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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydraulic fracturing'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

W, Xiaoming. "Analytical Optimization of Hydraulic Fracturing." Journal of Energy and Environmental Science 2, no. 1 (February 6, 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jeesc-16000105.

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Hydraulic fracturing optimization is a critical aspect of improving the recovery of unconventional shale formation. This paper discusses the use of different types of proppants, rate optimization, and proppant amount optimization to improve hydraulic fracturing techniques. The paper begins with a discussion of proppant selection, which is a critical aspect of hydraulic fracturing. The authors highlight the importance of proppant endurance in holding the fracture opening and provide a range of proppants suitable for different confining pressures. Tables and charts are included to illustrate the permeability values of various proppants under different closure stress values. This section also emphasizes the significance of proppant shape in creating a more conductive path in the fracture. The next section of the paper discusses the methodology used in the study, including the Fracpro software simulation parameters. The authors then delve into the optimization of proppant specific gravity and the results of their experiments with five different types of proppants. The paper highlights the impact of proppant specific gravity on fracture width and dimensionless conductivity (FCD). The author also focusses on the optimization of pumping rate, which is an essential parameter of hydraulic fracturing operations. The paper includes simulation studies conducted to determine the effects of pumping rate on fracture parameters such as propped length and propped height. The authors highlight the relationship between rate and FCD and how it is affected by permeability values of the proppant. Finally, the paper discusses proppant amount optimization, which is a critical point of hydraulic fracturing optimization. The authors provide an overview of the results of the experiments conducted to determine the optimal amount of proppant required for different hydraulic fracturing operations. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights for researchers and engineers working to improve hydraulic fracturing techniques for tight shales formation. The authors use a combination of theory, experiments, and charts to provide a comprehensive overview of the various aspects of hydraulic fracturing optimization.
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2

Papanastasiou, Panos. "Hydraulic fracturing." Revue Européenne de Génie Civil 10, no. 6-7 (July 2006): 829–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17747120.2006.9692858.

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3

Pothukuchi, Kameshwari, Melissa Arrowsmith, and Natalie Lyon. "Hydraulic Fracturing." Journal of Planning Literature 33, no. 2 (October 26, 2017): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885412217733991.

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Food system and energy planners have given scant attention to the impacts on agrifood systems of a particular form of energy production—fracking—and its implications for planning and regulation. Impacts include those related to water availability and quality; land quality, use, and value; wildlife; labor costs; infrastructure and services; and the implications of boom and bust dynamics of these for the sustainability of agriculture and food systems. Planning is challenged by competing frames of economic and environmental benefits, lack of capacity, power imbalances, and sometimes state policy. This review maps research on these linkages, identifies elements of successful planning, and offers directions for future research.
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4

Qiao, Wei. "Research Status and Prospect of Hydraulic Fracturing Technology in Coal Mine." Scientific Journal of Technology 5, no. 3 (March 20, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/sjt.v5i3.4478.

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Hydraulic fracturing is one of the most effective methods to improve the permeability of coal seams at present. In order to promote the development of hydraulic fracturing technology in coal mines, the current development of hydraulic fracturing technology in coal mines is summarized from three aspects of hydraulic fracturing influencing factors, hydraulic fracturing methods and processes, and hydraulic fracturing effect evaluation. It is believed that the mechanism of hydraulic fracturing influencing factors, intelligent fracturing equipment, and systematic fracturing effect evaluation methods need further in-depth study.
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5

Pradipta, Adrianus, Alvin Derry Wirawan, Janico Saverson Mulia, and Muhammad Iqbal Prima. "Thru Tubing Fracturing Experience in Tight Sand Reservoir, Offshore North West Java." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 43, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.43.1.393.

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Lately, hydraulic Fracturing become common stimulation to improve economic by increase production and adding reserve through unconventional play from tight sand reservoir. The fracturing treatment creates highly conductive pathway to enhance production and well drainage which lead to add reserves. Mostly, Hydraulic Fracturing treatment had been performing in new development wells of infill wells. After successful resulted hydraulic fracturing campaign in new infill wells, there was a trial to perform hydraulic fracturing in existing well thru existing tubing completion. First well which was selected as first to perform remedial frac, thru tubing hydraulic fracturing is consider as a cheaper way to perform rigless hydraulic fracturing compare to hydraulic fracturing with rig. The main challenges during operational come from limitation of existing completion, several adjustment in design and operational should be perform to optimization during fracturing job. This paper presents the experience including fracturing limitation and fracturing design during performing first thru tubing hydraulic fracturing in tight sand reservoir in Offshore North West Java.
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6

Campos, V. P. P. de, E. C. Sansone, and G. F. B. L. e. Silva. "Hydraulic fracturing proppants." Cerâmica 64, no. 370 (June 2018): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132018643702219.

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Abstract Hydrocarbon reservoirs can be classified as unconventional or conventional depending on the oil and gas extraction difficulty, such as the need for high-cost technology and techniques. The hydrocarbon extraction from bituminous shale, commonly known as shale gas/oil, is performed by using the hydraulic fracturing technique in unconventional reservoirs where 95% water, 0.5% of additives and 4.5% of proppants are used. Environmental problems related to hydraulic fracturing technique and better performance/development of proppants are the current challenge faced by companies, researchers, regulatory agencies, environmentalists, governments and society. Shale gas is expected to increase USA fuel production, which triggers the development of new proppants and technologies of exploration. This paper presents a review of the definition of proppants, their types, characteristics and situation in the world market and information about manufacturers. The production of nanoscale materials such as anticorrosive and intelligent proppants besides proppants with carbon nanotubes is already carried out on a scale of tonnes per year in Belgium, Germany and Asia countries.
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7

Dantas, T. N. Castro, V. C. Santanna, A. A. Dantas Neto, and M. C. P. Alencar Moura. "Hydraulic Gel Fracturing." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 26, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/dis-200040161.

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8

Fattakhov, I. G., L. S. Kuleshova, R. N. Bakhtizin, V. V. Mukhametshin, and A. V. Kochetkov. "Complexing the hydraulic fracturing simulation results when hybrid acid-propant treatment performing and with the simultaneous hydraulic fracture initiation in separated intervals." SOCAR Proceedings, SI2 (December 30, 2021): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp2021si200577.

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The purpose of the work is to substantiate and formulate the principles of data generation with multiple results of hydraulic fracturing (HF) modeling. Qualitative data for assessment, intercomparison and subsequent statistical analysis are characterized by a single numerical value for each considered hydraulic fracturing parameter. For a number of hydraulic fracturing technologies, uncertainty may arise due to obtaining several values for the parameter under consideration. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the substantiation of a new approach for evaluating the obtained data series during hydraulic fracturing modeling. A number of data can be obtained both during the formation and modeling of several hydraulic fractures, and for one fracture when calculating in different modules of the simulator. As a result, an integration technique was developed that allows forming a uniform data array regardless of the number of elements in the hydraulic fracturing modeling results. Keywords: hydraulic fracturing; acid-proppant hydraulic fracturing; hydraulic fracturing of layered rocks; hydraulic fracturing modeling; pseudo-three-dimensional fracture model; data preparation; statistical analysis.
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9

Zhang, Yongjiang, Benqing Yuan, and Xingang Niu. "Response Characteristics of Coal-Like Material Subjected to Repeated Hydraulic Fracturing: An Evaluation Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Water Injection Pressure and Roof Stress Distribution." Shock and Vibration 2021 (May 27, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9931137.

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Conventional hydraulic fracturing has several disadvantages, including a short effective extraction time and low fracture conductivity during long-term extraction. Aiming at overcoming these shortcomings, a similar simulation test of repeated hydraulic fracturing was conducted in this study, and the evolutionary rules regarding the injection water pressure and stress distribution of the coal seam roof during this repeated hydraulic fracturing were revealed. The research results show that after multiple hydraulic fracturing, the number of cracks in the coal seam and the range of fracturing influence have increased significantly. As the number of fracturing increases, the initial pressure required for cracking decreases. The highest water injection pressure of the first fracturing was 2.8 MPa, while the highest water injection pressures of the second and third fracturing were 2.7 MPa and 2.4 MPa, respectively. As the number of fracturing increases, the area of increased stress will continue to expand. After the first fracturing, the impact radius of fracturing is 100 cm. After the second fracturing, the radius of influence of fracturing expanded to 150 cm. When the third fracturing was over, the radius of influence of the fracturing expanded to approximately 250 cm. It can be seen that, compared with conventional hydraulic fracturing, repeated hydraulic fracturing shows better fracturing effect. The research results can be used as a basis for repeated hydraulic fracturing field tests to increase coal seam permeability.
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10

Zhang, Xin, and Yuqi Zhang. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Basic Law of Dense Linear Multihole Directional Hydraulic Fracturing." Geofluids 2021 (July 21, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8355737.

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Using the dense linear multihole to control the directional hydraulic fracturing is a significant technical method to realize roof control in mining engineering. By combining the large-scale true triaxial directional hydraulic fracturing experiment with the discrete element numerical simulation experiment, the basic law of dense linear holes controlling directional hydraulic fracturing was studied. The results show the following: (1) Using the dense linear holes to control directional hydraulic fracturing can effectively form directional hydraulic fractures extending along the borehole line. (2) The hydraulic fracturing simulation program is very suitable for studying the basic law of directional hydraulic fracturing. (3) The reason why the hydraulic fracture can be controlled and oriented is that firstly, due to the mutual compression between the dense holes, the maximum effective tangential tensile stress appears on the connecting line of the drilling hole, where the hydraulic fracture is easy to be initiated. Secondly, due to the effect of pore water pressure, the disturbed stress zone appears at the tip of the hydraulic fracture, and the stress concentration zone overlaps with each other to form the stress guiding strip, which controls the propagation and formation of directional hydraulic fractures. (4) The angle between the drilling line and the direction of the maximum principal stress, the in situ stress, and the hole spacing has significant effects on the directional hydraulic fracturing effect. The smaller the angle, the difference of the in situ stress, and the hole spacing, the better the directional hydraulic fracturing effect. (5) The directional effect of synchronous hydraulic fracturing is better than that of sequential hydraulic fracturing. (6) According to the multihole linear codirectional hydraulic fracturing experiments, five typical directional hydraulic fracture propagation modes are summarized.
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11

Li, Ning, Heping Xie, Ziqi Gao, and Cunbao Li. "Study on the Hydraulic Fracturing Failure Behaviour of Granite and Its Comparison with Gas Fracturing." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 6, 2022): 14593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114593.

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Efficient technology is needed to realise reservoir stimulation for deep geothermal energy exploitation. However, the main control parameters of traditional hydraulic fracturing technology are not clear, as well as their coupling effects; besides, the damage mechanism of novel gas fracturing technology is still not determined, which restricts the mining of hot dry rock resources. Therefore, through a series of true triaxial hydraulic fracturing tests, this paper explores the coupling effect of horizontal stress difference and injection rate on hydraulic fracturing; then, the cohesive element is used to establish hydraulic fracturing and gas fracturing models under the same test conditions. Differences in fracture width and fracture network morphology between the two technologies were compared, and the rock-breaking effects in in-situ reservoirs were analysed. The results show that the breakdown pressure of granite increases gradually with the increase of injection rate, at the small horizontal stress difference; but this trend is opposite at the large horizontal stress difference. Under a higher horizontal stress difference, the increment of the maximum fracture width of gas fracturing becomes larger than that of hydraulic fracturing after increasing the injection rate. When the fracturing cluster spacing is reduced, the fracture width and length of gas fracturing gradually become larger than those of hydraulic fracturing; when the injection rate is increased, the hydraulic fracturing network becomes more complex than gas fracturing. This study can provide useful information for applying hydraulic fracturing and gas fracturing in deep geothermal reservoirs.
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12

Fu, Jun Hui, Guang Cai Wen, Fu Jin Lin, Hai Tao Sun, Ri Fu Li, and Wen Bin Wu. "Coal Mine Hydraulic Fracturing Underground Drainage Research and Engineering Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 863 (February 2017): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.863.334.

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Using elastic mechanics and fracture mechanics, analyzing the coal seam hydraulic fracturing breakdown pressure, given its theoretical formula. According to hydraulic fracturing stress status, given the form of two typical hydraulic fracture morphology. Analyzing hydraulic fracturing highly elliptical shape. The displacement field in plane stress state is given, and the theoretical formula of fracturing radius of hydraulic fracturing is deduced. The fracturing technology of underground fracturing is presented, and the fracturing location and fracturing parameters are determined. In Sihe Coal Mine conducted fracturing test, the test results showed that: the average of drainage volume of fracturing hole improved 4.4 times compared with non-pressed-hole. The extraction compliance time is reduced by 38%. Roadway tunneling speed was improved by 15%. It can solve the problem of gas overrun in roadway excavation well, and has a good application and popularization value.
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13

Gao, Song, Bu Chuan Wang, and Wen Bin Wu. "Study and Application of Hydraulic Fracturing Technology to Increase Permeability in Soft and Low Permeability Coal Seam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 700 (December 2014): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.700.553.

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In order to improve gas drainage of soft and outstanding coal seam in Huainan mine area, for eliminating outburst hazard, hydraulic fracturing is applied at west one (13-1) rock cross-cut coal uncovering face. By analysising antireflection mechanism of hydraulic fracturing, hydraulic fracturing is designed and construct at rock cross-cut coal uncovering face, and then investigate the effect of hydraulic fracturing, at last it get a hydraulic fracturing complete set of technical system.
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14

Oetomo, H. K., D. Sulistyanto, M. Romli, V. Veronica, and R. S. P. Sunjaya. "Tunnel Hydraulic Fracturing evaluation and comparing with conventional hydraulic fracturing computation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1098, no. 6 (March 1, 2021): 062038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1098/6/062038.

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15

Jia, Suo Gang, and Yong Tian. "Development of Hydraulic Fracturing New Technique." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 1378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.1378.

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Introducing several new types of fracturing fluid which consist the low damage fracturing fluid (HPF), a new clean fracturing fluid (EFAS), alcohol radical fracturing fluid, summarizing several new technology such as floating prop pant fracturing technology, end sand strip controlling seam height fracturing technology, hydraulic injection layer fracturing technology and seam height controlled technology during fracturing, analyzing the corresponding fracturing Modification Techniques of different reservoir types. Developing the hydraulic fracturing technology for their oil fields based on the study at home and abroad is proposed.
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16

Shen, Kun, Bin Li, Zhan Wei Huang, Liang Guo, Yu Chao Zhang, Qing Mei Luo, and Jun Gang Hou. "The Initiation Pressure Research of Hydrajet Fracturing in Open Deviated Wellbore." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.517.

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Hydrajet fracturing connects hydraulic perforating and hydraulic fracturing together, realizing precise perforating and fracturing without packers, and it reduces the pollution to the reservoir. Initiation pressure is a very important factor during hydrajet fracturing operation. Through contrast studies of hydraulic fracturing and hydrajet fracturing, comparing their similarities and differences, analyze the initiation mechanism of hydrajet fracturing in open deviated wellbore. The derived formula of initiation pressure can help guide parameter optimization during fracturing.
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17

Guo, Yanbao, Min Zhang, Hui Yang, Deguo Wang, Melvin A. Ramos, Travis Shihao Hu, and Quan Xu. "Friction Challenge in Hydraulic Fracturing." Lubricants 10, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10020014.

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Hydraulic fracturing has become one of the most popular techniques for exploring sustainable energy sources. However, friction is associated with the entire fracturing process, presenting significant challenges for development. Facing the huge friction challenges, this review is elaborated in the following three aspects: (1) the fundamentals of hydraulic fracturing, including three aspects of rock fracture mechanism, fracturing fluid, and proppant; (2) the friction challenges in hydraulic fracturing, which mainly exist in friction along the path and friction near wellbore; (3) hydraulic fracturing drag reduction technologies, which are considered proppant segment plug, fracturing fluid viscosity enhancement, and proppant surface modification technologies. Therefore, we should not only understand the challenges in hydraulic fracturing but also know how to mitigate them. Additionally, we call for a strong focus on environmentally friendly, green friction-reducing technologies for oil and gas fields in the future development of the fracturing industry.
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18

Wang, Yuan, Liguo Zhong, Xiaoguang Sun, Yanqing Feng, and Haikun Lin. "Analysis of the Influence of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid Velocity on Fracture Propagation." Geofluids 2023 (May 19, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2557871.

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To reveal the influence of fracturing fluid velocity on hydraulic fracturing fracture propagation, a hydraulic fracturing numerical model was established based on a coalbed methane (CBM) field in the northeast of China. The influence of fracturing fluid velocity on hydraulic fracturing fracture propagation is mainly investigated, and the relationship between fracturing fluid velocity and fracture tip displacement is obtained. The results show that the fracture front presents different morphological characteristics at different times of fracturing. The larger the fracturing fluid velocity, the larger the fracture length and width after the same time of hydraulic fracturing. However, the fracture length will not increase indefinitely; the fracture will stop spreading when the injected fluid reaches a balance with the fluid that is permeated or filtered from the fracture surface. With the increase in fracturing fluid velocity, the fracture length increases logarithmically and gradually flattens out. The research conclusion provides a certain reference for improving the fracture propagation effect of hydraulic fracturing.
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19

Khuzina, L. B., S. V. Lyubimova, and I. G. Fattakhov. "Analysis of patent and scientific literature in the field of hydraulic fracturing." Bulletin of Russian academy of natural sciences 24, no. 1 (2024): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52531/1682-1696-2024-24-1-35-38.

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The article searches and analyzes patent and scientific literature in the field of application of hydraulic fracturing technologies. A review and analysis of publications from open sources is presented, in which articles and abstracts on technologies used during hydraulic fracturing were published. As a result, leading journals were identified that presented publications on applied hydraulic fracturing technologies. The leaders in the publication of articles related to hydraulic fracturing technologies are: Bulletin of Science, Exposition “Oil, Gas”. A search and analysis of patent documentation for hydraulic fracturing technologies that are directly used in the Russian Federation was also carried out. Patent analysis showed that the main patent holder for technologies used during hydraulic fracturing in the Russian Federation is the Public Joint Stock Company Tatneft named after V.D. Shashin. This analysis will allow us to assess the potential of solutions proposed by scientific and industrial teams in the field of hydraulic fracturing.
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20

Guo, Liangliang, Zihong Wang, Yanjun Zhang, Zhichao Wang, and Haiyang Jiang. "Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Hydraulic Fracturing under High Temperature and Embedded Fractures in Large Concrete Samples." Water 12, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 3171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113171.

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In order to study the mechanism of hydraulic fracturing in enhanced geothermal systems, we analyzed the influence of high temperatures and embedded fractures on the initiation and propagation of hydraulic fractures using a laboratory test and numerical simulation. The analysis was conducted via large-scale true triaxial hydraulic fracturing tests with acoustic emission monitoring. Moreover, we discussed and established the elastic-plastic criterion of hydraulic fracturing initiation. The corresponding fracturing procedure was designed and embedded into the FLAC3D software. Then, a numerical simulation was conducted and compared with the laboratory test to verify the accuracy of the fracturing procedure. The influence of high temperatures on hydraulic fracturing presented the following features. First, multi-fractures were created, especially in the near-well region. Second, fracturing pressure, extension pressure, and fracture flow resistance became larger than those at room temperature. 3D acoustic fracturing emission results indicated that the influence of the spatial distribution pattern of embedded fractures on hydraulic fracturing direction was larger than that of triaxial stress. Furthermore, the fracturing and extension pressures decreased with the increase of embedded fracture density. For hydraulic fracturing in a high temperature reservoir, a plastic zone was generated near the borehole, and this zone increased as the injection pressure increased until the well wall failed.
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21

Yongpeng, Fan, Shu Longyong, Huo Zhonggang, Hao Jinwei, and Yang Li. "Numerical Simulation Research on Hydraulic Fracturing Promoting Coalbed Methane Extraction." Shock and Vibration 2021 (July 13, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3269592.

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Although hydraulic fracturing technology has been comprehensively investigated, few scholars have studied the influence of hydraulic fracturing on the effect of coalbed methane (CBM) extraction, and few considered the interaction between water and CBM in the research process, which is not conducive to guiding the engineering design of hydraulic fracturing wells. In this work, a hydraulic-mechanical-thermal coupled model for CBM extraction in hydraulic fracturing well is established; it combines gas-liquid two-phase infiltration, where nonisothermal adsorption is also considered. The COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to carry out the numerical simulation study of the CBM extraction process in hydraulic fracturing well and analyze the influence of coalbed permeability, initial methane pressure, and fracture length on CBM extraction in hydraulic fracturing well, and the results show that the hydraulic-mechanical-thermal coupled model for CBM extraction can be used for CBM extraction research in hydraulic fracturing well. The initial coalbed permeability, initial gas pressure, and fracture length all affect the migration speed of CBM to surface well in different ways and have a greater impact on the CBM production rate of hydraulic fracturing well. The greater the initial coalbed permeability and methane pressure are, the longer the fracture length is and the greater the CMB production rate of hydraulic fracturing well is. The change trend of coalbed permeability during the extraction process of surface fracturing well is directly related to the state of the reservoir. The factors of stress, temperature, and CBM desorption jointly determine the increase or decrease of coal seam permeability.
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22

Ovchinnikov, V. P., D. S. Gerasimov, P. V. Ovchinnikov, Ya M. Kurbanov, and A. F. Semenenko. "ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF USING BIOPOLYMERS FOR HYDRAULIC FRACTURING FLUIDS." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2017-3-76-80.

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Hydraulic fracturingis the most appropriate technological method of stimulating reservoir fluid inflow into the well bore. The efficiency of this method is determined by the properties of disperse and dispersion media. The article gives analysis of various types of fracturing fluids and shows promising applications of biopolymer dispersion media. The authors proposed a composition of fracturing fluids with a biopolymer and destructor.
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23

Sheng, Yong, Marina Sousani, Derek Ingham, and Mohamed Pourkashanian. "Recent Developments in Multiscale and Multiphase Modelling of the Hydraulic Fracturing Process." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/729672.

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Recently hydraulic fracturing of rocks has received much attention not only for its economic importance but also for its potential environmental impact. The hydraulically fracturing technique has been widely used in the oil (EOR) and gas (EGR) industries, especially in the USA, to extract more oil/gas through the deep rock formations. Also there have been increasing interests in utilising the hydraulic fracturing technique in geological storage of CO2in recent years. In all cases, the design and implementation of the hydraulic fracturing process play a central role, highlighting the significance of research and development of this technique. However, the uncertainty behind the fracking mechanism has triggered public debates regarding the possible effect of this technique on human health and the environment. This has presented new challenges in the study of the hydraulic fracturing process. This paper describes the hydraulic fracturing mechanism and provides an overview of past and recent developments of the research performed towards better understandings of the hydraulic fracturing and its potential impacts, with particular emphasis on the development of modelling techniques and their implementation on the hydraulic fracturing.
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24

Yang, Tian Hong, Hong Lei Liu, Qing Lei Yu, and Shi Kuo Chen. "Simulation Study of Hydraulic Fracturing Mechanism with Heterogeneous Material." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.993.

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first of all, this paper intensive studies the hydraulic fracturing mechanism of heterogeneous material resultant from the seepage – damage coupling, based on which, the coupled seepage and damage effects during hydraulic fracturing is investigated, and the difficulties of hydraulic fracturing study are how to determine failure modes and breakdown pressure. By using numerically testing method, the mechanical mechanism of hydraulic fracturing under asymmetric distribution of pore pressure with three holes, including fracture patterns, stress flied distribution, initial fracturing pressure and breakdown pressure, was studied by using theFSDmodel. According to the results of this research, crack extension direction of hydraulic fracturing is influenced not only by the local pore pressure around crack tip, but also by the gradient distribution of macro pore water pressure. The fracturing direction always propagates towards the regions of higher local pore pressure and breakdown pressure decreases with the increasing of local pore pressure. These results are well aggress with the results in the experiments. This research has important theoretical and engineering value. In engineering practice, we can use the porous asymmetric hydraulic fracturing technology to control the direction of crack propagation. Keywords: hydraulic fracturing; numerical simulation; heterogeneous material; asymmetrical
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25

Kopeikin, I. S. "Development of a packer with an activation tool for the liner extension hanger in the interval of a horizontal open well." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 032071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/981/3/032071.

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Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is one of the main methods for stimulating production and putting into development non-drained hydrocarbon reserves. Its natural development is the use of hydraulic fracturing in the horizontal interval of an open hole using several ports, isolated from each other by special elastomers. One of the main and important elements in multiport hydraulic fracturing technologies is a liner hanger packer in an open interval of a horizontal well. Depending on the technology used in multiport hydraulic fracturing, a large number of liner hangers of different types are distinguished. This article discusses the design and principle of operation of a packer for suspending a non-cemented liner of a multiport hydraulic fracturing assembly in an open interval of a horizontal well, as well as the design of a hydraulic activation tool for the above packer. The technical system, consisting of a packer and a hydraulic activation tool to it, makes it possible to install a multiport hydraulic fracturing liner in the well with subsequent disconnection of the drill pipes and their extraction from the well together with the hydraulic activation tool. In addition, the design of the packer allows the connection of production tubing to perform hydraulic fracturing technology in the horizontal section of the open hole. The design of the hydraulic activation tool allows it to be reused after being pulled out of the well when running other liners of multiport hydraulic fracturing.
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26

Zhang, Xin, and Mei Yin. "Investigation of the Hydraulic Fracture Propagation Law of Layered Rock Strata Using the Discrete-Particle Model." Geofluids 2022 (April 26, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8038085.

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Hydraulic fracturing is a rock structure transformation method that significantly weakens the mechanical properties of the hard roof strata. Considering the poor hydraulic fracturing effect of special structure such as composite layered rock, this paper carries out hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation experiments and compares the hydraulic fracture morphology and bedding plane interaction mode under different injection rate and injection modes. The experimental results show that the bedding plane can change the trajectory and propagation direction of hydraulic fracture. Under the low injection rate, hydraulic fracturing is conducive to open the bedding plane, but the expansion length of the main hydraulic fracture is easy to be limited. Under the high injection rate, the hydraulic fracture can extend for a long distance. But the fracture morphology tends to be slender and single, which is not conducive to the formation of fracture network. Compared with conventional hydraulic fracturing, stepped variable injection rate hydraulic fracturing can activate more bedding planes, so as to improve the effect of rock strata transformation. The experimental results are instructive in achieving effective control of composite layered rock.
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Zhang, Xin, and Mei Yin. "Investigation of the Hydraulic Fracture Propagation Law of Layered Rock Strata Using the Discrete-Particle Model." Geofluids 2022 (April 26, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8038085.

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Hydraulic fracturing is a rock structure transformation method that significantly weakens the mechanical properties of the hard roof strata. Considering the poor hydraulic fracturing effect of special structure such as composite layered rock, this paper carries out hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation experiments and compares the hydraulic fracture morphology and bedding plane interaction mode under different injection rate and injection modes. The experimental results show that the bedding plane can change the trajectory and propagation direction of hydraulic fracture. Under the low injection rate, hydraulic fracturing is conducive to open the bedding plane, but the expansion length of the main hydraulic fracture is easy to be limited. Under the high injection rate, the hydraulic fracture can extend for a long distance. But the fracture morphology tends to be slender and single, which is not conducive to the formation of fracture network. Compared with conventional hydraulic fracturing, stepped variable injection rate hydraulic fracturing can activate more bedding planes, so as to improve the effect of rock strata transformation. The experimental results are instructive in achieving effective control of composite layered rock.
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28

Wang, Kai, Xiang Zhang, Haijun Guo, Qiang Fu, Dengke Wang, Hang Zhang, and Fangchao Lu. "Experimental Study on Hydraulic Fracturing of Laminated Sandstone Combined with Industrial CT and L-NMR." Geofluids 2022 (July 13, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5716346.

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Hydraulic fracturing in the immediate roof is a suitable method to increase the permeability of soft outburst coal seam. In this work, the propagation law of hydraulic fractures in laminated virgin sandstone and the change of microstructure after hydraulic fracturing were revealed. The results show that the hydraulic fracturing pressure of sandstone with different bedding angles is 15.69~22.17 MPa. In the experiments, the hydraulic fractures extend through the bedding planes when the bedding angle is 45°. When the bedding angle is 0°, 15°, 30°, or 60°, the hydraulic fracture is prone to extend along a bedding plane. The hydraulic fracture in sandstone is jointly determined by the internal fractures and the cementation strengths of the bedding planes. The internal fractures may not necessarily guide the extension of the hydraulic fractures. The hydraulic fracturing pressures of the samples affected by the bedding plane and internal fractures are significantly lower than that of samples with uniform strength. Besides, hydraulic fracturing cannot change the connectivity between pores. The hydraulic fractures are the main channel for gas migration. The results can provide some guidance for the design and application of hydraulic fracturing in the immediate roof of the soft outburst coal seam.
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29

Turley, Bethani, and Martina Angela Caretta. "Household Water Security: An Analysis of Water Affect in the Context of Hydraulic Fracturing in West Virginia, Appalachia." Water 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010147.

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Hydraulic fracturing has been booming in the last decade in the United States. While natural gas extraction and production has improved the national energy security, it has raised questions around the water security of those communities where extraction is taking place. Both scientists and residents are concerned about hydraulic fracturing’s impacts on surface- and groundwater, especially regarding how hydraulic fracturing impacts residents’ access to safe household well water. In the past decade, the Marcellus Shale has been developed in Northwestern West Virginia, yet the human geography dimensions of oil and gas extraction in West Virginia remain to be investigated. This article, based on 30 in-depth interviews, explores household groundwater insecurity due to hydraulic fracturing experienced by residents (i.e., mineral owners, surface owners, and concerned citizens) in Northwestern West Virginia. The concept of water affect is used to attend to the emotional and subjective dimensions of water security by unveiling the power, emotional struggles, and mental stress inherent in water testing practices and environmental regulation around hydraulic fracturing. Water testing is typically conducted by contractors hired by oil and gas companies, but it is mired in delayed test results and incorrect testing procedures, triggering residents’ negative feelings toward oil and gas companies. This article furthers the understanding of water security, commonly defined in terms of individual access to adequate water quality and quantity, by studying Appalachian residents’ anxieties about well water contamination and uncertainty around the long-term water impacts of hydraulic fracturing. By investigating the uneven power relations around groundwater in West Virginia, the emotional experiences and responses are articulated to further the notion of water affect as impacting household groundwater security.
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30

Yin, Yanchun, Xingxue Tang, Yubao Zhang, Zhi Wang, and Xinyuan Wang. "A Study on Stress Redistribution of Roadway Sidewall after Hydraulic Fracturing in Coal Bumps Prevention." Shock and Vibration 2022 (January 28, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1333711.

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Hydraulic fracturing is an effective mean to prevent coal bumps in deep coal mining. The calculation of stress redistribution of coal sidewall after hydraulic fracturing can evaluate the fracturing effect and provide a reference for the hydraulic fracturing scheme design. In this paper, a theoretical model of stress redistribution of roadway sidewall after hydraulic fracturing is established with considering the effect of crushing zone. And the influences of the water injection length and the fracturing radius on the stress redistribution of roadway sidewall are investigated. The results show that the water injection section should be set at a deeper position with considering the existence of the crushing zone. The coal roadway sidewall after hydraulic fracturing is divided into five zones: the crushing zone, the shallow plastic zone, the pressure relief zone, the deep plastic zone, and the elastic zone. The stress redistribution law is obviously affected by the water injection section length and fracturing radius. With the increase of water injection length or fracturing radius, the pressure relief effect is more evident, but the axial force of rockbolt increases gradually. In order to acquire a better pressure relief effect, the matching of the water injection length and the fracturing radius should be considered crucially in the hydraulic fracturing design for preventing coal bumps.
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31

Li, G., Lian Chong Li, and Chun An Tang. "Study on the Mechanisms of Hydraulic Fracturing Crack Initiation and Propagating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 188 (June 2012): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.188.101.

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The hydraulic fracturing technology is widely used in the forefront of engineering and production, the mechanisms of hydraulic fracturing crack initiation and propagating are the core content of hydraulic fracturing research. We explain the tensile mechanism of rock under the hydraulic effect, give the two forms of the crack initial water pressure (total stress and effective stress expression) in detail. From the results of theoretical analysis, experiment and numerical simulation we discriminate the mechanisms of hydraulic fracturing crack propagating, which show that cracks are distributed in the minimum principal stress plane under different stress situations. Furthermore, the injection rate is an important influencing factor. The study is valuable to the engineering design of hydraulic fracturing.
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32

Liangwei, LI. "Development status and Prospect of directional hydraulic fracturing technology for coal mine roof." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 01043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019401043.

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Aiming at the harm and control methods of thick and hard roof in coal mine, the paper firstly analyzes the advanced control methods of thick and hard roof, such as directional shaped charge blasting roof control technology, hydraulic fracturing roof control technology, abrasive water jet directional cutting roof technology, large-scale special roof cutting machine, etc Control hole fracturing, transverse slotting fracturing and longitudinal slotting fracturing are compared and analyzed; finally, the shortcomings of current research are analyzed. According to the current research results, the analysis shows that: the method of controlling roof by blasting in the future will be limited, while the method of hydraulic fracturing, especially directional hydraulic fracturing, has obvious advantages; the longitudinal slotting fracturing has the best control over fractures in the directional hydraulic fracturing technology; the guiding mechanism and fracture extension mechanism of longitudinal slotting hydraulic fracturing in thick and hard roof need to be further studied; lack of field application research and corresponding equipment development, lack of field effect evaluation method after longitudinal slotting fracturing.
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33

Yamkin, Maxim A., Elena U. Safiullina, and Alexander V. Yamkin. "Analysis of the results of modeling fluid inflow to a hydraulic fracturing." Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Geo Assets Engineering 335, no. 4 (April 25, 2024): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2024/4/4372.

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Relevance. The fact that, hydraulic fracturing is the efficient method for intensifying the inflow in "mature" fields. But, despite on its efficiency, it can cause unpredictable increase of water cut in a well. In this regard, the problem of predicting the behavior of the water cut in wells after hydraulic fracturing is topical. Aim. To create the model to predict the increase of water cut in well using the Buckley–Leverett function with known hydraulic fracturing parameters during the year after hydraulic fracturing. Object. Model of well water cut growth after hydraulic fracturing. Methods. Simulation of water cut in wells after hydraulic fracturing using the Python programming language, followed by an assessment of the convergence of the simulated data with actual data obtained from the Vankor oil and gas field. Results. It was shown that during the year the water cut gradually increased from 10 to 31%. The convergence of the simulated and real data was 98%. Conclusion. A model has been created to predict the increase in water cut in a well after the hydraulic fracturing. The high convergence of the simulated and actual data indicates the correctness of the application of the Buckley–Leverett function to predict the increase in water cut in the well after the hydraulic fracturing.
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34

Cheng, Qingying, Bingxiang Huang, Luying Shao, Xinglong Zhao, Shuliang Chen, Haoze Li, and Changwei Wang. "Combination of Pre-Pulse and Constant Pumping Rate Hydraulic Fracturing for Weakening Hard Coal and Rock Mass." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 5534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215534.

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The weakening of hard coal–rock mass is the core common problem that is involved in the top coal weakening in hard and thick coal seams, the hard roof control during the initial mining stage in the longwall mining face, and the hanging roof control in the gob of non-coal mine. Based on the characteristics of pulse hydraulic fracturing and constant pumping rate hydraulic fracturing, a weakening method for hard coal–rock mass by combining pre-pulse and constant pumping rate hydraulic fracturing is proposed. A complete set of equipment for the combined pulse and constant pumping rate hydraulic fracturing construction in the underground coal mine is developed. The pulse and constant pumping rate hydraulic fracturing technology and equipment were applied in the top coal weakening of the shallow buried thick coal seam. Compared with no weakening measures for top coal, the average block size of the top coal caving was reduced by 42% after top coal hydraulic fracturing. The recovery rate of the top coal caving mining face reached 85%, and it increased by 18% after hydraulic fracturing.
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35

Cao, Xu, Saisai Wu, and Qingyuan He. "Investigation into Influences of Hydraulic Fracturing for Hard Rock Weakening in Underground Mines." Applied Sciences 14, no. 5 (February 27, 2024): 1948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14051948.

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The long overhanging distance of hard roofs and long-collapse steps induces a large area of suspension on the working face in underground coal mines, resulting in excessive pressure and deformation on the surrounding rocks of the adjacent roadway in the work face, which seriously threatens the safety of coal mining operations. In this study, in order to study the hydraulic fracturing effects on hard roofs, numerical simulation and in situ tests were conducted. The analysis and comparison of fracturing effects under different hydraulic fracturing parameters were carried out, and the reasonable hydraulic fracturing parameters of the hydraulic weakening of hard roofs were designed accordingly. Based on designed hydraulic fracturing, industrial tests were conducted in the field while stress and deformation were recorded. The results show that hydraulic fracturing could effectively reduce the pressure of the hard roof. Hydraulic fracturing effectively destroyed the cantilever beam structure above the coal pillar, reduced the stress concentration, and moderated mineral pressure at the working face. The proposed methods and obtained results provide theoretical and technical support for the treatment of underground mines with hard roofs.
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36

Parekh, Siddharth, Ali Pilehvari, and Robert Serth. "Prediction of Fluid Behavior Using Generalized Hydraulic Calculation Method in Hydraulic Fractures." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 81, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.81.1.120130.

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Hydraulic fracturing has been used as one of the stimulation techniques to economically increase oil and gas production by creating small cracks in subsurface geologic formations to allow oil or gas to move toward a producing well. Hydraulics plays a vital role in many oil field operations including drilling, completion, fracturing and production. In the case of fracturing, however, the role of hydraulics becomes important since optimized hydraulics can minimize the cost and conversely, any miscalculations may cause problems such as the fluid loss or may potentially even lead to loss of the well. The current methods of the hydraulic calculation for non-Newtonian fluids necessitate determination of the robust model. This paper presented a new method for calculating pressure losses in the hydraulic fractures. The objective of this study was to develop the generalized model for hydraulic calculation for non-Newtonian fluid and run the case studies for the model validation. In the present work, detailed algorithm for the hydraulic calculation has been developed and then programmed in C++. The only input to the program is the raw rheological data, shear stress versus shear rate and the geometrical characteristics of the slit. Model validation with the new method has established a very small percentage difference between the values predicted by the model and experimental data. The results demonstrate that the new method is accurately predicting the pressure drop in both laminar and turbulent flow regimes. It is shown that the fluid behavior is more accurately represented using the new method than that with the standard fluid models available in the petroleum industry. Further validation and development to be carried out using experimental data for variety of fluid types.
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37

Qian, Yelin, Panpan Guo, Yixian Wang, Yanlin Zhao, Hang Lin, and Yan Liu. "Advances in Laboratory-Scale Hydraulic Fracturing Experiments." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (July 29, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1386581.

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Hydraulic fracturing has been widely applied to stimulate the natural gas and oil production from unconventional reservoirs. To optimize the design of hydraulic fracturing in this application, an accurate estimation of the initiation and propagation of hydraulic fractures is indispensable. However, it still remains challenging as a result of the complex stress state and geological conditions. On account of their ability to complete control some significant factors and efficient observation of fracture geometry, laboratory-scale hydraulic fracturing experiments have received abundant research attention in recent years. This paper presents a review of the state of the art of laboratory-scale hydraulic fracturing experiments, focusing on the scaling analysis, experimental setup, fracturing fluids, and sample preparation. A discussion of the directions for future research is also provided with the intention of stimulating the development of the experimental technique for investigating hydraulic fracturing.
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38

F, Yehia. "Hydraulic Fracturing Process Systems and Fluids: An Overview." Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 6, no. 3 (July 29, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000306.

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Hydraulic fracturing has become a critical component of global petroleum and natural gas development, with most the countries around the globe, for example, Canada, India, England, and China actively pursuing the implementation of this technology to increase oil production after declination as well as tap into this new source of energy. Hydraulic fracturing has created jobs and increased revenue in several states across the country. However, as with any advanced technology, there are concerns about its long-term environmental impact. Thus, many researchers and technicians continuously conduct advanced studies to inform industries about any new or upcoming regulations. In this study, a mini-review of the fracking process is considered an important section of the petroleum and natural gas industries. Moreover, researchers demonstrated knowledge about the frac systems and different hydraulic fracturing fluids that are utilized for a fracking job which were different from one fracking system to another in addition to the nature of the reservoir formation. It is a significant factor that production engineers take into consideration when applying hydraulic fracturing to enhance oil or gas production and treat the formation damage, as well. Since the formation damage considers the most critical issue affecting oil and gas production due to fine migration.
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39

Donnelly, John. "Comments: Hydraulic Fracturing Studies." Journal of Petroleum Technology 69, no. 07 (July 1, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0717-0012-jpt.

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40

Hoang, Minh, Balasundram Maniam, and Geetha Subramaniam. "Should Hydraulic Fracturing Continue?" TURKISH ONLINE JOURNAL OF DESIGN ART AND COMMUNICATION 8, SEPT (September 1, 2018): 1176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7456/1080sse/159.

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41

Aminzadeh, Fred. "Hydraulic Fracturing, An Overview." Journal of Sustainable Energy Engineering 6, no. 3 (December 15, 2018): 204–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7569/jsee.2018.629512.

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42

Carpenter, Adam T. "Water and hydraulic fracturing." Journal - American Water Works Association 105, no. 3 (March 2013): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5942/jawwa.2013.105.0035.

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43

Zang, Arno, Ove Stephansson, and Günter Zimmermann. "Keynote: Fatigue Hydraulic Fracturing." Procedia Engineering 191 (2017): 1126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.287.

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44

Tzschichholz,, F. "Modelization of Hydraulic Fracturing." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 6, no. 1 (December 1995): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm.1995.6.1.11.

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45

Papanastasiou, Panos. "Hydraulic fracturing: Computational modelling." Revue européenne de génie civil 10, no. 6-7 (September 28, 2006): 829–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/regc.10.829-848.

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46

Meese, C. A., M. E. Mullen, and R. D. Barree. "Offshore Hydraulic Fracturing Technique." Journal of Petroleum Technology 46, no. 03 (March 1, 1994): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/28159-pa.

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47

Maulianda, Belladonna, Cindy Dhevayani Savitri, Aruvin Prakasan, Eziz Atdayev, Twon Wai Yan, Yew Kwang Yong, Khaled Abdalla Elrais, and Reza Barati. "Recent comprehensive review for extended finite element method (XFEM) based on hydraulic fracturing models for unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 10, no. 8 (June 8, 2020): 3319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-020-00919-z.

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Abstract Hydraulic fracturing has been around for several decades since 1860s. It is one of the methods used to recover unconventional gas reservoirs. Hydraulic fracturing design is a challenging task due to the reservoir heterogeneity, complicated geological setting and in situ stress field. Hence, there are plenty of fracture modelling available to simulate the fracture initiation and propagation. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review on hydraulic fracturing modelling based on current hydraulic fracturing literature. Fundamental theory of hydraulic fracturing modelling is elaborated. Effort is made to cover the analytical and numerical modelling, while focusing on eXtended Finite Element Modelling (XFEM).
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48

Wei, Jianguang, Saipeng Huang, Guangwei Hao, Jiangtao Li, Xiaofeng Zhou, and Tong Gong. "A multi-perforation staged fracturing experimental study on hydraulic fracture initiation and propagation." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 38, no. 6 (June 6, 2020): 2466–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598720914991.

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Hydraulic fracture initiation and propagation are extremely important on deciding the production capacity and are crucial for oil and gas exploration and development. Based on a self-designed system, multi-perforation cluster-staged fracturing in thick tight sandstone reservoir was simulated in the laboratory. Moreover, the technology of staged fracturing during casing completion was achieved by using a preformed perforated wellbore. Three hydraulic fracturing methods, including single-perforation cluster fracturing, multi-perforation cluster conventional fracturing and multi-perforation cluster staged fracturing, were applied and studied, respectively. The results clearly indicate that the hydraulic fractures resulting from single-perforation cluster fracturing are relatively simple, which is difficult to form fracture network. In contrast, multi-perforation cluster-staged fracturing has more probability to produce complex fractures including major fracture and its branched fractures, especially in heterogeneous samples. Furthermore, the propagation direction of hydraulic fractures tends to change in heterogeneous samples, which is more likely to form a multi-directional hydraulic fracture network. The fracture area is greatly increased when the perforation cluster density increases in multi-perforation cluster conventional fracturing and multi-perforation cluster-staged fracturing. Moreover, higher perforation cluster densities and larger stage numbers are beneficial to hydraulic fracture initiation. The breakdown pressure in homogeneous samples is much higher than that in heterogeneous samples during hydraulic fracturing. In addition, the time of first fracture initiation has the trend that the shorter the initiation time is, the higher the breakdown pressure is. The results of this study provide meaningful suggestions for enhancing the production mechanism of multi-perforation cluster staged fracturing.
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49

Crawford, Mark. "H2O Taking the Hydro out of Hydraulic Fracturing." Mechanical Engineering 137, no. 03 (March 1, 2015): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2015-mar-1.

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This paper demonstrates the increasing use of waterless methods in oil and gas industry. Waterless methods aim to make unconventional oil and gas well more environmental friendly. While waterless fracturing is still relatively rare in the United States, it is more common in operations north of the border. Gas-energized fracturing has a significant advantage over traditional water-based methods: it requires less proppant, which saves money, and it can double oil and gas recovery from a well. Praxair, a supplier of industrial gases based in Danbury, Conn., has developed a system that relies on a different liquefied gas. Its DryFrac technology relies on liquid carbon dioxide that is mixed with sand and sent down the hole under high pressure. The experts point out that in places where hydraulic fracturing’s water use is becoming a real constraint to exploiting shale formations, it is likely that petroleum companies will find that it is worth it to make the commitment to waterless fracturing.
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50

Korolev, M., O. Nanishvili, and I. Yusupov. "Substantiation of the Optimal Hydraulic Fracturing Design in Complex Reservoir Conditions." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 8 (August 15, 2023): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/93/13.

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The paper analyzes the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing at the BS4-5 facility. The results of the hydraulic fracturing design calculation in the RN-GRID program are presented. On the example of well no. 5563, an analysis was made of the increase in production rate after hydraulic fracturing, depending on the volume of fluid injection into the reservoir. Recommendations are given for choosing the optimal volume of fluid injection during hydraulic fracturing.
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