Academic literature on the topic 'Hydro-Meteorology'

The hydrological and meteorological hydro-meteorological support is one important part of the hydropower construction. Accidents caused by flood and rainstorm during construction will be reduced effectively with the help of reliable hydrological and meteorological forecast which also provides critical technical support for flood prevention and construction organization of projects under construction. Based on the practice of the hydro-meteorological support during the construction period of Three Gorges and Jinsha River cascade hydropower station, this article discussed the methods to support and serve hydro meteorology of large-scale cascade hydropower station construction. Meanwhile, this paper also builds up a hydro-meteorology supportive system for hydro-power station under construction which is led by a hydropower development company and associated by local professional institutions. And this research can also be utilized as a reference for other large-scale hydro-power station construction and to support the hydro-meteorology safeguard during the operation period.

Abstract. We present two new potential evaporation datasets for the United Kingdom: a historical dataset, Hydro-PE HadUK-Grid, which is derived from the HadUK-Grid gridded observed meteorology (1969–2021), and a future dataset, Hydro-PE UKCP18 RCM, which is derived from UKCP18 regional climate projections (1980–2080). Both datasets are suitable for hydrological modelling and provide Penman–Monteith potential evapotranspiration parameterised for short grass, with and without a correction for interception on days with rainfall. The potential evapotranspiration calculations have been formulated to closely follow the methodology of the existing Meteorological Office Rainfall and Evaporation Calculation System (MORECS) potential evapotranspiration, which has historically been widely used by hydrological modellers in the United Kingdom. The two datasets have been created using the same methodology to allow seamless modelling from past to future. Hydro-PE HadUK-Grid shows good agreement with MORECS in much of the United Kingdom, although Hydro-PE HadUK-Grid is higher in the mountainous regions of Scotland and Wales. This is due to differences in the underlying meteorology, in particular the wind speed, which are themselves due to the different spatial scales of the data. Hydro-PE HadUK-Grid can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5285/9275ab7e-6e93-42bc-8e72-59c98d409deb (Brown et al., 2022) and Hydro-PE UKCP18 RCM can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5285/eb5d9dc4-13bb-44c7-9bf8-c5980fcf52a4 (Robinson et al., 2021).

Understanding the teleconnections between hydro-meteorological data and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation cycle (ENSO) is an important step towards developing flood early warning systems. In this study, the concept of mutual information (MI) was applied using marginal and joint information entropy to quantify the linear and non-linear relationship between annual streamflow, extreme precipitation indices over Mekong river basin, and ENSO. We primarily used Pearson correlation as a linear association metric for comparison with mutual information. The analysis was performed at four hydro-meteorological stations located on the mainstream Mekong river basin. It was observed that the nonlinear correlation information is comparatively higher between the large-scale climate index and local hydro-meteorology data in comparison to the traditional linear correlation information. The spatial analysis was carried out using all the grid points in the river basin, which suggests a spatial dependence structure between precipitation extremes and ENSO. Overall, this study suggests that mutual information approach can further detect more meaningful connections between large-scale climate indices and hydro-meteorological variables at different spatio-temporal scales. Application of nonlinear mutual information metric can be an efficient tool to better understand hydro-climatic variables dynamics resulting in improved climate-informed adaptation strategies.

The paper investigates water in the forest ecosystem through an interdisciplinary prism combining hydrology with meteorology, environmental education and environmental ethics. The research aimed at producing a pedagogical methodology of familiarising with the hydrological cycle in the forest, not with its stereotypical and knowledge-centred approach, but with a framework that would support an experiential, ecocentric and holistic way of environmental learning in the Anthropocene. The research process was implemented through a hybrid approach of action research and took place through research teams’ encounters with water in the forest ecosystem of Dirfys, Evia. Our hydro-pedagogies in the forest manifest through a spiral pedagogical process of experiencing, feeling and thinking with water, which flows in four cycles: a) exploring with water, b) empathising with water, c) interconnecting with water, and d) reflecting with water. Our proposed hydro-pedagogies flow in the Hydranthropocene as an alternative view to pedagogical research and praxis with water visualising an ecocentric, watery common future.

This paper presents a comprehensive approach to forecasting hydro–meteorological changes in a marine area, i.e., in large bodies of water, from open water to coastal zones. First, hydro–meteorological factors, their interactions, and their implications for marine ecosystems are described. In addition, an analysis is outlined specifically for the Baltic Sea area. Next, the procedure for forecasting expected changes in major hydro–meteorological parameters in the sea is presented and a series of steps is accurately described. An extensive prognosis is provided for the southern Baltic Sea region using historical data obtained from the Polish National Institute of Water Management and Meteorology. The procedure is applied for seven measurement points which were assigned to four sub-areas for examining trends in wind regimes and wave height patterns using the authors’ own written software and statistical methods for data analysis. The model was validated within the southern Baltic Sea region. This paper also highlights the significance of forecasting for human beings, the environment, and critical infrastructure by proposing adaptive strategies and integrated coastal zone management in mitigating risks and enhancing resilience. Finally, future directions for research are proposed.

This paper investigates hydro-meteorological hazards faced by Sri Lanka, a lower-middle-income island country in Asia. It provides a case study of a major hydro-meteorological disaster incident that resulted in one of the largest landslides in the history of the country, the Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) process, and the national disaster response. Rainfall and flood inundation data are provided for the whole country. The fact that data are held by several government agencies (namely Department of Meteorology, Department of Irrigation, and NBRO), somewhat coordinated by the Disaster Management Center (DMC) is shown. The need for more streamlined coordination of hydro-met data with online access of data for researchers is emphasized. The flood disaster situation and disaster declaration of the Western Province (which contributes nearly 40% of the GDP) is looked at, and evidence is presented to recommend a smaller governance unit for future disaster declarations, in order to bring aid to the places where it is needed and leaving other areas of the province to carry on with the normal economic activity. An example of the use of climate change scenarios in rainfall prediction is provided from a developed island nation (New Zealand). The need for Sri Lanka to increase its spending for hydro-met services (both infrastructure and skills) is highlighted (the global norm being 0.02 of GDP), as the return on such investment is tenfold.

Understanding the marine hydro-thermohaline environment is essential for terrestrial meteorology and the coastal ecosystem. Here, we provide insight into the hydro-thermohaline environment at the Qiongdongnan continental slope of the northern South China Sea and the mechanism controlling it, with focus on its short-term characteristics. We employ a well-validated three-dimensional unstructured-grid-based Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) to analyze the spatial-temporal behavior of its hydro-thermohaline structures and to quantify the transport fluxes over a full tidal period. The analysis reveals a two-layer flow structure with directionally oppositely moving layers in the along-isobaths direction. Furthermore, transport patterns undergo periodic changes. During the spring tide, the downslope (along-isobaths) transport of water/heat/salt is approximately 119%/70%/120% higher (62%/62%/62% lower) than during the neap tide. From analyzing the different terms in the thermohaline balance equation, we find that the main dynamic factors controlling heat transport over a tidal period are the gravitational convention and the mean flow, while the salt transport is only dominated by the mean flow. The data of the short-term thermohaline evolution of the QDNS provided in this study may be of use for future studies of the northern SCS, including its marine ecology and marine fisheries.

Abstract. There is a rising interest around the world for a better understanding of the economic and social value added of weather services. National hydro-meteorological services and international cooperative bodies in meteorology have ever more to justify their use of public budgets. Furthermore, the development of hydrological and meteorological services is to a large extent steered by expectations regarding the eventual benefits of the envisaged new developments. This article provides a compact overview of the impediments for uptake of socio-economic benefit (SEB) studies, methods and results of SEB studies to date. It also discusses some pitfalls and crucial steps to enhance a broader uptake of SEB studies.

In 2003, the Romanian National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology inaugurated National Integrated Meteorological System (SIMIN), consisting of a network of stations and instruments for measurement and detection of hydro and meteorological data, a specialized communication network, a forecasting network, and a dissemination network. With a setup cost of $55 million and a national priority role, SIMIN (implemented by Lockheed Martin) is relatively black boxed even today, using proprietary technology and software. Few institutions have direct access to the data it provides. In this paper, we present the design of a web-based software application built on open source software that allows easy access to and processing of data available in SIMIN.

Les crues sont des aléas naturels extrêmement destructeurs qui peuvent avoir des répercussionsconsidérables sur les écosystèmes et les sociétés. L’activité et l’intensité des crues pourraient êtreamplifiées par le changement climatique en cours. Quantifier les évolutions possibles pour les décenniesà venir est cependant difficile. L’approche classique consiste à estimer ces évolutions à partir deprojections hydrologiques obtenues par simulation à partir des scénarios météorologiques produitspour différents scénarios climatiques futurs. Ces scénarios météorologiques, qui doivent, entre autreschoses, être adaptés aux échelles spatiales et temporelles des bassins considérés, sont typiquementproduits avec des modèles de descente d’échelle à partir des conditions atmosphériques de grandeéchelle simulées par des modèles climatiques. Ces modèles de descente d’échelle sont soit dynamiquessoit statistiques. La possibilité de produire, avec ce type de modèles, des scénarios météorologiquespertinents est supposée acquise mais est rarement évaluée.Dans cette étude, nous avons évalué la capacité de deux chaînes de modélisation à reproduire,au cours du dernier siècle (1902-2009) et à partir de l’information atmosphérique de grande échelleuniquement, les variations temporelles observées des débits et des événements de crue du bassinversant du Rhône amont (10 900 km2). Les chaînes de modélisation sont constituées (i) de la réanalyseatmosphérique ERA-20C, (ii) soit du modèle de descente d’échelle statistique SCAMP, soit du modèlede descente d’échelle dynamique MAR et (iii) du modèle glacio-hydrologique GSM-SOCONT.Les évaluations sur les températures et les précipitations de bassin journalières soulignent la néces-sité d’une correction de biais pour les deux modèles de descente d’échelle. Pour éviter des simulationsnon pertinentes de la dynamique du manteau neigeux, en particulier pour les hautes altitudes, la cor-rection des biais est nécessaire non seulement pour les scénarios de précipitations et de températuresmais aussi pour les scénarios de gradients altimétriques de température pour la chaîne de descented’échelle dynamique.Les évaluations sur l’hydrologie des bassins montrent que les variations multi-échelles (journa-lières, saisonnières et interannuelles) observées des débits et les situations hydrologiques de bassefréquence (séquences d’étiage et événements de crue) sont globalement bien reproduites pour la pé-riode 1961-2009. Pour la première moitié du siècle, l’accord avec les débits de référence est plus faible,probablement en raison de la moindre qualité des données (données ERA-20C et de débits) et/ou decertaines hypothèses et choix de modélisation (e.g. calibration basée sur des signatures hydrologiques,hypothèse de stationnarité). Ces résultats ainsi que ceux sur les variations de l’activité de crue ob-tenus sur le siècle dernier permettent d’envisager l’utilisation des chaînes de modélisation pour descontextes climatiques différents.Dans une dernière partie, nous avons simulé les variations de l’activité de crue sur l’ensemble dudernier millénaire en utilisant les sorties d’un modèle climatique rendues disponibles par le projetPMIP (Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project). Les sorties du modèle climatique CESMLast Millennium Ensemble, composé de 12 membres, ont été statistiquement descendues en échelleau pas de temps journalier sur la période 850-2004 avec le modèle SCAMP (pour des raisons de coûtsde calcul) et utilisées comme forçages dans le modèle GSM-SOCONT.Les variations de l’activité de crue du Rhône amont simulées sur le dernier millénaire ont étécomparées à celles reconstituées à partir d’archives sédimentaires du lac du Bourget. Les résultatsobtenus suggèrent que les variations de l’activité de crue reconstituées sur cette période pourraientêtre liées à la variabilité interne du climat et non pas à un quelconque forçage atmosphérique degrande échelle
Floods are often destructive natural hazards that can have considerable implications on ecosystemsand societies. In many regions of the world, flood activity and intensity are expected to be amplifiedby the ongoing climate change. However, quantifying possible changes over the coming decades isdifficult. The classical approach is to estimate possible changes from hydrological projections obtainedby simulation using meteorological scenarios produced for different future climate scenarios. Amongother things, these meteorological scenarios have to be adapted to the spatial and temporal scalesof the considered basins. They are typically produced with downscaling models from the large-scaleatmospheric conditions simulated by climate models. Downscaling models are either dynamical orstatistical. The possibility of producing relevant meteorological scenarios with downscaling models istaken for granted, but is rarely assessed.In this study, we assessed the ability of two modelling chains to reproduce, over the last century(1902-2009) and from large-scale atmospheric information only, the observed temporal variations inflows and flood events in the Upper Rhône River catchment (10,900 km2). The modelling chains aremade up of (i) the ERA-20C atmospheric reanalysis, (ii) either the statistical downscaling modelSCAMP or the dynamical downscaling model MAR, and (iii) the glacio-hydrological model GSM-SOCONT.When compared to observations, the downscaled scenarios of daily temperatures and precipitationshighlight the need for a bias correction. This is the case for both downscaling models. For thedynamical downscaling chain, bias correction is additionally necessary for the temperature lapse ratescenarios to avoid irrelevant simulations of snowpack dynamics, particularly for high elevations.The observed multi-scale variations (daily, seasonal and interannual) in flows and low frequencyhydrological situations (low flow sequences and flood events) are generally well reproduced for theperiod 1961-2009. For the first half of the century, the agreement with the reference flows is wea-ker, probably due to lower data quality (ERA-20C and flow data) and/or certain assumptions andmodelling choices (e.g. calibration based on hydrological signatures, stationarity assumption). Theseresults, and those obtained over the last century on variations in flood activity, suggest that themodelling chains can be used in other climatic contexts.In the last part, we simulated variations in flood activity over the last millennium using cli-mate model outputs made available by the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP).Outputs from the climate model CESM Last Millennium Ensemble, made up of 12 members, werestatistically downscaled at the daily time step over the period 850-2004 with SCAMP (for reasons ofcomputational cost) and used as input to the GSM-SOCONT model.The simulated variations in flood activity in the Upper Rhône River over the last millennium werecompared with those reconstructed from the sediments cores of Lake Bourget. The results suggestthat the variations in flood activity reconstructed over this period could only be due to internalclimate variability and not to any large-scale atmospheric forcing

A key determinant of atmospheric circulation patterns and regional climatic conditions is sea surface temperature (SST). This has been the motivation for the development of various teleconnection methods aiming to forecast hydro-climatic variables. Among such methods are linear projections based on teleconnection gross indices (such as the ENSO, IOD, and NAO) or leading empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). However, these methods deteriorate drastically if the predefined indices or EOFs cannot account for climatic variability in the region of interest. This study introduces a new hydro-climatic forecasting method that identifies SST predictors in the form of dipole structures. An SST dipole that mimics major teleconnection patterns is defined as a function of average SST anomalies over two oceanic areas of appropriate sizes and geographic locations. The screening process of SST-dipole predictors is based on an optimization algorithm that sifts through all possible dipole configurations (with progressively refined data resolutions) and identifies dipoles with the strongest teleconnection to the external hydro-climatic series. The strength of the teleconnection is measured by the Gerrity Skill Score. The significant dipoles are cross-validated and used to generate ensemble hydro-climatic forecasts. The dipole teleconnection method is applied to the forecasting of seasonal precipitation over the southeastern US and East Africa, and the forecasting of streamflow-related variables in the Yangtze and Congo Rivers. These studies show that the new method is indeed able to identify dipoles related to well-known patterns (e.g., ENSO and IOD) as well as to quantify more prominent predictor-predictand relationships at different lead times. Furthermore, the dipole method compares favorably with existing statistical forecasting schemes. An operational forecasting framework to support better water resources management through coupling with detailed hydrologic and water resources models is also demonstrated.

This chapter describes the observed and projected changes in temperature, river discharge, and precipitation patterns and extremes in the Amazon region, as well as their impacts and possible thresholds. The emphasis is on the effect of climactic extremes on biodiversity and ecological processes.

The left tributaries of the Middle Dnipro - Psel, Vorskla, Sula, Trubyzh, Supii, Zolotonoshka, Kryva Ruda, Kobelyachok, Kagamlyk, Irkliy, Kovray and Kovalivka belong to the category of medium and small rivers. These rivers are important for the left-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine, where they flow. They are used for irrigation of agricultural land and for hydropower. Global climate change in the region and the introduction of green electricity in Ukraine, these two aspects are currently very important for two reasons. The total flow volume of the rivers of the left bank of the Middle Dnipro subbasin is similar to the flow volume of the Southern Bug, and the catchment area is even larger. The three largest rivers of the region, Psel, Vorskla and Sula, are particularly promising in this aspect. Today, small hydroelectric power plants only operate on the Psel and Vorskla rivers. All hydroelectric power plants are located in the middle course of the river: on the Psel - within the boundaries of Sumy and Poltava regions, and on Vorskla - within the boundaries of the Poltava region. The left bank of the Middle Dnipro has 15 small hydros operating today, with 10 of them on the Psel and 5 on the Vorskla. River Psel, from the village of Nyzy in the Sumy region to the village Sukhorabivka fish of Poltava region, fully regulated. The following small hydropower plants operate on Psel: Nyizivska, Vorozhblyanska, Mykhailivska, Bobrivska, Knyshivska, Veliko-Sorochynska, Shishatska, Velika Bagachka, Ostapievska and Sukhorabivska. The total annual electricity generated is 4.78 MW. Upon the completion of its planned operation by 2025 as planned in the plan for the development of hydroelectric power plants, the Malobudyshchanska hydroelectric power plant is scheduled to be functional. 5 small hydroelectric power stations operate within the Vorskla riverbed and its left tributary – the Vilshanka – Opishnyanska, Vakulynska mini hydro, Poltava Hydro mini hydro, Nizhnyomlinska and Kuntsivska. The Vorskla river from the village of Kuzemin in southern Sumy Oblast to the village of Kunzevo in Poltava Oblast is regulated by regulating locks and small hydrographic locks. These locks are located in the villages of Kuzemin (Sumy Region) and Derevky (Poltava Region). Both systems are included in the development plans of their regions until 2025, within which 2 small hydroelectric power plants will operate. A total of 1.72 MW of small hydropower is generated within the Vorskla Basin. The power of hydroelectric power stations on both rivers ranges from 0.19 MW to 1.04 MW - Shyshatska small hydroelectric power station. Global climate changes also affected the Left Bank-Dnipro hydrological region. Over the past 30 years, the average annual air temperature has increased by 1.5-2 0C and the annual precipitation has decreased by 20-30 mm. The most significant changes are seen in the southern, southwestern, and eastern parts of the left bank of the Middle Dnipro, especially in the small river basins of the Dnipro Lowlands and the lower reaches of the Sula, Psel and Vorskla rivers. Therefore, these regions need irrigation systems functioning within their river basins. The left bank of the middle Dnipro River basin has a total of 26 irrigation systems covering a total area of 65,000 hectares. The largest number of irrigation systems is in the Dnipro Lowland river basin:13 irrigation systems (12,000 ha) on the left bankin Cherkasy Oblast,11 irrigation systems (50,000 ha) in Poltava Oblast, and 2 irrigation systems (up to 3,000 ha) in Kharkov Oblast. Thus, the left bank of the middle Dnipro river has great potential for hydropower and water quality improvement. The total capacity of small hydropower plants in the Psel and Vorskla river basins is 6.5 MW, which is about 6.37% of the total capacity of small hydropower plants in Ukraine (in 2019: 102 MW for Ukraine). The use of small hydroelectric power stations on Vorskla and Psel is quite promising for Poltava and Sumy regions for local consumption and the growth of the share of green energy in these regions. As for irrigation systems, in general, 32% of the total irrigated area in the Dnipro basin (196,000 ha) is concentrated on the left bank of the middle Dnipro river.

The formation of floods of mixed origin in the cold and warm periods of the year is characteristic of the rivers of Transcarpathia. They are often accompanied by significant and prolonged flooding of territories, sometimes with catastrophic consequences. For the purpose of warning about dangerous hydrological phenomena, an urgent task is hydrological forecasting of maximum levels and water flows during periods of floods on rivers. The object of the research is the Tysa River and its tributaries, which are characterized by the formation of maximum runoff from melting snow and rainfall in the winter-spring period. The Carpathians, which occupy the southwestern part of Ukraine, play a major role in shaping the climate of the territory under consideration, where a mountain climate associated with heavy precipitation is created. It should be noted that heavy precipitation in the Tysa river basin is characterized by a long duration and intensity of precipitation. Such rains are accompanied by the rapid formation of catastrophic river floods, mudslides and floods. The purpose of this work is the analysis of modern mathematical models for forecasting the maximum water levels and discharges of floods and the creation of a methodology for short-term forecasting of the flood flow of Transcarpathian rivers. Mathematical models of rain and snow-rain runoff of mountain rivers were developed as structural components of basin prognostic systems (in the Tysa basin - "Tysa", in the Latorica river basin - "LATORICA", 2011). Such models were created at the Ukrainian Research Hydrometeorological Institute of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine and the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (UkrHMI) https://uhmi.org.ua/dep/hydro/ and are implemented in the operational activities of the Transcarpathian Regional Center for Hydrometeorology http://gmc.uzhgorod.ua/vgpro.php. These models are conceptual with concentrated parameters and serve for short-term forecasting of runoff (discharges /levels) during rain and snow-rain floods and long-term forecasting of spring flood characteristics. In foreign practice, a new generation MIKE 11 modeling complex has been developed and is used in the operational practice of European countries. In UkrHMI, the adaptation of the NAM RR MIKE 11 hydrological model to calculation and forecast modeling of both average daily and maximum discharges of the mountain rivers of Transcarpathia (the rivers Tysa, Rika, Borzhava). The quality of NAM module calibration is related to the quality and availability of hydrometeorological data and the impact of anthropogenic activities on river flow. In addition, as part of the adaptation of the MIKE 11 model, predictive hydrological modeling was carried out based on the data of the WRF NMM mesoscale short-term weather forecast model and satisfactory results were obtained. The basis of the development of the method of forecasting the maximum flood water levels by the authors is the method of appropriate levels for the Tysa River, taking into account the data of automatic posts under different conditions of the formation and superimposition of flood waves along the river and its tributaries. The physical basis of the method of forecasting discharges and water levels in river sections is the Saint-Venant equation, which reflects the basic patterns of movement of river waves in a one-dimensional approximation. The essence of the method is to establish an empirical relationship between the appropriate levels (discharges) of water observed in the upper and lower reaches. The prematurity of the forecast is equal to the difference in the timing of the occurrence of such levels (discharges) in the specified creations. Thus, in order to warn about the negative consequences of passing the maximum water levels of floods of mountain rivers of Transcarpathia, which are caused by heavy precipitation or melting snow, it is carried out both when using modern prognostic mathematical models and when using the method of appropriate discharges or water levels.