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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydraulic policies'
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1
Ciullo, Alessio, Karin M. De Bruijn, Jan H. Kwakkel, and Frans Klijn. "Systemic Flood Risk Management: The Challenge of Accounting for Hydraulic Interactions." Water 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2019): 2530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122530.
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Rivers typically flow through multiple flood-protected areas which are clearly interconnected, as risk reduction measures taken at one area, e.g., heightening dikes or building flood storage areas, affect risk elsewhere. We call these interconnections ‘hydraulic interactions’. The current approach to flood risk management, however, neglects hydraulic interactions for two reasons: They are uncertain and, furthermore, considering them would require the design of policies not only striving for risk reduction, but also accounting for risk transfers across flood-protected areas. In the present paper, we compare the performance of policies identified according to the current approach with those of two alternative formulations: One acknowledging hydraulic interactions and the other also including an additional decision criterion to account for equity in risk distribution across flood-protected areas. Optimal policies are first identified under deterministic hydraulic interactions, and, next, they are stress-tested under uncertainty. We found that the current approach leads to a false sense of equal risk distribution. It does, however, perform efficiently when a risk-averse approach towards uncertain hydraulic interactions is taken. Accounting for hydraulic interactions in the design of policies, instead, increases efficiency and both efficiency and equity when hydraulic interactions are considered deterministically and as uncertain, respectively.
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Duarte Abadía, Bibiana, Rutgerd Boelens, and Lucas du Pré. "Mobilizing Water Actors and Bodies of Knowledge. The Multi-Scalar Movement against the Río Grande Dam in Málaga, Spain." Water 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030410.
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Just as in other parts of Spain, the Guadalhorce Valley, Málaga, has a long history of policies based on ‘hydraulic utopianism’ (regenerationist and Franco-ist), bent on ‘reorganizing’ political, geographic, and human nature. Residents of the neighboring sub-basin, the Río Grande valley, have seen how these policies, designed to transfer rural water to modern urban centers, have turned the Guadalhorce hydrosocial territory into a ‘hydraulic dystopia’. In this article, we examine how Río Grande valley residents mobilized to maintain control over the development and use of their resources, livelihoods, and knowledge systems, when modernist-urbanist policies planned to take their water from a major dam on the Río Grande. Interviewing actors at different scales we examined how this anti-dam movement organized massively in a creative, multi-actor, and multi-scale network. Our results also show that this unified, successful fight against the ‘common enemy’, the mega-hydraulic construction, has become more complex, as threats crop up not only from the ‘city over there’ but also from ‘internal’ hydro-territorial transformations. These sprout from policies to modernize traditional irrigation systems, supposedly to ‘save water’, but critical voices assume that it is all about passing on the ‘surplus’ to Málaga city, or using that water to expand agribusiness. We conclude that the challenge lies in critically integrating multiple forms of knowledge, stakeholders, and scales to both defend collective water management and creatively construct anti-hegemonic alternatives.
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Rizk, M. "Performance Requirements of Hydraulic Pumps/Motors Related to Non-Conventional Energy Sources." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power Engineering 203, no. 3 (August 1989): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_028_02.
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Hydraulic pumps/motors can be connected to different systems which utilize non-conventional energy. These systems produce unsteady output energy even when a control policy is adopted to stabilize it. Therefore, in such systems, hydraulic pumps/motors work under dynamic conditions. This paper presents examples of wind energy conversion systems with different control policies. The available daily wind-power distributions at El-Minia, Wadi El-Natrun and Hurghada in Egypt are calculated. A suitable cut-in wind power is chosen for each site. The maximum rate of change of the available power is determined. The starting input power required to drive a hydraulic gear pump and a hydraulic gear motor, experimentally measured, is compared with the cut-in wind power at the studied sites. An example of the speed dynamic response of the pump and motor is illustrated. The study in this paper reveals that specifications of hydraulic pumps/motors should include, in addition to the static performance, both their frictional torque and dynamic behaviour as well.
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Davis, Charles E. "Shaping State Fracking Policies in the United States." State and Local Government Review 49, no. 2 (June 2017): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x17712555.
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This article presents an overview of research focusing on how state and local governments have regulated oil and gas over the past decade following the expanded industry use of new technologies like hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and horizontal drilling. A consequence of fracking was a substantial increase in energy production accompanied by the emergence of policy concerns about how resource development and jobs could be balanced with efforts to maintain environmental quality. Researchers have dealt with three key concerns in the following sections: (1) determining whether state and local officials can each play an important role in developing policies affecting oil and gas drilling activities, (2) examining how state regulators deal with environmental and health impacts associated with fracking, and (3) looking at how state policy decisions have been shaped taking into account both state-level political and economic characteristics and agency resources and political will.
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Drusiani, R., P. Bersani, and P. Penta. "The ancient Lake Albano tunnel: origins and considerations regarding the hydraulic regulation achieved." Water Supply 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.031.
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A brief description of the geomorphological, historical, and archaeological aspects of the Colli Albani area, where the volcanic lakes of Albano and Nemi are situated, is followed by an examination on the problem of the policies of lake Albano regulation, by means of an ancient tunnel dating at least to the 5th century BC. In particular, it is investigated how, in the presence of even severe atmospheric phenomena, it was possible to control fluctuations in the level of the lake on the banks of which there were large settlements. Mathematical model simulations indicate the effectiveness of the ancient tunnel in achieving these objectives.
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Finkel, Madelon L., Jake Hays, and Adam Law. "Modern Natural Gas Development and Harm to Health: The Need for Proactive Public Health Policies." ISRN Public Health 2013 (May 16, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/408658.
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High-volume horizontal hydraulic fracturing of shale formations has the potential to make natural gas a significant, economical energy source, but the potential for harm to human health is often dismissed by proponents of this method. While adverse health outcomes of medical conditions with long latency periods will not be evident for years and will depend on the exposure, duration of exposure, dose, and other factors, we argue that it would be prudent to begin to track and monitor trends in the incidence and prevalence of diseases that already have been shown to be influenced by environmental agents. The dirty downside of modern, unconventional natural gas development, as well as the potential for harm, is discussed.
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Almeida, Maria Antónia. "The use of rural areas in Portugal: Historical perspective and the new trends." Revista Galega de Economía 29, no. 2 (October 16, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/rge.29.2.6750.
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The Portuguese landscape and its rural areas are the result of thousands of years of human presence, particularly since the late nineteenth century, when protectionist public policies were put in place to promote food self-sufficiency. During the Estado Novo regime, four main agricultural policies were enforced: wheat campaigns, internal colonization, agricultural hydraulic systems and reforestation. Nevertheless, there was a massive rural exodus, starting mainly in the 1960s, which resulted in the depopulation of 80 per cent of the territory. Nowadays, less than 20 per cent of the Portuguese population inhabits interior regions. This demographic change presents huge socio-economic challenges. Recently there have been new trends, based on land concentration and super intensive monoculture, which are incompatible with central and local governments’ policies and strategies to reverse depopulation. The sustainability of Portugal’s rural world, its landscape and the quality of life of its population are at risk. Four items were identified in this article: eucalyptus and pine forests, olive plantations, greenhouses and mining.
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COURTNEY, CHRIS. "At War with Water: The Maoist state and the 1954 Yangzi floods." Modern Asian Studies 52, no. 6 (July 17, 2018): 1807–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16001049.
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AbstractThis article offers a critical reappraisal of the Maoist state's response to the 1954 Yangzi floods. It uses a variety of sources, including previously classified government reports and oral history testimony, to challenge the official narrative. It argues that, far from being a remarkable victory for the new government, the flood was a humanitarian catastrophe that caused almost 150,000 deaths. Government hydraulic policies were partly to blame, as the vast majority of disaster victims were located in rural areas that were flooded deliberately in order to protect cities. In addition to revealing the true scale of the flood, this article uses the disaster as a prism to examine the early Maoist state. The government's combative environmental policies turned disaster governance into a war on water. This approach had certain benefits, particularly in terms of organizing an effective urban relief campaign. Unfortunately, campaign politics fostered an atmosphere of distrust, which encouraged many citizens to resist disaster-prevention policies. The example of the 1954 flood reveals the profound impact that a political context can have upon the outcome of a supposedly natural disaster.
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Zeng, Qingliang, Wenting Liu, Lirong Wan, Chenglong Wang, and Kuidong Gao. "Maintenance Strategy Based on Reliability Analysis and FMEA: A Case Study for Hydraulic Cylinders of Traditional Excavators with ERRS." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (November 19, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2908568.
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A simple and effective mechanical parts maintenance approach with lower cost is urgently needed by the cost-sensitive manufactures for traditional excavators (HE). This paper proposes maintenance strategy for hydraulic cylinders (HC) of HE with energy regeneration and recovery system (ERRS). Reliability analysis and FMEA of historical failure data are applied to make maintenance strategy. In this study, the failure data required for reliability analysis are collected from the manufacturers and users over two and a half years, Excel is used as statistical tool, Minitab is used for parameter estimation, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test is used to reject or accept the hypothesis of the distribution model. The reliability parameters R(t), Rset, and R∗(t) are determined and parameter β∗ is the reference value for making countermeasures and maintenance policies properly for the failure modes of the new HC of HE with ERRS. The purpose of this paper is to make proper maintenance policies and to maintain a high availability level and fulfill the user’s needs for HC, which also paves the way for further reliability study about ERRS.
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Xiang, Long, Guangbai Cui, Xing Chen, Qicheng Zhang, and Yongshu Zhu. "Systematic methodology and practice of a co-governance program for five waters in a typical area of China." Water Policy 17, no. 5 (March 24, 2015): 804–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.176.
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A co-governance program for five waters (CPFW), including sewage treatment, flood prevention, drainage, water supply and saving, is an innovative concept in water resource management. It includes current and near future system projects and advanced management policies for water utilization and protection. In this paper, the scientific connotation of CPFW is explained by multidisciplinary theory. Based on current guidance and technology, evaluation targets and water management countermeasures are specified. Combining hydraulic engineering and their characteristics, operable approaches for CPFW are suggested for projects' designation and construction. These approaches of CPFW are applied in a typical area. Systematic projects are composed of sewage interception projects, efficient water supply projects and hydraulic projects with ecological engineering. With the guidance of CPFW, all projects are connected together and their integrated benefits are evaluated in water saving, sewage drainage, increase in environmental capacity and ensuring security. The results show the CPFW is valuable and available both in theory and in practice.
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Sidek, Lariyah Mohd, Aminah Shakirah Jaafar, Wan Hazdy Azad Wan Abdul Majid, Hidayah Basri, Mohammad Marufuzzaman, Muzad Mohd Fared, and Wei Chek Moon. "High-Resolution Hydrological-Hydraulic Modeling of Urban Floods Using InfoWorks ICM." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 10259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810259.
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Malaysia, being a tropical country located near the equatorial doldrums, experiences the annual occurrence of flood hazards due to monsoon rainfalls and urban development. In recent years, environmental policies in the country have shifted towards sustainable flood risk management. As part of the development of flood forecasting and warning systems, this study presented the urban flood simulation using InfoWorks ICM hydrological−hydraulic modeling of the Damansara catchment as a case study. The response of catchments to the rainfall was modeled using the probability distributed moisture (PDM) model due to its capability for large catchments with long-term runoff prediction. The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) technique was used to obtain high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) data. The calibrated and validated model was first applied to investigate the effectiveness of the existing regional ponds on flood mitigation. For a 100-year flood, the extent of flooded areas decreased from 12.41 km2 to 3.61 km2 as a result of 64-ha ponds in the catchment, which is equivalent to a 71% reduction. The flood hazard maps were then generated based on several average recurrence intervals (ARIs) and uniform rainfall depths, and the results showed that both parameters had significant influences on the magnitude of flooding in terms of flood depth and extent. These findings are important for understanding urban flood vulnerability and resilience, which could help in sustainable management planning to deal with urban flooding issues.
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Mustaqim, Faisal, Wilson Kosasih, and Ahmad Ahnad. "Pemeliharaan Mesin Hydraulic Shear Menggunakan Pendekatan Reliability Centered Maintenance dan Manajemen Suku Cadang." Jurnal Rekayasa Sistem Industri 9, no. 3 (October 27, 2020): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/jrsi.v9i3.4023.153-162.
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Production equipment that has a high operating time becomes a vital aspect in supporting the operational system, and its maintenance becomes a critical point that must be planned. This research discusses maintenance policies that focus on machine reliability and parts availability to produce proper maintenance actions, optimal maintenance scheduling and good spare-parts management. The research was conducted on a developing manufacturing company engaged the field of agricultural aids in the city of Bekasi. This study focused on hydraulic shear machines because they have the largest downtime value of 8,344.8 minutes. This problem has a negative impact on the company because it can reduce the yield. Based on these conditions, the study was conducted using the Reliability Centered Maintenance method to update the maintenance patterns and Poisson Process to determine the number of component requirements needed for the next one year. The data obtained in the form of historical damage to the machine, component cost, labor cost and production cost. This research produces an optimal preventive replacement time interval that is every 154 hours for the oil seal component, 242 hours for the shear blade component, and 324 hours for the oil hydraulic hose (1/2") component. While the number of critical components required for the next 1 year is 37 units for oil seal component, 10 units for shear blade components, and 7 units for oil hydraulic hose (1/2") component.
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KIKUMORI, Yoshito, Wataru KAWATO, and Junichi YOSHITANI. "ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND PROGRAM DESIGN OF GENERAL-PURPOSE PLATFORM FOR HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS SOFTWARE." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 69, no. 1 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.69.1.
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OU, J. P., and H. LI. "THE REGIONAL ENGINEERING DAMAGE AND RECONSTRUCTION STRATEGY IN WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE OF CHINA." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 05, no. 02 (June 2011): 189–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431111000929.
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Wenchuan earthquake, occurred on 12 May 2008, has caused a catastrophe. This paper first presents an overview of this earthquake disaster. The characteristics of earthquake ground motion records are analyzed. The geohazards, seismic damage of hydraulic engineering structures, building structures, structures for transportation, and their chain effects are summarized. Policies and actions on emergency rescue, relief, settlement, earthquake damage assessment and evaluation, the plan on retrofitting school buildings, and recovery are also introduced. The status of the reconstruction is also surveyed and presented. Finally, the suggestions pertaining to key scientific and technological issues on earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation, and the systematic recovery actions are put on record.
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Hunt, J. C. R. "Inland and coastal flooding: developments in prediction and prevention." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363, no. 1831 (June 15, 2005): 1475–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1580.
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We review the scientific and engineering understanding of various types of inland and coastal flooding by considering the different causes and dynamic processes involved, especially in extreme events. Clear progress has been made in the accuracy of numerical modelling of meteorological causes of floods, hydraulics of flood water movement and coastal wind–wave-surge. Probabilistic estimates from ensemble predictions and the simultaneous use of several models are recent techniques in meteorological prediction that could be considered for hydraulic and oceanographic modelling. The contribution of remotely sensed data from aircraft and satellites is also considered. The need to compare and combine statistical and computational modelling methodologies for long range forecasts and extreme events is emphasized, because this has become possible with the aid of kilometre scale computations and network grid facilities to simulate and analyse time-series and extreme events. It is noted that despite the adverse effects of climatic trends on flooding, appropriate planning of rapidly growing urban areas could mitigate some of the worst effects. However, resources for flood prevention, including research, have to be considered in relation to those for other natural disasters. Policies have to be relevant to the differing geology, meteorology and cultures of the countries affected.
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van Staveren, Martijn F., Jeroen F. Warner, and M. Shah Alam Khan. "Bringing in the tides. From closing down to opening up delta polders via Tidal River Management in the southwest delta of Bangladesh." Water Policy 19, no. 1 (September 26, 2016): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.029.
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The southwest coastal delta of Bangladesh is not only geographically home to a dynamic interplay between land and water, and between fresh surface water and saline tides, but also to contentious debates on flood management policy. It has been argued that dealing with delta floods in this region boils down to adopting either open or closed approaches. This paper longitudinally structures the open-or-closed debate based on a number of emblematic water management projects in the region. Departing from a typical open wetland history, river and polder embankments increasingly started to constrain flood dynamics. Upheaval among rural populations in response to the negative impacts of hydraulic engineering plans and works coalesced in efforts to restore open approaches, synthesized in the Tidal River Management concept. Its resemblance to historic overflow irrigation is often used politically as a yardstick to challenge the dominant hydraulic engineering paradigm. This paper argues that dealing with floods in Bangladesh requires plans, policies and projects formulated against the historic background of complex interactions among social processes, environmental dynamics and technological interventions: a lesson to be incorporated in on-going policy-making processes and long-term delta management plans.
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Garrote, Julio, Andrés Díez-Herrero, Mar Génova, José Bodoque, María Perucha, and Pablo Mayer. "Improving Flood Maps in Ungauged Fluvial Basins with Dendrogeomorphological Data. An Example from the Caldera de Taburiente National Park (Canary Islands, Spain)." Geosciences 8, no. 8 (August 10, 2018): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8080300.
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Flash floods represent one of the more usual natural hazards in mountain basins, and, combined with the lack of reliable flow data and the recreational use of the drainage basin by tourists and hikers, there is a significant risk of catastrophe. Here, we present a dendro-geomorphological reconstruction of a past flash flood event in the Caldera de Taburiente N.P. (Canary Islands, Spain), an ungauged drainage basin in the SW side of the volcanic island of La Palma. We couple two-dimensional hydraulic modelling in a highly-resolved topographic environment (LiDAR data) with (1) peak flow data for various Tyear return periods from an uncalibrated hydrological model and (2) a data set of scars on trees, to investigate the magnitude of a 1997 dated flash-flood. From the results, flood hazards and associated risks would be clearly underestimated by using only the unique available hydrological data (a rainfall gauge station downstream of the study area). Hydraulic models using scars data show a higher flood hazard scenario, improving the flood hazard map by using all available flood evidence. Moreover, all this will allow for better implementation of appropriate adaptation policies by National Park managers, and therefore the mitigation of future disasters.
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Molina, José-Luis, Santiago Zazo, Ana-María Martín-Casado, and María-Carmen Patino-Alonso. "Rivers’ Temporal Sustainability through the Evaluation of Predictive Runoff Methods." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051720.
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The concept of sustainability is assumed for this research from a temporal perspective. Rivers represent natural systems with an inherent internal memory on their runoff and, by extension, to their hydrological behavior, that should be identified, characterized and quantified. This memory is formally called temporal dependence and allows quantifying it for each river system. The ability to capture that temporal signature has been analyzed through different methods and techniques. However, there is a high heterogeneity on those methods’ analytical capacities. It is found in this research that the most advanced ones are those whose output provides a dynamic and quantitative assessment of the temporal dependence for each river system runoff. Since the runoff can be split into temporal conditioned runoff fractions, advanced methods provide an important improvement over classic or alternative ones. Being able to characterize the basin by calculating those fractions is a very important progress for water managers that need predictive tools for orienting their water policies to a certain manner. For instance, rivers with large temporal dependence will need to be controlled and gauged by larger hydraulic infrastructures. The application of this approach may produce huge investment savings on hydraulic infrastructures and an environmental impact minimization due to the achieved optimization of the binomial cost-benefit.
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Acreman, M. C., and M. J. Dunbar. "Defining environmental river flow requirements – a review." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 5 (October 31, 2004): 861–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-861-2004.
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Abstract. Around the world, there is an increasing desire, supported by national and regional policies and legislation, to conserve or restore the ecological health and functioning of rivers and their associated wetlands for human use and biodiversity. To achieve this, many organisations have developed methods for defining “environmental flows‿, i.e. the flow regime required in a river to achieve desired ecological objectives. This paper reviews the various methods available and suggests a simple categorisation of the methods into four types: look-up tables, desk-top analysis; functional analysis and hydraulic habitat modelling. No method is necessarily better than another; each may be suitable for different applications. Whilst look-up methods are easy and cheap to apply, they can be expensive to develop, are less accurate and more suitable for scoping studies; in contrast, although hydraulic habitat modelling is more expensive to apply, it is suitable for impact assessment at specific sites. Each method would need to be used within a wider decision-support framework. These are generally either objective-based to define a target flow regime for a specific desired river status, or scenario-based to indicate the relative merits of various flow regime options for the river environment. Keywords: environmental flow, instream flow, river habitat modelling, building block method, flow scenario analysis, objective setting.
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Husain, Faisal H. "Water for the Saints of Baghdad: The Hydrology of a Sacred Ottoman Geography." Journal of Early Modern History 25, no. 4 (March 3, 2021): 319–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10025.
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Abstract Following the conquest of Baghdad in 1534, the Ottoman Empire pursued a wide range of policies to maintain the shrines of Muslim saints buried in the province, many of whom were revered by both the Sunni Ottomans and the Shiʿi Safavids. Ottoman endeavors entailed active management of the Tigris and Euphrates waters to provision inland shrines with water and guard those on the riverbanks from damaging floods. With a hydraulic infrastructure, the Ottomans appropriated the memories of the saints of Baghdad and reinforced their territorial claims to the province in the face of a rising Shiʿi power in Persia. The story highlights the political and religious dimensions of water control in a sacred geography as imperial conflicts within Islamdom and Christendom redrew the map of Eurasia.
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Ben Abdessalem, Wahiba, Sami Karaa, and Amira S. Ashour. "Renewable Energy Management with a Multi-Agent System." International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering 4, no. 3 (July 2015): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeoe.2015070104.
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Renewable energy generation (Wind, solar …) is rising rapidly around the world. Energy storage is being today realistic with some kind of variable renewable electricity sources such as the Pumped Hydraulic Storage (PHS). The incorporation of the PHS requires different policies since there are a variety of electric generation technologies that can be exploited commonly with the PHS. The energy management system, the scheduling of the generation units is a crucial problem for which adequate solutions can optimize the energy supply. This paper focuses on the applicability of the PHS technology in the development of renewable energy generation in Tunisia. This paper proposes also a multi agent system that can be implemented to simulate the exploitation of the PHS, commonly with other energy sources: conventional energy, wind energy, photovoltaic energy etc.
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Rizzo, Pietro, Emma Petrella, Antonio Bucci, Emma Salvioli-Mariani, Alessandro Chelli, Anna Maria Sanangelantoni, Melinda Raimondo, Andrea Quagliarini, and Fulvio Celico. "Studying Hydraulic Interconnections in Low-Permeability Media by Using Bacterial Communities as Natural Tracers." Water 12, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061795.
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Knowledge about the processes governing subsurface microbial dynamics in and to groundwater represents an important tool for the development of robust, evidence-based policies and strategies to assess the potential impact of contamination sources and for the implementation of appropriate land use and management practices. In this research, we assessed the effectiveness of using microorganisms as natural tracers to analyze subsurface dynamics in a low-permeability system of northern Italy. Microbial communities were investigated through next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene both to study hydraulic interconnections in clayey media and to verify the efficacy of outcropping clayey horizons in protecting groundwater against contamination. During the observation period, a rapid water percolation from the ground surface to the saturated medium was observed, and the mixing between lower-salinity fresh-infiltration waters and higher-salinity groundwater determined the formation of a halocline. This rapid percolation was a driver for the transport of microorganisms from the topsoil to the subsurface, as demonstrated by the presence of soil and rhizosphere bacteria in groundwater. Some of the species detected can carry out important processes such as denitrification or nitrate-reduction, whereas some others are known human pathogens (Legionella pneumophila and Legionella feeleii). These findings could be of utmost importance when studying the evolution of nitrate contamination over space and time in those areas where agricultural, industrial, and civil activities have significantly increased the levels of reactive nitrogen (N) in water bodies but, at the same time, could highlight that groundwater vulnerability of confined or semi-confined aquifers against contamination (both chemical and microbiological) could be higher than expected.
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Tilmant, A., W. Kinzelbach, D. Juizo, L. Beevers, D. Senn, and C. Casarotto. "Economic valuation of benefits and costs associated with the coordinated development and management of the Zambezi river basin." Water Policy 14, no. 3 (October 6, 2011): 490–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.189.
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The Zambezi river basin is of utmost importance to its riparian countries in terms of energy, food production and natural resources. Even though there is no legal agreement on the sharing of Zambezi waters, an assessment of basin-wide economically efficient allocation policies will provide valuable information at a time where water managers and policy makers in the region are negotiating the establishment of a unified river basin institution, called the Zambezi Watercourse Commission (ZAMCOM). That institution would be responsible for, amongst other things, the design of allocation rules. In this study, basin-wide allocation policies are derived from a hydro-economic model that considers the largest existing and planned hydraulic infrastructure and irrigation schemes in the basin. Our results illustrate that the economic value of water varies spatially, driven primarily by large changes in elevation and on the locations of existing or proposed dams. This observation may have implications for future decisions about the siting of expansions in irrigated agriculture. For example, some of the planned irrigation schemes in upstream countries are not economically sound if the power stations that are in an advanced planning phase are implemented. This study also reveals that the economic value of the three largest storage infrastructure (Kariba, Itezhitezhi, Cahora Bassa) is around US$443 million/year.
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Decaix, Jean, Anthony Gaspoz, Vlad Hasmatuchi, Matthieu Dreyer, Christophe Nicolet, Steve Crettenand, and Cécile Münch-Alligné. "Enhanced Operational Flexibility of a Small Run-of-River Hydropower Plant." Water 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13141897.
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Over the last two decades, the public policies for promoting new renewable energies allowed the growth of such energies around the world. Due to their success, the policies are changing, forcing the producers to adapt their strategy. For instance, in Switzerland, the feed-in tariff system has been modified in 2018 to promote an electricity production from renewable energies that matches the demand. For small hydraulic power plants owners, such a change requires to increase the flexibility of their fleet. The SmallFLEX project, led by HES-SO Valais, aims at demonstrating on the pilot site of Gletsch-Oberwald owned by Forces Motrices Valaisannes SA, the possibilities to increase the flexibility of the power plant and to provide new services. The paper focuses on the methodology followed to warranty the use of the settling basin, the forebay tank, and the third upper part of the headrace tunnel as a new smart storage volume. By combining laboratory tests, numerical simulations, and on-site measurements, the new range of operating conditions has been defined. These data can be used to foresee economic gains. The methodology and the outputs of the project can be useful for performing such a study on other power plants.
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Ebhota, Williams S., and Freddie L. Inambao. "Facilitating greater energy access in rural and remote areas of sub-Saharan Africa: Small hydropower." Energy & Environment 28, no. 3 (January 9, 2017): 316–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x16686448.
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Flowing water has hydraulic energy that can be transformed into electrical energy, sub-Saharan Africa has an abundance of hydro resources that are untapped. In this study, various barriers limiting the use of small hydropower to tap the abundant hydro potentials for power generation are discussed. These barriers include insufficient fund; lack of adequate manufacturing infrastructure; lack of adequate power generation and distribution policies; inaccurate hydrological data; insufficient human and power infrastructure capacities; and inadequate domestic and regional participation in design and manufacture of small hydropower component devices and systems. This study sees hydro as a cleaner energy source and small hydropower as the best power system for rural and remote areas and for stand-alone electrification. For power sustainability in the region, public–private partnership, domestication of small hydropower technologies and less reliance on foreign technologies and international support are key factors.
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Bottasso, Carlo L., Stefano Cacciola, Alessandro Croce, and Lorenzo Dozio. "Load Reduction in Lead–Lag Dampers by Speed-Scheduled Aperture and Modulated Control of a Bypass Valve." Journal of the American Helicopter Society 57, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/jahs.57.022005.
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Existing hydraulic dampers are passive devices, and their damping characteristics cannot be adapted to the varying damping needs of each different flight condition of a rotorcraft. Therefore, dampers and their interfaces to the rotor system are constantly subjected to large damping forces, which contribute to their damage and wear. In this work, we consider the possible use of a bypass valve as a means to reduce loads while still providing the required amount of damping for safe flight. Two different policies for the use of the bypass are considered: In the first and simplest of the two, the valve is opened of a constant amount, which varies only as a function of the vehicle flight speed, whereas in the second the valve aperture is modulated as a function of blade azimuth using a higher harmonic feedback law. The investigation on the load-reduction capabilities of the bypass augmented damper is conducted by using validated mathematical models of the A109E Power helicopter and of its damper. It is found that both policies are capable of delivering the required level of damping at substantially reduced loads, which for the speed-scheduled aperture drop at values that range between 30% and 60%, depending on the flight condition, of the loads generated by the standard passive device, and for the higher harmonic modulated law at values around 20%–25%.
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Duarte-Abadía, Bibiana, Rutgerd Boelens, and Tatiana Roa-Avendaño. "Hydropower, Encroachment and the Re-patterning of Hydrosocial Territory: The Case of Hidrosogamoso in Colombia." Human Organization 74, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0018-7259-74.3.243.
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Mega-hydraulic projects tend to produce severe social and environmental impacts, with burdens and benefits unevenly distributed among different social groups, regions, and scales. This triggers socioenvironmental conflicts, since “territory” has incommensurable functions and values for the diverse parties. This article examines the dominant human-nature interactions that underlie recent hydropower developments and the reconfiguration of the hydrosocial network in Colombia's Sogamoso basin. We use the Echelon of Rights Analysis (ERA) to examine conflicts over hydrosocial patterning, involving struggles over resources, norms, authority, and discourses. The Sogamoso mega-project highlights how modernist policies discursively frame clean energy, sustainable development, and public utility, while breaking up existing socioecological relationships and aligning water users, rights, and uses in new hydro-political network hierarchies. In Sogamoso, hydropower development discourse ends up declaring local subsistence activities illegal while denying existing rights frameworks. Therefore, crucial questions about water rights, legitimacy, and justice remain unasked and unanswered within political arenas.
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Nascimento, Lucigleide Nery, and Mimi Larsen Becker. "Hydro-businesses: National and Global Demands on the São Francisco River Basin Environment of Brazil." International Review of Social History 55, S18 (December 2010): 203–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859010000556.
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SummaryThe São Francisco River provided very obvious, close-by forms of sustenance for local communities. Beginning in the mid-1950s, the river became the place for large hydro-electric facilities, large-scale flooding, and population resettlement. A decade later, the federal government began working on pilot irrigation projects that would lead to areas described today as the Brazilian California. Hydro-power for Brazilian cities such as Recife and Salvador and irrigation for grapes and mangoes destined for the United States and Europe are among the eco-system services this river supplies. The purpose of federal policies for the north-east went beyond mitigation of the consequences of droughts, the hydraulic approach, and started to follow an economic approach based upon development; as a consequence, river and user came to be distant from one another. The two major intensive uses of the river, electricity and irrigation, threaten the long-term sustainability of this system.
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BA, Amadou. "Energy situation of Senegal: sub-sector of electricity." Journal de Physique de la SOAPHYS 2, no. 1a (February 13, 2021): C20A06–1—C20A06–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.46411/jpsoaphys.2020.01.06.
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Senegal's energy consumption is dominated by oil products and biomass. The electricity sub-sector, which accounts for only 10.4% of total energy consumption, far behind biomass 41.6% and oil products 39.2%, is remains dominated by thermal units. The objective of this study is to do an analysis of the electricity sub-sector. It shows a dependence on imports of oil and gas to meet our demand. Important policies have been developed to think about energy independence by exploiting our renewable energies potential, 5kWh / m² / day for solar, average wind speed estimated at 4m / s for wind. The liberalization of the energy market has allowed public and private investors to invest in this sector. The installed capacity has enabled Senegal to avoid the emission of 156.243 tons of CO2 per year with the six solar photovoltaic plants. Despite immense potential of renewable energies, their rate remain low in the power park and is estimated for (solar photovoltaic, wind and hydraulic) at 28 % in 2020.
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RASUL, GOLAM. "Political ecology of the degradation of forest commons in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh." Environmental Conservation 34, no. 2 (June 2007): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892907003888.
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Indigenous people have widely been blamed for degrading South Asia's montane forest resources through the practice of shifting cultivation, yet some studies have revealed that indigenous people used forests in a sustainable way for centuries until external intervention. The history of external intervention in the forests of South Asia is more than two centuries old. The process of degradation of forest resources requires understanding of the political and social processes that condition access, control and management of the land and resources involved. The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh, a part of the Himalayan region, underwent essentially the same socio-political and historical processes as many other countries in the region and had very similar experiences in forest management. By examination of policies and associated effects on CHT forest over the past two centuries, this paper reveals that the process of forest degradation in the CHT started during the British colonial period with the nationalization of forests, establishment of reserve forests (RFs), management of forests by government agencies and weakening of traditional institutions. The process of degradation was accelerated by: privatization of forest land for the promotion of sedentary agriculture, horticulture and rubber plantation; the construction of a hydraulic dam on the Karnafuli River; the settlement of lowland people; and the constant conflict between indigenous people and the Forest Department. The degradation of CHT forests is not only the result of traditional agricultural practices, but also of many other factors including inappropriate policies and programmes.
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Agbonaye, A. I., and O. C. Izinyon. "Best-Fit Probability Distribution Model for Rainfall Frequency Analysis of Three Cities in South Eastern Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 1, no. 1 (March 2017): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2017.01.0024.
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Rainfall frequency analysis is the estimation of how often rainfall of specified magnitude will occur. Such analyses are helpful in defining policies relating to water resources management. It serves as the source of data for flood hazard mitigation and the design of hydraulic structures aimed at reducing losses due to floods action. In this study rainfall frequency analysis for three (3) cities in South Eastern Nigeria were carried out using annual maximum series of daily rainfall data for the stations. The objective of the study was to select the probability distribution model from among six commonly used probability distribution models namely: Generalized Extreme value distribution (GEV), Extreme value type I distribution (EVI), Generalized Pareto distribution (GPA), Pearson Type III (PIII), log Normal (LN) and Log Pearson Type III (LP111) distributions. These distributions were applied to annual maximum series of daily precipitation data at each station using the parameters of the distributions estimated by the method of moments. The best fit probability distribution model at each location was selected based on the results of seven goodness of fit tests entry: root mean square error (RMSE), relative root mean square error (RRMSE), mean absolute deviation index (MADI) and probability plot correlation coefficient (PPCC), Maximum Absolute Error (MAE), Chi square test and D- Index and a scoring and ranking scheme. Our results indicate that the best fit probability distribution model at all study locations is GEV and this was used to forecast rainfall return values for the stations for return periods of between 5years and 500years. The values obtained are useful for planning, design and management of hydraulic structures for flood mitigation and prevention of flood damage at the location.
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Foolad, Foad, Trenton E. Franz, Tiejun Wang, Justin Gibson, Ayse Kilic, Richard G. Allen, and Andrew Suyker. "Feasibility analysis of using inverse modeling for estimating field-scale evapotranspiration in maize and soybean fields from soil water content monitoring networks." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 2 (March 2, 2017): 1263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1263-2017.
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Abstract. In this study, the feasibility of using inverse vadose zone modeling for estimating field-scale actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was explored at a long-term agricultural monitoring site in eastern Nebraska. Data from both point-scale soil water content (SWC) sensors and the area-average technique of cosmic-ray neutron probes were evaluated against independent ETa estimates from a co-located eddy covariance tower. While this methodology has been successfully used for estimates of groundwater recharge, it was essential to assess the performance of other components of the water balance such as ETa. In light of recent evaluations of land surface models (LSMs), independent estimates of hydrologic state variables and fluxes are critically needed benchmarks. The results here indicate reasonable estimates of daily and annual ETa from the point sensors, but with highly varied soil hydraulic function parameterizations due to local soil texture variability. The results of multiple soil hydraulic parameterizations leading to equally good ETa estimates is consistent with the hydrological principle of equifinality. While this study focused on one particular site, the framework can be easily applied to other SWC monitoring networks across the globe. The value-added products of groundwater recharge and ETa flux from the SWC monitoring networks will provide additional and more robust benchmarks for the validation of LSM that continues to improve their forecast skill. In addition, the value-added products of groundwater recharge and ETa often have more direct impacts on societal decision-making than SWC alone. Water flux impacts human decision-making from policies on the long-term management of groundwater resources (recharge), to yield forecasts (ETa), and to optimal irrigation scheduling (ETa). Illustrating the societal benefits of SWC monitoring is critical to insure the continued operation and expansion of these public datasets.
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de Souza Costa, Carlos Eduardo Aguiar, Claudio José Cavalcante Blanco, and José Francisco de Oliveira-Júnior. "IDF curves for future climate scenarios in a locality of the Tapajós Basin, Amazon, Brazil." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, no. 3 (January 16, 2019): 760–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.202.
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Abstract Changes in the global climate are attributed to the levels of greenhouse gases. Thus, future scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways – RCPs) have been developed to explore the impact of different climate policies on the world. The RCPs are essential tools for General Circulation Models (GCMs) to simulate future climate changes. Curves that associate Intensity, Duration and Frequency (IDF) are used in forecasts and are fundamental for the design of hydraulic projects and risk management. The objective of this study was to design IDF curves for the RCP 4.5 and 8.5, using data from the HadGEM2-ES, CanESM2 and MIROC5 models. The Equidistance Quantile Matching Method was used to design the IDF curves. The simulated curves presented differences when related to the existing curve. The largest differences were for the MIROC5 (146% in RCP 8.5) and the smallest differences were for the CanESM2 (−20.83% for RCP 8.5). This result demonstrates that the method incorporates changes in future climate variability. The spatial resolutions of each model influenced their IDF curves, which led the CanESM2 curves to not present satisfactory results that are different from the MIROC5 curves, which were the ones that best represented the possible future differences.
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Ramos, H. M., M. Mello, and P. K. De. "Clean power in water supply systems as a sustainable solution: from planning to practical implementation." Water Supply 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.720.
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Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources have drawn a greater attention by EU, in particular for climate change policies as it can substantially cut down CO2 emissions to meet EU environmental obligations. It is well established that in drinking pipe systems Pressure Reducing Valves (PRV) are used as a mean for excess energy dissipation for the purpose of pressure control. This type of solution can be adopted, as a mitigation method to control the system losses, in particular, the available overload, which must have to be dissipated to avoid leakage or rupture occurrence in the pipe system. The use of micro-hydro systems seems to provide a better approach as a sustainable solution in terms of controlling the system pressure as well as to provide a non-negligible income by producing clean energy. Computational simulations, experimental research and engineering project development are carried out to analyse and compare the hydraulic system behaviour between a PRV and a pump working as a turbine (PT). This research creates an important challenge for seasonal stabilization of the energy supply by using water supply systems, due to the stochastic nature of river-hydro resources.
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Rojas Venegas, Pablo M., and Christian D. Espinoza. "Habitat suitability for Chilean silverside (Basilichthys microlepidotus) in the Mataquito River, Maule Region: a geospatial approach." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 8 (2018): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17263.
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Habitat suitability for the Chilean silverside (Basilichthys microlepidotus) in the Mataquito River, located in the Maule Region, was evaluate using geospatial analysis tools. Data were recorded in 2011 (a total of 40 fixed sampling stations) along the Mataquito River, as a result of five limnological surveys (i.e. January, March, June, August and November) in order to characterise the habitat and estimate the abundance of the Chilean silverside in the river. Preference curves were used to describe the dependence of Chilean silverside on relevant physicochemical, hydromorphological and biological parameters. The habitat suitability model showed that the combination of relevant parameters can more accurately explain the presence of a high habitat suitability index in the middle and lower sections of the river, as well as the lower half of the upper section of the Mataquito River. The habitat suitability model provides a comprehensive overall vision of hydrological–hydraulic, morphodynamic and environmental phenomena that determine the dominant habitat for Chilean silverside in the Mataquito River. Understanding the bioecological aspects of Chilean silverside and the dynamics of the Mataquito River system contributes to the establishment of policies for river resource conservation at the local and regional scales.
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Teräväinen, Tuula. "Negotiating Water and Technology—Competing Expectations and Confronting Knowledges in the Case of the Coca Codo Sinclair in Ecuador." Water 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030411.
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Recent and on-going mega-hydraulic development in the global South implies profound socio-technical, ecological, territorial and cultural transformations at different levels and spaces of society. The transformations often involve conflicts and also new governance arrangements between different knowledge regimes, local practices and national and global frameworks of climate mitigation, water resources management and the green economy. Significantly, they also entail varying expectations concerning the meaning of water and the political promises of technology in advancing more sustainable futures. Drawing on sociological science and technology studies, particularly the sociology of expectations, this article analyses competing, parallel and confronting expectations regarding water and technology that different actors produce, negotiate and contest in the context of the recently launched 1500 MW hydropower megaproject Coca Codo Sinclair in Ecuador. It takes expectations as performative as they may shape and challenge policies, discourses, social interactions, institutions and power relations. By analysing and comparing these expectations, the article scrutinises the socio-technical imaginaries and related knowledge regimes they represent, derive from and support, and what kinds of repercussions these have in terms of water resources management in particular and sustainability governance in general.
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Bell, Adam N., Maria A. Hernandez, Kevin Kremer, and Daniel J. Mallinson. "Geologic History, Hydrology, and Current Public Policy: The Case of Radionuclides and Water Quality in Pennsylvania’s Marcellus Shale Region." Case Studies in the Environment 2, no. 1 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2018.001388.
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The natural gas industry is a boon to the economy of the United States and will continue to expand in the following decades. Hydraulic fracturing (fracking), however, produces much waste and it must be determined how to dispose of unwanted byproducts of natural gas drilling, such as produced wastewater, solid scale, and oil. Radionuclides such as uranium were deposited in the Marcellus Shale millions of years ago and are now being returned to the surface in produced water from fracking. The presence of radionuclides creates a policy conflict between laws that protect public health and the economics of disposing of produced water. This case study will help readers understand how geologic history, hydrology, and present policy are intricately related in Pennsylvania. It will address possible methods for handling wastewater—storage, reuse, treatment, injection wells, and transport—and the degree to which state and federal policies protect drinking water from produced water. In addition, the Radium Girls factory case from California helps readers consider how the mode of exposure matters for the effects of human contact with radionuclides. Students of environmental policy will be better able to understand the linkages between policy and the physical sciences.
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Ferrero Bermejo, Jesús, Juan F. Gómez Fernández, Fernando Olivencia Polo, and Adolfo Crespo Márquez. "A Review of the Use of Artificial Neural Network Models for Energy and Reliability Prediction. A Study of the Solar PV, Hydraulic and Wind Energy Sources." Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (May 5, 2019): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091844.
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The generation of energy from renewable sources is subjected to very dynamic changes in environmental parameters and asset operating conditions. This is a very relevant issue to be considered when developing reliability studies, modeling asset degradation and projecting renewable energy production. To that end, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models have proven to be a very interesting tool, and there are many relevant and interesting contributions using ANN models, with different purposes, but somehow related to real-time estimation of asset reliability and energy generation. This document provides a precise review of the literature related to the use of ANN when predicting behaviors in energy production for the referred renewable energy sources. Special attention is paid to describe the scope of the different case studies, the specific approaches that were used over time, and the main variables that were considered. Among all contributions, this paper highlights those incorporating intelligence to anticipate reliability problems and to develop ad-hoc advanced maintenance policies. The purpose is to offer the readers an overall picture per energy source, estimating the significance that this tool has achieved over the last years, and identifying the potential of these techniques for future dependability analysis.
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González Cubero, Josefina, and Alba Zarza Arribas. "The built memory: presenting the colonization villages in Spain by the newsreel of State NO-DO." SHS Web of Conferences 63 (2019): 10001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196310001.
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The newsreel of State used to show to Spanish society a determined image of architecture, conditioned by the political needs of Franco’s Regime. In this case, the subject of the cinematographic image of villages of colonization of the Tagus valley as presented by the NO-DO newsreel (Noticiarios y Documentales Cinematográficos) is studied. NO-DO was originally created as a propaganda tool and an instrument for the diffusion of “specially relevant” news from that time period. The analysis of the architecture built by the National Institute of Colonization (INC) and showed in different editions of the newsreel allowed us to understand the ideological approach made by the Regime to the Spanish countryside, through the model of colonization of the territory, and how building was used as propaganda. The urban model proposed was defined by civic centres –usually square-shaped-, and church towers as urban milestones set in the landscape. For this reason, politic demonstrations in the representative public spaces of villages, through the delivering of houses and rural property to settlers, incorporated the context and living conditions in which new villages were built. At the same time, the visits to irrigation farms, new irrigation canals, and hydraulic and hydroelectric infrastructures exemplify the agrarian and irrigation policies during the autarchy, whereas in the next decades, and because of the economic and social development of the countryside, news about reservoirs were just referred to sports and leisure activities. Therefore, these cinematographic images of buildings, irrigation policies and the modernization of rural landscape presented in cinemas through the NO-DO newsreel are relevant, since they build a collective memoryof the architecture and engineering of that time. They also document the social, politic and economic role that the creation of Spanish villages of colonization at river basins had, specifically in one of the biggest rivers, the Tagus.
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Ahmad, Firoz, Ahmad Yusuf Adhami, and Florentin Smarandache. "Neutrosophic Optimization Model and Computational Algorithm for Optimal Shale Gas Water Management under Uncertainty." Symmetry 11, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11040544.
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Shale gas energy is the most prominent and dominating source of power across the globe. The processes for the extraction of shale gas from shale rocks are very complex. In this study, a multiobjective optimization framework is presented for an overall water management system that includes the allocation of freshwater for hydraulic fracturing and optimal management of the resulting wastewater with different techniques. The generated wastewater from the shale fracking process contains highly toxic chemicals. The optimal control of a massive amount of contaminated water is quite a challenging task. Therefore, an on-site treatment plant, underground disposal facility, and treatment plant with expansion capacity were designed to overcome environmental issues. A multiobjective trade-off between socio-economic and environmental concerns was established under a set of conflicting constraints. A solution method—the neutrosophic goal programming approach—is suggested, inspired by independent, neutral/indeterminacy thoughts of the decision-maker(s). A theoretical computational study is presented to show the validity and applicability of the proposed multiobjective shale gas water management optimization model and solution procedure. The obtained results and conclusions, along with the significant contributions, are discussed in the context of shale gas supply chain planning policies over different time horizons.
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Kasiulis, Egidijus, Petras Punys, Algis Kvaraciejus, Antanas Dumbrauskas, and Linas Jurevičius. "Small Hydropower in the Baltic States—Current Status and Potential for Future Development." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 20, 2020): 6731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246731.
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Small hydropower (SHP) plays an important role in the Baltic States as a reliable and efficient source of electricity from renewable sources. This study presents the historical development, current status, and possible trends for the future development of SHP in the Baltic States with insights into the legal background and development policies for SHP in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. For the assessment of hydraulic structures in the Baltic States, the historical data was used supplemented with data from hydropower associations, the national departments of statistics, electricity transmission systems operators, etc. The currently recommended best practice for SHP development is the utilisation of existing sites with available infrastructure. These include old water mill sites and existing dam sites, which, in the Baltic States, number more than 1500. The majority of these sites have their power potential attributed to micro-hydro (<100 kW). In this study the potential of the hydropower capacity at historic, currently nonpowered dams is evaluated and the distribution of the micro-hydro sites within the EU network of protected areas under Natura 2000 and nationally designated areas is presented. The potential electricity generation from such historic sites in the Baltic States is more than 200 GWh/year.
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Zischg, Jonatan, Peter Zeisl, Daniel Winkler, Wolfgang Rauch, and Robert Sitzenfrei. "On the sensitivity of geospatial low impact development locations to the centralized sewer network." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 7 (February 13, 2018): 1851–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.060.
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Abstract In the future, infrastructure systems will have to become smarter, more sustainable, and more resilient requiring new methods of urban infrastructure design. In the field of urban drainage, green infrastructure is a promising design concept with proven benefits to runoff reduction, stormwater retention, pollution removal, and/or the creation of attractive living spaces. Such ‘near-nature’ concepts are usually distributed over the catchment area in small scale units. In many cases, these above-ground structures interact with the existing underground pipe infrastructure, resulting in hybrid solutions. In this work, we investigate the effect of different placement strategies for low impact development (LID) structures on hydraulic network performance of existing drainage networks. Based on a sensitivity analysis, geo-referenced maps are created which identify the most effective LID positions within the city framework (e.g. to improve network resilience). The methodology is applied to a case study to test the effectiveness of the approach and compare different placement strategies. The results show that with a simple targeted LID placement strategy, the flood performance is improved by an additional 34% as compared to a random placement strategy. The developed map is easy to communicate and can be rapidly applied by decision makers when deciding on stormwater policies.
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Stucki, Peter, Moritz Bandhauer, Ulla Heikkilä, Ole Rössler, Massimiliano Zappa, Lucas Pfister, Melanie Salvisberg, et al. "Reconstruction and simulation of an extreme flood event in the Lago Maggiore catchment in 1868." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 10 (October 23, 2018): 2717–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2717-2018.
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Abstract. Heavy precipitation on the south side of the central Alps produced a catastrophic flood in October 1868. We assess the damage and societal impacts, as well as the atmospheric and hydrological drivers using documentary evidence, observations and novel numerical weather and runoff simulations. The greatest damage was concentrated close to the Alpine divide and Lago Maggiore. An atmospheric reanalysis emphasizes the repeated occurrence of streamers of high potential vorticity as precursors of heavy precipitation. Dynamical downscaling indicates high freezing levels (4000 m a.s.l.), extreme precipitation rates (max. 270 mm 24 h−1) and weather dynamics that agree well with observed precipitation and damage, and with existing concepts of forced low-level convergence, mid-level uplift and iterative northeastward propagation of convective cells. Simulated and observed peak levels of Lago Maggiore differ by 2 m, possibly because the exact cross section of the lake outflow is unknown. The extreme response of Lago Maggiore cannot be attributed to low forest cover. Nevertheless, such a paradigm was adopted by policy makers following the 1868 flood, and used to implement nationwide afforestation policies and hydraulic structures. These findings illustrate the potential of high-resolution, hydrometeorological models – strongly supported by historical methods – to shed new light on weather events and their socio-economic implications in the 19th century.
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Cesano, Daniele, Emilio Lèbre La Rovere, Martin Obermaier, Thais Corral, Laise Santos da Silva, Nereide Segala Coelho, and Camila Garcia Neves. "As Experiências da Coalizão Adapta Sertão na Disseminação de Tecnologias e Estratégias de Adaptação à Mudança Climática para o Agricultor Familiar do Semiárido Brasileiro (The experience of the Adapta Sertão Coalition in Disseminating Climate Change...)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 4, no. 6 (April 19, 2012): 1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v4i6.232776.
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Este artigo descreve a experiência da coalizão Adapta Sertão na experimentação e disseminação de sistemas produtivos que possam tornar o agricultor familiar do Semiárido mais resiliente aos impactos da variação climática atual e da mudança do clima no futuro. Durante as experimentações, a coalizão teve que enfrentar várias barreiras ligadas à falta de integração entre políticas públicas existentes e projetos pilotos em comunidades locais. Hoje, a adaptação à mudança do clima não está sendo considerada na implementação de obras hídricas de pequeno e médio porte, que são de grande importância porque, geralmente, conseguem beneficiar as faixas de população mais pobres e mais suscetíveis aos impactos climáticos. As experiências mostram que é preciso desenvolver, com urgência, políticas públicas inovadoras que consigam integrar o acesso à água com a disseminação de tecnologias de adaptação e de sistemas produtivos mais resilientes à seca. Palavras - chave: medidas de adaptação, agricultura familiar, semiárido, tecnologia. The experience of the Adapta Sertão Coalition in Disseminating Climate Change Adaptation Technologies and Strategies for Family Farmers in Semi Arid Brazil ABSTRACTThis paper describes the experience of the Adapta Sertão coalition in testing and experimenting production systems that have the potential to make small farmers of semi-arid Brazil more resilient to current and future climate change impacts. During the different testing, the coalition had to overcome several barriers linked to a lack of integration between current public policies. For example, today climate change is not considered in the design and implementation of small and medium hydraulic infrastructures. This limits the benefits to the target groups (small farmers) that are more likely to be affected by climate change. The experiences show that it is urgent and necessary to develop public policies to better integrate access to water, dissemination of climate resilient technologies and implementation of production systems more adequate to the semi arid conditions. Keywords: adaptation measures, family farming, semi-arid, technology.
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Fusco, Francesco, Vincenzo Allocca, Silvio Coda, Delia Cusano, Rita Tufano, and Pantaleone De Vita. "Quantitative Assessment of Specific Vulnerability to Nitrate Pollution of Shallow Alluvial Aquifers by Process-Based and Empirical Approaches." Water 12, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010269.
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Shallow aquifers of coastal and internal alluvial plains of developed countries are commonly characterized by the challenging management of groundwater resources due to the intense agricultural and industrial activities that determine a high risk of groundwater contamination. Among the principal origins of pollution in these areas are agricultural practices based on the amendment of soils by nitrate fertilizers, which have been recognized as one of the most severe environmental emergencies for which specific policies and regulations have been issued (e.g., EU Directive 2006/118/EC). In such a framework, the results of research aimed at assessing the specific vulnerability of shallow alluvial aquifers to nitrate fertilizer pollutants by coupled process-based and empirical approaches are here proposed. The research focused on assessing the specific vulnerability to nitrate pollution of a shallow alluvial aquifer of the Campania region (southern Italy), which was selected due to its representativeness to other recurrent hydrogeological settings occurring in alluvial plains of the region and worldwide. In this area, 1D hydro-stratigraphic models of the unsaturated zone were reconstructed and applied for simulating the transport of nitrate pollutants at the water table and estimating the associated travel times. Numerical modeling was carried out by the finite differences VS2TDI code and considered a 10-year time series of rainfall and evapotranspiration as well as typical local farming practices of nitrate fertilizer input. Results of the travel time calculated for the 1D hydro-stratigraphic models considered and at different depths were recognized as a proxy to assess the specific vulnerability to nitrate fertilizer pollution. Among the principal outcomes is an empirical multiple correlation between the travel time of the nitrate fertilizer pollutant, water table depth, and equivalent saturated hydraulic conductivity of the unsaturated zone or hydraulic resistance, which was used to assess the travel time at the distributed scale over the whole area studied as well as the related specific vulnerability. Given such results, the coupled process-based and empirical approach is proposed as generally applicable for assessing and mapping groundwater vulnerability in shallow aquifers, for which detailed stratigraphic and piezometric data are available.
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Yiğen, Melek, and Murat Tekiner. "An Overview of Evapotranspiration Guide for Irrigated Crops in Turkey." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i2.266-274.2245.
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The “Action Plan for the Water Use in Agriculture Activation Program” in the Tenth Five-Year Development Plan, prepared by The Ministry of Development for the period 2014-2018, is one of the most important indicators of the increasing importance of water resources and irrigation. It’s published according to Blaney-Criddle method with the data of the Crop Evapotranspiration Guideline in 1982, for a guide to be updated by General Directorate of Agricultural Research And Policies (TAGEM) and General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) in 2013, using the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Penman Monteith method. While DSİ undertakes the calculation of reference plant water consumption (ET0), effective precipitation and irrigation water requirement of this update, TAGEM is responsible for the compilation of information obtained from irrigation researches, calculation of plant coefficient (kc) values, publication of guides in written and electronic media realized. In this study, five guides (Balıkesir, Çanakkale, Edirne, Kocaeli and Tekirdağ) in three different climatic regions (Akdeniz Ardı, Marmara and İç Geçit-Marmara) were used in this guide, which the two institutions jointly organize and update with intensive effort, TUIK 2012-2016 considering the data, the county made on the basis of agriculture and untreated plants, guide place whether to get cases examined, the importance and aspects to be developed contacts have tried to reveal.
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Bilașco, Ștefan, Sanda Roșca, Iuliu Vescan, Ioan Fodorean, Vasile Dohotar, and Paul Sestras. "A GIS-Based Spatial Analysis Model Approach for Identification of Optimal Hydrotechnical Solutions for Gully Erosion Stabilization. Case Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 4847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114847.
Full textAbstract:
The accentuated degradation of agricultural lands as a result of deep erosion processes is the main problem identified in abandoned agricultural lands under the rainfall intensities, increasing number of hot days, indirectly under the impact processes derived from them (soil erosion, vegetation drying, etc.), as well as inadequate or poor management policies implemented by local authorities. The present study aims to develop and present a methodology based on GIS spatial analysis to choose the best hydro-amelioration solution for the arrangement of a complex ravine that negatively affects the entire agroecological area in its immediate vicinity. The proposed model is developed on spatial databases obtained based on UAV flights, the simulation of flow rate values and the establishment of three hydraulic analysis models through the HEC-RAS software with the main purpose of evaluating the results and databases, in order to identify the best implementing model for the stabilization and reduction in erosion within the analysed area. The comparative analysis of the three analysed scenarios highlighted the fact that a dam-type structure with overflow represents the best hydro-ameliorative solution to be implemented in the present study. The accuracy of the obtained results highlights the usefulness of developing GIS models of transdisciplinary spatial analysis to identify optimal solutions that can be implemented in territories with similar characteristics.
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Francipane, Antonio, Dario Pumo, Marco Sinagra, Goffredo La Loggia, and Leonardo Valerio Noto. "A paradigm of extreme rainfall pluvial floods in complex urban areas: the flood event of 15 July 2020 in Palermo (Italy)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 8 (August 26, 2021): 2563–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2563-2021.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. In the last few years, some regions of the Mediterranean area have witnessed a progressive increase in extreme events, such as urban and flash floods, as a response to the increasingly frequent and severe extreme rainfall events, which are often exacerbated by the ever-growing urbanization. In such a context, the urban drainage systems may not be sufficient to convey the rainwater, thus increasing the risk deriving from the occurrence of such events. This study focuses on a particularly intense urban flood that occurred in Palermo (Italy) on 15 July 2020; it represents a typical pluvial flood due to extreme rainfall on a complex urban area that many cities have experienced in recent years, especially in the Mediterranean region. A conceptual hydrological model and a 2D hydraulic model, particularly suitable for simulations in a very complex urban context, have been used to simulate the event. Results have been qualitatively validated by means of crowdsourced information and satellite images. The experience of Palermo, which has highlighted the urgent need for a shift in the way stormwater in urban settlements is managed, can be assumed to be a paradigm for modeling pluvial floods in complex urban areas under extreme rainfall conditions. Although the approaches and the related policies cannot be identical for all cities, the modeling framework used here to assess the impacts of the event under study and some conclusive remarks could be easily transferred to other, different urban contexts.
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Wicke, Andrew, Thair Patros, and Gary Parkin. "Lateral groundwater flow and pond interactions during dry and wet years." SURG Journal 9, no. 1 (April 9, 2017): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v9i1.3821.
Full textAbstract:
Groundwater and surface water are tightly coupled elements of the hydrologic cycle that have often been treated as separate entities. Future climate change modelling has predicted that hydrologic cycle changes, namely increasing drought frequency and flood-type events, are likely to occur. These events may directly impact the quality and quantity of both groundwater and surface water. Future water management policies must therefore be based on an understanding of how interactions between groundwater and surface water will change with a warming climate. The aim of this study was to model and analyze the lateral flow of groundwater and its interactions with a nearby pond in a shallow, unconsolidated, unconfined aquifer. Data were collected as part of a larger and ongoing study during the year 2012, a comparatively dry year, and 2013, a comparatively wet year. We first used ArcGIS and Visual MODFLOW Flex to create a conceptual model of the system, its soil layers, monitoring wells, and potential flow patterns. We then analyzed hydraulic head data, and calculated groundwater flow volumes using the Dupuit equation. We found that the groundwater flow direction reversed in the summer of 2012 and continued until the spring of 2013. Additonally, flow rate was greater in 2013 than 2012. The flow reversal was likely caused by higher evaporative demand during the summer months of 2012, drawing substantially more water from the pond than from the soil. The two-year timeframe was not long enough to determine whether this was a typical, yearly pattern, or was primarily due to the fact that 2012 was a particularly dry year.
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Alvares Tenenwurcel, Marcelo, Maíse Soares de Moura, Adriana Monteiro da Costa, Paula Karen Mota, João Hebert Moreira Viana, Luís Filipe Sanches Fernandes, and Fernando António Leal Pacheco. "An Improved Model for the Evaluation of Groundwater Recharge Based on the Concept of Conservative Use Potential: A Study in the River Pandeiros Watershed, Minas Gerais, Brazil." Water 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041001.
Full textAbstract:
Water resources have been increasingly impacted due to the growth of water demand associated with environmental degradation. In this context, the mapping of groundwater recharge potential has become attractive to water managers as it can be used to direct public policies and conserve this natural asset. The present study modifies (improves) a spatially explicit model to determine groundwater recharge potential at the catchment scale, testing it in the Pandeiros River basin located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The model is generally based on the water balance approach and the input variables were compiled from institutional sources and processed in a Geographic Information System. The novelty brought by the aforementioned modification relates to the coupling of physical variables (conventional way) and land management practices (introduced here) in the estimation of a percolation factor. The role of land management practices for percolation was assessed by the so-called Conservative Use Potential (PUC) method, which classifies the areas of a river basin in terms of their potential for sustainable use. The results were validated by an independent method, namely the recession curve method based on the interpretation of hydrographs. In general, the groundwater recharge potential is favored in flat to gently undulating areas and forested regions, as well as where the landscape is characterized by well-structured soils, good drainage conditions and large hydraulic conductivity. The map of groundwater recharge potential produced in this study can be used by planners and decision makers in the Pandeiros River basin as a tool to achieve sustainable use of groundwater resources and the protection of recharge areas.