90.5 for shunted, untreated, and control animals, respectively. The mean CSF IL-1β concentrations were 62.3 and 249.6 pg/mL, the average IL-6 levels were 104.2 and 364.7 pg/mL, and the average TNF-α values were 4.9 and 170.5 pg/mL for the treated hydrocephalic group and the untreated group, respectively. Conclusions: Pups treated with a CSF shunt showed better performance on memory tests. VSCS did not revert demyelination caused by hydrocephalus. Likewise, reactive astrocytosis and cell proliferation over the germinal matrix were not reversed after shunting. Hydrocephalic animals had raised levels of inflammatory interleukins, which returned to normal after treatment.
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Zhang, Tong, Yawei Zhou, Guohua Su, Dianfeng Shi, Subash C. B. Gopinath, Thangavel Lakshmipriya, and Shujing Li. "Hydrocephaly Analysis Supported by Computerized Tomography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2019 (September 30, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5872347.
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Hydrocephalus is widely known as “hydrocephaly” or “water in the brain,” a building up of abnormal cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles. Due to this abnormality, the size of the head becomes larger and increases the pressure in the skull. This pressure compresses the brain and causes damage to the brain. Identification by imaging techniques on the hydrocephalus is mandatory to treat the disease. Various methods and equipment have been used to image the hydrocephalus. Among them, computerized tomography (CT) scan and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are the most considered methods and gives accurate result of imaging. Apart from imaging, cerebrospinal fluid-based biomarkers are also used to identify the condition of hydrocephalus. This review is discussed on “hydrocephalus” and its imaging captured by CT scan and NMR to support the biomarker analysis.
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Cohen, Alan R., David Leifer, Marc Zechel, Daniel P. Flaningan, Jonathan S. Lewin, and W. David Lust. "Characterization of a model of hydrocephalus in transgenic mice." Neurosurgical Focus 7, no. 4 (October 1999): E12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.1999.7.4.13.
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The purpose of this study was to elucidate the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus in a new transgenic model of mice created to overproduce the cytokine, transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGFß1), in the central nervous system (CNS). Galbreath and colleagues generated transgenic mice that overexpressed TGFß1 in the CNS in an effort to examine the role of this cytokine in the astrocytic response to injury. Unexpectedly, the animals developed severe hydrocephalus and died. The authors perpetuated this transgenic colony to serve as a model of congenital hydrocephalus, breeding asymptomatic carrier males that were heterozygous for the transgene with wild-type females. One hundred twelve (49.6%) of 226 mice developed clinical manifestations of hydrocephalus, which was characterized by dorsal doming of the calvaria, spasticity, limb tremors, ataxia, and ultimately death. The presence of the TGFß1 transgene was determined by performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of sample cuts of tail. The animals with the hydrocephalic phenotype consistently carried the transgene, although some animals with the transgene did not develop hydrocephalus. Animals without the transgene did not develope hydrocephalus. Alterations in brain structure were characterized using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, gross and light microscopic analysis, and immunocytochemistry. Magnetic resonance imaging readily distinguished hydrocephalic animals from nonhydrocephalic controls, and it demonstrated an obstruction at the outlets of the fourth ventricle. Gross and light microscopic examination confirmed the MR findings. The results of immunofluorescent staining of brain tissue slices revealed the presence of the TGFß1 cytokine and its receptor preferentially in the meninges and subarachnoid space in both hydrocephalic and control mice. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis demonstrated tissue-specific expression of the TGFß1 gene in the brains of transgenic mice, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the occurrence of overexpression of the TGFß1 cytokine in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma. The transgenic murine model provides a reproducible representation of congenital hydrocephalus. The authors hypothesize that overexpression of TGFß1 in the CNS causes hyrdocephalus by altering the environment of the extracellular matrix and interfering with the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. A model of hydrocephalus in which the genetic basis is known should be useful for evaluating hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of this disorder and additionally, should help in the search for novel treatment strategies.
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Cohen, Alan R., David W. Leifer, Marc Zechel, Daniel P. Flaningan, Jonathan S. Lewin, and W. David Lust. "Characterization of a model of hydrocephalus in transgenic mice." Journal of Neurosurgery 91, no. 6 (December 1999): 978–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1999.91.6.0978.
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Object. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the pathophysiological characteristics of hydrocephalus in a new transgenic model of mice created to overproduce the cytokine transforming growth factor—β1 (TGFβ1) in the central nervous system (CNS).Methods. Galbreath and colleagues generated transgenic mice that overexpressed TGFβ1 in the CNS in an effort to examine the role of this cytokine in the response of astrocytes to injury. Unexpectedly, the animals developed severe hydrocephalus and died. The authors have perpetuated this transgenic colony to serve as a model of congenital hydrocephalus, breeding asymptomatic carrier males that are heterozygous for the transgene with wild-type females.One hundred twelve (49.6%) of 226 mice developed clinical manifestations of hydrocephalus, characterized by dorsal doming of the calvaria, spasticity, limb tremors, ataxia, and, ultimately, death. The presence of the TGFβ1 transgene was determined by performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of sample tail slices. Animals with the hydrocephalic phenotype consistently carried the transgene, although some animals with the transgene did not develop hydrocephalus. Animals without the transgene did not develop hydrocephalus.Alterations in brain structure were characterized using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, gross and light microscopic analysis, and immunocytochemical studies. Magnetic resonance imaging readily distinguished hydrocephalic animals from nonhydrocephalic controls and demonstrated an obstruction at the outlets of the fourth ventricle. Gross and light microscopic examination confirmed the MR findings. The results of immunofluorescent staining of brain tissue slices revealed the presence of the TGFβ1 cytokine and its receptor preferentially in the meninges and subarachnoid space in both hydrocephalic and control mice. Reverse transcriptase—PCR analysis demonstrated tissue-specific expression of the TGFβ1 gene in the brains of transgenic mice, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed overexpression of the TGFβ1 cytokine in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma.Conclusions. The transgenic murine model provides a reproducible representation of congenital hydrocephalus. The authors hypothesize that overexpression of TGFβ1 in the CNS causes hydrocephalus by altering the environment of the extracellular matrix and interfering with the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. A model of hydrocephalus in which the genetic basis is known should be useful for evaluating hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of this disorder and should also help in the search for new treatment strategies.
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Louçano, Marta, Ana Coelho, Sílvia Sousa Chambel, Cristina Prudêncio, Célia Duarte Cruz, and Isaura Tavares. "Noradrenergic Pathways Involved in Micturition in an Animal Model of Hydrocephalus—Implications for Urinary Dysfunction." Biomedicines 12, no. 1 (January 18, 2024): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12010215.
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Hydrocephalus is characterized by enlargement of the cerebral ventricles, accompanied by distortion of the periventricular tissue. Patients with hydrocephalus usually experience urinary impairments. Although the underlying etiology is not fully described, the effects of hydrocephalus in the neuronal network responsible for the control of urination, which involves periventricular areas, including the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC). In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms behind urinary dysfunction in rats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. For that purpose, we used a validated model of hydrocephalus—the rat injected with kaolin in the cisterna magna—also presents urinary impairments in order to investigate the putative involvement of noradrenergic control from the brain to the spinal cord Onuf’s nucleus, a key area in the motor control of micturition. We first evaluated bladder contraction capacity using cystometry. Since our previous characterization of the LC in hydrocephalic animals showed increased levels of noradrenaline, we then evaluated the noradrenergic innervation of the spinal cord’s Onuf’s nucleus by measuring levels of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH). We also evaluated the expression of the c-Fos protooncogene, the most widely used marker of neuronal activation, in the ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG), an area that plays a major role in the control of urination by its indirect control of the LC via pontine micturition center. Hydrocephalic rats showed an increased frequency of bladder contractions and lower minimum pressure. These animals also presented increased DBH levels at the Onuf´s nucleus, along with decreased c-Fos expression in the vlPAG. The present findings suggest that impairments in urinary function during hydrocephalus may be due to alterations in descending noradrenergic modulation. We propose that the effects of hydrocephalus in the decrease of vlPAG neuronal activation lead to a decrease in the control over the LC. The increased availability of noradrenaline production at the LC probably causes an exaggerated micturition reflex due to the increased innervation of the Onuf´s nucleus, accounting for the urinary impairments detected in hydrocephalic animals. The results of the study provide new insights into the neuronal underlying mechanisms of urinary dysfunction in hydrocephalus. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the translational perspectives of the current findings.
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McAllister, James P., Michael A. Williams, Marion L. Walker, John R. W. Kestle, Norman R. Relkin, Amy M. Anderson, Paul H. Gross, and Samuel R. Browd. "An update on research priorities in hydrocephalus: overview of the third National Institutes of Health-sponsored symposium “Opportunities for Hydrocephalus Research: Pathways to Better Outcomes”." Journal of Neurosurgery 123, no. 6 (December 2015): 1427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.12.jns132352.
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Building on previous National Institutes of Health-sponsored symposia on hydrocephalus research, “Opportunities for Hydrocephalus Research: Pathways to Better Outcomes” was held in Seattle, Washington, July 9–11, 2012. Plenary sessions were organized into four major themes, each with two subtopics: Causes of Hydrocephalus (Genetics and Pathophysiological Modifications); Diagnosis of Hydrocephalus (Biomarkers and Neuroimaging); Treatment of Hydrocephalus (Bioengineering Advances and Surgical Treatments); and Outcome in Hydrocephalus (Neuropsychological and Neurological). International experts gave plenary talks, and extensive group discussions were held for each of the major themes. The conference emphasized patient-centered care and translational research, with the main objective to arrive at a consensus on priorities in hydrocephalus that have the potential to impact patient care in the next 5 years. The current state of hydrocephalus research and treatment was presented, and the following priorities for research were recommended for each theme. 1) Causes of Hydrocephalus—CSF absorption, production, and related drug therapies; pathogenesis of human hydrocephalus; improved animal and in vitro models of hydrocephalus; developmental and macromolecular transport mechanisms; biomechanical changes in hydrocephalus; and age-dependent mechanisms in the development of hydrocephalus. 2) Diagnosis of Hydrocephalus—implementation of a standardized set of protocols and a shared repository of technical information; prospective studies of multimodal techniques including MRI and CSF biomarkers to test potential pharmacological treatments; and quantitative and cost-effective CSF assessment techniques. 3) Treatment of Hydrocephalus—improved bioengineering efforts to reduce proximal catheter and overall shunt failure; external or implantable diagnostics and support for the biological infrastructure research that informs these efforts; and evidence-based surgical standardization with longitudinal metrics to validate or refute implemented practices, procedures, or tests. 4) Outcome in Hydrocephalus—development of specific, reliable batteries with metrics focused on the hydrocephalic patient; measurements of neurocognitive outcome and quality-of-life measures that are adaptable, trackable across the growth spectrum, and applicable cross-culturally; development of comparison metrics against normal aging and sensitive screening tools to diagnose idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus against appropriate normative age-based data; better understanding of the incidence and prevalence of hydrocephalus within both pediatric and adult populations; and comparisons of aging patterns in adults with hydrocephalus against normal aging patterns.
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Carmona-Calero, Emilia M., Juan M. González-Toledo, Luis G. Hernández-Abad, Agustin Castañeyra-Perdomo, and Ibrahim González-Marrero. "Early Regressive Development of the Subcommissural Organ of Two Human Fetuses with Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus." Children 9, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 1966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9121966.
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Hydrocephalus is a central nervous system condition characterized by CSF buildup and ventricular hypertrophy. It is divided into two types: communicative and non-communicating hydrocephalus. Congenital hydrocephalus has been linked to several changes in the subcommissural organ (SCO). However, it is unclear whether these changes occur before or as a result of the hydrocephalic illness. This report presents three cases of human fetuses with hydrocephalus: one non-communicating case, two communicating cases, and two controls. Hematoxylin–Eosin (H&E) or cresyl violet and immunohistochemistry with anti-transthyretin were used to analyze SCO morphological and secretory changes. We conclude that in the cases presented here, there could be an early regression in the SCO of the communicating cases that is not present in the non-communicating case.
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Wilhelmy, Florian, Matthias Krause, Stefan Schob, Andreas Merkenschlager, Robin Wachowiak, Wolfgang Härtig, Jürgen Meixensberger, Janina Gburek-Augustat, and Tim Wende. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Concentrations in Hydrocephalus." Children 10, no. 4 (March 30, 2023): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10040644.
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CSF protein levels are altered in neurological disorders, such as hydrocephalus of different etiologies. In this retrospective observational study, we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples in hydrocephalic diseases such as aqueductal stenosis (AQS, n = 27), normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH, n = 24), hydrocephalus communicans (commHC, n = 25) and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH)/pseudotumor cerebri (PC, n = 7) in comparison with neurological patients without hydrocephalic configuration (control, n = 95). CSF was obtained through CSF diversion procedures and lumbar punction and analyzed for protein concentrations according to the institution’s laboratory standards. We found significantly decreased CSF protein levels in patients suffering from AQS (0.13 mg/dL [0.1–0.16 mg/dL] p = 2.28 × 10−8) and from PC (0.18 mg/dL [0.12–0.24 mg/dL] p = 0.01) compared with controls (0.34 mg/dL [0.33–0.35 mg/dL]). Protein levels were not altered in patients suffering from commHC and NPH compared with neurologically healthy individuals. We propose that a decrease in CSF protein levels is part of an active counterregulatory mechanism to lower CSF volume and, subsequently, intracranial pressure in specific diseases. Research regarding said mechanism and more specific proteomic research on a cellular level must still be performed to prove this hypothesis. Differences in protein levels between different diseases point to different etiologies and mechanisms in different hydrocephalic pathologies.
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da Silva, Marcia C., James M. Drake, Claude Lemaire, Albert Cross, and Ursula I. Tuor. "High-energy phosphate metabolism in a neonatal model of hydrocephalus before and after shunting." Journal of Neurosurgery 81, no. 4 (October 1994): 544–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1994.81.4.0544.
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✓ The authors studied the effects of hydrocephalus on the high-energy phosphate metabolism of the brain and the impact of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting on these changes in an experimental model of hydrocephalus. High-energy phosphate metabolism was analyzed using in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and 31P MR spectroscopy. Hydrocephalus was produced in 34 1-week-old kittens by cisternal injection of 0.05 ml of a 25% kaolin solution. Sixteen litter mates were used as controls. A VP shunt with a distal slit valve was implanted in 17 of the 34 hydrocephalic animals 10 days after induction of hydrocephalus. Both MR imaging and 31P MR spectroscopy were obtained 1 and 3 weeks after either kaolin or distilled water injection. Untreated hydrocephalic animals had marked dilatation of the lateral ventricles and periventricular edema. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed a significant decrease in the energy index ratio of phosphocreatine (PCR): inorganic phosphate (PI) and an increase in the PI:adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio. There was a direct correlation between the decrease in the energy index and ventricular size. Compared with preoperative scans, shunted animals showed no periventricular edema, and the ventricles decreased in size. Also, PCR:PI and PI:ATP ratios were within the levels of controls. This study suggests that neonatal hydrocephalus results in a mild hypoxic/ischemic insult that is treatable by VP shunting.
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Stephensen, Hannes, Magnus Tisell, and Carsten Wikkelsö. "Intracranial Pressure during Wakefulness and Sleep in 55 Adult Patients with Chronic Hydrocephalus." Neurosurgery 59, no. 2 (August 1, 2006): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000223513.89586.9a.
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Abstract OBJECTIVE: To record the levels of intracranial pressure (ICP) during wakefulness and sleep in hydrocephalic adults and to correlate the ICP levels with symptoms and degree of improvement after surgical treatment. METHODS: ICP and patient behavior were registered overnight (17–26 h) in 29 patients with noncommunicating and 26 with communicating hydrocephalus. Mean ICP was calculated during wakefulness (sitting or lying supine) and during sleep. Clinical symptoms and changes after surgery were scored on a continuous scale. RESULTS: Mean ICP during sleep was 13.4 mmHg (11.1–15.7 mmHg) in noncommunicating hydrocephalus versus 10.1 mmHg (8.8–11.4 mmHg) in communicating hydrocephalus (P < 0.001). Patients with idiopathic communicating hydrocephalus had higher ICP, 11.4 mmHg (9.9–12.9 mmHg), than patients with secondary communicating hydrocephalus, 8.6 mmHg (6.5–10.6 mmHg). ICP was higher during sleep than when the patients were awake lying supine, 10.9 mmHg (8.7–13.1 mmHg) in noncommunicating versus 6.8 mmHg (5.3–8.3 mmHg) in communicating hydrocephalus (P < 0.0001). The mean ICP in the sitting position was 2.4 mmHg (0.5–4.3 mmHg) in noncommunicating versus 0.5 mmHg (-0.7–1.8 mmHg) in communicating hydrocephalus. All but one patient with communicating hydrocephalus had a normal ICP (≤ 15 mmHg) versus 20 of the 29 patients with noncommunicating hydrocephalus. ICP levels showed no correlation with either symptoms or improvement after surgery. CONCLUSION: ICP is higher during sleep than during periods of awake lying supine (P < 0.001) and is not correlated with either symptoms or the rate of improvement after surgery. ICP is normal in most adults with hydrocephalus.
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Byrne, Karen, Leonard Abbeduto, and Penelope Brooks. "The Language of Children with Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 55, no. 1 (February 1990): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5501.118.
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Children with hydrocephalus are thought to exhibit deficiencies in their linguistic performance, including the production of numerous off-topic utterances and semantically immature responses to linguistically posed problems (e.g., questions, word definitions). The hydrocephalic children included in many previous studies, however, have been mentally retarded. We sought to determine whether these language problems also characterized intellectually average children with hydrocephalus. A second purpose was to evaluate the hypothesis that the language problems of hydrocephalic children occur predominantly on tasks with high cognitive or linguistic demands. A third purpose was to reexamine the claim that despite their semantic-pragmatic deficiencies, the syntax of hydrocephalic children is age appropriate. Our hydrocephalic subjects dealt with the semantic-pragmatic requirements of linguistically posed problems in an age-appropriate manner, and although their performance on these problems declined as task demands increased, the decline was no more than that seen for nondisabled age-matches. The hydrocephalic children did not differ significantly from nondisabled age-matches on measures of productive syntactic maturity.
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Pelegrini, Lidianne F., Natalino F. Silva, Olga P. S. Campos, Clazielen C. Nery, Felipe M. Silva, Raquel S. Lemos, Kelly C. I. Yamauchi, and Alexandre M. Amude. "Medical therapy using omeprazole in 12 hydrocephalic dogs: clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic findings." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39, no. 10 (October 2019): 823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6332.
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ABSTRACT: According to experimental studies with healthy dogs, omeprazole might decrease the CSF production by about 26%; therefore, book texts have been suggested the usage of omeprazole in medical protocols for hydrocephalus treatment. However, to the best knowledge of the authors, the usage and medical response of the omeprazole with substantial group of illness dogs, such as hydrocephalic animals, was lacking. This report describes clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic findings in 12 dogs with hydrocephalus in which omeprazole were used for medical treatment. The diagnosis of hydrocephalus was accomplished by transcranial sonography (TCS) and/or computed tomography. The ventricular measurement was assessed periodically by TCS during medical treatment. Six dogs were diagnosed with non-obstrutive hydrocephalus and in the other 6 cases hydrocephalus occurred with other concomitant anomalous encephalic disease often related with obstructive hysdrocephalus, such as quadrigeminal cist, arachnoid cyst, chiary-like malformation, and syringomyelia. All of them had medical improvement after the use of omeprazole and the most of the cases had ventricular size reduction. In 10 dogs, the omeprazole was used as single drug, and in 2 dogs medical treatment with steroids and/or diuretics was previously being performed, and omeprazole was added because conventional treatment was resulting in mild to unsatisfactory medical control of the neurological status. The results of this paper shown that omeprazole may be used to ameliorate the neurological status in symptomatic hydrocephalic dogs. This work may represent the first description about the use of omeprazole in order to treat a substantial group of affected dogs with suspected increased intracranial pressure by hydrocephalus, probably due to limitation of CSF production.
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Del Bigio, Marc R., Erico R. Cardoso, and William C. Halliday. "Neuropathological Changes in Chronic Adult Hydrocephalus: Cortical Biopsies and Autopsy Findings." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 24, no. 2 (May 1997): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100021442.
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ABSTRACT:Background:The cortical changes resulting from chronic hydrocephalus in adults are not well defined.Methods:Retrospective analysis of twenty-one patients (age 64-88 years) with a clinical diagnosis of “normal pressure hydrocephalus” who underwent cortical biopsy at the time of intracranial pressure monitoring or shunt insertion, and eight patients who were biopsied but not shunted. Eleven brains (age 26-92 years), seven from patients who could be considered to have “normal pressure hydrocephalus”, were also examined following autopsy. Age- and sex-matched control brains with small ventricles and no history of dementia were compared to the hydrocephalic brains. Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles were assessed semiquantitatively and a non-parametric statistical analysis was employed.Results:Five biopsies exhibited both senile plaques and rare neurofibrillary tangles, while two had only neurofibrillary tangles. Neurofibrillary tangles were more prevalent in hydrocephalic brains than in controls. There was no difference in the prevalence of senile plaques between the two groups. Grumose bodies in the substantia nigra were identified in five autopsy brains, a prevalence higher than in control brains.Conclusions:These pathological features are not specific for hydrocephalus; however, they suggest that long-standing ventriculomegaly is associated with degenerative brain changes in sites beyond the periventricular white matter. The presence of senile plaques in cortical biopsies from hydrocephalic patients does not appear to be a contraindication to shunting; however a prospective study in patients undergoing intracranial pressure monitoring would better address the issue.
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Del Bigio, Marc R., and J. Edward Bruni. "Changes in periventricular vasculature of rabbit brain following induction of hydrocephalus and after shunting." Journal of Neurosurgery 69, no. 1 (July 1988): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1988.69.1.0115.
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✓ Hydrocephalus was induced in rabbits by injection of silicone oil into the cisterna magna. At 1 and 8 weeks postinjection the rabbits were either sacrificed or treated by cerebrospinal fluid shunting for 1 week. Blood vessel profiles in the periventricular neuropil were examined by light microscopy. In the caudate nucleus, septal area, and corpus callosum, hydrocephalus caused a reduction in the number of capillaries but no changes were observed in the number of larger blood vessels. Shunting reduced the size of the ventricles to normal and the number of capillaries increased if hydrocephalus was present for 1 week prior to shunting. If hydrocephalus was present for 8 weeks prior to shunting, the number of capillaries did not increase. These observations support the concept that collapse of capillaries may account for the decreased cerebral blood flow that has been measured in hydrocephalic brains.
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Sharma, S. K., R. Saini, P. R. Aziz, L. A. Mir, and R. Pooniya. "Congenital Hydrocephalus in a Calf and its Surgical Treatment: A Case Report." INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 15, no. 01 (July 7, 2019): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21887/ijvsbt.15.1.20.
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Hydrocephalus is an accumulation of excessive fluid in durameter or ventricles of the brain (Purohit et al., 2012) thereby leading to the swelling of the cranium. It is mainly due to abnormal development of the fetus duringpregnancy; however, hereditary, infectious, and nutritional factors can also predispose this condition. This condition has been reported occasionally in the ewe, doe, mare, and sow, whilst it is rarely seen in cattle and buffalo 2001). Hydrocephalus occurs mainly due to three reasons, as excessive production of CSF, defective absorption of CSF,and interference in the passage of CSF. Hydrocephalus may cause increased intracranial cerebral pressure, progressive enlargement of the head, convulsions, mental disability, and even death. This communication describes a case of congenital hydrocephalous in a day-old female cattle calf.
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Lopes, Luiza da Silva, Hélio Rubens Machado, and João-José Lachat. "Study of corpus callosum in experimental hydrocephalic wistar rats." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 18, suppl 5 (2003): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502003001200005.
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PURPOSE: Hydrocephalus causes countless cerebral damages, especially on the structures around the ventricles. Hydrocephalic children present deficiencies in the nonverbal skills more than in the verbal skills, and not always revertible with an early treatment. As the corpus callosum has an important role in the nonverbal acquisition it is possible that the injuries in this structure are responsible for the cognitive dysfunctions of these children. This present study tries to establish the alterations caused by hydrocephalus on the corpus callosum of developing Wistar rats, induced by intracisternal injection of kaolin. METHODS : Seven, fourteen and twenty one days after the injection, the animals were killed, and the corpus callosum was dissected and prepared for the study of the axonal fibers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The seven-day old rats in hydrocephalus development presented a delay in myelination in relation to the control rats. With the fourteen-day old rats in hydrocephalus development the corpus callosum showed a recovery of myelin, but with the twenty one-day old rats in hydrocephalus development the axonal fibers were damaged and reduced in number.
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Zhang, Siyu, Xinjian Ye, Guanghui Bai, Yuchuan Fu, Chuanwan Mao, Aiqin Wu, Xiaozheng Liu, and Zhihan Yan. "Alterations in Cortical Thickness and White Matter Integrity in Mild-to-Moderate Communicating Hydrocephalic School-Aged Children Measured by Whole-Brain Cortical Thickness Mapping and DTI." Neural Plasticity 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5167973.
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Follow-up observation is required for mild-to-moderate hydrocephalic patients because of the potential damage to brain. However, effects of mild-to-moderate hydrocephalus on gray and white matter remain unclear in vivo. Using structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), current study compared the cortical thickness and white matter integrity between children with mild-to-moderate communicating hydrocephalus and healthy controls. The relationships between cortical changes and intelligence quota were also examined in patients. We found that cortical thickness in the left middle temporal and left rostral middle frontal gyrus was significantly lower in the hydrocephalus group compared with that of controls. Fractional anisotropy in the right corpus callosum body was significantly lower in the hydrocephalus group compared with that of controls. In addition, there was no association of cortical thinning or white matter fractional anisotropy with intelligence quota in either group. Thus, our findings provide clues to that mild-to-moderate hydrocephalus could lead to structural brain deficits especially in the middle temporal and middle frontal gyrus prior to the behavior changes.
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Del Bigio, Marc R., Marcia C. da Silva, James M. Drake, and Ursula I. Tuor. "Acute and Chronic Cerebral White Matter Damage in Neonatal Hydrocephalus." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 21, no. 4 (November 1994): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100040865.
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Abstract:The neonatal cat model of kaolin-induced hydrocephalus is associated with progressive and severe ventriculomegaly. In this experiment we studied the evolution of the histopathological changes in hydrocephalic (n = 23) cats from 5–168 days after the induction of hydrocephalus along with age-matched controls (n = 10). In the periventricular white matter, extracellular edema and axonal damage were present within days of the onset of hydrocephalus. This was followed by reactive gliosis, white matter atrophy, and in some animals gross cavitation of the white matter. Even in the chronic, apparently compensated state there was ongoing glial cell death. Six cats were shunted an average of 23.6 ± 6.5 days after the induction of hydrocephalus because they were no longer able to feed independently. In spite of clinical improvement the white matter changes persisted. Overt cortical changes were minimal except where areas of white matter destruction encroached upon the deep layers. The white matter changes are very similar to those seen in periventricular leukomalacia and suggest that ischemia plays a role in neonatal brain injury caused by hydrocephalus.
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Oi, Shizuo, Yumie Honda, Mitsuru Hidaka, Osamu Sato, and Satoshi Matsumoto. "Intrauterine high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in fetal hydrocephalus and prenatal estimation of postnatal outcomes with “perspective classification”." Journal of Neurosurgery 88, no. 4 (April 1998): 685–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1998.88.4.0685.
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Object. It is possible to diagnose hydrocephalus prenatally based on the morphological appearance of the fetus on neurodiagnostic images; however, the prognosis of this disease shows wide variation. The authors previously proposed a classification system for the prediction of postnatal outcome based on progression of hydrocephalus and affected brain development, known as the “Perspective Classification of Congenital Hydrocephalus (PCCH).” In this study the authors have used their classification system to analyze long-term follow-up results obtained in each clinicoembryological stage of fetal hydrocephalus. Methods. Sixty-one fetuses with hydrocephalus were examined to predict postnatal outcome by using this newly developed classification. The authors' recently developed method of using heavily T2-weighted imaging with a superconducting magnet clearly delineated the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space and the malformed brain and spinal cord. Imaging was achieved in less than 1 second per slice and required no sedation of the fetus. The technique appears to be simple and good at delineating intrauterine anatomy. Hydrocephalus was diagnosed in two fetuses at PCCH embryological Stage I (8–21 gestational weeks), in 28 fetuses at Stage II (22–31 weeks), and in 31 fetuses at Stage III (32–40 weeks). Among these 61 fetuses, clinicopathological typing showed that 19 had primary hydrocephalus (nine in Stage II and 10 in Stage III), 34 had dysgenetic hydrocephalus (two in Stage I, 16 in Stage II, and 16 in Stage III), and eight had secondary hydrocephalus (three in Stage II and five in Stage III). When the hydrocephalic state developed during PCCH Stage I or II, the prognosis was very poor, and only one of 18 fetuses with dysgenetic hydrocephalus and none of three fetuses with secondary hydrocephalus had an acceptable postnatal outcome. Even within the same category or subtype of fetal hydrocephalus, such as primary hydrocephalus in its simple form, or hydrocephalus with spina bifida aperta (myeloschisis), the postnatal outcomes differed depending on the time of onset of hydrocephalus. When the diagnosis of hydrocephalus was made during PCCH Stage II, the fetuses had a poorer postnatal outcome compared with those at Stage III (p < 0.05). Conclusions. It is emphasized that postnatal prognosis is not simply a function of the form of the diagnosis but is also dependent on the progression of hydrocephalus and the degree to which that process affects neuronal development. Early decompressive procedures, conventionally performed after but, hopefully, performed before birth, are indicated to obtain the optimal postnatal prognosis of fetuses with hydrocephalus diagnosed at PCCH Stage II.
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Cattani, Adriano, Franziska Schwarzer, Mario Schwarzer, Andrea Spyrantis, Gerhard Marquardt, Susanne Schubert-Bast, Volker Seifert, and Thomas M. Freiman. "A single center experience of adjusting valve pressure ventriculoperitoneal shunts for the treatment of hydrocephalus in infants under 6 months old." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (March 16, 2023): e0282571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282571.
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Introduction Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) with adjustable differential pressure valves are commonly used to treat infants with hydrocephalus avoiding shunt related under- or overdrainage. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of VPS adjustable differential pressure valve on the head circumference (HC) and ventricular size (VS) stabilization in infants with post intraventricular haemorrhage, acquired and congenital hydrocephali. Methods Forty-three hydrocephalic infants under 6 months old were prospectively included between 2014 and 2018. All patients were treated using a VPS with adjustable differential pressure valve. HC and transfontanelle ultrasonographic VS measurements were regularly performed and pressure valve modifications were done aiming HC and VS percentiles between the 25th and 75th. The patients were divided into two groups: infants with hydrocephalus due to an intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH-H), and infants with hydrocephalus due to other aetiologies (OAE-H). Results The mean of pressure valve modification was 3.7 per patient in the IVH-H group, versus 2.95 in the OAE-H group. The median of last pressure valve value was higher at 8.5 cm H2O in the IVH-H group comparing to 5 cm H2O in the OAE-H group (p = 0.013). Conclusion Optimal VPS pressure valve values could be extremely difficult to settle in order to gain normalisation of the HC and VS in infants. However, after long term follow up (mean of 18 months) and several pressure valve modifications, this normalisation is possible and shows that infants with IVH-H need a higher pressure valve value comparing to infants with OAE-H.
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Nonaka, Yasuomi, Masakazu Miyajima, Ikuko Ogino, Madoka Nakajima, and Hajime Arai. "Analysis of neuronal cell death in the cerebral cortex of H-Tx rats with compensated hydrocephalus." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 1, no. 1 (January 2008): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/ped-08/01/068.
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Object Some cases of compensatory hydrocephalus have been reported in which cognitive deficiency progresses despite the absence of progressive ventricular dilation. In this study, the differentially expressed genes in compensated hydrocephalic H-Tx rat cortices were determined. A molecular mechanism that induces neuronal death in the cerebral cortex of compensated hydrocephalus is proposed. Methods The cerebral cortices of 8-week-old H-Tx rats with spontaneously arrested hydrocephalus (hH-Tx) and nonhydrocephalic H-Tx (nH-Tx) control rats were subjected to cDNA microarray analysis followed by canonical pathway analysis. Results In the hH-Tx rats, many genes in the amyloidal processing pathway showed altered expression, including Akt3 and p38 MAPK. These latter genes are involved in tau protein phosphorylation, and their increased expression in hydrocephalus was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Immunohistological and immunoblot analysis revealed elevated phosphorylated tau expression in the cerebral cortex neurons of the hH-Tx rats. Conclusions The accumulation of phosphorylated tau protein in the cerebral cortex may be one of the mechanisms by which later cognitive dysfunction develops in patients with compensated hydrocephalus. More work needs to be done to determine if the accumulation of phosphorylated tau in the cortex can help predict which patients may decompensate thus requiring more aggressive treatment for compensated hydrocephalus.
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Elghity, Ahmed, Walid El Halaby, Wleed Raafat, Omar Sorour, and Ahmed Atallah. "Assessment of Sustained Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and CSF Markers as Predictive Values Associated with Shunt-Dependent Hydrocephalus after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, B (March 23, 2022): 717–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8925.
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Aim of the study: This study was conducted to detect incidence and risk factors of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus, including Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome.
Patients and methods: After obtaining ethical approval from the research ethics committee of Cairo University, this study was conducted in two phases, phase I in the form of follow up study to detect the incidence of shunt dependent hydrocephalus in patients with ruptured subarachnoid aneurysm then phase II in the form of comparative one to detect the risk factors of acquisition of shunt dependent hydrocephalus and detect the predictive role of SIRS in SDH. The study included 90 patients with ruptured subarachnoid aneurysms followed up in the department of neurosurgery of Cairo university hospital from April 2018 to April 2020.
Results: The incidence of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus was 28% among the studied patients with significant association with high-grade SIRS, Fisher score, Hunt and Hess score, and leukocytosis. The CSF white blood cells and protein were significantly higher in the hydrocephalus group. Also, there was significant hypernatremia among the hydrocephalic group.
Conclusion: Despite the study's analytical design, we observed a link between high fisher, SIRS, hypernatremia, and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus in aneurysmal SAH patients. Serum sodium, CSF WBCs, and protein may all be used to predict HC.
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Shokunbi, Matthew T., Omowumi M. Femi-Akinlosotu, Funmilayo E. Olopade, and Catherine Winiki. "Structural and functional deficits of the hippocampus in hydrocephalic rats: the role of age at onset and duration of disease." European Journal of Anatomy 27 (January 2023): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52083/bqjn1298.
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We studied the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus in neonatal, juvenile and adult rats with hydrocephalus of varying durations and related these changes to their learning and memory. Hydrocephalus was induced in 7-day-old neonates, 4-week-old juvenile and 16-week-old adult Albino rats by intra-cisternal injection 0.02-0.04 ml of 150mg/ml of kaolin in sterile water (150 mg/ml). We studied escape latency and platform crossings with the Morris water maze prior to animal sacrifice at 2 and 4 weeks post induction in neonates and at 4 and 8 weeks post induction in juveniles and adults. We examined pyramidal neurons with cresyl violet and modified Golgi stain and analyzed behavioural scores and pyknotic indices. Statistical significance was determined at p<0.05. The basal dendrites of the pyramidal neurons were reduced in the hydrocephalic groups. In the CA1, the pyknotic index was significantly increased in both groups of hydrocephalic neonates but only in hydrocephalic juveniles and adults sacrificed at 4 weeks. In the CA3 it was increased in hydrocephalic neonates sacrificed at 2 weeks and hydrocephalic juveniles sacrificed at 4 weeks. The escape latency was greater and the number of platform crossing was lower in the hydrocephalic rats than in their age matched controls. Pyramidal neurons were morphologically altered in hydrocephalus, in association with changes in spatial learning and memory. The CA1 region in young animals was particularly vulnerable. Functional recovery occurs with time and to a greater extent in older animals.
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Castañeyra-Ruiz, Leandro, Ibrahim González-Marrero, Luis G. Hernández-Abad, Seunghyun Lee, Agustín Castañeyra-Perdomo, and Michael Muhonen. "AQP4, Astrogenesis, and Hydrocephalus: A New Neurological Perspective." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 10438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810438.
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Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a cerebral glial marker that labels ependymal cells and astrocytes’ endfeet and is the main water channel responsible for the parenchymal fluid balance. However, in brain development, AQP4 is a marker of glial stem cells and plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of pediatric hydrocephalus. Gliogenesis characterization has been hampered by a lack of biomarkers for precursor and intermediate stages and a deeper understanding of hydrocephalus etiology is needed. This manuscript is a focused review of the current research landscape on AQP4 as a possible biomarker for gliogenesis and its influence in pediatric hydrocephalus, emphasizing reactive astrogliosis. The goal is to understand brain development under hydrocephalic and normal physiologic conditions.
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Shah, Walayat, Syed Nasir Shah, Sajid Ali, Anwar Ullah, Imranullah Imranullah, and Muhammad Shoaib. "A Comparative Study Endoscopic Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy in the Treatment of Obstructive Hydrocephalus Secondary to Posterior Fossa Tumour." Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjams.2022.v10i03.023.
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Background: Hydrocephalus is a clinical condition characterized by increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It results in dilatation of ventricles, increase intracranial pressure, brain atrophy, neurological impairment and even death. The management of hydrocephalous needs diversion, either intracranial or extracranial. The traditional treatment for all kind of hydrocephalous has been the implantation of ventricular shunt system. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy has been accepted as the procedure of choice for the treatment of obstructed hydrocephalous in adults and children. Methods: In this study, a total of 94 patients diagnosed with posterior fossa tumor and obstructive hydrocephalus were selected in a consecutive manner from the outpatient department and subjected to ETV. Glasgow coma scale (GCS) at baseline & follow up were recorded to determine good or bad clinical outcome. Objective: To determine the outcome of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy in the treatment of Obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to Posterior fossa tumour in dhq hospital Mardan out of 94 patients. Results: The mean age of the patients was 10.82 + 4.49 years. Of the whole sample, we had 64.9% of males and 35.1% females. The mean GCS on baseline of our group of patients was 9.4 + 1.2 which was improved to 12.7 + 1.3 after Endoscopic third ventriculostomy. (p value 0.000). Good clinical outcome was observed in 71.3% of patients while bad clinical outcome in 28.7% of patients the mean age of the patients was 10.82 + 4.49 years. Of the whole sample, we had 64.9% of males and 35.1% females. The mean GCS on baseline of our group of patients was 9.4 + 1.2 which was improved to 12.7 + After Endoscopic third ventriculostomy. (p value 0.000). Good clinical outcome was observed in 71.3% of patients while bad clinical outcome in 28.7% of patients. Conclusions: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy is a preferred treatment for patients who had obstructive hydrocephalus due to posterior fossa t
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MUMINOV, M. D. "Neuroimaging monitoring of acute transient hydrocephalus of traumatic genesis." Practical medicine 20, no. 4 (2022): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32000/2072-1757-2022-4-66-70.
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The paper shows the possibility of non-invasive computed tomographic monitoring (CT) of intracranial pressure (ICP) as a classifier of intracranial hypertension (ICH). To determine the prevalence of parenchymal or hydrocephalic hypertension syndrome, we calculated the correlation coefficient of the optic nerve width (dON) and the size of the 3rd ventricle, using their CT imaging. 312 patients with isolated crania-cerebral injury (CCI) were examined. In 170 (54.5%) cases, hypertension syndrome was detected without signs of acute hydrocephalus. In 142 (45.5%) patients, the correlation of the width of the dON and the size of the 3rd ventricle revealed mainly hydrocephalic syndrome against the background of the development of acute transient hydrocephalus (ATHC). CT monitoring and the determination of the correlation between the width of the retroorbital part of the optic nerve and the size of the 3rd ventricle allowed determining the development of an acute form of transient hydrocephalus, which in turn led to the further implementation of invasive methods for measuring, monitoring and correcting the traumatic ICH.
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Kim, Hakseung, Eun-Jin Jeong, Dae-Hyeon Park, Zofia Czosnyka, Byung C. Yoon, Keewon Kim, Marek Czosnyka, and Dong-Joo Kim. "Finite element analysis of periventricular lucency in hydrocephalus: extravasation or transependymal CSF absorption?" Journal of Neurosurgery 124, no. 2 (February 2016): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.11.jns141382.
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OBJECT Periventricular lucency (PVL) is often observed in the hydrocephalic brain on CT or MRI. Earlier studies have proposed the extravasation of ventricular CSF into the periventricular white matter or transependymal CSF absorption as possible causes of PVL in hydrocephalus. However, there is insufficient evidence for either theory to be conclusive. METHODS A finite element (FE) model of the hydrocephalic brain with detailed anatomical geometry was constructed to investigate the possible mechanism of PVL in hydrocephalus. The initiation of hydrocephalus was modeled by applying a transmantle pressure gradient (TPG). The model was exposed to varying TPGs to investigate the effects of different geometrical characteristics on the distribution of PVL. The edema map was derived based on the interstitial pore pressure. RESULTS The model simulated the main radiological features of hydrocephalus, i.e., ventriculomegaly and PVL. The degree of PVL, assessed by the pore pressure, was prominent in mild to moderate ventriculomegaly. As the degree of ventriculomegaly exceeded certain values, the pore pressure across the cerebrum became positive, thus inducing the disappearance of PVL. CONCLUSIONS The results are in accordance with common clinical findings of PVL. The degree of ventriculomegaly significantly influences the development of PVL, but two factors were not linearly correlated. The results are indicative of the transependymal CSF absorption as a possible cause of PVL, but the extravasation theory cannot be formally rejected.
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Tida, Jacqueline Atsuko, Carlos Henrique Rocha Catalão, Camila Araújo Bernardino Garcia, Antônio Carlos dos Santos, Carlos Ernesto Garrido Salmon, and Luiza da Silva Lopes. "Acupuncture at ST36 Exerts Neuroprotective Effects via Inhibition of Reactive Astrogliosis in Infantile Rats with Hydrocephalus." Acupuncture in Medicine 36, no. 6 (December 2018): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2017-011515.
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Background Acupuncture has been associated with improved cerebral circulation, analgesia, neuromodulatory function and neurogenesis. In particular, acupuncture at ST36 has been widely used in several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. However, its effects on hydrocephalus have not been studied. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of acupuncture at ST36 on behaviour, motor development and reactive astrogliosis in infantile rats with hydrocephalus. Methods Hydrocephalus was induced in sixteen 7-day-old pup rats by injection of 20% kaolin into the cisterna magna. One day after hydrocephalus induction, acupuncture was applied once daily (for 30 min) for a total of 21 days in eight randomly selected animals (HAc group) while the remaining eight remained untreated (H group). An additional eight healthy animals were included as controls (C group). All animals were weighed daily and, from the fifth day after hydrocephalus induction, underwent MRI to determine the ventricular ratio (VR). Rats were also exposed to modified open-field tests every 3 days until the end of the experiment. After 21 days all the animals were euthanased and their brains removed for histology and immunohistochemistry. Results Hydrocephalic rats showed an increase in VR when compared with control rats (P<0.01). In addition, these animals exhibited delayed weight gain, which was attenuated with acupuncture treatment. Hydrocephalic animals treated with acupuncture performed better in open field tests (P<0.05), and had a reduction in reactive astrocyte cell density in the corpus callosum and external capsule, as assessed by GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) immunohistochemistry (P<0.05). Conclusions These findings indicate that acupuncture at ST36 has a neuroprotective potential mediated, in part, by inhibition of astrogliosis.
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Alani, Shakir M. "Pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials in patients with hydrocephalus." Journal of Neurosurgery 62, no. 2 (February 1985): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1985.62.2.0234.
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✓ Pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (VEP's) in response to whole- and half-field stimulation were studied in 10 patients with hydrocephalus. Abnormalities consistent with optic nerve dysfunction were recorded in four patients. Two patients had response asymmetry to half-field stimulation, which suggested dysfunction of the visual pathway in the right hemisphere. The remaining four patients had normal responses. Measurement of VEP's was repeated after the surgical treatment of hydrocephalus in four patients, and showed marked improvement in two of the three patients with preoperative abnormalities. This study suggests that, in patients with hydrocephalus, VEP's are more sensitive than clinical methods in detecting visual pathway dysfunction and that they can be useful in the follow-up monitoring of surgically treated hydrocephalic patients.
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Bourgeois, Marie, Christian Sainte-Rose, Giuseppe Cinalli, Wirginia Maixner, Conor Malucci, Michel Zerah, Alain Pierre-Kahn, Dominique Renier, Elisabeth Hoppe-Hirsch, and Jean Aicardi. "Epilepsy in children with shunted hydrocephalus." Neurosurgical Focus 6, no. 2 (February 1999): E3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.1999.6.2.4.
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The incidence of epilepsy among children with hydrocephalus and its relation to shunts and their complications, raised intracranial pressure (ICP), and developmental outcome are explored in a retrospective study. The authors studied a series of 802 children with hydrocephalus due to varying causes, who were treated by ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement between 1980 and 1990, with a mean follow-up period of 8 years. Patients who had tumoral hydrocephalus and those whose files lacked significant data were excluded. Data extracted from medical records, including history of the hydrocephalus and history of seizures, if any, were analyzed. Thirty-two percent of the children had epilepsy, the onset of which frequently occurred at approximately the same time that the diagnosis of hydrocephalus was made. The majority of the affected children had severe uncontrolled epilepsy. The incidence of epilepsy was significantly affected by the original cause of the hydrocephalus. The presence of radiological abnormalities was also found to be a significant predictor of epilepsy. Similarly, shunt complications predisposed to epilepsy. Episodes of raised ICP related to hydrocephalus or in association with shunt malfunction may also predispose to epileptic seizures. Furthermore, the presence of a shunt by itself seems able to promote an epileptogenic focus. Finally, epilepsy appears to be an important predictor of poor intellectual outcome in hydrocephalic children with shunts. A prospective study is needed to identify clearly and confirm avoidable factors predisposing to seizures in these children so that we can strive to reduce the incidence of these seizures and, subsequently, improve quality of life.
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Bourgeois, Marie, Christian Sainte-Rose, Giuseppe Cinalli, Wirginia Maixner, Conor Malucci, Michel Zerah, Alain Pierre-Kahn, Dominique Renier, Elisabeth Hoppe-Hirsch, and Jean Aicardi. "Epilepsy in children with shunted hydrocephalus." Journal of Neurosurgery 90, no. 2 (February 1999): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1999.90.2.0274.
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Object. The incidence of epilepsy among children with hydrocephalus and its relation to shunts and their complications, raised intracranial pressure (ICP), and developmental outcome are explored in a retrospective study.Methods. The authors studied a series of 802 children with hydrocephalus due to varying causes, who were treated by ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement between 1980 and 1990, with a mean follow-up period of 8 years. Patients who had tumoral hydrocephalus and those whose files lacked significant data were excluded. Data extracted from medical records, including history of the hydrocephalus and history of seizures, if any, were analyzed.Thirty-two percent of the children had epilepsy, the onset of which frequently occurred at approximately the same time that the diagnosis of hydrocephalus was made. The majority of the affected children had severe uncontrolled epilepsy. The incidence of epilepsy was significantly affected by the original cause of the hydrocephalus. The presence of radiological abnormalities was also found to be a significant predictor of epilepsy. Similarly, shunt complications predisposed to epilepsy. Episodes of raised ICP related to hydrocephalus or in association with shunt malfunction may also predispose to epileptic seizures. Furthermore, the presence of a shunt by itself seems able to promote an epileptogenic focus. Finally, epilepsy appears to be an important predictor of poor intellectual outcome in hydrocephalic children with shunts.Conclusions. A prospective study is needed to identify clearly and confirm avoidable factors predisposing to seizures in these children so that we can strive to reduce the incidence of these seizures and, subsequently, improve these children's quality of life.
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K., Thaslima, Sunil Mhaske, and Vishnu Kadam. "Benign External Hydrocephalus." Pediatric Education and Research 4, no. 2 (2016): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/per.2321.1644.4216.15.
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Rahman, Md Mahfuzur, Mohammed Ashraful Haque, Mohammed Rafiqul Islam, Md Abdus Salam, Kalim Uddin, Md Mizanur Rahman, Md Moajjam Hossain Talukder, Md Aminul Hasanat, and Md Afzal Hossain. "Demographic Characteristics and Etiology of Hydrocephalus Patients attended at Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh." Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh 1, no. 2 (April 6, 2017): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jninb.v1i2.29850.
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Background: Hydrocephalous can occur at any age. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to see the Demographic Characteristics and Etiology of Hydrocephalus Patients. Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka from April 2009 to September 2010 for a period of one and half year. Patients presented with obstructive hydrocephalus at any age with both sexes were included as study population. Detailed socio-demographic history as well as the associated etiological factors was recorded in pre designed data collection sheet. Result: A total number of 60 obstructive hydrocephalous patients were recruited for this study after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mean age with SD was 17.95±19.15. Acquedctal stenosis was the most common etiology of hydrocephalous which was 31(51.7%) cases followed by posterior fossa midline tumour, CPA tumour and pineal region tumour which were 14 (23.3%) cases, 9(15.0%) cases and 6(10.0%) cases respectively. Conclusion: Obstructive hydrocephalous is most commonly found in younger age group which is caused by acquedctal stenosis. Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2015;1(2): 47-49
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Basati, Sukhraaj, Bhargav Desai, Ali Alaraj, Fady Charbel, and Andreas Linninger. "Cerebrospinal fluid volume measurements in hydrocephalic rats." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 10, no. 4 (October 2012): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.6.peds11457.
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Object Experimental data about the evolution of intracranial volume and pressure in cases of hydrocephalus are limited due to the lack of available monitoring techniques. In this study, the authors validate intracranial CSF volume measurements within the lateral ventricle, while simultaneously using impedance sensors and pressure transducers in hydrocephalic animals. Methods A volume sensor was fabricated and connected to a catheter that was used as a shunt to withdraw CSF. In vitro bench-top calibration experiments were created to provide data for the animal experiments and to validate the sensors. To validate the measurement technique in a physiological system, hydrocephalus was induced in weanling rats by kaolin injection into the cisterna magna. At 28 days after induction, the sensor was implanted into the lateral ventricles. After sealing the skull using dental cement, an acute CSF drainage/infusion protocol consisting of 4 sequential phases was performed with a pump. Implant location was confirmed via radiography using intraventricular iohexol contrast administration. Results Controlled CSF shunting in vivo with hydrocephalic rats resulted in precise and accurate sensor measurements (r = 0.98). Shunting resulted in a 17.3% maximum measurement error between measured volume and actual volume as assessed by a Bland-Altman plot. A secondary outcome confirmed that both ventricular volume and intracranial pressure decreased during CSF shunting and increased during infusion. Ventricular enlargement consistent with successful hydrocephalus induction was confirmed using imaging, as well as postmortem. These results indicate that volume monitoring is feasible for clinical cases of hydrocephalus. Conclusions This work marks a departure from traditional shunting systems currently used to treat hydrocephalus. The overall clinical application is to provide alternative monitoring and treatment options for patients. Future work includes development and testing of a chronic (long-term) volume monitoring system.
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Massicotte, Eric M., Richard Buist, and Marc R. Del Bigio. "Altered diffusion and perfusion in hydrocephalic rat brain: a magnetic resonance imaging analysis." Neurosurgical Focus 7, no. 4 (October 1999): E13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.1999.7.4.14.
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It can be inferred from data published in the literature that brain compression occurs in the early stages of acute hydrocephalus and that drainage of extracellular waste products is impaired. The authors hypothesized that compression of the cortical extracellular compartment will alter water distribution and retard the diffusion of fluid in the hydrocephalic brain. Using magnetic resonance imaging proton diffusion, blood perfusion, and T1 and T2 relaxation times were determined in adult rat brain prior to, and 1 and 8 days following induction of hydrocephalus by using kaolin injection. Five anatomical regions of interest were studied. The striatum, dorsal cortex, and lateral cortex were shown to exhibit decreased T2 and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values but no change in perfusion. Examination of white matter demonstrated an initial decrease in ADC followed by a significant increase. The T2 relaxation times increased and perfusion decreased progressively from 1 to 8 days. Acute experimental hydrocephalus causes compression of gray matter, perhaps associated with reduction in total water, which impairs diffusion of protons in the tissue. White matter compression and hypoperfusion precede the development of edema. These findings have importance for understanding the neurochemical changes that occur in hydrocephalic brains.
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Massicotte, Eric M., Richard Buist, and Marc R. Del Bigio. "Altered diffusion and perfusion in hydrocephalic rat brain: a magnetic resonance imaging analysis." Journal of Neurosurgery 92, no. 3 (March 2000): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.92.3.0442.
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Object. It can be inferred from data published in the literature that brain compression occurs in the early stages of acute hydrocephalus and that drainage of extracellular waste products is impaired. The authors hypothesized that compression of the cortex would alter water distribution and retard the diffusion of fluid in the hydrocephalic brain.Methods. Proton diffusion, blood perfusion, and T1 and T2 relaxation times were determined in adult rat brain by using magnetic resonance imaging prior to, and 1 and 8 days after induction of hydrocephalus by kaolin injection. Five anatomical regions of interest were studied. The striatum, dorsal cortex, and lateral cortex exhibited decreased T2 and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values but no change in perfusion. Examination of white matter revealed an initial decrease in ADC followed by a significant increase. The T2 relaxation times increased and perfusion decreased progressively between 1 and 8 days after induction of hydrocephalus.Conclusions. Acute experimental hydrocephalus causes compression of gray matter, perhaps associated with reduction in total water, which impairs diffusion of water in the tissue. White matter compression and hypoperfusion precede the development of edema. These findings have importance for understanding the neurochemical changes that occur in hydrocephalic brains.
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Tamaki, Norihiko, Haruo Yamashita, Mitsuru Kimura, Kazumasa Ehara, Masahiro Asada, Tatsuya Nagashima, Satoshi Matsumoto, and Masao Hashimoto. "Changes in the components and content of biological water in the brain of experimental hydrocephalic rabbits." Journal of Neurosurgery 73, no. 2 (August 1990): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1990.73.2.0274.
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✓ Changes in biological water components and their respective content in the cortical gray matter and periventricular white matter were studied in rabbits rendered hydrocephalic by intracisternal kaolin injection. There was no change in either total water content or free or bound water content in the cortical gray matter at the various stages of hydrocephalus development. While there was no significant change in total water content in the periventricular white matter at any stage of hydrocephalus, free water content was significantly elevated and bound water content was decreased at the acute and subacute stages, with a return to relatively normal levels at the chronic stage. It is concluded that in the periventricular white matter, free water enters the brain across the ependymal lining during the acute and subacute stages of experimental hydrocephalus with a simultaneous reduction in the bound water and that there is some recovery at the chronic stage. It is suggested that alternative drainage pathways may develop in chronic hydrocephalus allowing drainage of free water in the periventricular white matter, which in turn permits bound water to return to relatively normal levels.
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Kositov, D. D., H. J. Rakhmonov, R. N. Berdiev, and U. H. Rakhmonov. "Clinical and etiological features of hydrocephalus in infants." Health care of Tajikistan, no. 2 (July 12, 2023): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52888/0514-2515-2023-357-2-59-63.
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Aim. To analyze the causes and clinical course of hydrocephalus in infants and its association with various etiological factors.Materials and Methods. The study involved a retrospective analysis of data from 47 infants who were hospitalized in the Pediatric Neurosurgery Department of the Republican Scientific Center of Neurosurgery named after Shifobakhsh between the years 2020 and 2022. The patients were evaluated using a comprehensive range of diagnostic techniques, including CT, MRI, neuro-ophthalmoscopy, and neurosonography.Results. Among the infants with hydrocephalus, infectious-inflammatory CNS diseases were identified as the primary cause in 23 cases (48.9%), cranial-brain trauma in 12 cases (25.6%), brain tumor processes in 7 cases (14.9%), and congenital factors in 5 cases (10.6%). All 47 (100%) patients presented with generalized cerebral symptoms and exhibited signs of hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome.Conclusion. Our findings demonstrate that hydrocephalus in infants most commonly develops following the occurrence of infectious-inflammatory CNS diseases, while congenital causes are relatively less prevalent. The investigation of the clinical features and etiology of hydrocephalus enables the selection of appropriate diagnostic strategies and optimal surgical treatment methods.
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Yang, Nathaniel. "Otitic Hydrocephalus or Obstructive Hydrocephalus?" Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 37, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32412/pjohns.v37i2.2041.
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Dear Editor:
I came across the article entitled “Fatal Otitic Hydrocephalus Due to Sinus Thrombosis : A Case Report”, and I would like to thank the authors for sharing their experience with this case.
In their discussion, the authors state that otitic hydrocephalus “is characterized by increased intracranial pressure with clear CSF, transient sixth nerve palsy, headache, vomiting, papilledema with no other detectable CNS signs and no actual dilation of ventricles.” They go on to state that “otitic hydrocephalus is a misnomer according to some because it may occur in the absence of otitis and because patients do not show the ventricular dilatation seen in true hydrocephalus.” Lastly, they state that “the diagnosis of OH is made by exclusion and a brain abscess should be ruled out by CT scan.”
However, in the description of their case, the authors state the following:1)“Lumbar tap showed elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) opening pressure of 270 mm H2O, decreased glucose and increased protein content”
2) “Repeat CT scan on the second post-op day showed marked dilatation of the third and lateral ventricles due to compression of
the fourth ventricle...”3) “He underwent ventriculostomy and evacuation of abscess on the fourth post-operative day.”
These statements contradict the main diagnostic features of otitic hydrocephalus, and thus call into question the diagnosis of otitic hydrocephalus in this particular case. In fact, the clinical data points to the presence of an obstructive hydrocephalus. There is no doubt that the patient has evidence of lateral sinus thrombophlebitis. However, not all cases of lateral sinus thrombophlebitis are associated with otitic hydrocephalus.