Academic literature on the topic 'Hydraulic conductance'

The Saline Valley Conservancy District (SVCD) formed in 1980 to provide groundwater to communities in Saline and Gallatin, Counties, Illinois. Sulfate contamination from a nearby coal mine threatens the SVCD’s current well field. Three of the wells are reaching the end of their service and have elevated levels of sulfate. This study investigated multiple well configurations on three different parcels of land to find possible new well locations that do not recharge water directly from the mine site over a 50-year period. A steady-state finite difference groundwater flow model was created using Graphic Groundwater GIS (Krienert and Esling, 2016), a pre and post-processor for MODFLOW (Harbaugh, 2005) and MODPATH (Pollock, 2012). The calibration and sensitivity analysis followed methods from Esling et al. (2008). Hydraulic heads were calibrated to the land surface and a systematic sensitivity analysis varied recharge, hydraulic conductivity, and drain and river conductance to produce composite capture zones. Well locations must also meet SVCD requirements that would minimize distance from current water lines and consider properties they already owned. New wells also needed to be located in areas where the aquifer exceeds 25 m thick and be separated by 305 meters to minimize drawdown. This study also considered the effects of irrigation on the aquifer. Varying recharge, hydraulic conductivity and conductance within reasonable ranges created six capture zones for the proposed wells, each with different geometries. The capture zones were superimposed onto a map to make a composite capture zone which should contain the actual capture zone for the wells. Varying conductance caused subtle changes in capture zone geometry. Low values of conductance caused particle tracks to elongate. Irrigation wells and some proposed well locations caused substantial dewatering in one area of the aquifer. The study discovered several well configurations on each of the parcels that do not source water from the mine site over 50 years.

Pour étudier le rôle de la mitochondrie dans la tolérance à la sécheresse, la réponse à la contrainte hydrique a été comparée entre une lignée sauvage (WT) et un mutant CMSII (Cytoplasmic Male Sterile) de Nicotiana sylvestris. Chez le mutant CMSII, le complexe I mitochondrial est absent et la respiration est assurée par les NAD(P)H déshydrogénases alternes et elle est maintenue à un niveau supérieur de l’ordre de 20 à 30% à celui du WT. La différence observée entre les plantes WT et CMSII met en jeu non seulement le fonctionnement mitochondrial, mais également le fonctionnement des chloroplastes. En effet, l’activité photosynthétique du mutant est plus faible que celui du WT et elle est corrélée avec une plus faible conductance stomatique (gs) et mésophyllienne (gm).Après l’arrêt de l’arrosage, on observe que le contenu relatif en eau (RWC) diminue plus lentement chez les feuilles du CMSII. Ceci n’était pas le résultat d’une plus petite surface de transpiration ou d’une masse racinaire d’absorption plus élevé puisque le rapport partie aérienne/racine et la surface foliaire totale ont été similaires au début de l’expérience chez les deux génotypes. De plus la mutation n’a pas induit des changements au niveau des paramètres hydriques (P0, PTLP, RWCTLP) ni au niveau de la densité stomatique. La tolérance des plantes CMSII a été le plus probablement la conséquence de sa plus faible transpiration en conditions bien hydratées et aux premiers jours de déshydratation et non pas d’une meilleure efficacité d’absorption de l’eau puisque le contenu en eau du sol reste plus élevé chez CMSII après l’arrêt de l’arrosage. La plus faible conductance stomatique chez le CMSII bien hydraté a été expliquée par sa plus faible conductance hydraulique. De plus, contrairement au WT, le niveau des acides aminés totaux diminue au cours de la déshydratation lorsque le contenu en protéines solubles augmente chez les feuilles du CMSII, suggérant une accélération de la remobilisation des acides aminés. D’autre part, il a été aussi montré que le mutant CMSII est capable de s’acclimater mieux à la sécheresse que le WT lorsqu’ils ont été maintenus à un RWC de 80 % sur plusieurs jours. Sous ces conditions, la photosynthèse reste plus élevée chez le mutant que chez le WT. Cette meilleure acclimatation corrèle avec une plus forte photorespiration du CMSII sous conditions bien hydratées et sous conditions d’acclimatation. La photorespiration chez CMSII et le WT a été estimée par le transport électronique dévolu à l’oxygénation de RuBP et en plus par l’accumulation des métabolites impliqués dans la photorespiration. D’une part, l’acclimatation à la sécheresse diminue gm plus fortement chez le WT que chez le CMSII. D’autre part, le WT accumule la glycine ce qui laisse supposer que le glycine décarboxylase mitochondrial est plus affectée chez le WT que chez le CMS et inhibe ainsi la photorespiration. En effet, cette plus faible photorespiration chez le WT affecte les réactions primaires de la photosynthèse par une accumulation d’un gradient de protons estimé par le quenching non-photochimique (NPQ) de la fluorescence chlorophyllienne ce qui induit une diminution du transport électronique des réactions primaires de la photosynthèse<br>To investigate the role of mitochondria in drought stress, the response to water deprivation was compared between Nicotiana sylvestris wild type (WT) plants and the CMSII respiratory complex I mutant. In CMSII, alternative NAD(P)H-dehydrogenases bypassing complex 1 allow respiration.. The difference of mitochondrial function between WT and CMSII plants affect also photosynthesis. The CMSII has lower photosynthetic actitvity than the WT and lower stomatal (gs) and internal (gm) conductances to CO2. When watering of plants with similar leaf surface and similar shoot/root ratio was stopped the relative water content (RWC) declined faster in WT as compared to CMSII leaves. Furthermore, CMSII and WT leaves had the same osmotic potential at leaf saturation (P0) and at leaf turgor lost pressure (PTLP) and the same stomatal density. The slower decline of RWC in CMSII, compared to WT leaves, was most likely the consequence of the lower stomatal conductance (gs) under well-watered conditions and during the first days after withholding watering, The lower stomatal conductance of well-watered CMSII leaves correlated with a lower hydraulic conductance of leaves. Remarkably, total free amino acid levels declined and total soluble protein content increased in CMSII leaves, while the opposite was observed in WT leaves. This suggests protein synthesis in CMSII but protein degradation in WT leaves during drought stress. We also show that CMSII leaves better acclimate to drought stress than the WT leaves. After several days at 80 % RWC , photosynthesis is higher in the mutant than in WT. As compared to the WT, the mutant shows higher rates of photorespiration before and after acclimation to drought.The strong accumulation of glycine in the WT suggests that photorespiration may be limited at the level of glycine decarboxylase. In addition, after acclimation to drought gm declined markedly in WT but not in CMSII leaves, thus further limiting CO2 supply for photosynthesis in the WT. The resulting lower photosynthesis and photorespiration in WT leaves affect also the primary reaction of photosynthesis by increasing the non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ) and decreasing linear electron transport

<p>Over an extended period of time there have been plans to establish a shared facility in Lennheden to extract groundwater from the Badelunda esker to provide drinking water for the cities of Borlänge and Falun. The city of Falun is dissatisfied with the quality of its drinking water and the city of Borlänge is concerned about the risk of contamination of its existing groundwater supply at its current location. To provide a basis for a decision on this issue, the company Midvatten AB has been commissioned to perform hydrogeological investigations in the area of Lennheden.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to design a functional groundwater model of the area between Lennheden, place of planned extraction, and Övre Tjärna, place of existing extraction, to get a better understanding of the groundwater situation in the area. A groundwater model enables simulations of different scenarios in risk assessment and contaminant transport. The aim of the thesis is that the model can be used as an aid in Midvatten’s investigations in Lennheden and that it also can be used in future projects in the area.</p><p>The model has been made in Processing Modflow 5.3 and encompasses an area of 19,5 × 11 km along the Badelunda esker and the river Dalälven between Djurmo and Frostbrunnsdalen. The model has 6 layers and a cell resolution of 50 × 50 meters and 50 × 100 meters. The physical parameters of the model are comprised from different hydrological and geological investigations in the area.</p><p>The Badelunda esker and the river Dalälven totally dominate the groundwater situation in the area. A large part of the work in the thesis has been focused on the calibration of the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the esker and the vertical hydraulic conductivity in the riverbed of Dalälven. The calibration of the model implies a vertical hydraulic conductivity of 0,01 – 0,1 md-1 in the riverbed of Dalälven, depending on the riverbed thickness.</p><p>Between Bäsna and Övre Tjärna, simulated and observed groundwater levels correspond well. The transport time of the water in the esker, simulated in PMPATH, also corresponds well with estimated transport times. The model can be used for simpler studies of contaminant transport.</p><p>Simulation of the pumping test in Lennheden gives a good correspondence eastward in the esker from Lennheden to Övre Tjärna. Westward in the esker, from Lennheden to Bäsna, the draw down is sharper than observed. Possible reasons for the sharper draw down is an underestimation of the bulk of the esker and that the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed is set too low between Lennheden and Bäsna.</p><p>In order to improve the model, the most important step should be to thoroughly investigate the river Dalälven with regards to vertical hydraulic conductivity in the riverbed and riverbed thickness.</p><br><p>Under en längre tid har det funnits planer på att upprätta en ny, gemensam vattentäkt för Borlänge och Falu kommun i Badelundaåsen i Lennheden nordväst om Borlänge stad. Falu kommun är missnöjd med vattenkvaliteten i sin ytvattentäkt och Borlänge är oroad över riskerna med att ha sin nuvarande vattentäkt i Badelundaåsen lokaliserad i nära anslutning till riksväg 70 och järnvägen. Beslut i frågan ska tas under 2006 och Midvatten AB har fått i uppdrag att genomföra geohydrologiska undersökningar i och runt Lennheden som underlag till beslutet.</p><p>Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att skapa en fungerande grundvattenmodell för området mellan Lennheden, plats för planerat vattenuttag, och Övre Tjärna, plats för befintligt vattenuttag, för att få en större förståelse för grundvattenmagasinet. En grundvattenmodell möjliggör simulering av olika scenarion så som föroreningstransport i grundvattnet och bestämning av skyddsområden. Målet är att modellen ska kunna användas som ett komplement i Midvattens undersökningar och även användas i framtida projekt i området.</p><p>Modellen är gjord i Processing Modflow 5.3 och omfattar ett 19,5 × 11 km stort område längs Badelundaåsen och Dalälven mellan Djurmo och Frostbrunnsdalen. Modellen består av 6 lager där cellernas upplösning är 50 × 50 meter och 50 × 100 meter. De fysiska parametrar som modellen är uppbyggd av är sammanställda från olika hydrologiska och geologiska undersökningar som har utförts i området de senaste 30 åren.</p><p>Badelundaåsen och Dalälven är de två komponenter som totalt dominerar grundvattensituationen i området. En stor del av arbetet har fokuserats på kalibreringen av den horisontella hydrauliska konduktiviteten i åsen och den vertikala hydrauliska konduktiviteten i Dalälvens botten. I modellen är den vertikala hydrauliska konduktiviteten i Dalälvens botten kalibrerad till intervallet 0,01 – 0,1 md-1 beroende på bottnens mäktighet.</p><p>På sträckan mellan Bäsna och Övre Tjärna så fungerar modellen bra. Simulerade och observerade grundvattennivåer stämmer väl överens. Även vattnets transporttider i åsen, simulerade i PMPATH, stämmer väl överens med uppskattade transporttider. Modellen kan användas för enklare studier av ämnestransport.</p><p>Vid simulering av provpumpningen i Lennheden så är överensstämmelsen god österut i åsen, från Lennheden till Övre Tjärna. Västerut i åsen, från Lennheden till Bäsna, är avsänkningen av grundvattennivån för kraftig. Möjliga orsaker till den för kraftiga avsänkningen är att åsens utbredning är underskattad och att Dalälvens botten har en för lågt ansatt vertikal hydraulisk konduktivitet längs sträckan Lennheden – Bäsna.</p><p>Den klart viktigaste åtgärden för att förbättra modellen skulle vara att grundligt undersöka Dalälven, särskilt längs sträckan Djurmo – Båtsta, med avseende på dess bottens vertikala hydrauliska konduktivitet och mäktighet.</p>

Doctor of Philosophy<br>Department of Agronomy<br>P.V. Vara Prasad<br>The pathway for the movement of water through plants, from the soil matrix to the atmosphere, constitutes the hydraulic architecture of a plant. The linkage between the hydraulic architecture of woody plants and drought tolerance has received considerable attention, but much less work has been done on grasses. I investigated the linkage between the hydraulic architecture of grasses to physiological patterns of water use across a range of species and conditions. The rate of stomatal conductance (g[subscript]s) and photosynthesis (A) increased acropetally along the leaves of 5 grass species, which is a unique feature of this growth form. The internal structure of leaves also changed acropetally in order to minimize the pressure gradient across the mesophyll that would otherwise occur as a result of increasing g[subscript]s. The resistance to water movement through the mesophyll represented 80-90% of leaf resistance in six genotypes of Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench). This resistance was most important in controlling g[subscript]s and A when water was readily available, but as soil-moisture decreased it was the efficient transport of water through the xylem that was most important in maintaining plant function. I also investigated the relationship between hydraulic architecture and stomatal responses of grasses to increasing Vapor Pressure Deficit (D). Grasses with a larger proportion of their hydraulic resistance within the xylem were less sensitive to increasing D and plants with high root conductance maintained higher rates of gas exchange D increased. Finally, I investigated the tolerance of grasses to extreme drought events to test if there was a trade-off between drought tolerance and growth in grasses. Plants with drought tolerant leaf traits typically sacrificed the ability to move water efficiently through their leaves. Having drought tolerant leaves did not limit the plants ability to have high rates of gas exchange, and, in fact, the most drought tolerant plants had the high rates of g[subscript]s when expressed on a mass basis. Leaf-level drought tolerance did contribute to species’ occurrence, as the drought intolerant species I studied are not commonly found in low precipitation systems. The results presented here highlight the importance of studying the hydraulic architecture of plants to provide a better understanding of what controls plant function across a range of environmental conditions.

O transporte de água nas plantas é um processo complexo e que envolve a passagem por membranas celulares. Nelas existem aquaporinas, proteínas integrais de membrana, que facilitam o fluxo passivo de água e pequenos solutos. Um fator importante que influencia o transporte de água nas plantas é a condutância hidráulica radicular (LPr), que pode contribuir com até 50% de toda a resistência ao fluxo de água na planta. Várias metodologias são propostas para estimar a LPr, porém os dados obtidos são altamente variáveis, ainda que para a mesma espécie vegetal. Diante do exposto, pretende-se desenvolver e propor uma nova metodologia, o sistema hidráulico de sucção para estimativa da LPr e avaliar a contribuição das aquaporinas no transporte de água radicular em plântulas de milho. O sistema hidráulico de sucção foi construído no Laboratório de Estudos de Plantas sob Estresse (LEPSE/USP) em parceria com Laboritoire d\'Ecophysiologie des Plants sous Stress Environnementaux de Montpellier, França. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no LEPSE, onde as plântulas cresceram em hidroponia na casa de vegetação. Para avaliação da atividade de aquaporinas foi utilizado o tratamento com peróxido de hidrogênio, que em concentrações milimolares inibe os canais de água. As medidas de condutância foram realizadas sempre na mesma hora do dia, uma vez que a própria LPr e as aquaporinas apresentam ritmo circadiano. Houve redução de 53% da condutância no tratamento com peróxido em relação ao controle e correlação significativa entre a LPr e o pH, de modo que o aumento do pH provocou queda de LPr, provavelmente causada por alterações na abundância e/ou atividade de aquaporinas nas raízes de milho. Esses resultados permitem afirmar que o método de sucção foi eficaz na estimativa da condutância hidráulica, podendo ser adotado como técnica alternativa na estimativa da LPr em plantas.<br>The water transport in plants is a complex process which involves passage through cell membranes. In them there are aquaporins, integral membrane proteins, that facilitate passive flux of water and small solutes. An important factor influencing the water transport in plants is root hydraulic conductance (LPr), which can contribute up to 50% of the water flow resistance in the plant. Various methods are proposed for estimating LPr, but the data are highly variable, even for the same plant species. Therefore, we intend to develop and propose a new methodology, the hydraulic suction system to estimate LPr and evaluate the contribution of aquaporins in root water transport in maize seedlings. The hydraulic suction system was built at the Laboratório de Estudos de Plantas sob Estresse (LEPSE / USP) in partnership with Laboritoire d\'Ecophysiologie Plants des sous Stress Environnementaux Montpellier, France. The experiments were conducted in LEPSE where the seedlings grew in the hydroponics greenhouse. To evaluate the activity of aquaporins was used treatment with hydrogen peroxide, which in millimolar concentrations inhibits water channels. The conductance measurements were performed at the same time of day, since the LPr itself and aquaporins presents the circadian rhythm. There was a 53% reduction in conductance peroxide treatment compared to control and significant correlation between LPr and pH, so that the pH increase caused a drop LPr probably caused by alterations in the abundance and/or activity of aquaporins in maize roots. These results indicate that the suction method was efficient in estimated hydraulic conductance, may be adopted as an alternative technique to estimate the LPr in plants.

Dans le contexte de changement climatique, la compréhension des mécanismes régissant les pertes en eau de la vigne peut permettre d'adapter le matériel végétal pour maintenir la productivité de la vigne et la qualité du vin. L'adaptation à la sécheresse est un caractère complexe faisant intervenir des mécanismes physiologiques liés aux génotypes du greffon et du porte-greffe. Mais les effets du porte-greffe sur la régulation stomatique du greffon sont mal connus. La production par les racines de signaux chimiques tels que l'ABA et/ou hydraulique pourraient y contribuer. La réponse physiologique et moléculaire à la contrainte hydrique a été analysée sur de jeunes boutures pour 7 porte-greffes plus ou moins adaptés à la sécheresse et 2 cépages connus pour leur caractère iso ou anisohydrique. Puis 23 combinaisons greffon/porte-greffe issues de ces génotypes ont été étudiées. Une analyse métabolique sur l'accumulation de l'ABA et ses dérivés a été menée sur feuilles, racines et dans la sève xylémienne. Ces informations ont été couplées à des analyses transcriptomiques sur des gènes du métabolisme et de la signalisation de ABA, et codant des aquaporines de type PIP. L‘analyse conjointe des données physiologiques, métabolomiques et transcriptomiques ont permis d'identifier des composants moléculaires discriminant les porte-greffes selon leur fond génétique et leur adaptation à la sécheresse. Les réponses globales à la contrainte hydrique sont mieux coordonnées au sein d‘un même tissu qu‘entre racines et feuilles. A l‘échelle de la plante greffée, une prépondérance du signal hydraulique est probable. Certains gènes répondent spécifiquement aux interactions greffon/porte-greffe<br>In the context of climate change, understanding the mechanisms governing the water loss of the vine is necessary to adapt the plant material to maintain the productivity of the vine and wine quality. The adaptation to drought is a complex trait involving physiological mechanisms related to scion and rootstock genotypes. But the effects of the rootstock on stomatal regulation graft are still unknown. Production by roots of chemical signals such as ABA and / or hydraulic ones be involved. Molecular and physiological responses to water stress were analyzed on young cuttings for 7 rootstocks more or less adapted to drought and 2 varieties known for their iso or anisohydric behaviour. Then 23 combinations scion / rootstock from these genotypes were investigated. Metabolic analyses for ABA and its derivatives was conducted in leaves, roots and in the xylem sap. The information was integrated with transcriptomic analyzes for genes involved in ABA metabolism and signaling, and encoding PIP aquaporins. Joint analyses of physiological data, metabolomic and transcriptomic allow the identification of the molecular components discriminating rootstocks according to their genetic background and their adaptation to drought. Global responses to water stress are better coordinated within the same tissue between roots and leaves. At the scale of the grafted plant, a preponderance of the hydraulic signal is likely. Some genes specifically respond to the scion / rootstock interactions

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, quantitativamente e qualitativamente, a estabilidade de um híbrido experimental em duas concentrações diferentes (concentrado e diluído) aplicado sobre a simulação de uma dentina sensível. Dentes molares humanos foram selecionados e tiveram suas coroas seccionadas abaixo do sulco oclusal de forma a obter espécimes de discos de dentina que foram planificados e polidos até atingirem a espessura de 1,0 milímetro. Os espécimes foram divididos em 4 grupos (n=9) de acordo com os tratamentos de superfície propostos: saliva artificial (SAL), adesivo dentinário autocondicionante (AD), híbrido experimental concentrado (TC) e híbrido experimental diluído na proporção de 1:3 (TD). Dois métodos foram empregados para avaliar a estabilidade: condutância hidráulica (permeabilidade dentinária) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foi realizada a leitura da permeabilidade dentinária em 6 tempos experimentais: Mínima (sem tratamento), Máxima (com túbulos abertos), Tratamento (após aplicação dos respectivos tratamentos), Erosão (após 5 minutos de imersão em ácido cítrico 0,05M pH 3,8), Escovação (após escovação de 3900 ciclos) e Erosão Pós (repetição da erosão após o processo de escovação). A microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi realizada em espécimes de dentina com área central de aplicação dos tratamentos e tecido natural nas laterais para evidenciar as características da película aplicada. As leituras foram feitas após a aplicação dos tratamentos, após a erosão, após a escovação e após a erosão pós escovação, para todos os 4 tratamentos propostos. O teste de análise de variância (ANOVA) de Medidas Repetidas com 2 fatores de variação foi aplicado juntamente com o teste de comparações múltiplas pareadas (Tukey). Para permeabilidade dentinária todos os tratamentos reduziram a condutância hidráulica (Lp) em relação à Máxima. TC e TD apresentaram os menores valores (24% e 15%) respectivamente. O TD continuou apresentando valores semelhantes estatisticamente após a Erosão (36%), sendo estatisticamente semelhante ao TC (55%).. No tempo Escovação o TD apresentou Lp estatisticamente semelhante aos tempos Tratamento e Erosão. Todos os grupos apresentaram-se estatisticamente semelhantes entre os tratamentos nos tempos Escovação e Erosão Pós. A análise das MEVs evidencia túbulos dentinários com conteúdo no seu interior nos grupos TC e TD, mantendo-se durante todos os tempos experimentais. O AD apresentou uma película evidente, que começou a se destacar e exibir falhas a partir do tempo Erosão. Conclui-se que o TD apresentou o melhor comportamento sendo capaz de diminuir a permeabilidade dentinária, formando uma película fina, transparente, imperceptível, capaz de vedar (totalmente ou parcialmente) e penetrar dentro dos túbulos dentinários, resistindo aos desafios erosivos e abrasivos.<br>The aim of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, quantitatively and qualitatively, the stability of an experimental hybrid with two different concentrations (concentrated and diluted) applied at a simulation of a sensitive dentin. Human molar teeth were selected and their crowns were sectioned below the occlusal groove in order to obtain specimens of dentine disks that were ground flat and polished to achieve a thickness of 1.0 millimeter. The specimens were divided into 4 groups (n = 9) in accordance with proposed surface treatments: Artificial saliva (SAL) dentinal self-etching adhesive (AD), concentrated experimental hybrid (TC) and experimental hybrid diluted in the ratio 1: 3 (TD). Two methods were used to assess the stability: hydraulic conductance (dentin permeability) and scanning electron microscopy. The dentin permeability in 6 experimental times was carried out: Minimum (no treatment), Maximum (with open tubules), treatment (after application of their treatments), erosion (after 5 minutes of immersion in citric acid 0.05M pH 3, 8), brushing (brushing after 3900 cycles) and Post erosion (erosion was repeated after brushing). The scanning electron microscopy was performed on dentin specimens with a central area of application of treatments and natural tissues on the sides to show the film characteristics applied. Readings were made after application of treatments, after erosion, after brushing and after erosion after brushing, for all 4 treatments proposed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures with two variation factors was applied with the multiple comparisons paired test (Tukey). For dentin all treatments reduced hydraulic conductance (Lp) in relation to Maximum. TC and TD showed the lowest values (24% and 15%) respectively. The TD continued to show statistically similar values after erosion (36%), being statistically similar to TC (55%). In brushing time the TD Lp was statistically similar to Treatment and erosion times. All groups were statistically similar between treatments in brushing and Post Erosion times. The analysis of SEM shows dentinal tubules with content inside on the TC and TD groups, remaining during all experimental period. AD presented a clear film, which began to stand out and show failure from erosion time. It follows that the TD had better behavior being able to decrease permeability of dentin by forming a thin film transparent, imperceptible, capable of sealing (fully or partially) and penetrate within the dentine tubules, resisting the erosive and abrasive challenges.