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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydraulic conductivity'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Kakade, Shubhangi, and Akanksha Jadhav. "Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil Using Guelph Permeameter." Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/15/56874.

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2

Yayat Hidayat, Wahyu Purwakusuma, Enni Dwi Wahjunie, Dwi Putro Tejo Baskoro, Latief Mahir Rachman, Sri Malahayati Yusuf, Ratu Maulida Adawiyah, Imam Syaepudin, M. Mukmin R. Siregar, and Dien Ayuni Isnaini. "Characteristics of Soil Hydraulic Conductivity in Natural Forest, Agricultural Land, and Green Open Space Area." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 12, no. 2 (July 5, 2022): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.12.2.352-362.

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Soil hydraulic conductivity is one of the important soil characteristics that determines the amount and proportion of water that will be infiltrated into the soil column and flowing as surface runoff. It is strongly influenced by soil porosity and soil characteristics that affect the soil porosity such as soil texture and structure and soil organic matter content (internally factors) as well as land management and the intensity of plant canopy cover (external factors). This research is aimed to identify the character of soil hydraulics conductivity in different landuse that consist of forest, agricultural land (moor land, cacao plantations, intensive and conservation annual crops), and green open space areas. The results showed that: a) forest conversion into agricultural land led to the decline of soil quality such as decreased levels of soil organic matter, soil porosity and distribution of soil pores so that the conversion of forest land into agricultural land decreases the soil hydraulic conductivity of both for the initial value and saturated hydraulic conductivity; b) forets canopy cover density affects the soil quality and soil hydraulics conductivity, where high canopy cover has the higher value of soil hydraulics conductivity compared to medium and low canopy forest; c) Situgede tourism forest has the lowest soil hydraulics conductivity compared to other forest types; d) soil hydraulics conductivity in conservation annual crops is higher than intensive annual crops land and Situgede tourism forest and it’s not significantly different from the soil hydraulics conductivity in low canopy forest; and e) soil hydraulics conductivity in green open spaces area were strongly determined by the naturalness of landscape and human intervention level on its formation and management, where the UI city forest and Lembah Gurame city park which were function as ecotourism areas has the lower soil hydraulics conductivity compared to great forest park.
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3

Li, Shanjia, Peixi Su, Haina Zhang, Zijuan Zhou, Rui Shi, and Wei Gou. "Hydraulic Conductivity Characteristics of Desert Plant Organs: Coping with Drought Tolerance Strategy." Water 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2018): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10081036.

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Plant hydraulic conductivity (K) refers to the rate of water flow (kg s−1) per unit pressure drop (MPa), which drives flow through the plant organ system. It is an important eco-physiology index for measuring plant water absorption and transport capacity. A field study was conducted in the arid region of the Heihe River Basin in northwestern China, plant hydraulic conductivity was measured by high-pressure flowmeter (HPFM) to investigate the characteristics of hydraulic conductivity of typical dominant desert plants (Reaumuria soongarica M., Nitraria sphaerocarpa M., and Sympegma regelii B.) and their relationship with functional traits of leaves, stems, and roots, and explaining their adaptation strategies to desert environment from the perspective of plant organs hydraulic conductivity. The results showed that the hydraulic conductivity of the leaves and stems of R. soongarica and N. sphaerocarpa (KLA, leaf hydraulic conductivity per unit leaf area; KLW, leaf hydraulic conductivity per unit leaf weight; KSLA, stem hydraulic conductivity per unit leaf area; KSLW, stem hydraulic conductivity per unit leaf weight) were significantly lower than those of S. regelii, while their fine root (KRL, root hydraulic conductivity per unit leaf length; KRSA, root hydraulic conductivity per unit root surface area) and whole root (KTRW, whole root hydraulic conductivity per unit root weight) of hydraulic conductivity were significantly higher than those of S. regelii. In addition, KLA and KLW, KSLA and KSLW, and KRL and KRSA in three desert plants all exhibited consistent trends. Correlation analysis illustrated that the hydraulic conductivity of leaves and stems had a significantly positive correlation, but they had no significant negative correlation with the specific leaf weight (SLW, specific leaf weight). The hydraulic conductivity of fine root weight (KRW, root hydraulic conductivity per unit root weight) and specific root surface area (SRSA, specific root surface area) showed significantly positive correlation (r = 0.727, P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the R. soongarica and N. sphaerocarpa preserved their water content through the strong leaf absorption capacity of soil water and the low water dispersion rates of leaves to adapt to the harsher arid habitat, which is more drought tolerant than S. regelii.
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4

Lu, Haifeng, Nan Shan, You-Kuan Zhang, and Xiuyu Liang. "Effect of Strain-Dependent Hydraulic Conductivity of Coal Rock on Groundwater Inrush in Mining." Geofluids 2020 (December 23, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8887392.

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Hydraulic conductivity is an important parameter for predicting groundwater inrush in coal mining worksites. Hydraulic conductivity varies with deformation and failure of rocks induced by mining. Understanding the evolution pattern of hydraulic conductivity during mining is important for accurately predicting groundwater inrush. In this study, variations of hydraulic conductivity of rock samples during rock deformation and failure were measured using the triaxial servo rock mechanic test in a laboratory. The exponential formula of hydraulic conductivity-volume strain was proposed based on the experimental data. The finite-difference numerical model FLAC3D was modified by replacing constant hydraulic conductivity with the strain-dependent hydraulic conductivity. The coupled water flow and rock deformation and failure were simulated using the modified model. The results indicate that in the early time, the rocks undergo elastic compression with increasing rock strain, resulting in a decrease in hydraulic conductivity; then, the microcracks and fissures appear in the rock after it yields results in a sudden jump in hydraulic conductivity; in the later time, the hydraulic conductivity decreases gradually again owing to the microcracks and fissures that were compacted. The conductivity exponentially decreases with the volumetric strain during the periods of both elastic compression and postyielding. The simulated stress-strain curves using the modified model agree with the triaxial tests. The modified model was applied to the groundwater inrush of a coal mining worksite in China. The simulated water inflow agrees well with the observed data. The original model significantly underestimates the water inflow owing to it to neglect the variations of the hydraulic conductivity induced by mining.
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5

Suthaker, Nagula N., and J. Don Scott. "Measurement of hydraulic conductivity in oil sand tailings slurries." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 4 (August 20, 1996): 642–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-089-310.

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Fine tails, the resulting fine waste from oil sand processing, undergoes large-strain consolidation in tailings ponds. Its consolidation behaviour must be analyzed using a large-strain consolidation theory, which requires the determination of the relationship between the void ratio and hydraulic conductivity. Conventional measurement techniques are not suitable for fine tails, and a special slurry consolidometer, with a clamping device to prevent seepage-induced consolidation, was designed to determine the hydraulic conductivity of the fine tails and nonsegregating fine tails – sand slurries. The hydraulic conductivity of slurries is not constant but decreases with time to a steady-state value. Hydraulic conductivity is also influenced by the hydraulic gradient and bitumen content. It is shown that a low hydraulic gradient, less than 0.2, is necessary to counteract the effect of the bitumen and to represent tailings pond conditions. The hydraulic conductivity of fine tails – sand mixes is controlled by the fines void ratio, hence, fines content. The hydraulic conductivity of chemically amended nonsegregating tailings can be lower than that of fine tails. However, acid–lime or acid – fly ash amended nonsegregating tailings have similar hydraulic conductivity values in terms of fines void ratio. The hydraulic conductivity of nonsegregating tailings appears to be governed by fines content and by the nature of the fines aggregation caused by the chemical additive. Key words: tailings, slurries, hydraulic conductivity, slurry consolidometer, nonsegregating tailings, oil sands.
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6

Bird, TL, TM Willis, and GJ Melville. "Subsoil hydraulic conductivity estimates for the Lower Macquarie Valley." Soil Research 34, no. 2 (1996): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960213.

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Field saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured in situ, at two depths in the B horizon, on irrigated soils in the Lower Macquarie Valley. Measurements were made with constant head well permeameters, using the single-head method, and water of moderate sodicity and high salinity. The hydraulic conductivity data were log-normally distributed for all soil groups and there were significant differences between some of these soil groups in mean hydraulic conductivity. Three soils exhibited significant differences in mean hydraulic conductivity between depths. Hydraulic conductivity measurements ranged up to 3 orders of magnitude within a soil. Variation in hydraulic conductivity estimates, both between and within soil groups, confirmed the variation observed in previous predictions of deep drainage, which were obtained using a semi-empirical model. A cluster analysis on hydraulic conductivity indicated that similar morphological soil properties did not necessarily reflect similar hydrologic properties. There was a strong relationship between hydraulic conductivity and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), hydraulic conductivity and clay content, and ESP and clay content. A model was developed to predict field saturated hydraulic conductivity from ESP and clay content data. Hydraulic conductivity measured in this study may not have been representative of percolation rates which would occur with low salinity irrigation water, but can be used to assess the risk of recharge from irrigation on different soils in the lower Macquarie Valley. Shallow watertables may potentially develop when the application of irrigation water greatly exceeds crop water requirements. Quantification of groundwater recharge will allow the likelihood of shallow watertable development in the Lower Macquarie Valley to be assessed.
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7

Sivapullaiah, P. V., A. Sridharan, and V. K. Stalin. "Hydraulic conductivity of bentonite-sand mixtures." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-120.

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The use of bentonite alone or amended with natural soils for construction of liners for water-retention and waste-containment facilities is very common. The importance of bentonite content in reducing the hydraulic conductivity of liners is well recognised. The study illustrates the role of the size of the coarser fraction in controlling the hydraulic conductivity of the clay liner. It has been shown that at low bentonite contents the hydraulic conductivity of the liner varies depending on the size of the coarser fraction apart from clay content. At a given clay content, the hydraulic conductivity increases with an increase in the size of the coarser fraction. But when the clay content is more than that which can be accommodated within the voids of the coarser fractions, the hydraulic conductivity is controlled primarily by clay content alone. Four different methods of predicting hydraulic conductivity of the liners are presented. Using two constants, related to the liquid limit, the hydraulic conductivity can be predicted at any void ratio.Key words: clays, hydraulic conductivity, liquid limit, liners, void ratio.
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8

Lind, Bo B., and Lars Lundin. "Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Scandinavian Tills." Hydrology Research 21, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1990.0008.

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There is a distinctive difference in hydraulic properties between the upper horizons of Scandinavian till soil and the deeper C-horizon. The hydraulic conductivity has been studied in different soil profile types, mainly Podzolic variants. In the topsoil there are correlations from grain size and porosity to hydraulic conductivity. Both porosity and hydraulic conductivity are stratified with depth. Often high conductivity appears in the upper soil horizons decreasing with depth to low values at about one metre. This pattern varies with soil type. The soils vary with topographic location as does the groundwater level. Published data on hydraulic conductivity in the C-horizon of sandy-silty tills in Scandinavia covers a wide range, from about 5 × 10−9 m/s to 5 × 10−4 m/s, with a mean of 3 × 10−6 m/s. The correlation between porosity and hydraulic conductivity, as well as between mean grain size and hydraulic conductivity, is weak in the C-horizon. It is concluded that the sediment structure has a decisive influence on the hydraulic conductivity of till. A model of the relationship between fabric (in relation to water flow direction), the porosity in the poresize interval 30-95 μm and the hydraulic conductivity is presented.
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9

Othman, Majdi A., and Craig H. Benson. "Effect of freeze–thaw on the hydraulic conductivity and morphology of compacted clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t93-020.

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Several studies have shown that freeze–thaw causes changes in the hydraulic conductivity of compacted clays. Cracks formed by ice lensing and shrinkage cause the hydraulic conductivity to increase. In this paper, changes in hydraulic conductivity are related to changes in morphology. Photographs of thin sections of frozen specimens show that ice lenses form in compacted clay during freezing in a closed system. Photographs also show that similar ice structures are obtained for one- and three-dimensional freezing, which explains why similar hydraulic conductivities are obtained for both conditions. The photographs also show that a significant network of cracks forms in a single cycle of freeze–thaw. With additional cycles, new ice lenses are created and thus the hydraulic conductivity continues to increase. However, after about three cycles the number of new ice lenses becomes negligible and hence further changes in hydraulic conductivity cease. The temperature gradient and state of stress affect morphology and hydraulic conductivity of compacted clays subjected to freeze–thaw. At larger temperature gradients, more ice lenses form and hence the hydraulic conductivity increases. In contrast, application of overburden pressure inhibits the formation of ice lenses and reduces the size of the cracks remaining when lenses thaw. As a result, the hydraulic conductivity is reduced. Key words : compacted clay, hydraulic conductivity, clay liners, soil liners, freeze-thaw, ice lenses, structure.
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10

Lu, C., Y. Zhang, L. Shu, X. Chen, S. Chen, S. Li, G. Wang, and J. Li. "Stochastic analysis of the hydraulic conductivity estimated for a heterogeneous aquifer via numerical modelling." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 368 (May 7, 2015): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-368-472-2015.

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Abstract. The paper aims to evaluate the impacts of the average hydraulic conductivity of the heterogeneous aquifer on the estimated hydraulic conductivity using the observations from pumping tests. The results of aquifer tests conducted at a karst aquifer are first introduced. A MODFLOW groundwater flow model was developed to perform numerical pumping tests, and the heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity (K) field was generated using the Monte Carlo method. The K was estimated by the Theis solution for an unconfined aquifer. The effective hydraulic conductivity (Ke) was calculated to represent the hydraulic conductivity of a heterogeneous aquifer. The results of numerical simulations demonstrate that Ke increase with the mean of hydraulic conductivity (EK), and decrease with the coefficient of variation of the hydraulic conductivity (Cv). The impact of spatial variability of K on the estimated Ke at two observation wells with smaller EK is less significant compared to the cases with larger EK.
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11

Zhao, Xiaoming, Binbin Yang, Shichong Yuan, Zhenzhou Shen, and Di Feng. "Seepage–Fractal Model of Embankment Soil and Its Application." Fractal and Fractional 6, no. 5 (May 22, 2022): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6050277.

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Over time and across space, the hydraulic conductivity, fractal dimension, and porosity of embankment soil have strong randomness, which makes analyzing seepage fields difficult, affecting embankment risk analysis and early disaster warning. This strong randomness limits the application of fractal theory in embankment engineering and sometimes keeps it in the laboratory stage. Based on the capillary model of porous soil, an analytical formula of the fractal relationship between hydraulic conductivity and fractal dimension is derived herein. It is proposed that the influencing factors of hydraulic conductivity of embankment soil mainly include the capillary aperture, fractal dimension, and fluid viscosity coefficient. Based on random field theory and combined with the embankment parameters of Shijiu Lake, hydraulic conductivity is discretized, and then the soil fractal dimension is approximately solved to reveal the internal relationship between hydraulic gradient, fractal dimension, and hydraulic conductivity. The results show that an increased fractal dimension will reduce the connectivity of soil pores in a single direction, increase the hydraulic gradient, and reduce the hydraulic conductivity. A decreased fractal dimension will lead to consistency of seepage channels in the soil, increased hydraulic conductivity, and decreased hydraulic gradient.
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12

Watabe, Y., S. Leroueil, and J. P. Le Bihan. "Influence of compaction conditions on pore-size distribution and saturated hydraulic conductivity of a glacial till." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 1184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t00-053.

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The paper examines the hydraulic conductivity of a nonplastic till from northern Quebec. It is shown that the hydraulic conductivity is strongly influenced by the compaction degree of saturation, and the variation of hydraulic conductivity with void ratio is influenced by compaction conditions. Determination of pore-size distributions and microphotographs provide evidence that changes in hydraulic conductivity are related to the fabric of the compacted specimens and macroporosity developing when the soil is compacted at degrees of saturation less than that at the optimum.Key words: till, hydraulic conductivity, microfabric.
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13

Xu, Zengguang, Xue Wang, Junrui Chai, Yuan Qin, and Yanlong Li. "Simulation of the Spatial Distribution of Hydraulic Conductivity in Porous Media through Different Methods." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4321918.

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Seepage problems exist in water conservancy projects, groundwater research, and geological research, and hydraulic conductivity is an important factor that affects the seepage field. This study investigates the heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity. Kriging methods are used to simulate the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity, and the application of resistivity and grain size is used to obtain hydraulic conductivity. The results agree with the experimental pumping test results, which prove that the distribution of hydraulic conductivity can be obtained economically and efficiently and in a complex and wide area.
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14

Eisner, Nathan, Edward Gilman, Jason Grabosky, and Richard Beeson Jr. "Branch Junction Characteristics Affect Hydraulic Segmentation in Red Maple." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 28, no. 6 (November 1, 2002): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2002.037.

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The effect of branch morphological characteristics on hydraulic segmentation in red maple branch junctions was determined using hydraulic conductivity measurements. Relative branch size impacted hydraulic conductivity at the branch junction. Conductivity ratios were directly proportional to the ratio of branch diameter to stem diameter. Junctions with perpendicular branches showed lower hydraulic conductivities than more upright branches. The presence of visible branch collars was a good indicator of low branch junction conductivity. Branches having pith that was continuous with trunk pith were associated with codominant stems that had high branch junction conductivity. Branch junction hydraulic conductivity was positively correlated with the amount of discolored wood development after branch removal. This finding may indicate that similar anatomical properties are responsible for both branch junction decay resistance and hydraulic segmentation.
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15

Mursinna, A., Erica McCormick, Katie Van Horn, Lisa Sartin, and Ashley Matheny. "Plant Hydraulic Trait Covariation: A Global Meta-Analysis to Reduce Degrees of Freedom in Trait-Based Hydrologic Models." Forests 9, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9080446.

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Current vegetation modeling strategies use broad categorizations of plants to estimate transpiration and biomass functions. A significant source of model error stems from vegetation categorizations that are mostly taxonomical with no basis in plant hydraulic strategy and response to changing environmental conditions. Here, we compile hydraulic traits from 355 species around the world to determine trait covariations in order to represent hydraulic strategies. Simple and stepwise regression analyses demonstrate the interconnectedness of multiple vegetative hydraulic traits, specifically, traits defining hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to embolism with wood density and isohydricity. Drought sensitivity is strongly (Adjusted R2 = 0.52, p < 0.02) predicted by a stepwise linear model combining rooting depth, wood density, and isohydricity. Drought tolerance increased with increasing wood density and anisohydric response, but with decreasing rooting depth. The unexpected response to rooting depth may be due to other tradeoffs within the hydraulic system. Rooting depth was able to be predicted from sapwood specific conductivity and the water potential at 50% loss of conductivity. Interestingly, the influences of biome or growth form do not increase the accuracy of the drought tolerance model and were able to be omitted. Multiple regression analysis revealed 3D trait spaces and tradeoff axes along which species’ hydraulic strategies can be analyzed. These numerical trait spaces can reduce the necessary input to and parameterization of plant hydraulics modules, while increasing the physical representativeness of such simulations.
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16

Lichner, L., T. Orfánus, K. Novákova, M. Šír, and M. Tesař. "The impact of vegetation on hydraulic conductivity of sandy soil." Soil and Water Research 2, No. 2 (January 7, 2008): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2115-swr.

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The objective of this study was to assess the impact of vegetation on the hydraulic conductivity of sandy soil at the locality Ml&aacute;ky II at Sekule (southwest Slovakia). The measurements were taken on the surface of a meadow (Meadow site), a 30-year old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forest (Forest site) and a glade (Glade site). In the glade, the measurements were also taken in the depth of 50 cm (Pure sand) to reduce the influence of vegetation on the soil properties. It was found that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity k<sub>r</sub>(&minus;2 cm) as reduced due to the soil water repellency increased in the same order: Forest soil &lt; Glade soil &asymp; Meadow soil &lt; Pure sand, similarly as decreased the water drop penetration time t<sub>p</sub>: Forest soil &gt; Glade soil &asymp; Meadow soil &gt; Pure sand, which could refer to an inverse proportionality between the capillary suction and hydrophobic coating of the soil particles. The saturated hydraulic conductivity K<sub>s</sub> increased in the following order: Meadow soil &lt; Glade soil &asymp; Forest soil &lt; Pure sand; more than two-times higher K<sub>s</sub> at both the Forest and Glade sites than that at the Meadow site could be the result of both the patchy growth of vegetation with some areas of bare soil at the Glade site and the macropores (dead roots) in more homogeneous humic top-layer at the Forest site. The share B<sub>r</sub> of flux through the pores with radii r longer than approximately 0.5 mm decreased in the order: Forest soil &raquo; Meadow soil &gt; Glade soil &raquo; Pure sand, revealing the prevalence of preferential flow through macropores (dead roots) in the Forest site and a negligible share of macropores in the Pure sand.
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17

COEN, G. M., and C. Wang. "ESTIMATING VERTICAL SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FROM SOIL MORPHOLOGY IN ALBERTA." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-001.

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Vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity, as an important soil characteristic, should be part of the information displayed on soil survey maps. As rigorous measurement techniques are relatively slow and cumbersome, a rapid procedure for estimating vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils using soil morphology was tested for Prairie conditions. Morphological estimates of vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity were compared to field measurements using an air entry permeameter for 36 sites representing 25 soil series. Eighty-three percent of the estimated values were within one saturated hydraulic conductivity class of the mean measured value. It was concluded that morphological observations are sufficiently accurate to allow field characterization of pedons. In Alberta, in Chernozemic areas, management procedures do not appear to modify strongly the saturated hydraulic conductivity. This in turn allows useful predictions of saturated hydraulic conductivity to be related to soil series concepts and therefore allows extrapolation to manageable tracts of land using map unit concepts. Key words: Saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil morphology, Alberta, estimating
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18

Fuentes, William Mario, Carolina Hurtado, and Carlos Lascarro. "On the influence of the spatial distribution of fine content in the hydraulic conductivity of sand-clay mixtures." Earth Sciences Research Journal 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v22n4.69332.

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Sand-clay mixtures are one of the most usual types of soils in geotechnical engineering. These soils present a hydraulic conductivity which highly depends on the fine content. In this work, it will be shown, that not only the mean fine content of a soil sample affects its hydraulic conductivity, but also its spatial distribution within the sample. For this purpose, a set of hydraulic conductivity tests with sand-clay mixtures have been conducted to propose an empirical relation of the hydraulic conductivity depending on the fine content. Then, a numerical model of a large scaled hydraulic conductivity test is constructed. In this model, the heterogeneity of the fine content is simulated following a Gaussian distribution. The equivalent hydraulic conductivity resulting of the whole model is then computed and the influence of the spatial distribution of the fine content is evaluated. The results indicate that the hydraulic conductivity is not only related to the mean fine content, but also on its heterogeneity.
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19

Paige, G. B., and P. L. M. Veneman. "Percolation Tests and Hydraulic Conductivity." Soil Horizons 34, no. 1 (1993): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sh1993.1.0001.

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20

Ören, A. Hakan, and Tugğçe Özdamar. "Hydraulic conductivity of compacted zeolites." Waste Management & Research 31, no. 6 (March 4, 2013): 634–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x13479434.

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21

Chu, Shu‐Tung. "Vadose Zone Composite Hydraulic Conductivity." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 118, no. 5 (September 1992): 822–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1992)118:5(822).

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22

Åberg, B. "Hydraulic Conductivity of Noncohesive Soils." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 118, no. 9 (September 1992): 1335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1992)118:9(1335).

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23

M. H. Custer, J. M. Sweeten, D. L. Reddell, and R.P.Egg. "HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF CHOPPED SORGHUM." Transactions of the ASAE 33, no. 4 (1990): 1275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.31468.

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24

Miyamoto, Naoko, Ernst Steudle, Tadashi Hirasawa, and Renee Lafitte. "Hydraulic conductivity of rice roots." Journal of Experimental Botany 52, no. 362 (September 1, 2001): 1835–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.362.1835.

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25

S. N. Asare, R. P. Rudra, W. T. Dickinson, and G. J. Wall. "Seasonal Variability of Hydraulic Conductivity." Transactions of the ASAE 36, no. 2 (1993): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.28358.

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26

Z. Yao and J. C. Jofriet. "Hydraulic Conductivity of Alfalfa Silage." Transactions of the ASAE 35, no. 4 (1992): 1291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.28732.

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27

Comper, Wayne D., and Oliver Zamparo. "Hydraulic conductivity of polymer matrices." Biophysical Chemistry 34, no. 2 (October 1989): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4622(89)80050-x.

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28

Rosenbaum, M. S. "Geostatistical Characteristics of Hydraulic Conductivity." Geographical and Environmental Modelling 6, no. 2 (November 2002): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1361593022000029502.

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29

Hannoura, A'Alim A., and John A. McCorquodale. "Rubble Mounds: Hydraulic Conductivity Equation." Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 111, no. 5 (September 1985): 783–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-950x(1985)111:5(783).

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30

Nield, Donald A. "Connectivity and Effective Hydraulic Conductivity." Transport in Porous Media 74, no. 2 (November 28, 2007): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11242-007-9185-5.

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31

Olsen, Per Atle. "Estimation and Scaling of the Near-Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity." Hydrology Research 30, no. 3 (June 1, 1999): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1999.0010.

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The hydraulic conductivity in structured soils is known to increase drastically when approaching saturation. Tension infiltration allows in situ infiltration of water at predetermined matric potentials, thus allowing exploration of the hydraulic properties near saturation. In this study, the near saturated (ψ≥-0.15 m) hydraulic conductivity was estimated both in the top- and sub-soil of three Norwegian soils. A priory analysis of estimation errors due to measurement uncertainties was conducted. In order to facilitate the comparison between soils and depths, scaling analysis was applied. It was found that the increase in hydraulic conductivity with increasing matric potentials (increasing water content) was steeper in the sub-soil than in the top-soil. The estimated field saturated hydraulic conductivity was compared with laboratory measurements of the saturated hydraulic conductivity. The geometric means of the laboratory measurements was in the same order of magnitude as the field estimates. The variability of the field estimates of the hydraulic conductivity from one of the soils was also assessed. The variability of the field estimates was generally smaller than the laboratory measurements of the saturated hydraulic conductivity.
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32

Réfloch, Aurore, Jean-Paul Gaudet, Laurent Oxarango, and Yvan Rossier. "Estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity from ring infiltrometer test taking into account the surface moisture stain extension." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 65, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2017-0019.

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AbstractA large single-ring infiltrometer test was performed in order to characterize the saturated hydraulic conductivity below an infiltration basin in the well field of Lyon (France). Two kinds of data are recorded during the experiment: the volume of water infiltrated over time and the extension of the moisture stain around the ring. Then numerical analysis was performed to determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil by calibration.Considering an isotropic hydraulic conductivity, the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the alluvial deposits is estimated at 3.8 10−6m s−1. However, with this assumption, we are not able to represent accurately the extension of the moisture stain around the ring. When anisotropy of hydraulic conductivity is introduced, experimental data and simulation results are in good agreement, both for the volume of water infiltrated over time and the extension of the moisture stain. The vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity in the anisotropic configuration is 4.75 times smaller than in the isotropic configuration (8.0 10−7m s−1), and the horizontal saturated hydraulic conductivity is 125 times higher than the vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity (1.0 10−4m s−1).
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33

Tao, Gaoliang, Xueliang Zhu, Jianchao Cai, Henglin Xiao, Qingsheng Chen, and Yin Chen. "A Fractal Approach for Predicting Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Deformable Clay." Geofluids 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8013851.

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The relative hydraulic conductivity is one of the key parameters for unsaturated soils in numerous fields of geotechnical engineering. The quantitative description of its variation law is of significant theoretical and technical values. Parameters in a classical hydraulic conductivity model are generally complex; it is difficult to apply these parameters to predict and estimate the relative hydraulic conductivity under deformation condition. Based on the fractal theory, a simple method is presented in this study for predicting the relative hydraulic conductivity under deformation condition. From the experimental soil-water characteristic curve at a reference state, the fractal dimension and air-entry value are determined at a reference state. By using the prediction model of air-entry value, the air-entry values at the deformed state are then determined. With the two parameters determined, the relative hydraulic conductivity at the deformed state is predicted using the fractal model of relative hydraulic conductivity. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of deformable Hunan clay is measured by the instantaneous profile method. Values of relative hydraulic conductivity predicted by the fractal model are compared with those obtained from experimental measurements, which proves the rationality of the proposed prediction method.
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34

Rab, MA, ST Willatt, and KA Olsson. "Hydraulic properties of a duplex soil determined from in situ measurements." Soil Research 25, no. 1 (1987): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9870001.

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The hydraulic conductivity characteristics of a duplex soil profile were determined in the field from in situ measurements. For a given soil water suction, hydraulic conductivity of the subsoil was generally lower than the surface soil. Hydraulic conductivity characteristics calculated using the equations of Marshall and Millington and Quirk were in good agreement with field-measured hydraulic conductivity after matching at low soil water suctions. Implications of hydraulic properties for crop production and water management are noted.
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35

Fronczyk, Joanna, and Katarzyna Pawluk. "Hydraulic performance of zero-valent iron and nano-sized zero-valent iron permeable reactive barriers – laboratory test." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Land Reclamation 46, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sggw-2014-0003.

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Abstract Hydraulic performance of zero-valent iron and nano-sized zero-valent iron permeable reactive barriers - laboratory test. The hydraulic conductivity of zero-valent iron treatment zone of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) may be decreased by reducing the porosity caused by gas production and solids precipitation. The study was undertaken in order to evaluate the influence of chloride and heavy metals on the hydraulic conductivity of ZVI and nZVI using hydraulic conductivity tests as well as continuous column tests. Results show that the lead retention in the solution had no impact for hydraulic conductivity in ZVI sample, on the other hand the calculated hydraulic conductivity losses in nZVI sample (from 4.10·10-5 to 2.30·10-5 m·s-1) were observed. Results also indicate that liquids containing the mixture of heavy metals may cause significant decrease in hydraulic conductivity (from 1.03·10-4 to 1.51·10-6 m·s-1). During the column tests, several number of clogging of the reactive material caused by iron hydroxides precipitation was observed over the course of injection of heavy metals solution. In contrast, the hydraulic conductivity of ZVI and nZVI is unaffected when they are permeated with chloride ions solution (k = 1.03·10-4 m·s-1). Finally, the results indicate the need to take account of changes in the hydraulic conductivity of reactive materials for successful implementation of PRBs technology.
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36

Illman, Walter A., Andrew J. Craig, and Xiaoyi Liu. "Practical Issues in Imaging Hydraulic Conductivity through Hydraulic Tomography." Groundwater 46, no. 1 (October 2007): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00374.x.

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37

Ferdos, Farzad, Anders Wörman, and Ingvar Ekström. "Hydraulic Conductivity of Coarse Rockfill used in Hydraulic Structures." Transport in Porous Media 108, no. 2 (March 12, 2015): 367–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11242-015-0481-1.

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38

Rong, Guan, and Xiao Jiang Wang. "Research on Hydraulic Conductivity of Coarse Sandstone under Triaxial Compression." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1146.

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Permeability test for complete stress-strain process of coarse sandstone were carried out in triaxial test instrument. On the basis of test results, the influence of confining pressure and strain on the hydraulic conductivity was discussed. It is shown that in the complete stress-strain process, hydraulic conductivity changes in the law that presents the same character with the curve of stress-strain. The hydraulic conductivity reduces slightly with the increase of deviatoric stress in the stage of micro fracture compressing and elastic; In the elastoplastic stage, along with the expansion of new fractures, the hydraulic conductivity increases slowly at first and then reaches sharply to the maximum value after peak point; In the post-peak stage, the fracture which controls the hydraulic conductivity of coarse sandstone is compressed because of the confining pressure and the hydraulic conductivity decreases. During the process of deformation and failure, the hydraulic conductivity is more sensitive to the change of circumferential strain. With the increase of confining pressure, the increased value from initial to peak value and the decreased value from peak to residual value decreases.
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39

Jung, Yong, Ranji S. Ranjithan, and G. Mahinthakumar. "Subsurface characterization using a D-optimality based pilot point method." Journal of Hydroinformatics 13, no. 4 (October 28, 2010): 775–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2010.111.

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Detailed hydraulic conductivity estimation is a difficult problem as the number of direct measurements available at a typical field site is relatively few and sparse. A common approach to estimate hydraulic conductivity is to combine direct hydraulic conductivity measurements with secondary measurements such as hydraulic head and tracer concentrations in an inverse modeling approach. Even with secondary measurements this may constitute an underdetermined (or over-parameterized) inverse problem giving rise to ‘non-unique’ and incorrect estimates. One approach to reduce over-parameterization is to estimate hydraulic conductivity at a few carefully chosen points called ‘pilot points’ (i.e. reduction in parameter space). This paper develops a D-optimality based criterion method (DBM) for pilot point selection and tests its effectiveness for estimating hydraulic conductivity fields using several synthetic cases. Results show that the selected pilot points using this approach lead to a more accurate hydraulic conductivity characterization than either random or sequential pilot point location selection methods.
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40

Christoffersen, Bradley O., Manuel Gloor, Sophie Fauset, Nikolaos M. Fyllas, David R. Galbraith, Timothy R. Baker, Bart Kruijt, et al. "Linking hydraulic traits to tropical forest function in a size-structured and trait-driven model (TFS v.1-Hydro)." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 11 (November 24, 2016): 4227–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4227-2016.

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Abstract. Forest ecosystem models based on heuristic water stress functions poorly predict tropical forest response to drought partly because they do not capture the diversity of hydraulic traits (including variation in tree size) observed in tropical forests. We developed a continuous porous media approach to modeling plant hydraulics in which all parameters of the constitutive equations are biologically interpretable and measurable plant hydraulic traits (e.g., turgor loss point πtlp, bulk elastic modulus ε, hydraulic capacitance Cft, xylem hydraulic conductivity ks,max, water potential at 50 % loss of conductivity for both xylem (P50,x) and stomata (P50,gs), and the leaf : sapwood area ratio Al : As). We embedded this plant hydraulics model within a trait forest simulator (TFS) that models light environments of individual trees and their upper boundary conditions (transpiration), as well as providing a means for parameterizing variation in hydraulic traits among individuals. We synthesized literature and existing databases to parameterize all hydraulic traits as a function of stem and leaf traits, including wood density (WD), leaf mass per area (LMA), and photosynthetic capacity (Amax), and evaluated the coupled model (called TFS v.1-Hydro) predictions, against observed diurnal and seasonal variability in stem and leaf water potential as well as stand-scaled sap flux. Our hydraulic trait synthesis revealed coordination among leaf and xylem hydraulic traits and statistically significant relationships of most hydraulic traits with more easily measured plant traits. Using the most informative empirical trait–trait relationships derived from this synthesis, TFS v.1-Hydro successfully captured individual variation in leaf and stem water potential due to increasing tree size and light environment, with model representation of hydraulic architecture and plant traits exerting primary and secondary controls, respectively, on the fidelity of model predictions. The plant hydraulics model made substantial improvements to simulations of total ecosystem transpiration. Remaining uncertainties and limitations of the trait paradigm for plant hydraulics modeling are highlighted.
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Kodikara, J. K., and F. Rahman. "Effects of specimen consolidation on the laboratory hydraulic conductivity measurement." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 908–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-036.

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Laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests are commonly used for the design of clayey liners in waste containment. Although relatively small hydraulic gradients are encountered under field conditions, elevated gradients are desirable to reduce the testing time. It is generally believed, however, that these elevated gradients would reduce the conductivity measured owing to specimen consolidation. In the current paper a theoretical analysis is presented for assessing the effect of specimen consolidation. The theoretical results were compared with experimental results obtained for two local soils. Parametric analyses and nondimensional analyses were carried out and the results are presented. It was found that the hydraulic conductivity is dependent on the type of permeameter, the form of gradient application, and the state of stress within the soil. It was apparent that hydraulic conductivity can decrease with an increase in the hydraulic gradient, and the decrease was not significant up to a hydraulic gradient of about 300 for the soils tested.Key words: hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic gradient, specimen consolidation, volume change, permeameter.
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42

Ahmad Ridhani Noorfauzi and Rusdiansyah. "The Comparison Study of Soil Permeability Characteristic From Clay - Material Mixing Crays Gilvus (Macrotermes gilvus Hagen) and Bentonite as Soil Liner." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/65/29.

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The liner has a role as a sealing or waterproof layer that was made to prevent water to be absorbed by the soil. A good liner is made within the minimum hydraulic conductivity (k) within the requirements of 1.0E-07 cm/s. This study was conducted to determine the extent of the difference between hydraulic conductivity (k) bentonite and termite nest (Macrotermes gilvus Hagen) as one of the materials that have the potential to obtain the small value of hydraulic conductivity (k). This research was conducted by examining the effect of hydraulic conductivity (k) value on the percentage of additives, such as bentonite and termite nest material (M. gilvus Hagen), and then compared the hydraulic conductivity (k) values of those two materials. The variations in the additive content percentage are 5%, 15%, and 30% with laterite as a base material. Based on the results of the falling head test at a minimum density of 95% γdmax, the smallest hydraulic conductivity (k) value was obtained by bentonite with 30% mixed percentage level of 6.9390E-08 cm/s and the smallest hydraulic conductivity (k) value of termite nests was 1.2646E-07 cm/s with the content percentage of 5% mixture.
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43

Kim, Jinwook, Hyunwook Choo, Changho Lee, and Woojin Lee. "Relationship between Hydraulic Conductivity and Electrical Conductivity in Sands." Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society 31, no. 6 (June 30, 2015): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2015.31.6.45.

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44

Li, X., L. M. Zhang, and D. G. Fredlund. "Wetting front advancing column test for measuring unsaturated hydraulic conductivity." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 46, no. 12 (December 2009): 1431–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-072.

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Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is the primary soil parameter required when performing seepage analyses for unsaturated–saturated soil systems. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is also one of the most difficult parameters to measure because of the time involved and the limited suction measurement range (e.g., 0∼1500 kPa in a test using the steady-state method). In this study, a new wetting front advancing method was developed for measuring unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. The wetting front advancing method simulates and monitors a soil wetting process through a large-scale soil column. A new interpretative procedure was developed to calculate the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity based on the monitored water content, suction, and wetting front advancing velocity. The proposed technique is used to measure the unsaturated hydraulic conductivities of five soils, which vary from gravel to clay. The results indicate that the proposed technique is time-saving (i.e., requires several days for a complete test) and is applicable over wide ranges of suctions and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities. The measured unsaturated hydraulic conductivity using the wetting front advancing method is similar to that obtained using the instantaneous profile method, with the latter covering narrower ranges of soil suction and hydraulic conductivity.
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45

Sobrinho, Oswaldo Palma Lopes, Stephanie Soares Arriero, Gerlange Soares da Silva, Aline Bezerra de Sousa, and Álvaro Itaúna Schalcher Pereira. "DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY BY THE AUGER HOLE METHOD." BIOFIX Scientific Journal 3, no. 1 (March 4, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/biofix.v3i1.57959.

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The hydraulic conductivity of a soil is the main parameter that determines its drainage capacity. However, its determination is of great importance for sizing in agricultural drainage systems. To determine the hydraulic conductivity of the soil in the presence of water table through the Auger-Hole. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Manioc and Fruticulture (EMBRAPA), located in the municipality of Cruz das Almas-BA. In order to estimate the hydraulic conductivity, several empirical formulas have been proposed, such as Ernst's, which is the model that most closely approximates the soil situation studied. The hydraulic conductivity values for the studied soil obtained by the Auger-Hole method ranged from 0.24821 to 0.28544 m day-1. With an average value for hydraulic conductivity of 0.266835 m day-¹, being considered slow. The soil under analysis is classified in slow saturated hydraulic conductivity. The Auger-Hole method proved to be practical, fast, safe and easy to handle.
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46

Shanmugam, Mohanasundaram, G. Suresh Kumar, Balaji Narasimhan, and Sangam Shrestha. "Effective saturation-based weighting for interblock hydraulic conductivity in unsaturated zone soil water flow modelling using one-dimensional vertical finite-difference model." Journal of Hydroinformatics 22, no. 2 (December 9, 2019): 423–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2019.239.

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Abstract Richards equation is solved for soil water flow modeling in the unsaturated zone continuum. Interblock hydraulic conductivities, while solving for Richards equation, are estimated by some sort of averaging process based on upstream and downstream nodes hydraulic conductivity values. The accuracy of the interblock hydraulic conductivity estimation methods mainly depends on the distance between two adjacent discretized nodes. In general, the accuracy of the numerical solution of the Richards equation decreases as nodal grid discretization increases. Conventional interblock hydraulic conductivity estimation methods are mostly mere approximation approaches while the Darcian-based interblock hydraulic conductivities involve complex calculations and require intensive computation under different flow regimes. Therefore, in this study, we proposed an effective saturation-based weighting approach in the soil hydraulic curve functions for estimating interblock hydraulic conductivity using a one-dimensional vertical finite-difference model which provides a parametric basis for interblock hydraulic conductivity estimation while reducing complexity in the calculation and computational processes. Furthermore, we compared four test case simulation results from different interblock hydraulic conductivity methods with the reference solutions. The comparison results show that the proposed method performance in terms of percentage reduction in root mean square and mean absolute error over other methods compared in this study were 59.5 and 60%, respectively.
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47

McCarty, William J., Melissa F. Chimento, Christine A. Curcio, and Mark Johnson. "Effects of particulates and lipids on the hydraulic conductivity of Matrigel." Journal of Applied Physiology 105, no. 2 (August 2008): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01245.2007.

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The hydraulic conductivity of a connective tissue is determined both by the fine ultrastructure of the extracellular matrix and the effects of larger particles in the interstitial space. In this study, we explored this relationship by examining the effects of 30- or 90-nm-diameter latex nanospheres or low-density lipoproteins (LDL) on the hydraulic conductivity of Matrigel, a basement membrane matrix. The hydraulic conductivity of Matrigel with latex nanospheres or LDL particles added at 4.8% weight fraction was measured and compared with the hydraulic conductivity of Matrigel alone. The LDL-derived lipids in the gel were visualized by transmission electron microscopy and were seen to have aggregated into particles up to 500 nm in size. The addition of these materials to the medium markedly decreased its hydraulic conductivity, with the LDL-derived lipids having a much larger effect than did the latex nanospheres. Debye-Brinkman theory was used to predict the effect of addition of particles to the hydraulic conductivity of the medium. The theoretical predictions matched well with the results from adding latex nanospheres to the medium. However, LDL decreased hydraulic conductivity much more than was predicted by the theory. The validation of the theoretical model for rigid particles embedded in extracellular matrix suggests that it could be used to make predictions about the influence of particulates (e.g., collagen, elastin, cells) on the hydraulic conductivity of the fine filamentous matrix (the proteoglycans) in connective tissues. In addition, the larger-than-predicted effects of lipidlike particles on hydraulic conductivity may magnify the pathology associated with lipid accumulation, such as in Bruch's membrane of the retina during macular degeneration and the blood vessel wall in atherosclerosis.
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48

Júnez-Ferreira, Hugo Enrique, Julián González-Trinidad, Carlos Alberto Júnez-Ferreira, Cruz Octavio Robles Rovelo, G. S. Herrera, Edith Olmos-Trujillo, Carlos Bautista-Capetillo, Ada Rebeca Contreras Rodríguez, and Anuard Isaac Pacheco-Guerrero. "Implementation of the Kalman Filter for a Geostatistical Bivariate Spatiotemporal Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity in Aquifers." Water 12, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): 3136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113136.

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The estimation of the hydraulic parameters of an aquifer such as the hydraulic conductivity is somehow complicated due to its heterogeneity, on the other hand field and laboratory tests are both time consuming and costly. The use of geostatistical-based techniques for data assimilation could represent an alternative tool that allows the use of space-time aquifer behaviour to characterize hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity. In this paper, a spatiotemporal bivariate methodology was implemented combining historical hydraulic head data with hydraulic conductivity sparse data in order to obtain an estimate of the spatial distribution of the latter variable. This approach takes advantage of the correlation between the hydraulic conductivity (K) and the hydraulic head (H) behaviour through time. In order to evaluate this approach, a synthetic experiment was constructed through a transitory numerical flow-model that simulates hydraulic head values in a horizontally-heterogeneous aquifer. Geostatistical tools were used to describe the correlation between simulated spatiotemporal data of hydraulic head and the spatial distribution of the hydraulic conductivity in a group of model nodes. Subsequently, the Kalman filter was used to estimate the hydraulic conductivity values at nonsampled sites. The results showed acceptable differences between estimated and synthetic hydraulic conductivity data, with low estimate error variances (predominating the 1 m2/day2 value for K for all the cases, however, the smallest number of cells with values above 2 m2/day2 correspond to the bivariate spatiotemporal case) and the best agreement between the estimated errors and the selected model variance (SMSE values of 0.574 and 0.469) were found for the bivariate cases, which suggests that the implemented methodology could be used for reducing calibration efforts, particularly when the hydraulic parameters data are scarce.
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49

Hubbard, Bryn, and Alex Maltman. "Laboratory investigations of the strength, static hydraulic conductivity and dynamic hydraulic conductivity of glacial sediments." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 176, no. 1 (2000): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2000.176.01.18.

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50

Chen, Tian, Mao Du, and Qiangling Yao. "Evolution of Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Compacted Na-Bentonite under Confined Condition—Including the Microstructure Effects." Materials 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010219.

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Compacted bentonite is envisaged as engineering buffer/backfill material in geological disposal for high-level radioactive waste. In particular, Na-bentonite is characterised by lower hydraulic conductivity and higher swelling competence and cation exchange capacity, compared with other clays. A solid understanding of the hydraulic behaviour of compacted bentonite remains challenging because of the microstructure expansion of the pore system over the confined wetting path. This work proposed a novel theoretical method of pore system evolution of compacted bentonite based on its stacked microstructure, including the dynamic transfer from micro to macro porosity. Furthermore, the Kozeny–Carman equation was revised to evaluate the saturated hydraulic conductivity of compacted bentonite, taking into account microstructure effects on key hydraulic parameters such as porosity, specific surface area and tortuosity. The results show that the prediction of the revised Kozeny–Carman model falls within the acceptable range of experimental saturated hydraulic conductivity. A new constitutive relationship of relative hydraulic conductivity was also developed by considering both the pore network evolution and suction. The proposed constitutive relationship well reveals that unsaturated hydraulic conductivity undergoes a decrease controlled by microstructure evolution before an increase dominated by dropping gradient of suction during the wetting path, leading to a U-shaped relationship. The predictive outcomes of the new constitutive relationship show an excellent match with laboratory observation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity for GMZ and MX80 bentonite over the entire wetting path, while the traditional approach overestimates the hydraulic conductivity without consideration of the microstructure effect.
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