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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hydrocarbons

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Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrocarbons'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Hydrocarbons"

1

Walsh, Justin, Luigi Pontieri, Patrizia d'Ettorre, and Timothy A. Linksvayer. "Ant cuticular hydrocarbons are heritable and associated with variation in colony productivity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1928 (June 10, 2020): 20201029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1029.

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In social insects, cuticular hydrocarbons function in nest-mate recognition and also provide a waxy barrier against desiccation, but basic evolutionary features, including the heritability of hydrocarbon profiles and how they are shaped by natural selection are largely unknown. We used a new pharaoh ant ( Monomorium pharaonis ) laboratory mapping population to estimate the heritability of individual cuticular hydrocarbons, genetic correlations between hydrocarbons, and fitness consequences of phenotypic variation in the hydrocarbons. Individual hydrocarbons had low to moderate estimated heritability, indicating that some compounds provide more information about genetic relatedness and can also better respond to natural selection. Strong genetic correlations between compounds are likely to constrain independent evolutionary trajectories, which is expected, given that many hydrocarbons share biosynthetic pathways. Variation in cuticular hydrocarbons was associated with variation in colony productivity, with some hydrocarbons experiencing strong directional selection. Altogether, this study builds on our knowledge of the genetic architecture of the social insect hydrocarbon profile and indicates that hydrocarbon variation is shaped by natural selection.

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Fan, Yongliang, Jody Chase, Veeresh L. Sevala, and Coby Schal. "Lipophorin-facilitated hydrocarbon uptake by oocytes in the German cockroachBlattella germanica(L.)." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 6 (March 15, 2002): 781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.6.781.

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SUMMARYLarge amounts of hydrocarbons accumulate during vitellogenesis in the developing basal oocytes of the German cockroach Blattella germanica (L.), and all ovarian hydrocarbons are deposited into an egg case (ootheca) during oviposition. Hydrocarbons are not synthesized by the ovaries, but are delivered by hemolymph lipoproteins and accumulate within the basal oocytes. A native B. germanica hydrocarbon, [3H]3,11-dimethylnonacosane, injected into adult females of various ages, was taken up by the ovaries in relation to oocyte growth. Ovarian uptake of the hydrocarbon was low in day 0–1 females, increased dramatically between days 3 and 6 and declined sharply through oviposition on day 8–9; ovarian uptake of the hydrocarbon was low during a 21-day pregnancy that followed. [1-14C]Propionate, which becomes incorporated into methyl-branched hydrocarbons, was injected into 5-day-old vitellogenic females to monitor the de novo biosynthesis of hydrocarbons and the time course of hydrocarbon deposition in the ovary. Propionate was rapidly incorporated into hydrocarbons within 4 h. Hydrocarbon uptake by the ovaries, however, was three times higher 24 h after injection than 4 h after injection, showing that hydrocarbons are slowly and continuously deposited in oocytes. This result was confirmed with topical application of [3H]3,11-dimethylnonacosane: ovarian uptake was three times higher after 24 h than after 4 h. In vitro incubations of sternites, which synthesize hydrocarbons, with [14C]propionate and ovaries, showed that both hemolymph and purified high-density lipophorin facilitated ovarian uptake of newly synthesized hydrocarbons; maximum uptake occurred with 10 % hemolymph or 1 mg ml–1 high-density lipophorin. These results were confirmed with sternites treated with [3H]3,11-dimethylnonacosane and co-incubated with ovaries. This is the first report to show that copious amounts of maternal hydrocarbons are provisioned in oocytes and to demonstrate the existence of a hydrocarbon transport pathway involving hemolymph high-density lipophorin.

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Petrů, Jiří, Tomáš Herink, Jan Patera, and Petr Zámostný. "Co-Pyrolysis of Unsaturated C4 and Saturated C6+ Hydrocarbons—An Experimental Study to Evaluate Steam-Cracking Performance." Materials 16, no. 4 (February 8, 2023): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041418.

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Unsaturated C4 hydrocarbons are abundant in various petrochemical streams. They can be considered as a potential feedstock for the steam-cracking process, where they must be co-processed with C6 and higher (C6+) hydrocarbons of primary naphtha fractions. Co-pyrolysis experiments aiming at the comparison of different C4 hydrocarbon performances were carried out in a laboratory micro-pyrolysis reactor under standardized conditions: 820 °C, 400 kPa, and 0.2 s residence time in the reaction zone. C4 hydrocarbons were co-pyrolyzed with different co-pyrolysis partners containing longer hydrocarbon chain to study the influence of the co-pyrolysis partner structure on the behavior of C4 hydrocarbons. The yields of the pyrolysis products and the conversion of C4 hydrocarbons were used as the performance factors. A regression model was developed and used as a valuable tool for quantifying the inhibition or acceleration effect of co-pyrolysis on the conversion of co-pyrolyzed hydrocarbons. It was found that the performance of different C4 hydrocarbons in co-pyrolysis is substantially different from the separate pyrolysis of the individual components.

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Lea-Smith, David J., Steven J. Biller, Matthew P. Davey, Charles A. R. Cotton, Blanca M. Perez Sepulveda, Alexandra V. Turchyn, David J. Scanlan, Alison G. Smith, Sallie W. Chisholm, and Christopher J. Howe. "Contribution of cyanobacterial alkane production to the ocean hydrocarbon cycle." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 44 (October 5, 2015): 13591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1507274112.

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Hydrocarbons are ubiquitous in the ocean, where alkanes such as pentadecane and heptadecane can be found even in waters minimally polluted with crude oil. Populations of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, which are responsible for the turnover of these compounds, are also found throughout marine systems, including in unpolluted waters. These observations suggest the existence of an unknown and widespread source of hydrocarbons in the oceans. Here, we report that strains of the two most abundant marine cyanobacteria,ProchlorococcusandSynechococcus, produce and accumulate hydrocarbons, predominantly C15 and C17 alkanes, between 0.022 and 0.368% of dry cell weight. Based on global population sizes and turnover rates, we estimate that these species have the capacity to produce 2–540 pg alkanes per mL per day, which translates into a global ocean yield of ∼308–771 million tons of hydrocarbons annually. We also demonstrate that both obligate and facultative marine hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria can consume cyanobacterial alkanes, which likely prevents these hydrocarbons from accumulating in the environment. Our findings implicate cyanobacteria and hydrocarbon degraders as key players in a notable internal hydrocarbon cycle within the upper ocean, where alkanes are continually produced and subsequently consumed within days. Furthermore we show that cyanobacterial alkane production is likely sufficient to sustain populations of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, whose abundances can rapidly expand upon localized release of crude oil from natural seepage and human activities.

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Alaidaroos, Bothaina A. "Advancing Eco-Sustainable Bioremediation for Hydrocarbon Contaminants: Challenges and Solutions." Processes 11, no. 10 (October 22, 2023): 3036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11103036.

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In an era of rising population density and industrialization, the environment confronts growing challenges. Soil, agricultural land, and water bodies are becoming increasingly polluted by petroleum waste and hydrocarbons. While hydrocarbons are naturally present in crude oil, refining processes compound the complexity and toxicity of hydrocarbons. This is particularly evident in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in the air and soil, known for their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties. In response, biodegradation emerges as an eco-friendly, cost-effective solution, especially in petroleum-contaminated settings. Biodiverse microbial communities play a pivotal role in managing hydrocarbon contamination, contingent on location, toxicity, and microbial activity. To optimize biodegradation, understanding its mechanisms is essential. This review delves into varied bioremediation techniques, degradation pathways, and the contributions of microbial activities to efficiently removing hydrocarbon pollutants. Recent research spotlights specific microorganisms like bacteria, microalgae, and fungi adept at hydrocarbon degradation, offering a contemporary perspective on petroleum hydrocarbon pollutant bioremediation. These microorganisms efficiently break down petroleum hydrocarbons, with enzymatic catalysis markedly accelerating pollutant breakdown compared to conventional methods. Given the intricate nature of hydrocarbon contamination, cooperative bacterial consortia are instrumental in effective cleanup, driven by specific genes guiding bacterial metabolism. For cost-effective and efficient removal from compromised environments, it is advisable to adopt an integrated approach that combines biostimulation and bioaugmentation.

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ANDREEV, A. P., R. B. BITUEV, A. V. MESHCHERYAKOV, M. I. SAUTIEV, and D. V. FROLOV. "Investigation of hydrocarbon absorption by foam." Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination 2 (2024): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2024.2.39-45.

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Purpose. To explain the behavior of air-mechanical foam in contact with hydrocarbons, there are generally accepted ideas about the thermodynamic stability of asymmetric aqueous films. These concepts cannot be considered exhaustive, since they do not explain the phenomena of foam stabilization in contact with hydrocarbons. The reason for the stabilization of foam films is the formation of stable emulsions in them caused by mass transfer. The aim of the work is to investigate the phenomenon of mass transfer between the aqueous phase and hydrocarbons on the stability of foam in contact with hydrocarbons. The following tasks are set in the work: to experimentally establish the effect of mass transfer on the contact destruction/stabilization of foam and the effect of hydrocarbon emulsification on the stability of foam from foaming agents of various nature. Methods. The experimental research method consists in measuring the rate of destruction of foam in contact with liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons, as well as with hydrocarbon vapors. Findings. The paper presents the results of experimental studies, on the basis of which it is shown that the intensification of the mass transfer process between the aqueous phase and the hydrocarbon contributes to the stabilization of foam in contact with hydrocarbons. A study of the destruction of foam in hydrocarbon vapors has shown that, regardless of the nature of foaming agents, the greatest stabilization of foam is observed in the case of compliance of the foaming agent with the optimal hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of hydrocarbon, at which its emulsification occurs. Research application field. In this paper, the effect of mass transfer between the aqueous and hydrocarbon phases on the stabilization of foam in contact with hydrocarbons is investigated. The results obtained can be used for scientific and educational purposes in the study of the physicochemical properties of air-mechanical foam. Conclusions. It has been experimentally shown that the intensification of mass transfer contributes to a more intensive formation of an emulsion, which helps to stabilize the foam. All other things being equal, a foam more stable on the surface of hydrocarbons makes it possible to obtain a foaming agent, which in this system exhibits the properties not only of a foaming agent, but also of a good emulsifier.

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Pang, Xiongqi, Zhenxue Jiang, Shengjie Zuo, and Ian Lerche. "Dynamics of Hydrocarbon Expulsion from Shale Source Rocks." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 23, no. 5 (October 2005): 333–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/014459805775992735.

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Expulsion of hydrocarbons from a shale source rock can be divided in four stages. In the first stage, only a small amount of hydrocarbons can be expelled in water solution and by diffusion. Compaction and hydrocarbon concentration gradient are the major driving forces, whereas their corresponding hydrocarbon expulsion amounts make up 30% and 70% to the total, respectively. In the second stage, in addition to transport by water solution and by diffusion, source rocks expel a large quantity of gas in free phase. In the third stage, the most important feature is that source rocks expel oil as a separate phase and gas in oil solution. Hydrocarbon expulsion by diffusion through the source rock organic network, dehydration of clay minerals, and thermal expansion of fluids and rocks are the three major driving forces in the second and the third stages, whereas the corresponding hydrocarbon expulsion accounts for 40–60%, 10–20%, and 5–10%, respectively, of the total amount expelled. In the fourth stage, source rocks mainly expel dry gas as a free phase. Volume expansion of kerogen products and capillary force are the two major driving forces for hydrocarbon expulsion. The expulsion accounts for 60% and 30% to the total gas expulsion of this stage, respectively, for each driving force. Hydrocarbon expulsion, including the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold (HET), the relative phases and the dynamics, are controlled by two factors: the hydrocarbon generation amount, and the ability of source rocks to retain hydrocarbons. Source rocks cross the HET and begin to expel a large quantity of hydrocarbons when the generated hydrocarbons have met all of the needs for hydrocarbon retention. HET is divides the processes of hydrocarbon expulsion into the various four stages.

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Bekturova, Assemgul, Zhannur Markhametova, and Zhaksylyk Masalimov. "Plasmids Role in Survival of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus A1 Exposed to UV-Radiation and Hydrocarbons." Advanced Materials Research 905 (April 2014): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.905.151.

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The role of plasmids in hydrocarbon-degrading bacteriaAcinetobacter calcoaceticus A1survival to UV-radiation and hydrocarbons was studied. Natural plasmids-containingA. calcoaceticus A1showed high resistance to UV-radiation.A. calcoaceticus A1showed active growth under exposed to UV-radiation for up to 30 minutes. Combined effects of UV-radiation and petroleum hydrocarbons did not considerably reduce the growth of strains. It was shown a stimulating effect of UV-radiation on the growth curves of strains ofA. calcoaceticus A1. Constructed recombinant strain (E.coli XL blueRec) showed the ability to grow on medium with addition petroleum hydrocarbons. Combined effects of UV-radiation and petroleum hydrocarbons have had a negative effect on the growth ofE.coli XL blueRec. Thus, results showed that the plasmid DNA of natural hydrocarbon-degrading bacteriaA. calcoaceticus A1may contain genes of microbial resistance to UV - radiation and petroleum hydrocarbons.

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Lopez, Eric Sanchez, Temidayo Oluyomi Elufisan, Patricia Bustos, Claudia Paola Mendoza Charles, Alberto Mendoza-Herrera, and Xianwu Guo. "Complete Genome Report of a Hydrocarbon-Degrading Sphingobium yanoikuyae S72." Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (June 18, 2022): 6201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12126201.

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Sphingobium yanoikuyae S72 was isolated from the rhizosphere of sorghum plant in Mexico and we evaluated its survival and role in the degradation of some selected monoaromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using minimal medium (Bushnell Hass medium (BH)) in which each of the hydrocarbons (naphthalene, phenanthrene, xylene, toluene, and biphenyl) served as sole carbon source. Gas column chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis was used to evaluate the effect of S72’s growth in the medium with the hydrocarbons. The genome of the S72 was sequenced to determine the genetic basis for the degradation of the selected hydrocarbon in S72. The genome was assembled de novo with Spades assembler and Velvet assembler and the obtained contigs were reduced to 1 manually using Consed software. Genome annotation was carried out Prokka version 1.12, and gene calling and further annotation was carried out with NCBI PGAAP. Pangenome analysis and COG annotation were done with bacteria pangenome analysis tool (BPGA) and with PATRIC online server, respectively. S72 grew effectively in the culture medium with the hydrocarbon with concentration ranging from 20–100 mg/mL for each hydrocarbon tested. S72 degraded biphenyl by 85%, phenanthrene by 93%, naphthalene by 81%, xylene by 19%, and toluene by 30%. The sequenced S72 genome was reduced to 1 contig and genome analysis revealed the presence of genes essential for the degradation of hydrocarbons in S72. A total of 126 unique genes in S72 are associated with the degradation of hydrocarbons and xenobiotics. S72 grew effectively in the tested hydrocarbon and shows good degradation efficiency. S72 will therefore be a good candidate for bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil.

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MERKISZ, Jerzy, and Stanisław RADZIMIRSKI. "The analysis of the methods of hydrocarbon emission measurement according to European vehicle emission legislation." Combustion Engines 136, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117223.

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The paper discusses the measurement methods of methane hydrocarbons, non-methane hydrocarbons and total hydrocarbons set forth in the European emission regulations pertaining to M and N vehicle types and their engines. A model for the determining of the concentration of the said hydrocarbons and mathematical formulas have been derived. The concentration of the hydrocarbons determined as per the standards and the actual hydrocarbon concentration have been compared. Based on the above, changes have been proposed in the methodology set forth in the regulations.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hydrocarbons"

1

Kandlbinder, Thomas. "Experimental investigation of forced convective boiling of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon mixtures." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7918.

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Lommatzsch, Martin. "Hydrocarbons as food contaminants:." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-233297.

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The contamination of foods with hydrocarbon mixtures migrating from food contact materials (FCM) was first observed for jute and sisal bags treated with batching oil in the 1990s. Since the millennium, the focus has shifted to printing inks and recycled cardboard packaging as most recognized sources for hydrocarbon contamination from FCM. Mineral oil containing printing inks can either release hydrocarbons directly from the printing of folding boxes into food or indirectly entering the recycling chain of cardboard material by printed products, such as newspapers. The contamination of dry foods with mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) from recycled fiber packaging has been reported to reach up to 100 mg/kg [1]. Using LC-GC-FID technique the MOH were categorized into mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). The molecular mass, which is assumed to be toxicological relevant, is derived from the GC retention times of accumulated MOSH in human tissues and is limited to n C16 to n-C35 [2]. MOSH is the most significant contaminant of the human body reaching 1-10 g per person, which is of particular concern since a formation of microgranulomas (causing inflammatory reactions) in the liver was observed in rats fed with saturated hydrocarbons [3]. Furthermore, some MOAH are assumed to be genotoxic analogous to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [3]. In the latest draft of a German ‘Mineral Oil Regulation’ the following limits for the migration of MOH from recycled fiber are proposed: for MOSH C16-20 4.0 mg/kg, MOSH C21-35 2.0 mg/kg and for MOAH 0.5 mg per kg food [4]. Functional barriers reducing the migration of undesirable compounds from recycled cardboards (such as MOH and other contaminants) could be a part of the solution for this issue. Supporting that approach in this study, the boxes of recycled cardboard featuring a barrier layer on the internal surface or an integrated adsorbent available early in 2014 were investigated for their efficiency in reducing migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons into dry food. A practice-oriented one-year storage test was performed with wheat flakes in seven configurations: a box of virgin fibers, two boxes of unprotected recycled cardboard, three cardboards with barrier layers (a flexo-printed polyacrylate layer, a polyvinyl alcohol coating and a multilayer involving polyester) and a cardboard containing activated carbon. The highest migration of MOH (C16-24) was observed in the boxes of unprotected recycled cardboard (MOSH: 11.4 mg/kg, MOAH: 2.4 mg/kg). Of the three investigated barrier layers only two reduced migration of MOH into food below the limits of the 3rd draft of the German mineral oil ordinance (2014) until the end of shelf life. The cardboard box involving active carbon as adsorbent prevented detectable migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons (<0.1 mg/kg). In the case of virgin fiber, which was virtually free of MOH (<1 mg/kg), migration close to the proposed limits was detected (C16-24, MOSH: 1.5 mg/kg, MOAH: 0.4 mg/kg). Therefore, it has been proven that the transport box (corrugated board) substantially contributed to the transfer of MOH into food. Plastic FCM can also release hydrocarbons, such as polyolefin oligomeric hydrocarbons (POH), into food. These POH are of synthetic nature and are formed during the polymerization process of polyolefins (150 – 3000 mg/kg in granulates of homo/hetero polymers involving ethylene and propylene). This group of synthetic contaminants contain also saturated hydrocarbons (POSH) analogous to mineral oils, but contrary no aromatic hydrocarbons. Further, a significant amount (10 – 50%) of monounsaturated hydrocarbons (POMH) was determined in the oligomeric fraction of polyolefins, which are not detectable in mineral oil products. Therefore, these POMH can be used as a marker for POH migration. A method based on two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography on-line coupled to gas chromatography (on-line HPLC-HPLC-GC) was developed to enable the separate analysis of saturated, monounsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in extracts of packaging materials like polyolefins or paperboard and foods, repectively. It is an extension of the HPLC-GC method for MOSH and MOAH [1] using an additional argentation HPLC column, since normal-phase HPLC on silica gel did not preseparate saturated from monounsaturated hydrocarbons. Further, this method and comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GCxGC) was used to investigate the concentration of different oligomer types in polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) based sealing layers as well as their corresponding granulates. The analyzed sealing layers contained 180-995 mg/kg POSH and 90-435 mg/kg POMH (C16-35). Only in sealing layers involving low-density PE, oxidized polyolefin oligomers as well as cyclic oligomers (alkylated cyclopentanes and hexanes) have been detected. The transfer of POH (C16-35) from the investigated sealing layers into food can be substantial (>50%) and can reach more than 2 mg per kg food. The level of contamination depends on the oligomer content of the sealing layer, the fat content of the food, the processing temperature and the surface-volume ratio. Hot melt adhesives are widely utilized to glue cardboard boxes used as food packaging material. The analysed raw materials of hot melts mainly consisted of paraffinic waxes, hydrocarbon resins and polyolefins. The hydrocarbon resins, functioning as tackifiers, were the predominant source of hydrocarbons of sufficient volatility to migrate via gaseous phase into dry foods. The 18 hydrocarbon resins analyzed contained 8.2-118 g/kg saturated and up to 59 g/kg aromatic hydrocarbons (C16-24). These synthetic tackfier resins, especially the oligomers ≤C24, have been characterized structurally and migration into food was estimated using a food simulant and by the analysis of real food samples. About 0.5-1.5 % of the potentially migrating substances (C16 24) of a hot melt were found to be transferred into food under storage conditions, which can result in a food contamination of approximately 1 mg/kg food in this case. The order of magnitude depends on the absolute amount of potentially migrating substances from the hot melt, the hot melt surface, contact time, amount and type of foods.

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Heck, Simone M. "Spontaneous ignition of hydrocarbons." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27297.pdf.

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Blake, Nicola J. "Hydrocarbons in the troposphere." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235923.

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Mistry, Anish. "Non-Kekulé polyaromatic hydrocarbons." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/88089/.

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Non-Kekulé PAHs have been studied for a variety of applications due to the interesting chemistry they possess for such simple organic molecules. PAHs can have both closed and open-shell arrangements which have been of interest recently due to the potential magnetic and electronic properties they can acquire. Due to this, there has recently been a strong interest in graphene which can be viewed as a sheet of PAHs fused together. This thesis describes the formation of particular PAHs including open-shell compounds and how PAHs can be fully characterised using one technique. Chapter 2 describes the synthesis of 6H-benzo[cd]pyrene, the starting point of this project. Pentacene and perylene are other five fused ring structures like 6H-benzo[cd]pyrene which are commonly used due to their fluorescence, thus, this PAH could have interesting properties for material scientists. The production of the benzo[cd]pyrene radical by AFM/STM is then described. Chapter 3 describes peri-condensation reactions to form larger PAHs a technique which was commonly used in the 1900s for the addition of an aromatic ring, however, multiple ring additions have been reported to occur. In addition, carbon labelling experiments have been completed to confirm this and the mechanism by which multiple rings add have been discussed. STM/AFM has been used to characterise the compounds formed in the peri-condensation reactions as common techniques for characterisation do not provide enough structural data for compound determination. Chapter 4 discusses the synthesis of 3,8-dihydro-3H,8H-dibenzo[cd,mn]pyrene. Thereafter the use of AFM/STM is then utilised to dehydrogenate 3,8-dihydro-3H,8H-dibenzo[cd,mn]pyrene to form the non-Kekulé structure of triangulene which was simultaneously imaged for the first time.

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Tian, Zhenjiao. "Oxidation and Reduction Process for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1228333650.

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Velugula, Hemakumar. "Impact of a prescribed forest burn on ambient hydrocarbon levels in Louisiana." Ohio : Ohio University, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175713579.

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Stroud, Jacqueline L. "Bioavailability of hydrocarbons in soils." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441365.

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Crowley, Colin. "Fullerenes from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360582.

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Lisle-Taylor, S. C. "Cavitation performance of pumped hydrocarbons." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1997. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9676.

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Books on the topic "Hydrocarbons"

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L, Zielinski Walter, ed. Hydrocarbons. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1987.

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Blomquist, Gary J., and Anne-Genevieve Bagneres, eds. Insect Hydrocarbons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511711909.

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Petrov, Alexander A. Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71737-6.

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Petrov, Aleksandr A. Petroleum hydrocarbons. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987.

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1927-, Olah George A., and Schleyer, Paul von R., 1930-, eds. Cage hydrocarbons. New York: Wiley, 1990.

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Stams, Alfons J. M., and Diana Sousa, eds. Biogenesis of Hydrocarbons. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53114-4.

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Shen, Huizhong. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49680-0.

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Hayakawa, Kazuichi, ed. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6775-4.

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Kuppusamy, Saranya, Naga Raju Maddela, Mallavarapu Megharaj, and Kadiyala Venkateswarlu. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24035-6.

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United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Toxicology. Total petroleum hydrocarbons. Atlanta, GA: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hydrocarbons"

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Furmaga, Jakub, Kurt Kleinschmidt, and Kapil Sharma. "Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydrocarbons." In Critical Care Toxicology, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_144-1.

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Furmaga, Jakub, Kurt Kleinschmidt, and Kapil Sharma. "Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydrocarbons." In Critical Care Toxicology, 1951–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17900-1_144.

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Thurman, E. M. "Hydrocarbons." In Organic Geochemistry of Natural Waters, 215–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5095-5_9.

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Straub, Otto. "Hydrocarbons." In Key to Carotenoids, 11–31. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-5065-0_1.

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Volkman, John K. "Hydrocarbons." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_167-1.

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Volkman, John K. "Hydrocarbons." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 685–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_167.

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Matsuno, Koichiro. "Hydrocarbons." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_748-4.

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Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E. "Hydrocarbons." In Handbook of Capillary Electrophoresis Applications, 629–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1561-9_42.

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Matsuno, Koichiro. "Hydrocarbons." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1144–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_748.

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Freemantle, Michael. "Hydrocarbons." In Chemistry in Action, 677–726. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18541-2_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hydrocarbons"

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Andrews, G. E., M. K. Abbass, S. Abdelhalim, J. Farrar-Khan, M. Ghazikhani, A. Ounzain, F. M. Salih, and Y. Shen. "UNBURNED LIQUID HYDROCARBONS USING DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURE HYDROCARBON ANALYSERS." In SAE 2000 World Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-0506.

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Wang, Zhijing, and Amos Nur. "Velocities in hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon‐saturated rocks and sands." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1987. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1891881.

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Vyzhva, S., I. Solovyov, I. Mykhalevych, V. Kruhlyk, and G. Lisny. "Use of direct hydrocarbon indicators for forecasting hydrocarbons deposits." In 15th International Conference Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20215k2109.

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Oifoghe, Stanley, Nora Alarcon, and Lucrecia Grigoletto. "Assessing Bypassed Hydrocarbons." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207086-ms.

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Abstract Hydrocarbons are bypassed in known fields. This is due to reservoir heterogeneities, complex lithology, and limitations of existing technology. This paper seeks to identify the scenarios of bypassed hydrocarbons, and to highlight how advances in reservoir characterization techniques have improved assessment of bypassed hydrocarbons. The present case study is an evaluation well drilled on the continental shelf, off the West African Coastline. The targeted thin-bedded reservoir sands are of Cenomanian age. Some technologies for assessing bypassed hydrocarbon include Gamma Ray Spectralog and Thin Bed Analysis. NMR is important for accurate reservoir characterization of thinly bedded reservoirs. The measured NMR porosity was 15pu, which is 42% of the actual porosity. Using the measured values gave a permeability of 5.3mD as against the actual permeability of 234mD. The novel model presented in this paper increased the porosity by 58% and the permeability by 4315%.

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Kopunov, S., and V. B. Pisetski. "Building Geomechanical Model and Pore Pressure Prediction Based on Seismic Data Using DFM Technique." In Far East Hydrocarbons 2016. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201602308.

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Gretskaya, E. V. "Problems of Geochemical Correlation of Oils and Source Rocks Within the Far East Sedimentary Basins." In Far East Hydrocarbons 2016. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201602318.

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Blonk, B., M. V. D. V. van der Veen, I. Cheremisina, A. J. Vizamora, M. P. Petrova, A. M. van Dongen, and O. Timofeeva. "A Strategic Decision: 4D Seismic Reservoir Monitoring of all Sakhalin Energy Investment Company Fields." In Far East Hydrocarbons 2016. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201602304.

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Marchenko, A. V., A. Khabarov, A. Popov, A. Golushko, S. Pesotsky, A. Dubok, and I. Taushev. "Integrated Reservoir Modelling of Astokh Area of Piltun-Astokhskoye Oil-Gas Condensate Field." In Far East Hydrocarbons 2016. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201602305.

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Antonov, A., and R. Sedykh. "To Drill or not to Drill? Piltun Field Update - Appraisal During Development." In Far East Hydrocarbons 2016. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201602306.

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Taratutina, O. A., L. Gaponova, L. Pyankova, and S. Klimov. "Analysis of Systems of Development the Main Object U1-2 Field Kraynee." In Far East Hydrocarbons 2016. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201602307.

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Reports on the topic "Hydrocarbons"

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Bingham-Koslowski, N., T. McCartney, J. Bojesen-Koefoed, and C. Jauer. Hydrocarbon resource potential in the Labrador-Baffin Seaway and onshore West Greenland. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321859.

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Exploration for hydrocarbons began in the Labrador-Baffin Seaway in the 1960s; activity along the Labrador margin is still ongoing. A moratorium on exploration activities in the Canadian Arctic was enacted in 2016, halting drilling and data acquisition in western Davis Strait and along the Baffin Island margin. The exploration for hydrocarbons along the West Greenland margin ceased in 2021. Despite the presence of all hydrocarbon system elements as well as direct indicators of at least one working hydrocarbon system (e.g. slicks and/or seeps, oil and/or gas shows), no commercially viable accumulations of hydrocarbons have been discovered in the region. Potential sea-surface hydrocarbon slicks have been identified throughout the study region using synthetic aperture radar, but only the slick offshore Scott Inlet (Nunavut) has been directly linked to seafloor hydrocarbon seepage.

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Cesar, J. R., and O. H. Ardakani. Organic geochemistry of the Montney Formation: new insights about the source of hydrocarbons, their accumulation history and post accumulation processes. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329788.

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This study consists of a non-traditional molecular and stable isotope approach to analyze organic matter (soluble bitumen and produced oil/condensate) from the Montney Formation low-permeability reservoirs, with the purpose of identifying source(s) of hydrocarbons, accumulation history and post accumulation processes. The same approach bases on the distribution of compound classes such as aromatic carotenoids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), bicyclic alkanes, and oxygen-polar compounds. The geochemical screening has been enhanced with performing compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of n-alkanes and selected aromatic hydrocarbons. Widely spread PAHs, the presence of molecular indicators of euxinia, and hydrocarbon mixtures identified using CSIA profiles, are some of the key findings from this research, which will improve our understanding of the Montney petroleum system(s).

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Haggart, J. W. Cretaceous Stratigraphy and Hydrocarbons, Q.c.i. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/131202.

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Magee, Joseph W. Halogenated hydrocarbons and their mixtures:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6620.

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George, D. L., and R. C. Burkey. PR-015-06603-R01 Tests of Instruments for Measuring Hydrocarbon Dew Points in Natural Gas Streams Phase 1. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010820.

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Two commercially-available hydrocarbon dew point analyzers, an Ametek� Model 241 CE II and a Michell Condumax II, were provided by JIP participants for testing. An experimental HCDP research apparatus, first designed at Southwest Research Institute to gather reference hydrocarbon dew point data, was modified to test the automated analyzers. Both automated analyzers, along with a Bureau of Mines chilled mirror device serving as a reference, were installed in the apparatus. Gravimetrically-prepared gas blends containing hydrocarbons through decane were used as test gases, and a small warm box was built to keep the test gases above their hydrocarbon dew points at various simulated line pressures.

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George, Darin. L52315 Testing of Environmentally-Friendly Gas Sampling Methods. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010176.

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Recent environmental concerns have led to calls for reduced hydrocarbon emissions to the atmosphere from a variety of sources. One source of emissions being examined in this regard is natural gas spot sampling methods that vent pipeline gases to the atmosphere. Some sampling techniques and equipment have been developed that do not emit greenhouse gases, but the need exists to test these methods for their ability to collect accurate, representative samples. Another related concern is the accuracy of samples drawn from streams near their hydrocarbon dew point (HDP). While the spot sampling methods recommended by current industry standards perform well on streams far above their HDP, little data are available on their performance near or at the HDP, where poor sampling methods can cause heavy hydrocarbons to condense from the sample and distort the analysis. This project evaluated the ability of four natural gas spot sampling methods, including two zero emissions sampling methods, to capture accurate, representative samples of gas streams at or near their hydrocarbon dew point (HDP). Two of the sampling methods tested were variations on the GPA fill-and-empty method, with additional steps intended to heat the sampling equipment above the HDP or clear condensed hydrocarbon liquids from the sample line. The other two sampling methods, which use the A+ Q2 sample cylinder and a constant-pressure floating-piston sample cylinder, were developed to prevent condensation of heavy hydrocarbons during the sampling process.

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Scott, L. T. High temperature chemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10110066.

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Scott, L. T. High temperature chemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5900415.

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Mincher, B. J., D. H. Meikrantz, R. E. Arbon, and R. J. Murphy. High energy decomposition of halogenated hydrocarbons. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6108814.

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Allison, Thomas C., and Donald R. Burgess Jr. Thermodynamic Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. National Institute of Standards and Technology, December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.1186.

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