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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrocarbon activation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Dietrich, Cornelia. "Antioxidant Functions of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor." Stem Cells International 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7943495.

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The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor belonging to the basic helix-loop-helix/PER-ARNT-SIM family. It is activated by a variety of ligands, such as environmental contaminants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or dioxins, but also by naturally occurring compounds and endogenous ligands. Binding of the ligand leads to dimerization of the AhR with aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) and transcriptional activation of several xenobiotic phase I and phase II metabolizing enzymes. It is generally accepted that the toxic responses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, and structurally related compounds are mediated by activation of the AhR. A multitude of studies indicate that the AhR operates beyond xenobiotic metabolism and exerts pleiotropic functions. Increasing evidence points to a protective role of the AhR against carcinogenesis and oxidative stress. Herein, I will highlight data demonstrating a causal role of the AhR in the antioxidant response and present novel findings on potential AhR-mediated antioxidative mechanisms.

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2

Robledo, Raymond F., and Mark L. Witten. "NK1-receptor activation prevents hydrocarbon-induced lung injury in mice." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 276, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): L229—L238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1999.276.2.l229.

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Recent evidence suggests that neurokinin (NK)-receptor activation may have a protective role in maintaining lung integrity when challenged by airborne toxicants such as sulfur dioxide, ozone, acrolein, or hydrocarbons. To investigate the effect of NK1-receptor activation on hydrocarbon-induced lung injury, B6.A.D. ( Ahr d / Nats ) mice received subchronic exposures to JP-8 jet fuel (JP-8). Lung injury was assessed by the analysis of pulmonary physiology, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and morphology. Hydrocarbon exposure to target JP-8 concentrations of 50 mg/m3, with saline treatment, was characterized by enhanced respiratory permeability to 99mTc-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, alveolar macrophage toxicity, and bronchiolar epithelial damage. Mice administered [Sar9,Met(O2)11]substance P, an NK1-receptor agonist, after each JP-8 exposure had the appearance of normal pulmonary values and tissue morphology. In contrast, endogenous NK1-receptor antagonism by CP-96345 administration exacerbated JP-8-enhanced permeability, alveolar macrophage toxicity, and bronchiolar epithelial injury. These data indicate that NK1-receptor activation may have a protective role in preventing the development of hydrocarbon-induced lung injury, possibly through the modulation of bronchiolar epithelial function.

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3

Kovalyshyn, B. M. "THE ROLE OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVATION OF MOLECULES REAGENTS COMBUSTION REACTION IN THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF FUEL COMBUSTION INSTALLATIONS WITH A PROPANE-BUTANE MIXTURE AND NATURAL GAS." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 3 (March 20, 2017): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.3.2017.02.

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The state energy efficiency problems of fuel installations on hydrocarbons where analyzed. Shown connection energy fuel systems on hydrocarbon fuels with electrical activation and polarized molecules reagents in the field of pulsed high voltage. The results of experimental studies on the use of molecules reagents electrical activation of combustion reaction at burning propane-butane mixture and natural gas in the air. The obtained experimental results prove the effectiveness of electrical activation of molecules reagent of the combustion to improve fuel systems efficiency for hydrocarbon carriers. With us was formulated the concept of energy efficiency ricing of fuel plants, which is to increase energy efficiency by increasing the heat output of fuel combusted in the compensation of thermal energy that is spent on thermical activation molecules reagents combustion reaction, energy from other energy factors. Bibl. 11, Fig. 4.

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4

Vorobyov, Yu, S. Mishchenko, and D. Zavrazhin. "Mechanical Activation of Hydrocarbon Motor Fuels." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 272 (June 21, 2019): 032067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/272/3/032067.

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5

CHEN, M. J., and J. W. RATHKE. "ChemInform Abstract: Phthalocyanines in Hydrocarbon Activation." ChemInform 28, no. 48 (August 2, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199748321.

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6

Heid, S. E. "Correlation of Cardiotoxicity Mediated by Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation." Toxicological Sciences 61, no. 1 (May 1, 2001): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/61.1.187.

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7

Phillips, David H., and Philip L. Grover. "Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Activation: Bay Regions and Beyond." Drug Metabolism Reviews 26, no. 1-2 (January 1994): 443–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03602539409029808.

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8

METCALFE, I., P. MIDDLETON, P. PETROLEKAS, and B. STEELE. "Hydrocarbon activation in solid state electrochemical cells☆." Solid State Ionics 57, no. 3-4 (October 1992): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(92)90156-j.

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9

Chang, Ching-Yi, and Alvaro Puga. "Constitutive Activation of the Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptor." Molecular and Cellular Biology 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 525–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.18.1.525.

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ABSTRACT The ligand-activated aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) dimerizes with the AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT) to form a functional complex that transactivates expression of the cytochrome P-450CYP1A1 gene and other genes in the dioxin-inducible [Ah] gene battery. Previous work from this laboratory has shown that the activity of the CYP1A1 enzyme negatively regulates this process. To study the relationship between CYP1A1 activity and Ah receptor activation we used CYP1A1-deficient mouse hepatomac37 cells and CYP1A1- and AHR-deficient African green monkey kidney CV-1 cells. Using gel mobility shift and luciferase reporter gene expression assays, we found that c37 cells that had not been exposed to exogenous Ah receptor ligands already contained transcriptionally active AHR-ARNT complexes, a finding that we also observed in wild-type Hepa-1 cells treated with Ellipticine, a CYP1A1 inhibitor. In CV-1 cells, transient expression of AHR and ARNT leads to high levels of AHR–ARNT-dependent luciferase gene expression even in the absence of an agonist. Using a green fluorescent protein-tagged AHR, we showed that elevated reporter gene expression correlates with constitutive nuclear localization of the AHR. Transcriptional activation of the luciferase reporter gene observed in CV-1 cells is significantly decreased by (i) expression of a functional CYP1A1 enzyme, (ii) competition with chimeric or truncated AHR proteins containing the AHR ligand-binding domain, and (iii) treatment with the AHR antagonist α-naphthoflavone. These results suggest that a CYP1A1 substrate, which accumulates in cells lacking CYP1A1 enzymatic activity, is an AHR ligand responsible for endogenous activation of the Ah receptor.

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10

Mathew, Lijoy K., Eric A. Andreasen, and Robert L. Tanguay. "Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation Inhibits Regenerative Growth." Molecular Pharmacology 69, no. 1 (October 7, 2005): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.105.018044.

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11

Suvorova, Iryna, Oleh Kravchenko, Vitalii Goman, and Ihor Baranov. "Criteria for Assessing the Energy-Ecological Effectiveness of using the Sludge of Waste Treatment Plants as Components of Liquid Composite Fuels." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n4p328.

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The challenging issues in the sustainable development of a state currently are the problems of protecting the environment from contamination, increasing the capacity of systems for recycling and reusing water, and the development of resource saving and non-waste technologies. The authors have developed and introduced the technology of hydrocavitation activation of liquid hydrocarbons to create composite fuels that can contain off-spec hydrocarbons, including stale fuel oil, oil tanker outwashes, stillage bottoms, coal, bio mass, industrial wastes and the sludge of wastewater treatment plants. The main criteria were defined for assessing the energy-ecological effectiveness of using sludge in municipal wastewater as a component of composite fuels. The criteria are as follows: the calorific capacity of the fuel mixture, the energy effectiveness of its use as an energy resource, consumer properties, and the environmental performance of combusting this kind of fuel. Using these criteria during the production and combustion of composite fuels obtained with hydrocavitation activation allows producing high-quality fuel mixtures with specified thermophysical and consumer properties. This opens the prospects of more effective usage of hydrocarbon resources and of solving simultaneously two problems: the production of surplus energy and environmental load reduction during the disposal and neutralisation of moisture-containing waste. Keywords: sludge; hydrocarbon resources; hydrocavitation activation; composite fuels; waste disposal and neutralisation

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12

Kharey, Gurpreet, Gabrielle Scheffer, and Lisa M. Gieg. "Combined Use of Diagnostic Fumarate Addition Metabolites and Genes Provides Evidence for Anaerobic Hydrocarbon Biodegradation in Contaminated Groundwater." Microorganisms 8, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101532.

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The widespread use of hydrocarbon-based fuels has led to the contamination of many natural environments due to accidental spills or leaks. While anaerobic microorganisms indigenous to many fuel-contaminated groundwater sites can play a role in site remediation (e.g., monitored natural attenuation, MNA) via hydrocarbon biodegradation, multiple lines of evidence in support of such bioremediation are required. In this study, we investigated two fuel-contaminated groundwater sites for their potential to be managed by MNA. Microbial community composition, biogeochemical indicators, fumarate addition metabolites, and genes diagnostic of both alkane and alkyl-monoaromatic hydrocarbon activation were assessed. Fumarate addition metabolites and catabolic genes were detected for both classes of hydrocarbon biodegradation at both sites, providing strong evidence for in situ anaerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation. However, relevant metabolites and genes did not consistently co-occur within all groundwater samples. Using newly designed mixtures of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) primers to target diverse assA and bssA genes, we measured assA gene abundances ranging from 105–108 copies/L, and bssA gene abundances ranging from 105–1010 copies/L at the sites. Overall, this study demonstrates the value of investigating fuel-contaminated sites using both metabolites and genes diagnostic of anaerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation for different classes of hydrocarbons to help assess field sites for management by MNA.

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13

Orfanova, M. M. "The Prospects of Using the Mechanical Activation Method in the Technological Processes of Oil and Gas Production." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 3(72) (September 30, 2019): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2019-3(72)-76-82.

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The need to improve the technological processes of raw fuel resources processing, to search for new technologies and to involve oil and gas waste production wastes as anthropogenic resources becomes urgent. The main directions of using the effects of the mechanical activation of substances in the technological processes of oil and gas production are analyzed. A brief description of the method of mechanical activation is provided. The prospect of using the method of mechanical activation to solve the problem of waste disposal is shown. The author analyzes the main directions of mechanical activation influence used for changing the composition and properties of hydrocarbons and considers the possibilities of mechanical activation of a substance as an efficient way for accelerating the mechano-chemical processes that occur in hydrocarbons due to intense mechanical loads. The article generalizes the research results concerning the effect of mechanical activation on changes in the physical-chemical properties of oil, fuel oil, bottoms and sludge. The results of using mechanical activation for the preparation of plug-back mixtures based on silica sand and quartziferous waste are summarized. The laboratory research was carried out at a centrifugal-planetary mill. It is established that under the conditions of mechanical activation of hydrocarbons their destruction occurs. The process of transformations is a chain nature. The areas of mechanical and chemical transformations, change of fraction content in residual fuel oil, bottom products, and natural gasoline have been investigated. It has been established that destruction of hydrocarbon fractions takes place. The author demonstrates that processing modes, time and mechanical loads affect the course of hydrocarbon destruction, and its results depend on the type of substance. The researcher proves that it is promising to use the method of mechanical activation to control the properties of mineral flour obtained on the basis of oil sludge. The results of the research indicate clearly that it is possible to get different volume of the light cuts yield by regulating the modes of hydrocarbons processing. The author shows the possibility of increasing the depth of oil refining, as well as the possibility of obtaining a cement mixture with the addition of up to 30% of mechanically activated quartziferous additive without deteriorating the characteristics of cement stone achieved. The method of mechanical activation is promising for the utilization of the wastes of oil and gas complex, as these wastes can be considered the anthropogenic raw materials.

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14

Huang, Yan Ran, Zhi Huan Zhang, and Ji Yong Liu. "Hydrocarbon Generation Process Investigation of Permian and the Low Triassic Source Rocks on Lower Yangzte Region." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 2929–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.2929.

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On Lower Yangtze region source rocks of Permian and the Lower Triassic activation energy distribution suggests that source rocks experienced some hydrocarbon generation reaction, generally high activation energy mainly because of high maturity, the weighted average activation energy has good positive correlation with maturity. The time of hydrocarbon generation in Huang Qiao area is short, and it’s speed is fast; the time in Ju Rong area is longer, characteristics is prone to early and multi-period; source rocks in Chao Hu region been uplifted to surface, the thermal evolution is lowest of all, and the time is longest. Source rocks secondary hydrocarbon generation exists in many area in Lower Yangtze region, the degree of hydrocarbon generation is mainly depend on sedimentary burial history.

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15

Cui, Weihong, and Bradford B. Wayland. "Hydrocarbon C-H bond activation by rhodium porphyrins." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 08, no. 02 (February 2004): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108842460400009x.

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Rhodium porphyrins provide a variety of C-H bond reactions with both aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons that acquire unusual selectivity in part through the steric requirements of the porphyrin ligand. Rhodium(III) porphyrins selectively react with aromatic C-H bonds by electrophilic substitution with the virtual exclusion of aliphatic C-H bond activation. Rhodium(II) porphyrins react by a metal-centered radical pathway with alkyl aromatics and alkanes selectively at the alkyl C-H bond with total exclusion of aromatic C-H bond activation. Reactions of rhodium(II) metalloradicals with alkyl C-H bonds have large deuterium isotope effects, small activation enthalpies and large negative activation entropies consistent with a near linear symmetrical four-centered transition state ( Rh ˙⋯ H ⋯ C ⋯˙Rh). The nature of this transition state and the dimensions of rhodium porphyrins provide steric constraints that preclude aromatic C-H bond reactions and give high kinetic preference for methane activation as the smallest alkane substrate. Rhodium(II) tethered diporphyrin bimetalloradical complexes convert the C-H bond reactions to bimolecular processes with dramatically increased reaction rates and high selectivity for methane activation.

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16

Cline, Abigail, and Steven R. Feldman. "Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation: From Coal to Dioxin." Journal of Dermatological Treatment 29, no. 3 (April 3, 2018): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2018.1466463.

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17

GORDIENKO, V. V., I. V. GORDIENKO, O. V. ZAVGORODNAYA, I. M. LOGVINOV, and V. N. TARASOV. "On the sources of hydrocarbon deposits." Geology and Mineral Resources of World Ocean 16, no. 3 (2020): 30–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/gpimo2020.03.030.

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Information on the heterogeneity of hydrocarbon deposits is provided. On the one hand, this is obvious information about the organic source of coal methane, whose reserves are quite significant in many countries. But on the other hand, the existence of deposits that do not fit into the biogenic concept is noted. To study their nature, the notions of the advection-polymorphic hypothesis of deep processes in the Earth’s tectonosphere about one-act modern activation are used. The mechanism of formation of deposits and manifestations of activation in physical fields and geological phenomena, which can be considered as search criteria, is analyzed. The latter are studied mainly on the example of the Dnieper-Donetsk Depression (DDD). This is due to the platform nature of its development before activation. Against such a calm background, anomalies of physical fields are clearly visible, connected precisely with the latter process. The parameters of heat and mass transfer in the mantle and crust by modern activation are considered. The insufficiency of fluids arising from the partial melting of the mantle material, in particular, for the creation of deposits, was noted. Crust sources appear to be more promising. A thermal model of the activation process for platforms and geosynclinal regions is built. It is monitored by geothermometers data. It is based on the distribution model of abnormal physical properties. They explain the geological characteristics of oil and gas zones. The observed anomalies of the gravitational and thermal fields, the parameters of objects of high electrical conductivity are consistent with the calculated ones without selection. The variation in the anomalousness of physical fields with a variation in the density of hydrocarbon reserves is considered. The coincidence of the maxima of the anomalies and reserves with the zones of activated longitudinal and transverse the DDD deep faults is shown.

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18

Goedtke, Lisa, Heike Sprenger, Ute Hofmann, Felix F. Schmidt, Helen S. Hammer, Ulrich M. Zanger, Oliver Poetz, Albrecht Seidel, Albert Braeuning, and Stefanie Hessel-Pras. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Activate the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and the Constitutive Androstane Receptor to Regulate Xenobiotic Metabolism in Human Liver Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010372.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants produced by incomplete combustion of organic matter. They induce their own metabolism by upregulating xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 1A1 (CYP1A1) by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). However, previous studies showed that individual PAHs may also interact with the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Here, we studied ten PAHs, different in carcinogenicity classification, for their potential to activate AHR- and CAR-dependent luciferase reporter genes in human liver cells. The majority of investigated PAHs activated AHR, while non-carcinogenic PAHs tended to activate CAR. We further characterized gene expression, protein abundancies and activities of the AHR targets CYP1A1 and 1A2, and the CAR target CYP2B6 in human HepaRG hepatoma cells. Enzyme induction patterns strongly resembled the profiles obtained at the receptor level, with AHR-activating PAHs inducing CYP1A1/1A2 and CAR-activating PAHs inducing CYP2B6. In summary, this study provides evidence that beside well-known activation of AHR, some PAHs also activate CAR, followed by subsequent expression of respective target genes. Furthermore, we found that an increased PAH ring number is associated with AHR activation as well as the induction of DNA double-strand breaks, whereas smaller PAHs activated CAR but showed no DNA-damaging potential.

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19

Staninska-Pięta, Justyna, Jakub Czarny, Agnieszka Piotrowska-Cyplik, Wojciech Juzwa, Łukasz Wolko, Jacek Nowak, and Paweł Cyplik. "Heavy Metals as a Factor Increasing the Functional Genetic Potential of Bacterial Community for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Biodegradation." Molecules 25, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020319.

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The bioremediation of areas contaminated with hydrocarbon compounds and heavy metals is challenging due to the synergistic toxic effects of these contaminants. On the other hand, the phenomenon of the induction of microbial secretion of exopolysaccharides (EPS) under the influence of heavy metals may contribute to affect the interaction between hydrophobic hydrocarbons and microbial cells, thus increasing the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic pollutants. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of heavy metals on the changes in the metapopulation structure of an environmental consortium, with particular emphasis on the number of copies of orthologous genes involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis pathways and the biodegradation of hydrocarbons. The results of the experiment confirmed that the presence of heavy metals at concentrations of 50 mg·L−1 and 150 mg·L−1 resulted in a decrease in the metabolic activity of the microbial consortium and its biodiversity. Despite this, an increase in the biological degradation rate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was noted of 17.9% and 16.9%, respectively. An assessment of the estimated number of genes crucial for EPS synthesis and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons confirmed the relationship between the activation of EPS synthesis pathways and polyaromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation pathways. It was established that microorganisms that belong to the Burkholderiales order are characterized by a high representation of the analyzed orthologs and high application potential in areas contaminated with heavy metals and hydrocarbons.

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20

Poulain-Godefroy, Odile, Mélodie Bouté, Julie Carrard, Daniel Alvarez-Simon, Anne Tsicopoulos, and Patricia de Nadai. "The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Asthma: Friend or Foe?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22 (November 20, 2020): 8797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228797.

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The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that has emerged as an important player in asthma control. AhR is responsive to environmental molecules and endogenous or dietary metabolites and regulates innate and adaptive immune responses. Binding of this receptor by different ligands has led to seemingly opposite responses in different asthma models. In this review, we present two sides of the same coin, with the beneficial and deleterious roles of AhR evaluated using known endogenous or exogenous ligands, deficient mice or antagonists. On one hand, AhR has an anti-inflammatory role since its activation in dendritic cells blocks the generation of pro-inflammatory T cells or shifts macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. On the other hand, AhR activation by particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the environment is pro-inflammatory, inducing mucus hypersecretion, airway remodelling, dysregulation of antigen presenting cells and exacerbates asthma features. Data concerning the role of AhR in cells from asthmatic patients are also reviewed, since AhR could represent a potential target for therapeutic immunomodulation.

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21

Huang, Zhenkai, Maowen Li, Quanyou Liu, Xiaomin Xie, Peng Liu, Tingting Cao, Qigui Jiang, and Zhiming Li. "Hydrocarbon generation and evolution of the source rocks of the lower Es3 and upper Es4 members of the Shahejie Formation in the Niuzhuang Sub-sag, Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China." Interpretation 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): SN11—SN21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2018-0013.1.

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Systematic organic petrology and geochemistry analyses have been conducted in the source rocks of the lower Es3 and upper Es4 members of the Shahejie Formation in the Niuzhuang Sub-sag, Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China. The results indicate that the main organic types of shale and nongypsum mudstone in the lower Es3 and upper Es4 member are I-II1 kerogen, and the predominant ([Formula: see text]) activation energy frequencies range from 57 to [Formula: see text]. The similar distribution characteristics in the two source rocks indicate that they have a similar hydrocarbon maturation process. An extensive pyrolysis analysis indicates that the source rocks of the upper Es4 member do not have an obvious double peak hydrocarbon generation model. Previous studies indicate that the hydrocarbon index peak at a depth of 2500–2700 m is affected by migrating hydrocarbon. Major differences are not observed in the hydrocarbon generation and evolution process of the shale and nongypsum mudstone. The primary oil generation threshold of the lower Es3 and upper Es4 members is approximately 3200 m, and the oil generation peak is approximately 3500 m. The activation energy distribution of the gypsum mudstone of the upper Es4 member is wider than that of the shale and nongypsum mudstone, and lower activation energies account for a larger proportion of the activation energies. The above factors may lead to a shallower oil generation threshold for gypsum mudstone compared with that for shale and nongypsum mudstone.

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22

Schulte, Kathrin Wiebke, Edward Green, Annabel Wilz, Michael Platten, and Oliver Daumke. "Structural Basis for Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Gene Activation." Structure 25, no. 7 (July 2017): 1025–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2017.05.008.

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23

Pieters, Raymond. "Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation: new insides on TCDD immunotoxicity." Toxicology Letters 221 (August 2013): S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.06.109.

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24

Gibson, John K. "Reactions of actinide ions with pentamethylcyclopentadiene: atypical hydrocarbon activation." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 202, no. 1-3 (October 2000): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1387-3806(00)00203-7.

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25

Eremina, M. A., S. F. Lomaeva, I. N. Burnyshev, D. G. Kalyuzhnyi, and G. N. Konygin. "Titanium Carbohydride Synthesis by Mechanical Activation in Liquid Hydrocarbon." Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 63, no. 10 (October 2018): 1274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036023618100066.

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26

Penning, Trevor M., Nisha T. Palackal, Ian A. Blair, and Ronald G. Harvey. "The Aldo-Keto Reductases and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Activation." Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 22, no. 3-4 (January 2002): 791–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406630290103942.

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27

Heider, Johann. "Adding handles to unhandy substrates: anaerobic hydrocarbon activation mechanisms." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 11, no. 2 (April 2007): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.02.027.

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Udompornpitak, Kanyarat, Thansita Bhunyakarnjanarat, Awirut Charoensappakit, Cong Phi Dang, Wilasinee Saisorn, and Asada Leelahavanichkul. "Lipopolysaccharide-Enhanced Responses against Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in FcgRIIb-Deficient Macrophages, a Profound Impact of an Environmental Toxin on a Lupus-Like Mouse Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 4199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084199.

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Fc gamma receptor IIb (FcgRIIb) is the only inhibitory-FcgR in the FcgR family, and FcgRIIb-deficient (FcgRIIb−/−) mice develop a lupus-like condition with hyper-responsiveness against several stimulations. The activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), a cellular environmental sensor, might aggravate activity of the lupus-like condition. As such, 1,4-chrysenequinone (1,4-CQ), an Ahr-activator, alone did not induce supernatant cytokines from macrophages, while the 24 h pre-treatment by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a representative inflammatory activator, prior to 1,4-CQ activation (LPS/1,4-CQ) predominantly induced macrophage pro-inflammatory responses. Additionally, the responses from FcgRIIb−/− macrophages were more prominent than wild-type (WT) cells as determined by (i) supernatant cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10), (ii) expression of the inflammation associated genes (NF-κB, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, iNOS, IL-1β and activating-FcgRIV) and cell-surface CD-86 (a biomarker of M1 macrophage polarization), and (iii) cell apoptosis (Annexin V), with the lower inhibitory-FcgRIIb expression. Moreover, 8-week-administration of 1,4-CQ in 8 week old FcgRIIb−/− mice, a genetic-prone lupus-like model, enhanced lupus characteristics as indicated by anti-dsDNA, serum creatinine, proteinuria, endotoxemia, gut-leakage (FITC-dextran), and glomerular immunoglobulin deposition. In conclusion, an Ahr activation worsened the disease severity in FcgRIIb−/− mice possibly through the enhanced inflammatory responses. The deficiency of inhibitory-FcgRIIb in these mice, at least in part, prominently enhanced the pro-inflammatory responses. Our data suggest that patients with lupus might be more vulnerable to environmental pollutants.

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Eze, Michael O. "Metagenome Analysis of a Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacterial Consortium Reveals the Specific Roles of BTEX Biodegraders." Genes 12, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12010098.

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Environmental contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons is of concern due to the carcinogenicity and neurotoxicity of these compounds. Successful bioremediation of organic contaminants requires bacterial populations with degradative capacity for these contaminants. Through successive enrichment of microorganisms from a petroleum-contaminated soil using diesel fuel as the sole carbon and energy source, we successfully isolated a bacterial consortium that can degrade diesel fuel hydrocarbons. Metagenome analysis revealed the specific roles of different microbial populations involved in the degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), and the metabolic pathways involved in these reactions. One hundred and five putative coding DNA sequences were identified as responsible for both the activation of BTEX and central metabolism (ring-cleavage) of catechol and alkylcatechols during BTEX degradation. The majority of the Coding DNA sequences (CDSs) were affiliated to Acidocella, which was also the dominant bacterial genus in the consortium. The inoculation of diesel fuel contaminated soils with the consortium resulted in approximately 70% hydrocarbon biodegradation, indicating the potential of the consortium for environmental remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons.

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30

Wei, Kuo-Liang, Fei-Yun Chen, Chih-Yi Lin, Guan-Lun Gao, Wen-Ya Kao, Chi-Hui Yeh, Chang-Rong Chen, et al. "Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor reduces carbendazim-induced cell death." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 306 (September 2016): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2016.06.004.

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31

Moran, T. P., and B. P. Vickery. "Exogenous Stimuli Maintain Intraepithelial Lymphocytes Via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation." PEDIATRICS 130, Supplement (October 1, 2012): S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2183xxx.

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32

Dalton, Timothy P., Alvaro Puga, and Howard G. Shertzer. "Induction of cellular oxidative stress by aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation." Chemico-Biological Interactions 141, no. 1-2 (September 2002): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00067-4.

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33

Burch, R., D. J. Crittle, and M. J. Hayes. "C–H bond activation in hydrocarbon oxidation on heterogeneous catalysts." Catalysis Today 47, no. 1-4 (January 1999): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(98)00303-4.

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34

Debad, Jeff D., Peter Legzdins, Sean A. Lumb, Steven J. Rettig, Raymond J. Batchelor, and Frederick W. B. Einstein. "Hydrocarbon C−H Bond Activation by a Tungsten Acetylene Complex." Organometallics 18, no. 17 (August 1999): 3414–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om9904450.

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35

Waterman, J. A. "Activation of emulsion polymerisation by a hydrocarbon-soluble vanadium compound." Journal of Applied Chemistry 16, no. 6 (May 4, 2007): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010160603.

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36

Burch, R., and M. J. Hayes. "CH bond activation in hydrocarbon oxidation on solid catalysts." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 100, no. 1-3 (November 1995): 13–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1381-1169(95)00133-6.

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37

Li, Ying, Silvia Innocentin, David R. Withers, Natalie A. Roberts, Alec R. Gallagher, Elena F. Grigorieva, Christoph Wilhelm, and Marc Veldhoen. "Exogenous Stimuli Maintain Intraepithelial Lymphocytes via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation." Cell 147, no. 3 (October 2011): 629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.09.025.

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Quadri, Shafat A., Ariful N. Qadri, Mark E. Hahn, Koren K. Mann, and David H. Sherr. "The Bioflavonoid Galangin Blocks Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Induced Pre-B Cell Apoptosis." Molecular Pharmacology 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.58.3.515.

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39

Babakov, V. N., N. Yu Rogovskaya, I. D. Kurdyukov, P. P. Beltyukov, S. A. Dulov, and A. S. Radilov. "EFFECT OF ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR AGONISTS AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE ON BENZO(A)PYRENE GENOTOXICITY MARKERS." Toxicological Review, no. 3 (June 28, 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2019-3-19-25.

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The effect of aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists (FICZ and ITE), as well as lipopolysaccharide under the toxic action of benzo(a)pyrene in HepaRG human hepatoma cells was evaluated. Active forms of the key stress-activated kinase cascades and DNA repair system proteins were used as markers of the genotoxic action of benzo(a)pyrene. A mixture of lipopolysaccharide with benzo(a)pyrene increases benzo(a)pyrene cytotoxicity and reduces the activation of DNA repair system proteins below the control level. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists (FICZ and ITE) exhibit a cytoprotective effect against benzo(a) pyrene, enhance Akt1 kinase activation, and downregulate activation of the p53 protein and Chk1 and Chk2 checkpoint kinases. Thus, FICZ and ITE reduce the genotoxicity of benzo(a)pyrene.

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Zhou, Yufeng, Hui-Ying Tung, Ying-Ming Tsai, Shih-Chang Hsu, Hui-Wen Chang, Hirokazu Kawasaki, Hsiao-Chun Tseng, et al. "Aryl hydrocarbon receptor controls murine mast cell homeostasis." Blood 121, no. 16 (April 18, 2013): 3195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-08-453597.

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41

Chukwu, U. J., I. P. Okoye, and E. I. Awosu. "Impact of acid activated Bentonites on foster swelling capacity and sorption dynamics of hydrocarbons, phenol and water." Scientia Africana 20, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sa.v20i1.9.

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The successful protonation of the dissociable 𝐻 + from different organic acids (with varying alkyl chains) to supplant sodium ions in the inter layers of bentonites resulting in increased surface area has been carried out. The resultant materials were characterized using foster swelling and adsorption capacity techniques. Results show that the foster capacities of acid activated bentonites were greater than the un-activated bentonite (UAB) upon interaction with petroleum hydrocarbons. The bentonite activated with the organic acid having the most alkyl chain, hexanoic acid activated bentonite (HAAB) showed high affinity for all petroleum hydrocarbons. This demonstrates the hydrophilicity of UAB and upon activation, the hydrophobic properties of HAAB. The adsorption capacity result records that bentonites and HAAB adsorbed more petroleum hydrocarbon solvents than other lower alkyl chain acid activated bentonites and UAB. This study shows that HAAB is an excellent adsorbent for the removal of hydrocarbons from industrial wastes. Keywords: Acid Activated Bentonite, Foster Swelling, Adsorption Capacity, Organic Acids, Phenol

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Parsa, Maliheh, Seyed Nasser Ostad, Seyed Mohammad Hossein Noori Moogahi, Mohammad Bayat, and Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani. "The effect of benzo[α]pyrene on expression and signaling cross talk of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and NFATc1 in mouse lung tissue." Toxicology and Industrial Health 32, no. 7 (November 20, 2014): 1246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233714555153.

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Objective: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are potent environmental pollutants. Benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]P) is the major compound of PAHs that acts by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in cells. B[α]P is a known carcinogen and an immunotoxicant; however, its role with regard to nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) pathway is unclear. AhR and NFAT signaling pathways have common roles in pathological functions in immunotoxicity and lung cancer. In this study, the effect of AhR activation on expression and signaling cross talk of AhR and NFATc1 pathways in mouse lung tissue has been investigated. Methods: Swiss albino mice were randomly allocated to five groups and administered with cyclosporin A (CsA) and B[α]P for seven constitutive days. Animals were then killed, and lung tissues were obtained after washing the whole blood. Paraffin-embedded blocks were prepared, and 5 µm sections were cut for histopathological and immunohistochemical assessments. The results were scored by observer and digitally analyzed using ImageJ software. Results: Our data showed that CsA administration resulted in a significant reduction of AhR expression. This effect was partly blocked in mice coadministrated with B[α]P and CsA. NFATc1 expression was also reduced in CsA-treated animals. Furthermore, CsA inhibited the pathological effects of B[α]P in mouse lung tissue. Conclusion: AhR expression is dependent on NFATc1 activation, and NFATc1 inhibition remarkably decreases AhR expression. However, it seems that total expression of NFATc1 is not dependent on AhR expression or activation. Moreover, CsA can prevent B[α]P-induced lung tissue damage, and it remarkably decreases NFATc1 expression. The results from this study point toward the molecular interactions of AhR and NFATc1 activation in lung tissue and the benefit of CsA treatment in B[α]P-induced lung damage.

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Xu, Jin-Jun, and Qiang Jin. "Hydrocarbon generation from Carboniferous-Permian coaly source rocks in the Huanghua depression under different geological processes." Petroleum Science 17, no. 6 (November 4, 2020): 1540–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-020-00513-2.

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AbstractNatural gas and condensate derived from Carboniferous-Permian (C-P) coaly source rocks discovered in the Dagang Oilfield in the Bohai Bay Basin (east China) have important implications for the potential exploration of C-P coaly source rocks. This study analyzed the secondary, tertiary, and dynamic characteristics of hydrocarbon generation in order to predict the hydrocarbon potentials of different exploration areas in the Dagang Oilfield. The results indicated that C-P oil and gas were generated from coaly source rocks by secondary or tertiary hydrocarbon generation and characterized by notably different hydrocarbon products and generation dynamics. Secondary hydrocarbon generation was completed when the maturity reached vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of 0.7%–0.9% before uplift prior to the Eocene. Tertiary hydrocarbon generation from the source rocks was limited in deep buried sags in the Oligocene, where the products consisted of light oil and gas. The activation energies for secondary and tertiary hydrocarbon generation were 260–280 kJ/mol and 300–330 kJ/mol, respectively, indicating that each instance of hydrocarbon generation required higher temperature or deeper burial than the previous instance. Locations with secondary or tertiary hydrocarbon generation from C-P coaly source rocks were interpreted as potential oil and gas exploration regions.

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Park, Chang Jun, One Heo, Hyeon Seok Lee, Kyung Suh Lee, and Sang Hak Lee. "Anionic CO2 activation in the anionic and di-anionic state of aza-naphthalene." RSC Advances 11, no. 42 (2021): 26145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra04202e.

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Nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) is the single basic moiety in N-doped graphene, the only metal-free catalyst reported to date to successfully produce the oxygen reduction reaction.

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45

Tauchi, Masafumi, Azumi Hida, Takaaki Negishi, Fumiki Katsuoka, Shuhei Noda, Junsei Mimura, Tomonori Hosoya, et al. "Constitutive Expression of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Keratinocytes Causes Inflammatory Skin Lesions." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 21 (November 1, 2005): 9360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.21.9360-9368.2005.

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ABSTRACT Occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been suggested to provoke inflammatory and/or allergic disorders, including asthma, rhinitis, and dermatitis. The molecular mechanisms of this PAH-mediated inflammation remain to be clarified. Previous studies implied the involvement of PAHs as irritants and allergens, with the reactive oxygen species generated from the oxygenated PAHs believed to be an exacerbating factor. It is also possible that PAHs contribute to the pathogenesis through activation of aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated transcription, since PAHs are potent inducers of the AhR. To address this point, we generated transgenic mouse lines expressing the constitutive active form of the AhR in keratinocytes. In these lines of mice, the AhR activity was constitutively enhanced in the absence of ligands, so that any other direct effects of PAHs and their metabolites could be ignored. At birth, these transgenic mice were normal, but severe skin lesions with itching developed postnatally. The skin lesions were accompanied by inflammation and immunological imbalance and resembled typical atopic dermatitis. We demonstrate that constitutive activation of the AhR pathway causes inflammatory skin lesions and suggests a new mechanism for the exacerbation of inflammatory diseases after exposure to occupational and environmental xenobiotics.

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Rothhammer, Veit, Jessica E. Kenison, Zahorong Li, Emily Tjon, Maisa C. Takenaka, Chun-Cheih Chao, Kalil Alves de Lima, Davis M. Borucki, Joel Kaye, and Francisco J. Quintana. "Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation in Astrocytes by Laquinimod Ameliorates Autoimmune Inflammation in the CNS." Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation 8, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): e946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000000946.

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ObjectiveMS is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS, which causes neurologic deficits in young adults and leads to progressive disability. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, can drive anti-inflammatory functions in peripheral immune cells and also in CNS-resident cells. Laquinimod is a drug developed for the treatment of MS known to activate AHR, but the cellular targets of laquinimod are still not completely known. In this work, we analyzed the contribution of AHR activation in astrocytes to its beneficial effects in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) preclinical model of MS.MethodsWe used conditional knockout mice, in combination with genome-wide analysis of gene expression by RNA-seq and in vitro culture systems to investigate the effects of laquinimod on astrocytes.ResultsWe found that AHR activation in astrocytes by laquinimod ameliorates EAE, a preclinical model of MS. Genome-wide RNA-seq transcriptional analyses detected anti-inflammatory effects of laquinimod in glial cells during EAE. Moreover, we established that the Delaq metabolite of laquinimod dampens proinflammatory mediator production while activating tissue-protective mechanisms in glia.ConclusionsTaken together, these findings suggest that AHR activation by clinically relevant AHR agonists may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of MS.

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Wang, C., Z. Ye, A. Kijlstra, Y. Zhou, and P. Yang. "Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor affects activation and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells." Clinical & Experimental Immunology 177, no. 2 (July 9, 2014): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cei.12352.

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Gialitakis, Manolis, Mauro Tolaini, Ying Li, Mercedes Pardo, Lu Yu, Ana Toribio, Jyoti S. Choudhary, Kathy Niakan, Venizelos Papayannopoulos, and Brigitta Stockinger. "Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interferes with Early Embryonic Development." Stem Cell Reports 9, no. 5 (November 2017): 1377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.09.025.

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Zhidomirov, G. M., V. I. Avdeev, N. U. Zhanpeisov, I. I. Zakharov, and I. V. Yudanov. "Molecular models of active sites of C1 and C2 hydrocarbon activation." Catalysis Today 24, no. 3 (June 1995): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(95)00063-l.

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50

Burch, R., P. K. Loader, and F. J. Urbano. "Some aspects of hydrocarbon activation on platinum group metal combustion catalysts." Catalysis Today 27, no. 1-2 (January 1996): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(95)00194-8.

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